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→Vidhi vimarsha / Applied Inferences
=== Vidhi vimarsha / Applied Inferences ===
=== Vidhi vimarsha / Applied Inferences ===
==== Division of ''samvatsara'' (year) and ''ritus'' ====
==== Division of [[samvatsara]] (year) and [[ritu]] ====
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
The Year or ''Samvatsara'' is divided into two ''ayana'' or solstices, depending upon the position of the Sun with respect to the Earth i.e. ''Uttarayana'' or ''adana kala'' and ''dakshinayana'' or ''visarga kala''. Each ''ayana'' includes three ''ritus''. This is known as ''ritu'' cycle of six seasons. Six ''ritus'' are divided on the basis of the predominant effect of Sun and Moon. Air motivates the Sun and the Moon. ''Vata'' is responsible for differentiation of ''ritus''<ref>Ch.Su. 12</ref>.The ''uttarayana'' or northward position of the Sun and its act of dehydration/undernourishment brings about three seasons, including ''shishira, vasanta'' and ''grishma''. The ''dakshinayana'' or southward position of the Sun and its act of hydration/nourishment gives rise to other three seasons, including ''varsha, sharada'' and ''hemanta''.
The [[Samvatsara]] is divided into two [[ayana]] or solstices, depending upon the position of the Sun with respect to the Earth i.e. [[Uttarayana]] or [[adana kala]] and [[dakshinayana]] or [[visarga kala]]. Each [[ayana]] includes three [[ritu]]. This is known as [[rituchakra]] (cyclic rhythm) of six seasons. Six [[ritu]] are divided on the basis of the predominant effect of Sun and Moon. Air motivates the Sun and the Moon. [[Vata]] is responsible for differentiation of [[ritu]](Cha.Su.12).The [[uttarayana]] or northward position of the Sun and its act of dehydration/undernourishment brings about three seasons, including [[shishira]], [[vasanta]] and [[grishma]]. The [[dakshinayana]] or southward position of the Sun and its act of hydration/nourishment gives rise to other three seasons, including [[varsha]], [[sharada]] and [[hemanta]].
Per Ayurvedic literature, taking the river Ganga as a baseline, the whole region (India) is divided on the basis of intensity of cold and rain into two parts. In regions south of Ganga, rain being more, two ''ritu'' i.e. ''pravrita'' and ''varsha'' (early rainy and heavy rainy seasons) have been mentioned separately by the sages. In the regions north of Ganga, with a prevalence of snowfall factored in, two ''ritu'' namely ''hemanta'' and ''shishira'' (dewy season and cold season) have been mentioned separately. In the Gangetic plains (Eastern U.P. and Bihar), all the seasons can be found since it is the belt of ''Sadharana desha''.
Per Ayurvedic literature, taking the river Ganga as a baseline, the whole region (Indian subcontinent) is divided on the basis of intensity of cold and rain into two parts. In regions south of Ganga, rain being more, two[[ritu]] i.e. [[pravrita]] (early rains) and [[varsha]] (late heavy rainy season) have been mentioned separately by the sages. In the regions north of Ganga, with a prevalence of snowfall factored in, two [[ritu]] namely [[hemanta]] and [[shishira]] (dewy season and cold season) have been mentioned separately. In the Gangetic plains (Eastern U.P. and Bihar), all the seasons can be found since it is the belt of [[Sadharana desha]].
