Changes

Biomarkers are recent advancements can be the answer to above problem as we do not need to wait for disease manifestation and can predict prognosis by seeing values of biomarkers related to that disease. In 2001, a consensus panel at the National Institutes of Health defined the term biomarker as ‘a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention or other health care intervention’.<ref>Torres-Bugarín O, Zavala-Cerna MG, Nava A, Flores-García A, Ramos-Ibarra ML. Potential Uses, Limitations, and Basic Procedures of Micronuclei and Nuclear Abnormalities in Buccal Cells. Disease Markers. 2014;2014:956835. </ref> Biomarker defined as alteration in the constituents of tissues or body fluids provide a powerful approach to understanding the spectrum of chronic disease with application in at least 5 areas like screening, diagnosis, prognostics, prediction of disease recurrence and therapeutic monitoring.<ref>Pradeep Sahu et al, Biomarkers: An Emerging Tool for Diagnosis of a Disease and Drug Development, Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2011; Vol. 1: Issue 1, Pg 09-16 </ref> The biomarker is either produced by the diseased organ (e.g., tumor) or by the body in response to disease. Before diagnosis, markers could be used for screening and risk assessment. Tumor classification, stage and sometimes grade are generally used to assess prognosis. Researches in the field of biomarkers may give us chance to know prognosis of disease in early stage.

Biomarkers are recent advancements can be the answer to above problem as we do not need to wait for disease manifestation and can predict prognosis by seeing values of biomarkers related to that disease. In 2001, a consensus panel at the National Institutes of Health defined the term biomarker as ‘a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention or other health care intervention’.<ref>Torres-Bugarín O, Zavala-Cerna MG, Nava A, Flores-García A, Ramos-Ibarra ML. Potential Uses, Limitations, and Basic Procedures of Micronuclei and Nuclear Abnormalities in Buccal Cells. Disease Markers. 2014;2014:956835. </ref> Biomarker defined as alteration in the constituents of tissues or body fluids provide a powerful approach to understanding the spectrum of chronic disease with application in at least 5 areas like screening, diagnosis, prognostics, prediction of disease recurrence and therapeutic monitoring.<ref>Pradeep Sahu et al, Biomarkers: An Emerging Tool for Diagnosis of a Disease and Drug Development, Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2011; Vol. 1: Issue 1, Pg 09-16 </ref> The biomarker is either produced by the diseased organ (e.g., tumor) or by the body in response to disease. Before diagnosis, markers could be used for screening and risk assessment. Tumor classification, stage and sometimes grade are generally used to assess prognosis. Researches in the field of biomarkers may give us chance to know prognosis of disease in early stage.

Another important aspect mentioned in this chapter is concept of dreams. The descriptions related to dreams are found abundantly in the ancient oriental classics, specifically the Atharvaveda, Upanishadas, Puranas, Darshanas and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda]. The description of the ''doshika'' dreams of the Atharvaveda is similar to that in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda]. Dreams are mentioned while describing ''purvarupa'', ''rupa'' and ''arishta lakshanas''.<ref>Sonali S. Tendulkar and R. R. Dwivedi, ‘Swapna’ in the Indian classics: Mythology or science?,Ayu. 2010 Apr-Jun; 31(2): 170–174. </ref> Sushruta states that sex of the unborn child can be predicted and Vagbhata says that ''doshika prakriti'' can be known by the help of dreams.

Another important aspect mentioned in this chapter is concept of dreams. The descriptions related to dreams are found abundantly in the ancient oriental classics, specifically the Atharvaveda, Upanishadas, Puranas, Darshanas and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/[[Ayurveda]] [[Ayurveda]]]. The description of the ''doshika'' dreams of the Atharvaveda is similar to that in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/[[Ayurveda]] [[Ayurveda]]]. Dreams are mentioned while describing ''purvarupa'', ''rupa'' and ''arishta lakshanas''.<ref>Sonali S. Tendulkar and R. R. Dwivedi, ‘Swapna’ in the Indian classics: Mythology or science?,Ayu. 2010 Apr-Jun; 31(2): 170–174. </ref> Sushruta states that sex of the unborn child can be predicted and Vagbhata says that ''doshika prakriti'' can be known by the help of dreams.

Subject of dreams is dealt in very scientific manner. According to Charak, dreams occur when person is in relatively wakeful state. This has been proved now by the researches that dreams mainly occur in the rapid-eye movement (REM) stage of sleep—when brain activity is high and resembles that of being awake. In the late 19th century, psychotherapist Sigmund Freud developed a theory that the content of dreams is driven by unconscious wish fulfillment. Freud called dreams the "royal road to the unconscious”.<ref>Jeannette Y. Wick; Guido R. Zann, Drugs and Dreams, J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2002;42:385-390. </ref> To Freud, no dream was of entertainment value, they all held important meanings. Dreams reflect the dreamer’s mental, emotional, and physical state. This fact is well established in this chapter while describing classification of dreams. Dreams are based on our day to day interactions and so are classified as dreams seen, heard, felt etc. Two of the seven types, one which predict prognosis and one which is due to vitiation of ''doshas'' are said to have fatal consequences.

Subject of dreams is dealt in very scientific manner. According to Charak, dreams occur when person is in relatively wakeful state. This has been proved now by the researches that dreams mainly occur in the rapid-eye movement (REM) stage of sleep—when brain activity is high and resembles that of being awake. In the late 19th century, psychotherapist Sigmund Freud developed a theory that the content of dreams is driven by unconscious wish fulfillment. Freud called dreams the "royal road to the unconscious”.<ref>Jeannette Y. Wick; Guido R. Zann, Drugs and Dreams, J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2002;42:385-390. </ref> To Freud, no dream was of entertainment value, they all held important meanings. Dreams reflect the dreamer’s mental, emotional, and physical state. This fact is well established in this chapter while describing classification of dreams. Dreams are based on our day to day interactions and so are classified as dreams seen, heard, felt etc. Two of the seven types, one which predict prognosis and one which is due to vitiation of ''doshas'' are said to have fatal consequences.