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Raktapitta Nidana (view source)

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{{#seo:

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|title=Raktapitta Nidana

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|titlemode=append

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|keywords=Etio-pathogenesis of raktapitta, bleeding disorders, epistaxis, hemorrhage, hematemesis, rectal bleeding

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|description=Nidana Sthana Chapter 2. Diagnosis and etiopathogenesis of Bleeding Disorders

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}}

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<big>''' Nidana Sthana Chapter 2. Diagnosis and etiopathogenesis of Bleeding Disorders '''</big>

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</div>

===Sanskrit Text, Transliteration and English Translation===

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अथातोरक्तपित्तनिदानंव्याख्यास्यामः||१||

इतिहस्माहभगवानात्रेयः||२||

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athātō raktapittanidānaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||

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iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||

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</div></div>

Now, the etio-pathogenesis of ''raktapitta'' would be explained. Thus, said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

==== Synonym of ''raktapitta'' ====

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पित्तं यथाभूतं लोहितपित्तमिति सञ्ज्ञां लभते, तद्व्याख्यास्यामः||३||

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pittaṁ yathābhūtaṁ lōhitapittamiti sañjñāṁ labhatē, tad [1] vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||3||

pittaM yathAbhUtaM lohitapittamiti sa~jj~jAM labhate, tad [1] vyAkhyAsyAmaH||3||

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</div></div>

Also explained would be the origin of ''lohitapitta'' as an alternate name for ''pitta''. [3]

==== Etiopathogenesis ====

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यदा जन्तुर्यवकोद्दालककोरदूषप्रायाण्यन्नानि भुङ्क्ते, भृशोष्णतीक्ष्णमपि चान्यदन्नजातं निष्पावमाषकुलत्थसूपक्षारोपसंहितं, दधिदधिमण्डोदश्वित्कट्वराम्लकाञ्जिकोपसेकं वा, वाराहमाहिषाविकमात्स्यगव्यपिशितं, पिण्याकपिण्डालुशुष्कशाकोपहितं, मूलकसर्षपलशुन-करञ्ज-शिग्रुमधुशिग्रु(खडयूष) भूस्तृणसुमुखसुरसकुठेरकगण्डीरकालमालकपर्णासक्षवकफ-णिज्झ-कोपदंशं, सुरासौवीरतुषोदकमैरेयमेदकमधूलकशुक्तकुवलबदराम्लप्रायानुपानं वा, पिष्टान्नोत्तरभूयिष्ठम्; उष्णाभितप्तो वाऽतिमात्रमतिवेलं वाऽऽमं पयः पिबति, पयसा समश्नाति रौहिणीकं काणकपोतं वा सर्षपतैलक्षारसिद्धं, कुलत्थपिण्याकजाम्बवलकुचपक्वैः शौक्तिकैर्वा सह क्षीरं बत्युष्णाभितप्तः तस्यैवमाचरतः पित्तं प्रकोपमापद्यते, लोहितं च स्वप्रमाणमतिवर्तते तस्मिन् प्रमाणातिवृत्ते पित्तं प्रकुपितं शरीरमनुसर्पद्यदेव यकृत्प्लीहप्रभवाणां लोहितवहानां च स्रोतसां लोहिताभिष्यन्दगुरूणि मुखान्यासाद्य प्रतिरुन्ध्यात् तदेव लोहितं दूषयति||४||

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yadā janturyavakōddālakakōradūṣaprāyāṇyannāni bhuṅktē, bhr̥śōṣṇatīkṣṇamapi cānyadannajātaṁ niṣpāvamāṣakulatthasūpakṣārōpasaṁhitaṁ,dadhidadhimaṇḍōdaśvitkaṭvarāmlakāñjikōpasēkaṁ [2] vā, vārāhamāhiṣāvikamātsyagavyapiśitaṁ, piṇyākapiṇḍāluśuṣkaśākōpahitaṁ,mūlakasarṣapalaśunakarañjaśigrumadhuśigru(khaḍayūṣa [3] ) bhūstr̥ṇasumukhasurasakuṭhērakagaṇḍīrakālamālakaparṇāsakṣavakaphaṇijjhakōpadaṁśaṁ,surāsauvīratuṣōdakamairēyamēdakamadhūlakaśuktakuvalab<br>adarāmlaprāyānu<br>pānaṁ vā, piṣṭānnōttarabhūyiṣṭham; uṣṇābhitaptō vā'timātramativēlaṁ vā''maṁpayaḥ pibati, payasā samaśnāti rauhiṇīkaṁ [4] , kāṇakapōtaṁ vā sarṣapatailakṣārasiddhaṁ, kulatthapiṇyākajāmbavalakucapakvaiḥ śauktikairvā saha kṣīraṁpibatyuṣṇābhitaptaḥ [5] ; tasyaivamācarataḥ pittaṁ prakōpamāpadyatē, lōhitaṁ ca [6] svapramāṇamativartatē|

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yadA janturyavakoddAlakakoradUShaprAyANyannAni bhu~gkte, bhRushoShNatIkShNamapi cAnyadannajAtaM niShpAvamAShakulatthasUpakShAropasaMhitaM,dadhidadhimaNDodashvitkaTvarAmlakA~jjikopasekaM [2] vA, vArAhamAhiShAvikamAtsyagavyapishitaM, piNyAkapiNDAlushuShkashAkopahitaM,mUlakasarShapalashunakara~jjashigrumadhushigru(khaDayUSha [3])bhUstRuNasumukhasurasakuTherakagaNDIrakAlamAlakaparNAsakShavakaphaNijjhakopadaMshaM,surAsauvIratuShodakamaireyamedakamadhUlakas<br>huktakuvalabadarAmlaprAyAnupAnaM vA, piShTAnnottarabhUyiShTham; uShNAbhitapto vA~atimAtramativelaMvA~a~amaM payaH pibati, payasA samashnAti rauhiNIkaM [4], kANakapotaM vA sarShapatailakShArasiddhaM, kulatthapiNyAkajAmbavalakucapakvaiH shauktikairvAsaha kShIraM pibatyuShNAbhitaptaH [5] ; tasyaivamAcarataH pittaM prakopamApadyate, lohitaM ca [6] svapramANamativartate|

tasmin pramANAtivRutte pittaM prakupitaM sharIramanusarpadyadeva [7] yakRutplIhaprabhavANAM lohitavahAnAM ca srotasAM lohitAbhiShyandagurUNimukhAnyAsAdya pratirundhyAt [8] tadeva [9] lohitaM dUShayati||4||

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When a person consumes a diet or food consisting mostly of:

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With such food articles, a person’s ''pitta'' gets vitiated and the quantity of blood in his body exceeds its normal quantity. Along with the increased quantity of vitiated blood in the system, vitiated ''pitta'' gets into the circulation and reaches ''raktavaha srotas'' and its organs like liver and spleen. Due to ''abhishyandi'' and guru qualities of ''rakta'', obstructions in the channels occur leading to morbidity in ''rakta''. [4]

</div>

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संसर्गाल्लोहितप्रदूषणाल्लोहितगन्धवर्णानुविधानाच्च पित्तं लोहितपित्तमित्याचक्षते||५||

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saṁsargāllōhitapradūṣaṇāllōhitagandhavarṇānuvidhānācca [12] pittaṁ lōhitapittamityācakṣatē||5||

saMsargAllohitapradUShaNAllohitagandhavarNAnuvidhAnAcca [12] pittaM lohitapittamityAcakShate||5||

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</div></div>

''Pitta'' gets the name ''lohitapitta'' because after mixing with blood it acquires the color and smell of blood. [5]

==== Prodromal symptoms ====

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तस्येमानि पूर्वरूपाणि भवन्ति; तद्यथा- अनन्नाभिलाषः, भुक्तस्य विदाहः, शुक्ताम्लगन्धरस उद्गारः, छर्देरभीक्ष्णमागमनं, छर्दितस्य बीभत्सता, स्वरभेदो, गात्राणां सदनं, परिदाहः, मुखाद्धूमागम इव, लोहलोहितमत्स्यामगन्धित्वमिव चास्यस्य, रक्तहरितहारिद्रत्वमङ्गावयवशकृन्मूत्रस्वेदलालासिङ्घाणकास्यकर्णमलपिडकोलिकापिडकानाम्, अङ्गवेदना, लोहितनीलपीतश्यावानामर्चिष्मतां च रूपाणां स्वप्ने दर्शनमभीक्ष्णमिति (लोहितपित्तपूर्वरूपाणि भवन्ति)||६||

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tasyēmāni pūrvarūpāṇi bhavanti; tadyathā- anannābhilāṣaḥ, bhuktasya vidāhaḥ, śuktāmlagandharasa udgāraḥ, chardērabhīkṣṇamāgamanaṁ, charditasyabībhatsatā, svarabhēdō, gātrāṇāṁ sadanaṁ, paridāhaḥ, mukhāddhūmāgama iva, lōhalōhitamatsyāmagandhitvamiva cāsyasya,raktaharitahāridratvamaṅgāvayavaśakr̥nmūtrasvēdalālāsiṅghāṇakāsyakarṇamalapiḍakōlikāpiḍakānām [14] , aṅgavēdanā, lōhitanīlapītaśyāvānāmarciṣmatāṁ carūpāṇāṁ svapnē darśanamabhīkṣṇamiti (lōhitapittapūrvarūpāṇi [15] bhavanti)||6||

tasyemAni pUrvarUpANi bhavanti; tadyathA- anannAbhilAShaH, bhuktasya vidAhaH, shuktAmlagandharasa udgAraH, charderabhIkShNamAgamanaM, charditasyabIbhatsatA, svarabhedo, gAtrANAM sadanaM, paridAhaH, mukhAddhUmAgama iva, lohalohitamatsyAmagandhitvamiva cAsyasya,raktaharitahAridratvama~ggAvayavashakRunmUtrasvedalAlAsi~gghANakAsyakarNamalapiDakolikApiDakAnAm [14] , a~ggavedanA,lohitanIlapItashyAvAnAmarciShmatAM ca rUpANAM svapne darshanamabhIkShNamiti (lohitapittapUrvarUpANi [15] bhavanti)||6||

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</div></div>

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The prodromal symptoms of ''raktapitta'' include aversion to food, hot eructation just after meal, belches with smell and aftertaste of sour gruel, frequent vomiting, ugliness of vomitus, hoarseness of voice, malaise, radiating burning sensation, emittance of smoke from the mouth, smell of metal, blood, or fish , mucus in the mouth, appearance of red, green or yellow spots in body parts, feces, urine, sweat, saliva, nose-secretion, excreta from mouth and ear and boils, bodyache, and frequent vision of red, blue, yellow, blackish and brilliant objects in dreams. [6]

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==== Complications ====

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उपद्रवास्तु खलु दौर्बल्यारोचकाविपाकश्वासकासज्वरातीसारशोफशोषपाण्डुरोगाः स्वरभेदश्च||७||

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upadravāstu khalu daurbalyārōcakāvipākaśvāsakāsajvarātīsāraśōphaśōṣapāṇḍurōgāḥ svarabhēdaśca||7||

upadravAstu khalu daurbalyArocakAvipAkashvAsakAsajvarAtIsArashophashoShapANDurogAH svarabhedashca||7||

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Complications (of ''raktapitta'') include debility, anorexia, indigestion, dyspnea, cough, fever, diarrhea, edema, emaciation, anemia and hoarseness of voice. [7]

==== Disease pathways ====

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मार्गौ पुनरस्य द्वौ ऊर्ध्वं, चाधश्च तद्बहुश्लेष्मणि शरीरे श्लेष्मसंसर्गादूर्ध्वं प्रतिपद्यमानं कर्णनासिकानेत्रास्येभ्यः प्रच्यवते, बहुवाते तु शरीरे वातसंसर्गादधः प्रतिपद्यमानं मूत्रपुरीषमार्गाभ्यां प्रच्यवते, बहुश्लेष्मवाते तु शरीरे श्लेष्मवातसंसर्गाद्द्वावपि मार्गौ प्रतिपद्यते, तौ मार्गौ प्रतिपद्यमानं सर्वेभ्य एव यथोक्तेभ्यः खेभ्यः प्रच्यवते शरीरस्य||८||

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mārgau punarasya dvau ūrdhvaṁ, cādhaśca|

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mArgau punarasya dvau UrdhvaM, cAdhashca|

tadbahushleShmaNi sharIre shleShmasaMsargAdUrdhvaM pratipadyamAnaM karNanAsikAnetrAsyebhyaH pracyavate, bahuvAte tu sharIre vAtasaMsargAdadhaHpratipadyamAnaM mUtrapurIShamArgAbhyAM pracyavate, bahushleShmavAte tu sharIre shleShmavAtasaMsargAddvAvapi mArgau pratipadyate, tau mArgaupratipadyamAnaM sarvebhya eva yathoktebhyaH khebhyaH pracyavate sharIrasya||8||

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</div></div>

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There are two routes of the manifestation of ''raktapitta'' - upwards and downwards. In persons having an abundance of ''kapha'', vitiated ''rakta'' goes up and bleeding occurs from ear, nose, eyes and mouth. In those having an excess of ''vata, rakta'' flows downwards along with ''vata'' and patients bleed through the urinary tract and rectum. Finally, in those having abundance of both ''kapha'' and ''vata'', ''rakta'' comes out from the body with both the routes and thus bleeds through all the aforesaid orifices. [8]

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==== Prognosis ====

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तत्र यदूर्ध्वभागं तत् साध्यं, विरेचनोपक्रमणीयत्वाद्बह्वौषधत्वाच्च; यदधोभागं तद्याप्यं, वमनोपक्रमणीयत्वादल्पौषधत्वाच्च; यदुभयभागं तदसाध्यं, वमनविरेचनायोगित्वादनौषधत्वाच्चेति||९||

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tatra yadūrdhvabhāgaṁ tat sādhyaṁ, virēcanōpakramaṇīyatvādbahvauṣadhatvācca; yadadhōbhāgaṁ tadyāpyaṁ, vamanōpakramaṇīyatvādalpauṣadhatvācca;yadubhayabhāgaṁ tadasādhyaṁ, vamanavirēcanāyōgitvādanauṣadhatvāccēti||9||

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tatra yadUrdhvabhAgaM tat sAdhyaM, virecanopakramaNIyatvAdbahvauShadhatvAcca; yadadhobhAgaM tadyApyaM, vamanopakramaNIyatvAdalpauShadhatvAcca;yadubhayabhAgaM tadasAdhyaM, vamanavirecanAyogitvAdanauShadhatvAcceti||9||

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</div></div>

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Amongst these, that which comes out of the upper orifices is curable and is treatable by purgation due to availability of plenty of drugs for the purpose. That coming out from the lower orifices is palliable because of being amenable to emesis and availability of lesser number of drugs for the purpose. That coming out from both the routes is incurable because of non-applicability of both emesis and purgation and in want of suitable drugs. (9)

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==== Origin of ''raktapitta'' ====

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रक्तपित्तप्रकोपस्तु खलु पुरा दक्षयज्ञोद्ध्वंसे रुद्रकोपामर्षाग्निना प्राणिनां परिगतशरीरप्राणानामभवज्ज्वरमनु||१०||

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raktapittaprakōpastu khalu purā dakṣayajñōddhvaṁsē rudrakōpāmarṣāgninā [16] prāṇināṁ parigataśarīraprāṇānāmabhavajjvaramanu||10||

raktapittaprakopastu khalu purA dakShayaj~joddhvaMse rudrakopAmarShAgninA [16] prANinAM parigatasharIraprANAnAmabhavajjvaramanu||10||

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Hystorically, ''raktapitta'' occured after ''jwara'' because of Rudra’s anger pervaded the human being at the time of destruction of Daksha's sacrifice. [10]

==== General principles of management ====

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तस्याशुकारिणो दावाग्नेरिवापतितस्यात्ययिकस्याशु प्रशान्त्यै प्रयतितव्यं मात्रां देशं कालं चाभिसमीक्ष्य सन्तर्पणेनापतर्पणेन वा मृदुमधुरशिशिरतिक्तकषायैरभ्यवहार्यैः प्रदेहपरिषेकावगाहसंस्पर्शनैर्वमनाद्यैर्वा तत्रावहितेनेति||११||

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tasyāśukāriṇō dāvāgnērivāpatitasyātyayikasyāśu praśāntyai prayatitavyaṁ mātrāṁ dēśaṁ kālaṁ cābhisamīkṣya santarpaṇēnāpatarpaṇēna vāmr̥dumadhuraśiśiratiktakaṣāyairabhyavahāryaiḥ pradēhapariṣēkāvagāhasaṁsparśanairvamanādyairvā tatrāvahitēnēti||11||

tasyAshukAriNo dAvAgnerivApatitasyAtyayikasyAshu prashAntyai prayatitavyaM mAtrAM deshaM kAlaM cAbhisamIkShya santarpaNenApatarpaNena vAmRudumadhurashishiratiktakaShAyairabhyavahAryaiH pradehapariShekAvagAhasaMsparshanairvamanAdyairvA tatrAvahiteneti||11||

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</div></div>

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The disease is acute in nature and becomes critical very quickly, spreading like bush fire. Hence its treatment should be done immediately with saturating or de-saturating soft, sweet, cold, bitter and astringent diet and pastes, baths, emesis etc. after due consideration of dose, place and time. [11]

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भवन्ति चात्र- साध्यं लोहितपित्तं तद्यदूर्ध्वं प्रतिपद्यते|

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तस्मात् साध्यं मतं रक्तं यदूर्ध्वं प्रतिपद्यते||१४||

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bhavanti cātra- sādhyaṁ lōhitapittaṁ tadyadūrdhvaṁ pratipadyatē|

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tasmAt sAdhyaM mataM raktaM yadUrdhvaM pratipadyate||14||

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The “upward” variety of ''raktapitta'' is curable because of applicability of purgation and abundance of useful drugs. Purgation is the best remedy for alleviation of ''pitta'' and ambivalence to ''kapha''. Sweet drugs are also applicable in this case. Hence, bleeding from the upper part is curable. [12-14]

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रक्तं तु यदधोभागं तद्याप्यमिति निश्चितम्|

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तस्माद्याप्यं समाख्यातं यदुक्तमनुलोमगम्||१७||

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raktaṁ tu yadadhōbhāgaṁ tadyāpyamiti niścitam|

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tasmAdyApyaM samAkhyAtaM yaduktamanulomagam [23] ||17||

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Hemorrhage from the lower parts is decidedly palliable because emesis has limited efficacy here and effective drugs are also a few. Emesis is not so efficacious for elimination of ''pitta'' and it is also ineffective in alleviation of ''vata'' responsible for the downward flow. Moreover, astringents and bitter drugs are not applicable there. Hence hemorrhage from the lower parts is considered palliable. [15-17]

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रक्तपित्तं तु यन्मार्गौ द्वावपि प्रतिपद्यते|