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Thus in Ayurveda, a year is divided in two ways on the basis of the following:
Thus in Ayurveda, a year is divided in two ways on the basis of the following:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! !! ''Ayana'' !! ''Ritu'' !! Indian Months !! Influential ''Rashi'' !! English Months
! !! [[Ayana]] !! [[ritu]] !! Indian Months !! Influential [[Rashi]] !! English Months
|-
|-
| rowspan="6" | ''Samvatsara''
| rowspan="6" | [[Samvatsara]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | ''Uttarayana''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | [[Uttarayana]]
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Shishira'' (Late Winter)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Shishira]] (Late Winter)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Magha''(Tapa) and ''Phalguna''(Tapasya)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Magha]](Tapa) and [[Phalguna]](Tapasya)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Makara'' and ''Kumbha''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Makara]] and [[Kumbha]]
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Mid-Jan to Mid-March
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Mid-January to Mid-March
|-
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Vasanta'' (Spring)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Vasanta]] (Spring)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Chaitra''(Madhu) and ''Vaishaka''(Madhava)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Chaitra]](Madhu) and [[Vaishakha]](Madhava)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Meena'' and ''Mesha''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Meena]] and [[Mesha]]
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Mid-March to Mid-May
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Mid-March to Mid-May
|-
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Grishma'' (Summer)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Grishma]] (Summer)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Jaishtha''(''Shuchi'') and ''Ashadha''(''Shukra'')
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Jaishtha]](Shuchi) and [[Ashadha]](Shukra)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Vrishabha'' and ''Mithuna''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Vrishabha]] and [[Mithuna]]
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Mid-May to Mid-July
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Mid-May to Mid-July
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | ''Dakshinayana''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | [[Dakshinayana]]
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Varsha'' (Rainy Season)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Varsha]] (Rainy Season)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Shravana''(''Nabha'') and ''Bhadrapada''(''Nabhasya'')
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Shravana]](Nabha) and [[Bhadrapada]](Nabhasya)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Karka'' and ''Simha''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Karka]] and [[Simha]]
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Mid-July to Mid-Sep
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Mid-July to Mid-September
|-
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Sharada'' (Autumn)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Sharada]] (Autumn)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Ashvina''(''Isha'') and ''Kartika''(''Urja'')
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Ashvina]](Isha) and [[Kartika]](Urja)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Kanya'' and ''Tula''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Kanya]] and [[Tula]]
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Mid-Sep to Mid-Nov
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Mid-September to Mid-November
|-
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Hemanta'' (Early Winter)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Hemanta]] (Early Winter)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Margasirsha''(''Saha'') and ''Pausha''(''Sahasya'')
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Margasirsha]](Saha) and [[Paumsha]](Sahasya)
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Vrishchika'' and ''Dhanu''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | [[Vrishchika]] and [[Dhanu]]
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Mid-Nov to Mid-Jan
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Mid-November to Mid-January
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! !! Character !! ''Ritu'' !! Indian Months !! English Months
! !! Character !! [[ritu]] !! Indian Months !! English Months
|-
|-
==== Concept of ''ritu sandhi'' ====
==== Concept of ''ritu sandhi'' ====
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The last seven days of preceding ''ritu'' and first seven days of following ''ritu'' are together known as ''ritusandhi'' (meeting of two seasons). During this period the regimen of the previous season should be discontinued gradually and those of the succeeding season adopted slowly. Particular ''padamshika krama'' has to be adopted i.e. Unhealthy things which one has become accustomed should be discontinued gradually (quarter by quarter, say). Similarly healthy things (food etc) should be made use of (gradually) with intervals of one, two or three days.<ref> C.Su. 7/36-37 </ref> On the other hand, if they are discontinued or adopted suddenly, diseases due to unaccustomed foods and activities develop.<ref> A.S.Su. 4/61 </ref> It is a significant advice, as the changeover of external environment from one season to other is very rapid, but our endogenous system needs some time for smooth change over.
The last seven days of preceding [[ritu]] and first seven days of following [[ritu]] are together known as ''ritusandhi'' (meeting of two seasons). During this period the regimen of the previous season should be discontinued gradually and those of the succeeding season adopted slowly. Particular ''padamshika krama'' has to be adopted i.e. Unhealthy things which one has become accustomed should be discontinued gradually (quarter by quarter, say). Similarly healthy things (food etc) should be made use of (gradually) with intervals of one, two or three days.<ref> C.Su. 7/36-37 </ref> On the other hand, if they are discontinued or adopted suddenly, diseases due to unaccustomed foods and activities develop.<ref> A.S.Su. 4/61 </ref> It is a significant advice, as the changeover of external environment from one season to other is very rapid, but our endogenous system needs some time for smooth change over.
The duration of last eight days of ''Kartika'' and first eight days of ''Magha'' is termed as ''yamadamshtra''. It is advised to take little food during this period for healthy living otherwise it may be fatal.<ref> Sh.Pu. 2/30 </ref>
The duration of last eight days of ''Kartika'' and first eight days of ''Magha'' is termed as ''yamadamshtra''. It is advised to take little food during this period for healthy living otherwise it may be fatal.<ref> Sh.Pu. 2/30 </ref>
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==== Concept of ''satmya'' and ''okasatmya'' ====
==== Concept of [[satmya]] and ''okasatmya'' ====
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
''Satmya'' means any substance or behavior which is suitable and beneficial to the self. ''Satmya'' being used constantly has wholesome effect. It is divided into two types:
''Satmya'' means any substance or behavior which is suitable and beneficial to the self. ''Satmya'' being used constantly has wholesome effect. It is divided into two types: