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{{Infobox

{{Infobox

|title = Sudha Kalpa Adhyaya

|title = Sudha Kalpa Adhyaya

|label5 = Other Sections

|label5 = Other Sections

|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]],  [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]],  [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

 

|header3 =  

|data6 = Rao R.

 

}}

}}

==[[Kalpa Sthana]] Chapter 10, Chapter on pharmaceutical preparations of ''Sudha'' ==

'''Keywords''': Sudha, [[Virechana]], therapeutic purgation, Eurphobia neriifolia Linn., ''Ksheera'' (latex).

 

== Introduction ==

 

<div style="text-align:justify;">

In [[Sutra Sthana]] , latex of ''snuhi'' is described as best among strong purgatives.[Cha Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40] In the sequence of describing purgative drugs in this section, ''sudha'' (Eurphobia neriifolia Linn.) is described in this chapter.

 

=== Introduction ===

 

In [[Sutra Sthana]] (chapter 25/40), latex of ''snuhi'' is described as best among strong purgatives. In the sequence of describing purgative drugs in this section, ''sudha'' (Eurphobia neriifolia Linn.) is described in this chapter.

''Sudha /snuhi'' (Eurphobia neriifolia Linn.), popularly known as Indian Spurge Tree, Oleander Spurge, or Hedge Euphorbia, belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is attributed with properties such as ''ushnaveerya'' (hot in potency), ''snigdha'' (oily), ''katu'' (pungent), and ''laghu'' (light) and ''tikshna''.<ref>Chatterjee A, Pakrashi SC. The Treatise on Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi. 1994; Vol-3.</ref> ''Snuhi'' is a large succulent shrub, with stipular thorns and is found throughout the Deccan peninsula of India. It is believed to be a native of India. It is commonly found in rock ground, among rock crevices of hills; extensively cultivated in the Bengal for hedges and elsewhere in native villages.<ref>Hooker JD, Kcsi CB. Flora of British India. Chenopodiaceae to Orchideae. 1930; Vol V pp. 255.</ref> Today, it is widely distributed throughout the world. Snuhi has been given various names in different regions and languages. The more common local names of ''Snuhi'' are ''shij'' (Bengal), dog’s tongue (English), ''thor'' (Gujarati), ''ilakkalli'' (Malayalam), ''siju'' (Oriya), ''danda thohar'' (Punjab), ''dotathur'' (Rajputana), ''zaqqum'' (Urdu).<ref>Burkill IH. A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. London: Crown Agents for the Colonies. 1936; Vol 1 and 2.</ref> ''Snuhi'' is a small erect fleshy glabrous shrub, branches ¾ in diam., jointed cylindric or obscurely 5-angled with sharp stipular thorns arising from thick subconfluent tubercles in 5 irregular rows. Leaves are succulent, deciduous, 6-12 inch long, terminal on the branches, waved narrowed into a very short petiole.  

''Sudha /snuhi'' (Eurphobia neriifolia Linn.), popularly known as Indian Spurge Tree, Oleander Spurge, or Hedge Euphorbia, belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is attributed with properties such as ''ushnaveerya'' (hot in potency), ''snigdha'' (oily), ''katu'' (pungent), and ''laghu'' (light) and ''tikshna''.<ref>Chatterjee A, Pakrashi SC. The Treatise on Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi. 1994; Vol-3.</ref> ''Snuhi'' is a large succulent shrub, with stipular thorns and is found throughout the Deccan peninsula of India. It is believed to be a native of India. It is commonly found in rock ground, among rock crevices of hills; extensively cultivated in the Bengal for hedges and elsewhere in native villages.<ref>Hooker JD, Kcsi CB. Flora of British India. Chenopodiaceae to Orchideae. 1930; Vol V pp. 255.</ref> Today, it is widely distributed throughout the world. Snuhi has been given various names in different regions and languages. The more common local names of ''Snuhi'' are ''shij'' (Bengal), dog’s tongue (English), ''thor'' (Gujarati), ''ilakkalli'' (Malayalam), ''siju'' (Oriya), ''danda thohar'' (Punjab), ''dotathur'' (Rajputana), ''zaqqum'' (Urdu).<ref>Burkill IH. A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. London: Crown Agents for the Colonies. 1936; Vol 1 and 2.</ref> ''Snuhi'' is a small erect fleshy glabrous shrub, branches ¾ in diam., jointed cylindric or obscurely 5-angled with sharp stipular thorns arising from thick subconfluent tubercles in 5 irregular rows. Leaves are succulent, deciduous, 6-12 inch long, terminal on the branches, waved narrowed into a very short petiole.  

==== Phytochemical Constituents ====

=== Phytochemical Constituents ===

The latex contains 69 to 93.3 % water and is water soluble and has 0.2 to 2.6% caoutchouc,<ref>The Wealth of India: Raw Materials. Vol X, New Delhi: Council of Science and Industrial Research (CSIR) Publications, 1976 pp: 588-590.</ref> a gum resin which is the active principle, traces of an alkaloid; wax, caoutchouc, chlorophyll, resin (2.40%), tannin, sugar, mucilage, calcium oxalate, carbohydrates albuminoids, “gallic acid quercetin, a new phenolic substance and traces of an essential oil”. Latex is bioactive on the BSLT (Brine shrimp lethality test); it displayed LC 50 values of 76,7 μg/ml.<ref>Seshaginrao K, Prasad MN. Purification and partial characterization of a lectin from Euphorbia neriifolia latex. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 1995; 35(6): 199-204.</ref> Latex enzyme profiles of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. helps in the separation of this plant from other latex bearing plants. Euphol (Whole plant, bark, latex, root); friedelan-3alpha and 3beta-ol, D:B-friedoolen- 5(10)-en-1-one, glut-5(10)-en-1-one and taraxerol (stem, leaves); n-hexacosanol, euphorbol, hexacosanoate, 12-deoxy-4beta-hydroxyphorbol-13- dode-canoate-20-acetate and pelargonin-3,5- diglucoside (bark); 24-methylenecycloartenol and tulipanin-3,5-diglucoside (bark, root); nerifoliol (latex) cycloartenol, euphorbol, ingenol triacetate, 12-deoxyphorbhol-13, 20-diacetate, delphinidin-3,5- diglucoside (root). It has been reported by Anjaneyalu and Row<ref>Anjaneyulu V, Row RL. The crystalline principles of Euphorbiaceae. N. The triterpenes from the stem and leaves of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. Current Sci. 1965; 34: 608-609.</ref> that the crystalline principles of ''snuhi'' leaves are triterpenes. Antiquorin was identified by comparison of the spectral data reported by Mizno et al.<ref>Mizno MZ, Tanaka T, Iinuma Mu, Xu GY, Huang Q. Phytochem. 1989; 28: 553.</ref> ''Snuhi'' yielded in the isolation of several classes of secondary metabolites, many of which expressed biological activities such as tritertenes (nerrifolione), flavonoids and steroidal saponins.<ref> Nadkarni AK. Indian Matreria Medica. Bombay: Popular Prakashan. 1954; 1: 424-426.</ref> Two novel tetracyclic triterpenes, such as neriifolione [9,19-Cyclolanost-20(21)-en-24-ol-3-one], and cycloartenol (C10H50O) were isolated from  Euphorbia neriifolia latex .<ref>Ilyas M, Parveen M, Amin KMY. Neriifolione, A triterpene from Euphorbia neriifolia. Phytochem. 1998; 48(3): 561-563</ref> Several triterpenoids like 24- methylenecycloartenol, euphorbol hexacosonate, Glut-5-en 3-ol, Glut-5(10)-en-1-one, Glut-5-en-3 beta-yet-acetate, taraxerol, friede-lan-3 alpha-ol, and -3 beta-ol and amyrin was isolated from the powdered plant, stem and leaves of Euphorbia neriifolia.<ref>Chatterjee A, Saha SK, Mukhopadhyay S. Lewis acid-catalysed rearrangement of glut-5- en-3•-y1 acetate and glut-5(10)-en-3•- y1 acetate. Ind. J. Chem. 1978; 16(3): 1038-1039</ref> This plant is rich in many pharmaceutical active ingredients like sugars  several terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthocyanins, triterpenoidal saponin like Glut-5-en- 3-ol, Glut-5(10)-en-1-one, teraxerol, euphol, and amyrin. Two crystalline compounds were isolated from the ethanol extract of fresh roots of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. i.e. Atisine diterpene antiquorin (C20H28O3) and neriifolene (C20H30O3).

The latex contains 69 to 93.3 % water and is water soluble and has 0.2 to 2.6% caoutchouc,<ref>The Wealth of India: Raw Materials. Vol X, New Delhi: Council of Science and Industrial Research (CSIR) Publications, 1976 pp: 588-590.</ref> a gum resin which is the active principle, traces of an alkaloid; wax, caoutchouc, chlorophyll, resin (2.40%), tannin, sugar, mucilage, calcium oxalate, carbohydrates albuminoids, “gallic acid quercetin, a new phenolic substance and traces of an essential oil”. Latex is bioactive on the BSLT (Brine shrimp lethality test); it displayed LC 50 values of 76,7 μg/ml.<ref>Seshaginrao K, Prasad MN. Purification and partial characterization of a lectin from Euphorbia neriifolia latex. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 1995; 35(6): 199-204.</ref> Latex enzyme profiles of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. helps in the separation of this plant from other latex bearing plants. Euphol (Whole plant, bark, latex, root); friedelan-3alpha and 3beta-ol, D:B-friedoolen- 5(10)-en-1-one, glut-5(10)-en-1-one and taraxerol (stem, leaves); n-hexacosanol, euphorbol, hexacosanoate, 12-deoxy-4beta-hydroxyphorbol-13- dode-canoate-20-acetate and pelargonin-3,5- diglucoside (bark); 24-methylenecycloartenol and tulipanin-3,5-diglucoside (bark, root); nerifoliol (latex) cycloartenol, euphorbol, ingenol triacetate, 12-deoxyphorbhol-13, 20-diacetate, delphinidin-3,5- diglucoside (root). It has been reported by Anjaneyalu and Row<ref>Anjaneyulu V, Row RL. The crystalline principles of Euphorbiaceae. N. The triterpenes from the stem and leaves of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. Current Sci. 1965; 34: 608-609.</ref> that the crystalline principles of ''snuhi'' leaves are triterpenes. Antiquorin was identified by comparison of the spectral data reported by Mizno et al.<ref>Mizno MZ, Tanaka T, Iinuma Mu, Xu GY, Huang Q. Phytochem. 1989; 28: 553.</ref> ''Snuhi'' yielded in the isolation of several classes of secondary metabolites, many of which expressed biological activities such as tritertenes (nerrifolione), flavonoids and steroidal saponins.<ref> Nadkarni AK. Indian Matreria Medica. Bombay: Popular Prakashan. 1954; 1: 424-426.</ref> Two novel tetracyclic triterpenes, such as neriifolione [9,19-Cyclolanost-20(21)-en-24-ol-3-one], and cycloartenol (C10H50O) were isolated from  Euphorbia neriifolia latex .<ref>Ilyas M, Parveen M, Amin KMY. Neriifolione, A triterpene from Euphorbia neriifolia. Phytochem. 1998; 48(3): 561-563</ref> Several triterpenoids like 24- methylenecycloartenol, euphorbol hexacosonate, Glut-5-en 3-ol, Glut-5(10)-en-1-one, Glut-5-en-3 beta-yet-acetate, taraxerol, friede-lan-3 alpha-ol, and -3 beta-ol and amyrin was isolated from the powdered plant, stem and leaves of Euphorbia neriifolia.<ref>Chatterjee A, Saha SK, Mukhopadhyay S. Lewis acid-catalysed rearrangement of glut-5- en-3•-y1 acetate and glut-5(10)-en-3•- y1 acetate. Ind. J. Chem. 1978; 16(3): 1038-1039</ref> This plant is rich in many pharmaceutical active ingredients like sugars  several terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthocyanins, triterpenoidal saponin like Glut-5-en- 3-ol, Glut-5(10)-en-1-one, teraxerol, euphol, and amyrin. Two crystalline compounds were isolated from the ethanol extract of fresh roots of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. i.e. Atisine diterpene antiquorin (C20H28O3) and neriifolene (C20H30O3).

=== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration with English Translation ===

== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration with English Translation ==

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अथातः सुधाकल्पं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||  

अथातः सुधाकल्पं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||  

इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||  

इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||  

athātaḥ sudhākalpaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||  

athātaḥ sudhākalpaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||  

iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||  

iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||  

Now we shall elaborate the chapter dealing with the pharmaceutics of ''sudha'' ”

Now we shall expound the chapter "Sudha Kalpa" (Pharmaceutical preparations of Sudha). Thus said Lord Ateya. [1-2]

=== Purgative effects of ''Sudha'' ===

 

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==== Purgative effects of ''Sudha'' ====

विरेचनानां सर्वेषां सुधा तीक्ष्णतमा मता|  

विरेचनानां सर्वेषां सुधा तीक्ष्णतमा मता|  

न दोषनिचये चाल्पे सति मार्गपरिक्रमे  ||४||  

न दोषनिचये चाल्पे सति मार्गपरिक्रमे  ||४||  

virēcanānāṁ sarvēṣāṁ sudhā tīkṣṇatamā matā|  

virēcanānāṁ sarvēṣāṁ sudhā tīkṣṇatamā matā|  

na doShanicaye cAlpe sati mArgaparikrame  ||4||

na doShanicaye cAlpe sati mArgaparikrame  ||4||

'''Gunas (qualities)''': ''Tikshnatama''(strongest/drastic), among all purgative drugs ''snuhi'' is the drastic purgative. It disintegrates the accumulated impurities quickly.  

[[Guna]] (qualities): ''Tikshnatama''(strongest/drastic), among all purgative drugs ''snuhi'' is the drastic purgative. It disintegrates the accumulated impurities quickly.  

Limitations/contraindications:

Limitations/contraindications:

Note: Among purgative drugs, ''snuhi'' is said to be drastic purgative. It is sharp and instantaneous action is responsible for unmanageable adverse reactions due to the inappropriate administration of this drug.

Note: Among purgative drugs, ''snuhi'' is said to be drastic purgative. It is sharp and instantaneous action is responsible for unmanageable adverse reactions due to the inappropriate administration of this drug.

==== Therapeutic indications of ''snuhi'' ====

=== Therapeutic indications of ''snuhi'' ===

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पाण्डुरोगोदरे गुल्मे कुष्ठे दूषीविषार्दिते|  

पाण्डुरोगोदरे गुल्मे कुष्ठे दूषीविषार्दिते|  

सद्यो हरति  दोषाणां महान्तमपि सञ्चयम्|७|

सद्यो हरति  दोषाणां महान्तमपि सञ्चयम्|७|

pāṇḍurōgōdarē gulmē kuṣṭhē dūṣīviṣārditē|  

pāṇḍurōgōdarē gulmē kuṣṭhē dūṣīviṣārditē|  

sadyo harati  doShANAM mahAntamapi sa~jcayam|7|  

sadyo harati  doShANAM mahAntamapi sa~jcayam|7|  

In diseases – ''pandu'' (anaemia), ''udara'' (obstinate abdominal diseases including ascitis), ''gulma'' (tumor), ''kushtha'' (skin diseases), ''shotha'' (edema), ''madhumeha'' (obstinate urinary disorder), ''unmada'' (insanity), ''dooshivisha'' (poisoning caused by artificially made toxic ingredients).

In diseases – ''pandu'' (anaemia), ''udara'' (obstinate abdominal diseases including ascitis), ''gulma'' (tumor), ''kushtha'' (skin diseases), ''shotha'' (edema), ''madhumeha'' (obstinate urinary disorder), ''unmada'' (insanity), ''dooshivisha'' (poisoning caused by artificially made toxic ingredients).

In these conditions ''sudha'' can be administered if the individual is strong. The properly administered ''sudha'' can expel out the excessively accumulated morbid doshas immediately.[5-6]

In these conditions ''sudha'' can be administered if the individual is strong. The properly administered ''sudha'' can expel out the excessively accumulated morbid doshas immediately.[5-6]

==== Varieties and synonyms of ''snuhi'' ====

=== Varieties and synonyms of ''snuhi'' ===

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द्विविधः स मतोऽल्पैश्च बहुभिश्चैव कण्टकैः||७||  

द्विविधः स मतोऽल्पैश्च बहुभिश्चैव कण्टकैः||७||  

स नाम्ना स्नुग्गुडा नन्दा सुधा निस्त्रिंशपत्रकः||८||  

स नाम्ना स्नुग्गुडा नन्दा सुधा निस्त्रिंशपत्रकः||८||  

dvividhaḥ sa matō'lpaiśca bahubhiścaiva kaṇṭakaiḥ||7||  

dvividhaḥ sa matō'lpaiśca bahubhiścaiva kaṇṭakaiḥ||7||  

sa nAmnA snugguDA nandA sudhA nistriMshapatrakaH||8||  

sa nAmnA snugguDA nandA sudhA nistriMshapatrakaH||8||  

''Snuhi'' is of two types:

''Snuhi'' is of two types:

''Nistrimsha patraka'' (sword like sharp edged leaves) are the different names of ''snuhi''. [7-8]

''Nistrimsha patraka'' (sword like sharp edged leaves) are the different names of ''snuhi''. [7-8]

==== Method of collection ====

=== Method of collection ===

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तौ  विपाट्याहरेत् क्षीरं शस्त्रेण मतिमान् भिषक्|  

तौ  विपाट्याहरेत् क्षीरं शस्त्रेण मतिमान् भिषक्|  

द्विवर्षं वा त्रिवर्षं वा शिशिरान्ते विशेषतः||९||  

द्विवर्षं वा त्रिवर्षं वा शिशिरान्ते विशेषतः||९||  

tau  vipāṭyāharēt kṣīraṁ śastrēṇa matimān bhiṣak|  

tau  vipāṭyāharēt kṣīraṁ śastrēṇa matimān bhiṣak|  

dvivarShaM vA trivarShaM vA shishirAnte visheShataH||9||  

dvivarShaM vA trivarShaM vA shishirAnte visheShataH||9||  

*Incise the plants which are two-three years old and mature, with a sharp instrument.  

*Incise the plants which are two-three years old and mature, with a sharp instrument.  

*The collection is done at the end of the winter.[9]

*The collection is done at the end of the winter.[9]

==== Purification of ''snuhi'' latex ====

=== Purification of ''snuhi'' latex ===

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बिल्वादीनां बृहत्या वा कण्टकार्यास्तथैकशः|  

बिल्वादीनां बृहत्या वा कण्टकार्यास्तथैकशः|  

सुरया दधिमण्डेन मातुलुङ्गरसेन वा|१२|  

सुरया दधिमण्डेन मातुलुङ्गरसेन वा|१२|  

bilvādīnāṁ br̥hatyā vā kaṇṭakāryāstathaikaśaḥ|  

bilvādīnāṁ br̥hatyā vā kaṇṭakāryāstathaikaśaḥ|  

surayA dadhimaNDena mAtulu~ggarasena vA|12|  

surayA dadhimaNDena mAtulu~ggarasena vA|12|  

*''Kashaya'' of ''bilvadi panchamoola'' (''bilva, agnimantha, shyonaka, patala, gambhari'') with ''brihati/kantakari'' is prepared.

*''Kashaya'' of ''bilvadi panchamoola'' (''bilva, agnimantha, shyonaka, patala, gambhari'') with ''brihati/kantakari'' is prepared.

These pills should be taken along with either of following immunity-enhancing agents for purging.[10-11½]

These pills should be taken along with either of following immunity-enhancing agents for purging.[10-11½]

==== Preparations of ''sudha'' pills ====

=== Preparations of ''sudha'' pills ===

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सातलां काञ्चनक्षीरीं श्यामादीनि कटुत्रिकम् ||१२||  

सातलां काञ्चनक्षीरीं श्यामादीनि कटुत्रिकम् ||१२|| <br />

यथोपपत्ति सप्ताहं सुधाक्षीरेण भावयेत्|  

यथोपपत्ति सप्ताहं सुधाक्षीरेण भावयेत्|<br />

कोलमात्रां घृतेनातः पिबेन्मांसरसेन वा||१३||

कोलमात्रां घृतेनातः पिबेन्मांसरसेन वा||१३||<br />

sātalāṁ kāñcanakṣīrīṁ śyāmādīni kaṭutrikam  ||12||  

sātalāṁ kāñcanakṣīrīṁ śyāmādīni kaṭutrikam  ||12|| <br />

yathōpapatti saptāhaṁ sudhākṣīrēṇa bhāvayēt|  

yathōpapatti saptāhaṁ sudhākṣīrēṇa bhāvayēt| <br />

kōlamātrāṁ ghr̥tēnātaḥ pibēnmāṁsarasēna vā||13||  

kōlamātrāṁ ghr̥tēnātaḥ pibēnmāṁsarasēna vā||13|| <br />

sAtalAM kA~jcanakShIrIM shyAmAdIni kaTutrikam ||12||  

sAtalAM kA~jcanakShIrIM shyAmAdIni kaTutrikam ||12|| <br />

yathopapatti saptAhaM sudhAkShIreNa bhAvayet|  

yathopapatti saptAhaM sudhAkShIreNa bhAvayet| <br />

kolamAtrAM ghRutenAtaH pibenmAMsarasena vA||13||

kolamAtrAM ghRutenAtaH pibenmAMsarasena vA||13||<br />

{|class = "wikitable"

{|class = "wikitable"

[12-13]

[12-13]

==== Various preparations of ''sudha'' ====

=== Various preparations of ''sudha'' ===

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त्र्यूषणं त्रिफलां दन्तीं चित्रकं त्रिवृतां तथा|

त्र्यूषणं त्रिफलां दन्तीं चित्रकं त्रिवृतां तथा|

   

   

स्नुक्क्षीरभावितं सम्यग्विदध्याद्गुडपानकम्||१४||  

स्नुक्क्षीरभावितं सम्यग्विदध्याद्गुडपानकम्||१४||  

tryūṣaṇaṁ triphalāṁ dantīṁ citrakaṁ trivr̥tāṁ tathā|  

tryūṣaṇaṁ triphalāṁ dantīṁ citrakaṁ trivr̥tāṁ tathā|  

snukkShIrabhAvitaM samyagvidadhyAdguDapAnakam||14||

snukkShIrabhAvitaM samyagvidadhyAdguDapAnakam||14||

Recipe of ''Snuhi'' in the form of Syrup (''Gudapanaka''):

Recipe of ''Snuhi'' in the form of Syrup (''Gudapanaka''):

|-

|-

|} [14]

|} [14]

त्रिवृतारग्वधं दन्तीं शङ्खिनीं सप्तलां समम्|  

त्रिवृतारग्वधं दन्तीं शङ्खिनीं सप्तलां समम्|  

सुखमाशु विरिच्यन्ते मृदुकोष्ठा नराधिपाः||१७||  

सुखमाशु विरिच्यन्ते मृदुकोष्ठा नराधिपाः||१७||  

trivr̥tāragvadhaṁ dantīṁ śaṅkhinīṁ saptalāṁ samam|  

trivr̥tāragvadhaṁ dantīṁ śaṅkhinīṁ saptalāṁ samam|  

sukhamAshu viricyante mRudukoShThA narAdhipAH||17||  

sukhamAshu viricyante mRudukoShThA narAdhipAH||17||  

Formulation of ''Sudha''  for ''Mridukoshthi'':

Formulation of ''Sudha''  for ''Mridukoshthi'':

|} [15-17]

|} [15-17]

==== ''Sudha lehya'' (linctus) ====

=== ''Sudha lehya'' (linctus) ===

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

श्यामात्रिवृत्कषायेण स्नुक्क्षीरघृतफाणितैः|  

श्यामात्रिवृत्कषायेण स्नुक्क्षीरघृतफाणितैः|  

लेहं पक्त्वा  विरेकार्थं लेहयेन्मात्रया नरम्||१८||  

लेहं पक्त्वा  विरेकार्थं लेहयेन्मात्रया नरम्||१८||  

śyāmātrivr̥tkaṣāyēṇa snukkṣīraghr̥taphāṇitaiḥ|  

śyāmātrivr̥tkaṣāyēṇa snukkṣīraghr̥taphāṇitaiḥ|  

lehaM paktvA  virekArthaM lehayenmAtrayA naram||18||  

lehaM paktvA  virekArthaM lehayenmAtrayA naram||18||  

''Snuhi leha'':

''Snuhi leha'':

|-

|-

|}.[18]

|}.[18]

पाययेत्तु सुधाक्षीरं यूषैर्मांसरसैर्घृतैः|

पाययेत्तु सुधाक्षीरं यूषैर्मांसरसैर्घृतैः|

भाविताञ्छुष्कमत्स्यान् वा मांसं वा भक्षयेन्नरः||१९||  

भाविताञ्छुष्कमत्स्यान् वा मांसं वा भक्षयेन्नरः||१९||  

pāyayēttu sudhākṣīraṁ yūṣairmāṁsarasairghr̥taiḥ |

pāyayēttu sudhākṣīraṁ yūṣairmāṁsarasairghr̥taiḥ |

bhAvitA~jchuShkamatsyAn vA mAMsaM vA bhakShayennaraH||19||  

bhAvitA~jchuShkamatsyAn vA mAMsaM vA bhakShayennaraH||19||  

Recipe of ''sudha'' to be taken with ''yusha''(vegetable soup):

Recipe of ''sudha'' to be taken with ''yusha''(vegetable soup):

|-

|-

|} [19]

|} [19]

क्षीरेणामलकैः सर्पिश्चतुरङ्गुलवत् पचेत्|  

क्षीरेणामलकैः सर्पिश्चतुरङ्गुलवत् पचेत्|  

सुरां वा कारयेत् क्षीरे घृतं वा पूर्ववत् पचेत्||२०||  

सुरां वा कारयेत् क्षीरे घृतं वा पूर्ववत् पचेत्||२०||  

kṣīrēṇāmalakaiḥ sarpiścaturaṅgulavat pacēt|  

kṣīrēṇāmalakaiḥ sarpiścaturaṅgulavat pacēt|  

surAM vA kArayet kShIre ghRutaM vA pUrvavat pacet||20||  

surAM vA kArayet kShIre ghRutaM vA pUrvavat pacet||20||  

Milky latex may also be used to prepare ghee as told in [[Chaturangula Kalpa Adhyaya]].

Milky latex may also be used to prepare ghee as told in [[Chaturangula Kalpa Adhyaya]].

|}

|}

==== Summary ====

=== Summary ===

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

तत्र श्लोकौ-

तत्र श्लोकौ- <br />

सौवीरकादिभिः सप्त सर्पिषा च रसेन च|  

सौवीरकादिभिः सप्त सर्पिषा च रसेन च| <br />

पानकं घ्रेयलेहौ च योगा यूषादिभिस्त्रयः||२१||  

पानकं घ्रेयलेहौ च योगा यूषादिभिस्त्रयः||२१|| <br />

द्वौ शुष्कमत्स्यमांसाभ्यां सुरैका द्वे च सर्पिषी|  

द्वौ शुष्कमत्स्यमांसाभ्यां सुरैका द्वे च सर्पिषी| <br />

महावृक्षस्य योगास्ते विंशतिः समुदाहृताः||२२||  

महावृक्षस्य योगास्ते विंशतिः समुदाहृताः||२२|| <br />

tatra ślōkau-  

tatra ślōkau- <br />

sauvīrakādibhiḥ sapta sarpiṣā ca rasēna ca|  

sauvīrakādibhiḥ sapta sarpiṣā ca rasēna ca| <br />

pānakaṁ ghrēyalēhau ca yōgā yūṣādibhistrayaḥ||21||  

pānakaṁ ghrēyalēhau ca yōgā yūṣādibhistrayaḥ||21||<br />

dvau śuṣkamatsyamāṁsābhyāṁ suraikā dvē ca sarpiṣī|  

dvau śuṣkamatsyamāṁsābhyāṁ suraikā dvē ca sarpiṣī| <br />

mahāvr̥kṣasya yōgāstē viṁśatiḥ samudāhr̥tāḥ||22||  

mahāvr̥kṣasya yōgāstē viṁśatiḥ samudāhr̥tāḥ||22|| <br />

tatra shlokau-  

tatra shlokau- <br />

sauvIrakAdibhiH sapta sarpiShA ca rasena ca|  

sauvIrakAdibhiH sapta sarpiShA ca rasena ca| <br />

pAnakaM ghreyalehau ca yogA yUShAdibhistrayaH||21||  

pAnakaM ghreyalehau ca yogA yUShAdibhistrayaH||21||<br />

dvau shuShkamatsyamAMsAbhyAM suraikA dve ca sarpiShI|  

dvau shuShkamatsyamAMsAbhyAM suraikA dve ca sarpiShI| <br />

mahAvRukShasya yogAste viMshatiH samudAhRutAH||22||

mahAvRukShasya yogAste viMshatiH samudAhRutAH||22||<br />

In brief to sum up:

In brief to sum up:

Thus, ends the 10th Chapter of [[Kalpa Sthana]] which deals with “Pharmaceutics of ''mahavriksha''” in Agnivesha’s work which is redacted by Charaka supplemented by Dridhabala.

Thus, ends the 10th Chapter of [[Kalpa Sthana]] which deals with “Pharmaceutics of ''mahavriksha''” in Agnivesha’s work which is redacted by Charaka supplemented by Dridhabala.

=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' / Fundamental Principles===

== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==

*''Snuhi'' is strongest purgative among all purgatives.  

*''Snuhi'' is strongest purgative among all purgatives.  

*It is contraindicated in persons with ''mridu koshtha'' (soft bowel/sensitive to purgatives).

*It is contraindicated in persons with ''mridu koshtha'' (soft bowel/sensitive to purgatives).

=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' / Applied Inferences===

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==

==== Pharmacological activities and folkloric uses ====

=== Pharmacological activities and folkloric uses ===

''Snuhi'' is known for its medicinal value, such as antibacterial, anti-fungal, antiviral, anti-parasitic, anti-arthritic, anti-diabetic,  anti-convulsant, antioxidant, wound healing and immuno-modulatory, radioprotective, spasmodic, aphrodisiac, anticancer,<ref>Pracheta, Sharma V, Paliwal R, Sharma S. In vitro free radical scavenging and antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. Int. J. pharm. Pharmaceu. Sci. 2011;

''Snuhi'' is known for its medicinal value, such as antibacterial, anti-fungal, antiviral, anti-parasitic, anti-arthritic, anti-diabetic,  anti-convulsant, antioxidant, wound healing and immuno-modulatory, radioprotective, spasmodic, aphrodisiac, anticancer,<ref>Pracheta, Sharma V, Paliwal R, Sharma S. In vitro free radical scavenging and antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. Int. J. pharm. Pharmaceu. Sci. 2011;

</ref> The juice of the leaves is a popular cure for earache in the Philippine Islands.<ref>Sharma DK. Bioprospecting for Drug Research and functional foods for the prevention of diseases- Role of flavonoids in drug development. J. Sci. Indust. Res. 2006; 65: 391-401.</ref> Turmeric powder mixed with the juice of ''snuhi'' is recommended as an application for piles. Thread steeped in the above-mentioned mixture is used in ligaturing external hemorrhoids. The use of latex in skin warts, earache and in arthritis was investigated by Kirtikar and Basu. Nadkarni further reported the presence of purgative and local rubefacient activity of the juice and antispasmodic activity of the root. The white, acrid, milky juice is internally a purgative and externally it has rubefacient properties. As drastic purgative it is given in combination with other medicines such as ''haritaki, pippali,'' Indian ''jalapa trivrita'' root and which are kept steeped in it in cases of ascites, anasarca and tympanitis. The juice is also applied to remove warts and similar excrescences and to afford relief in earache; mixed with shoot it is used as an ''anjana'' (collyrium) mixed with ''neem'' oil it is used as an application in rheumatic diseases. The juice is largely used with clarified or fresh butter as an application to unhealthy ulcer and scabies and applied to glandular swellings to prevent suppuration. It is expectorant, pungent and is thus used in treating tumors, arthritis and abdominal pains. The tribal population of Chattisgarh region uses the milky latex as an ingredient of aphrodisiac mixture. Natives of Chhattisgarh use externally boiled ''thohar'' milk in castor oil with salt to cure the deep cracks in soles of feet. The milk of ''thohar'' is also used commonly like aloe gel in case of burns and for healing of wounds. Application of lukewarm ''thohar'' a prerequisite for global harmonization of herbal health leaves reduces itching pain and swelling in piles.<ref>Oudhia P. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh. India having less known traditional uses, VII. Thura (Euphorbia neriilofia, family: Euphorbiaceae)</ref>,<ref>Sharma, A Review on Euphorbia neriifolia (Sehund), Spatula DD 107</ref>

</ref> The juice of the leaves is a popular cure for earache in the Philippine Islands.<ref>Sharma DK. Bioprospecting for Drug Research and functional foods for the prevention of diseases- Role of flavonoids in drug development. J. Sci. Indust. Res. 2006; 65: 391-401.</ref> Turmeric powder mixed with the juice of ''snuhi'' is recommended as an application for piles. Thread steeped in the above-mentioned mixture is used in ligaturing external hemorrhoids. The use of latex in skin warts, earache and in arthritis was investigated by Kirtikar and Basu. Nadkarni further reported the presence of purgative and local rubefacient activity of the juice and antispasmodic activity of the root. The white, acrid, milky juice is internally a purgative and externally it has rubefacient properties. As drastic purgative it is given in combination with other medicines such as ''haritaki, pippali,'' Indian ''jalapa trivrita'' root and which are kept steeped in it in cases of ascites, anasarca and tympanitis. The juice is also applied to remove warts and similar excrescences and to afford relief in earache; mixed with shoot it is used as an ''anjana'' (collyrium) mixed with ''neem'' oil it is used as an application in rheumatic diseases. The juice is largely used with clarified or fresh butter as an application to unhealthy ulcer and scabies and applied to glandular swellings to prevent suppuration. It is expectorant, pungent and is thus used in treating tumors, arthritis and abdominal pains. The tribal population of Chattisgarh region uses the milky latex as an ingredient of aphrodisiac mixture. Natives of Chhattisgarh use externally boiled ''thohar'' milk in castor oil with salt to cure the deep cracks in soles of feet. The milk of ''thohar'' is also used commonly like aloe gel in case of burns and for healing of wounds. Application of lukewarm ''thohar'' a prerequisite for global harmonization of herbal health leaves reduces itching pain and swelling in piles.<ref>Oudhia P. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh. India having less known traditional uses, VII. Thura (Euphorbia neriilofia, family: Euphorbiaceae)</ref>,<ref>Sharma, A Review on Euphorbia neriifolia (Sehund), Spatula DD 107</ref>

==== Ayurvedic pharmacological uses ====

=== Ayurvedic pharmacological uses ===

''Snuhi'' is being referred to as ''tikshnatama'' (strongest drastic) drug for inducing the purgation which suggests it has strong action and should be used cautiously. ''Snuhi'' can be used only when ''dosha'' accumulated is of large quantity where other drugs may not be effective. Even then it has been advised to use this drug carefully and is contraindicated in ''mridukoshtha'' (Laxed bowel). [3-4]

''Snuhi'' is being referred to as ''tikshnatama'' (strongest drastic) drug for inducing the purgation which suggests it has strong action and should be used cautiously. ''Snuhi'' can be used only when [[dosha]] accumulated is of large quantity where other drugs may not be effective. Even then it has been advised to use this drug carefully and is contraindicated in ''mridukoshtha'' (Laxed bowel). [3-4]

Charaka in 5th Chapter of [[Chikitsa Sthana]] advises use of this drug along with ''trivrita'' (Operculina turpethum) in ''vata gulma'' along with honey and ghee as adjuvants.( Ch.Ch.5 /153) Apart from this those suffering from ''udara'' (ascitis) and has ''krurakoshta'' (hard bowel) leaves of ''snuhi''  are to be used as vegetable.

Charaka in 5th Chapter of [[Chikitsa Sthana]] advises use of this drug along with ''trivrita'' (Operculina turpethum) in [[vata]] gulma along with honey and ghee as adjuvants.[ Cha. Sa.[[ Chikitsa Sthana]] 5 /153] Apart from this those suffering from ''udara'' (ascitis) and has ''krurakoshta'' (hard bowel) leaves of ''snuhi''  are to be used as vegetable.

''Snuhi'' is indicated in some of the chronic diseases like ''pandu, udara'' etc. Charaka advises ''kshara gutika'' in ''grahani'' which has ''snuhi ksheera'' in it.  ''Tandula'' ( Rice) soaked with ''snuhi ksheera'' should be dried and given to persons suffering from ''udara'' in the form of ''peya''. ''Pippali'' should be given with 21 trituration of ''snuhi ksheera'' and may be administered to persons suffering from ''udara''.

''Snuhi'' is indicated in some of the chronic diseases like ''pandu, udara'' etc. Charaka advises ''kshara gutika'' in ''grahani'' which has ''snuhi ksheera'' in it.  ''Tandula'' ( Rice) soaked with ''snuhi ksheera'' should be dried and given to persons suffering from ''udara'' in the form of ''peya''. ''Pippali'' should be given with 21 trituration of ''snuhi ksheera'' and may be administered to persons suffering from ''udara''.

In ''Dhanwantari Nighantu'', it has been opined that ''snuhi'' is useful in ''visha'' (poisoning), ''adhmana'' (flatulence), ''gulma'' (tumor) and ''udara'' (ascitis).

In ''Dhanwantari Nighantu'', it has been opined that ''snuhi'' is useful in ''visha'' (poisoning), ''adhmana'' (flatulence), ''gulma'' (tumor) and ''udara'' (ascitis).

In ''Rajanighantu'' few more synonyms are mentioned like ''vatari'' (overcomes ''vata'' ), ''bhadra''( auspicious), ''vyaghranakha'' (sharp in its action), ''netrari'' (harmful to eyes) and ''dandavrikshaka'' (small tree). A variety of ''snuhi'' i.e. ''tridhara'' is said to be useful in ''rasasiddhi''.<ref>Indradev Tripathi, Rajanighantu of Pt Narahari, Chaukhmbha Orientalia 4th Edition,2006,p.no 272</ref>

In ''Rajanighantu'' few more synonyms are mentioned like ''vatari'' (overcomes [[vata]] ), ''bhadra''( auspicious), ''vyaghranakha'' (sharp in its action), ''netrari'' (harmful to eyes) and ''dandavrikshaka'' (small tree). A variety of ''snuhi'' i.e. ''tridhara'' is said to be useful in ''rasasiddhi''.<ref>Indradev Tripathi, Rajanighantu of Pt Narahari, Chaukhmbha Orientalia 4th Edition,2006,p.no 272</ref>

Ghee prepared with ''snuhi'' latex is useful in ''gulma, udara'' and ''garavisha''.(Ch. Chi. 13/138). <ref>R K Sharma, Bhagwan Das,Agnivesha, Charaka Samhita, Vol III, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series,2009, P.No 559</ref>

Ghee prepared with ''snuhi'' latex is useful in ''gulma, udara'' and ''garavisha''.[Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/138].  

In ''arsha, alepa'' (paste) of ''snuhi'' latex with powder of turmeric is done.(Ch. Chi. 14/52-57)(Su. Chi. 6/12).<ref>R K Sharma, Bhagwan Das,Agnivesha, Charaka Samhita, Vol III, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series,2009, P.No 593</ref>

In ''arsha, alepa'' (paste) of ''snuhi'' latex with powder of turmeric is done.[Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/52-57].<ref>Sushruta. Chikitsa Sthana, Cha.6 Arhaschikitsitam Adhyaya verse 12. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005. p.1.</ref>  

In ''shwitra'' (leucoderma) ''bhallataka'' (Semecarpus anacardium) is immersed in cow’s urine for 3 days dried in the shade and made into paste with ''snuhi'' latex and applied to the affected part.(As. Hri. Chi. 20/11).<ref>K R Shrikantha Murthy, Vagbhathas Ashtanga Hridaya, Vol II,Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi,2009, p.no 82</ref>

In ''shwitra'' (leucoderma) ''bhallataka'' (Semecarpus anacardium) is immersed in cow’s urine for 3 days dried in the shade and made into paste with ''snuhi'' latex and applied to the affected part.<ref>Vagbhata. Chikitsa Sthana, Cha.20 Shwitrakrumi Chikitsitam Adhyaya verse 11. In: Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya, Editors. Ashtanga Hridayam. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.p.4.</ref>

In ''udararoga'', ghee prepared with ''dadhimanda'' is administered. (Ch. Chi. 13/141).<ref>R K Sharma, Bhagwan Das,Agnivesha, Charaka Samhita, Vol III, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series,2009, P.No 559</ref>

In ''udararoga'', ghee prepared with ''dadhimanda'' is administered. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/141].

In ''vicharchika'' (eczema) – ''sarshapa'' (mustard plant) is made into a paste is concealed in ''snuhi'' plant which is cooked in the fire, is applied on eczema. The same has been explained in Chakradutta as grihadhoomadi lepa.<ref>P V Sharma, Chakradatta, Chaukhambha Orientalia,Varanasi, Edition 2007, p.no 394</ref>

In ''vicharchika'' (eczema) – ''sarshapa'' (mustard plant) is made into a paste is concealed in ''snuhi'' plant which is cooked in the fire, is applied on eczema. The same has been explained in Chakradutta as grihadhoomadi lepa.<ref> Chakrapanidatta, Chakradatta Edited by P V Sharma, Varanasi:Chaukhambha Orientalia , 2007, p.no 394</ref>

To protect from masoorika snuhi studded with red flag should be placed in an earthen pot and placed in the house (Chakradutta 54/48).<ref>P V Sharma, Chakradatta, Chaukhambha Orientalia,Varanasi, Edition 2007, p.no 433</ref>

''Snuhyadya taila'' is useful in baldness and hair loss (Chakradutta).<ref>P V Sharma, Chakradatta, Chaukhambha Orientalia,Varanasi, Edition 2007, p.no 446</ref>

 

 

''Snuhyadya taila'' is useful in baldness and hair loss.<ref>Chakrapanidatta,Chakradatta edited by In:P V Sharma,? ed, Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia, 2007, p.no 433</ref>

''Snuhi ksheera'' is considered to be toxic, thus it needs  purification prior to its therapeutic usage. ''Bilvadi'' drugs reduce the severe intensity of the latex and help to bring out the necessary action. Thus purified latex is given with seven different adjuvants according to individuals and physicians need.[10-12½]  

''Snuhi ksheera'' is considered to be toxic, thus it needs  purification prior to its therapeutic usage. ''Bilvadi'' drugs reduce the severe intensity of the latex and help to bring out the necessary action. Thus purified latex is given with seven different adjuvants according to individuals and physicians need.[10-12½]  

Those who cannot withstand the strong purgative action of the drug may be administered the drug in the inhalation form where the purgative action is seen but intensity of action is reduced. This method of administration of the drug can be done to ''mridukoshthi'' (soft bowel). It is a novel way of administration of drugs which can be compared with aerosols [15-17]

Those who cannot withstand the strong purgative action of the drug may be administered the drug in the inhalation form where the purgative action is seen but intensity of action is reduced. This method of administration of the drug can be done to ''mridukoshthi'' (soft bowel). It is a novel way of administration of drugs which can be compared with aerosols [15-17]

Many a times it becomes difficult to preserve the fresh drug for the longer duration, in such cases, drug is used as ''avaleha'' (linctus) or ''arishta'' (medicated liquor) which can be stored for use later. In this form drug is palatable and is easily taken by the individual.[18-,19]With addition of ''kashaya'' of ''dashamoola, kulattha, yava, shyamadi ghrita'' may be taken.(Ca. Su. 8/13) Three recipes of ''sudha'' according to their use with three different adjuvants can be given. Drug is mixed with either vegetable or meat juice or with ghee and given. Those who are completely non vegetarian, drug can be either given with fish or dry meat. It can be given as either ''ghrita''(ghee) or ''sura''(alcohol) form. ''Ghrita'' is taken with juice of ''amalaki'' as adjuvant which helps in better absorption of the drug.<ref> K R Shrikantha Murthy, Bhavaprakasha of Bhavamishra, Vol II,Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy,Varanasi, Edition 2009, p.no 580</ref>[ 19-20]

Many a times it becomes difficult to preserve the fresh drug for the longer duration, in such cases, drug is used as ''avaleha'' (linctus) or ''arishta'' (medicated liquor) which can be stored for use later. In this form drug is palatable and is easily taken by the individual.[18-,19]With addition of ''kashaya'' of ''dashamoola, kulattha, yava, shyamadi ghrita'' may be taken.[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 8/13] Three recipes of ''sudha'' according to their use with three different adjuvants can be given. Drug is mixed with either vegetable or meat juice or with ghee and given. Those who are completely non vegetarian, drug can be either given with fish or dry meat. It can be given as either ''ghrita''(ghee) or ''sura''(alcohol) form. ''Ghrita'' is taken with juice of ''amalaki'' as adjuvant which helps in better absorption of the drug.<ref> Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakasha, edited by K R Shrikantha Murthy,? ed., Varanasi:Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, 2009,p.no 580</ref>[ 19-20]

 

=== References ===

== References ==

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