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इत्युक्तं त्रिविधोदर्कं रक्तं मार्गविशेषतः||२१||

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raktapittaṁ tu yanmārgau dvāvapi pratipadyatē|

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ityuktaM trividhodarkaM raktaM mArgavisheShataH|21|

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</div></div>

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In cases where blood comes out from both the routes, ''raktapitta'' is incurable because no effective evacuative measure is applicable. In ''raktapitta'', elimination of ''dosha'' from the opposite route is recommended. Thus, the three types (on the basis of the routes taken by ''rakta'') of ''raktapitta'' progression (''udarka'') have been described. [18-20]

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एभ्यस्तु खलु हेतुभ्यः किञ्चित्साध्यं न सिध्यति||२१||

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तत्रासाध्यत्वमेकं स्यात् साध्ययाप्यपरिक्रमात्|२३|

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ēbhyastu khalu hētubhyaḥ kiñcitsādhyaṁ na sidhyati||21||

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tatrAsAdhyatvamekaM syAt sAdhyayApyaparikramAt|23|

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</div></div>

Some curable diseases do not get treated successfully because of the lack of attendants and equipments, uncontrolled self and fault of the physician. If the disease is not treated, then it proceeds to incurability. If treated well, sometimes the incurable disease may become curable or palliable. [21-23]

==== Signs of incurable ''raktapitta'' ====

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रक्तपित्तस्य विज्ञानमिदं तस्योपदिश्यते||२३||

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पश्येद्दृश्यं वियच्चापि तच्चासाध्यं न संशयः||२६||

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raktapittasya vijñānamidaṁ tasyōpadiśyatē||23||

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pashyeddRushyaM viyaccApi taccAsAdhyaM na saMshayaH||26||

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Now described are types of ''raktapitta'', identified (by their physical appearance). ''Raktapitta'' which is black, blue or of rainbow color and stains clothes is incurable. Bleeding which is of excessively fetid smell, in large quantities, and which is associated with all the complications particularly in weak and emaciated patients is incurable. A patient, if sees things around him and the sky red, is certainly suffering from an incurable variant of the disease. [23-26]

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तत्रासाध्यं परित्याज्यं, याप्यं यत्नेन यापयेत्|

साध्यं चावहितः सिद्धैर्भेषजैः साधयेद्भिषक्||२७|

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tatrāsādhyaṁ parityājyaṁ, yāpyaṁ yatnēna yāpayēt|

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sAdhyaM cAvahitaH siddhairbheShajaiH sAdhayedbhiShak||27||

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A patient suffering from the incurable variant should be avoided, while the one with the palliable variant should be managed with efforts and the curable one should be treated successfully with tried remedies. [27]

==== Summary ====

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तत्र श्लोकौ-

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वीतमोहरजोदोषलोभमानमदस्पृहः||२९||

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tatra ślōkau- kāraṇaṁ nāmanirvr̥ttiṁ pūrvarūpāṇyupadravān|

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vItamoharajodoShalobhamAnamadaspRuhaH||29||

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Now summarizing the chapter–

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Etiology, etymology of the disease, prodroma, complications, routes, association of ''doshas'', curability (or otherwise), with reasoning – all this has been addressed in the chapter on diagnosis of ''raktapitta'' by Punarvasu who has shed off ''tamas'' and ''rajas, doshas,'' greed, conceit and pride. [28-29]

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इत्यग्निवेशकृते तन्त्रे चरकप्रतिसंस्कृते|

निदानस्थाने रक्तपित्तनिदानं नाम द्वितीयोऽध्यायः||२||

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ityagnivēśakr̥tē tantrē carakapratisaṁskr̥tē

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nidAnasthAne raktapittanidAnaM nAma dvitIyo~adhyAyaH||2||

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Thus ends the second chapter on diagnosis of ''raktapitta'' in [[Nidana Sthana]] in the treatise composed by Agnivesha and redacted by Charak. [2]

Agnivesha

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