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{{Infobox
|title = Sudha Kalpa Adhyaya
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = [[Kalpa Sthana]] Chapter 10
|label2 = Preceding Chapter
|data2 = [[Tilvaka Kalpa Adhyaya]]
|label3= Succeeding Chapter
|data3 = [[Saptalashankhini Kalpa]]
|label5 = Other Sections
|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|header3 =
}}
==[[Kalpa Sthana]] Chapter 10, Chapter on pharmaceutical preparations of ''Sudha'' ==
=== Abstract ===
This chapter deals with the preparations of ''sudha'' for the purpose of ''virechana'' (therapeutic purgation). ''Sudha'' is a strong purgative in comparison to all other drugs discussed in previous chapters. The chapter includes synonyms of ''sudha'', its therapeutic utility, varieties, limitations for the usage, methods of collection, purification, preparation and administration of ''sudha ksheera'' and other recipes viz ''vati'' (tablets), ''leha'' (linctus) etc. along with total twenty different formulations of the same drug to suit different needs of the physician. Even though it is contraindicated for ''mridukoshthi'' (sensitive to mild laxatives) its usage has been advised here by altering its form to reduce its untoward effect which is a novel approach.
'''Keywords''': ''Sudha, Virechana,'' therapeutic purgation, Eurphobia neriifolia Linn., ''Ksheera'' (latex).
=== Introduction ===
In [[Sutra Sthana]] (chapter 25/40), latex of ''snuhi'' is described as best among strong purgatives. In the sequence of describing purgative drugs in this section, ''sudha'' (Eurphobia neriifolia Linn.) is described in this chapter.
''Sudha /snuhi'' (Eurphobia neriifolia Linn.), popularly known as Indian Spurge Tree, Oleander Spurge, or Hedge Euphorbia, belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is attributed with properties such as ''ushnaveerya'' (hot in potency), ''snigdha'' (oily), ''katu'' (pungent), and ''laghu'' (light) and ''tikshna''.[1] ''Snuhi'' is a large succulent shrub, with stipular thorns and is found throughout the Deccan peninsula of India. It is believed to be a native of India. It is commonly found in rock ground, among rock crevices of hills; extensively cultivated in the Bengal for hedges and elsewhere in native villages.[2] Today, it is widely distributed throughout the world. Snuhi has been given various names in different regions and languages. The more common local names of ''Snuhi'' are ''shij'' (Bengal), dog’s tongue (English), ''thor'' (Gujarati), ''ilakkalli'' (Malayalam), ''siju'' (Oriya), ''danda thohar'' (Punjab), ''dotathur'' (Rajputana), ''zaqqum'' (Urdu).[3] ''Snuhi'' is a small erect fleshy glabrous shrub, branches ¾ in diam., jointed cylindric or obscurely 5-angled with sharp stipular thorns arising from thick subconfluent tubercles in 5 irregular rows. Leaves are succulent, deciduous, 6-12 inch long, terminal on the branches, waved narrowed into a very short petiole.
==== Phytochemical Constituents ====
The latex contains 69 to 93.3 % water and is water soluble and has 0.2 to 2.6% caoutchouc.[4] A gum resin which is the active principle, traces of an alkaloid; wax, caoutchouc, chlorophyll, resin (2.40%), tannin, sugar, mucilage, calcium oxalate, carbohydrates albuminoids, “gallic acid quercetin, a new phenolic substance and traces of an essential oil”. Latex is bioactive on the BSLT (Brine shrimp lethality test); it displayed LC 50 values of 76,7 μg/ml.[5] Latex enzyme profiles of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. helps in the separation of this plant from other latex bearing plants. Euphol (Whole plant, bark, latex, root); friedelan-3alpha and 3beta-ol, D:B-friedoolen- 5(10)-en-1-one, glut-5(10)-en-1-one and taraxerol (stem, leaves); n-hexacosanol, euphorbol, hexacosanoate, 12-deoxy-4beta-hydroxyphorbol-13- dode-canoate-20-acetate and pelargonin-3,5- diglucoside (bark); 24-methylenecycloartenol and tulipanin-3,5-diglucoside (bark, root); nerifoliol (latex) cycloartenol, euphorbol, ingenol triacetate, 12-deoxyphorbhol-13, 20-diacetate, delphinidin-3,5- diglucoside (root). It has been reported by Anjaneyalu and Row[6] that the crystalline principles of ''snuhi'' leaves are triterpenes. Antiquorin was identified by comparison of the spectral data reported by Mizno et al.[7] ''Snuhi'' yielded in the isolation of several classes of secondary metabolites, many of which expressed biological activities such as tritertenes (nerrifolione), flavonoids and steroidal saponins.[8] Two novel tetracyclic triterpenes, such as neriifolione [9,19-Cyclolanost-20(21)-en-24-ol-3-one], and cycloartenol (C10H50O) were isolated from Euphorbia neriifolia latex .[9] Several triterpenoids like 24- methylenecycloartenol, euphorbol hexacosonate, Glut-5-en 3-ol, Glut-5(10)-en-1-one, Glut-5-en-3 beta-yet-acetate, taraxerol, friede-lan-3 alpha-ol, and -3 beta-ol and amyrin was isolated from the powdered plant, stem and leaves of Euphorbia neriifolia.[10] This plant is rich in many pharmaceutical active ingredients like sugars several terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthocyanins, triterpenoidal saponin like Glut-5-en- 3-ol, Glut-5(10)-en-1-one, teraxerol, euphol, and amyrin. Two crystalline compounds were isolated from the ethanol extract of fresh roots of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. i.e. Atisine diterpene antiquorin (C20H28O3) and neriifolene (C20H30O3).
=== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration with English Translation ===
अथातः सुधाकल्पं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||
इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||
athātaḥ sudhākalpaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||
iti ha smāha bhagavānātrēyaḥ||2||
athAtaH sudhAkalpaM vyAkhyAsyAmaH||1||
iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||
Now we shall elaborate the chapter dealing with the pharmaceutics of ''sudha'' ”
Thus said Lord Ateya [1-2]
==== Purgative effects of ''Sudha'' ====
विरेचनानां सर्वेषां सुधा तीक्ष्णतमा मता|
सङ्घातं हि भिनत्त्याशु दोषाणां कष्टविभ्रमा||३||
तस्मान्नैषा मृदौ कोष्ठे प्रयोक्तव्या कदाचन|
न दोषनिचये चाल्पे सति मार्गपरिक्रमे ||४||
virēcanānāṁ sarvēṣāṁ sudhā tīkṣṇatamā matā|
saṅghātaṁ hi bhinattyāśu dōṣāṇāṁ kaṣṭavibhramā||3||
tasmānnaiṣā mr̥dau kōṣṭhē prayōktavyā kadācana|
na dōṣanicayē cālpē sati mārgaparikramē ||4||
virecanAnAM sarveShAM sudhA tIkShNatamA matA|
sa~gghAtaM hi bhinattyAshu doShANAM kaShTavibhramA||3||
tasmAnnaiShA mRudau koShThe prayoktavyA kadAcana|
na doShanicaye cAlpe sati mArgaparikrame ||4||
'''Gunas (qualities)''': ''Tikshnatama''(strongest/drastic), among all purgative drugs ''snuhi'' is the drastic purgative. It disintegrates the accumulated impurities quickly.
Limitations/contraindications:
*to person with ''mridukoshta'' (laxed bowel).
*When there is less accumulation of ''doshas'',
*Not preferably used when other purgative drugs bring out the desired purgation. [3-4]
Note: Among purgative drugs, ''snuhi'' is said to be drastic purgative. It is sharp and instantaneous action is responsible for unmanageable adverse reactions due to the inappropriate administration of this drug.
==== Therapeutic indications of ''snuhi'' ====
पाण्डुरोगोदरे गुल्मे कुष्ठे दूषीविषार्दिते|
श्वयथौ मधुमेहे च दोषविभ्रान्तचेतसि||५||
रोगैरेवंविधैर्ग्रस्तं ज्ञात्वा सप्राणमातुरम्|
प्रयोजयेन्महावृक्षं सम्यक् स ह्यवचारितः||६||
सद्यो हरति दोषाणां महान्तमपि सञ्चयम्|७|
pāṇḍurōgōdarē gulmē kuṣṭhē dūṣīviṣārditē|
śvayathau madhumēhē ca dōṣavibhrāntacētasi||5||
rōgairēvaṁvidhairgrastaṁ jñātvā saprāṇamāturam|
prayōjayēnmahāvr̥kṣaṁ samyak sa hyavacāritaḥ||6||
sadyō harati dōṣāṇāṁ mahāntamapi sañcayam|7|
pANDurogodare gulme kuShThe dUShIviShArdite|
shvayathau madhumehe ca doShavibhrAntacetasi||5||
rogairevaMvidhairgrastaM j~jAtvA saprANamAturam|
prayojayenmahAvRukShaM samyak sa hyavacAritaH||6||
sadyo harati doShANAM mahAntamapi sa~jcayam|7|
In diseases – ''pandu'' (anaemia), ''udara'' (obstinate abdominal diseases including ascitis), ''gulma'' (tumor), ''kushtha'' (skin diseases), ''shotha'' (edema), ''madhumeha'' (obstinate urinary disorder), ''unmada'' (insanity), ''dooshivisha'' (poisoning caused by artificially made toxic ingredients).
In these conditions ''sudha'' can be administered if the individual is strong. The properly administered ''sudha'' can expel out the excessively accumulated morbid doshas immediately.[5-6]
==== Varieties and synonyms of ''snuhi'' ====
द्विविधः स मतोऽल्पैश्च बहुभिश्चैव कण्टकैः||७||
सुतीक्ष्णैः कण्टकैरल्पैः प्रवरो बहुकण्टकः|
स नाम्ना स्नुग्गुडा नन्दा सुधा निस्त्रिंशपत्रकः||८||
dvividhaḥ sa matō'lpaiśca bahubhiścaiva kaṇṭakaiḥ||7||
sutīkṣṇaiḥ kaṇṭakairalpaiḥ pravarō bahukaṇṭakaḥ|
sa nāmnā snugguḍā nandā sudhā nistriṁśapatrakaḥ||8||
dvividhaH sa mato~alpaishca bahubhishcaiva kaNTakaiH||7||
sutIkShNaiH kaNTakairalpaiH pravaro bahukaNTakaH|
sa nAmnA snugguDA nandA sudhA nistriMshapatrakaH||8||
''Snuhi'' is of two types:
#That which has numerous thorns and
#The other one being with less number of thorns.
But, both have sharp thorns. One with numerous thorns is considered as the best among the two.
''Snuk'' (stem is rounded), ''guda'' (stem is rounded), ''nanda'' (one which brings about happiness), ''sudha'' (latex is being white in color)
''Nistrimsha patraka'' (sword like sharp edged leaves) are the different names of ''snuhi''. [7-8]
==== Method of collection ====
तौ विपाट्याहरेत् क्षीरं शस्त्रेण मतिमान् भिषक्|
द्विवर्षं वा त्रिवर्षं वा शिशिरान्ते विशेषतः||९||
tau vipāṭyāharēt kṣīraṁ śastrēṇa matimān bhiṣak|
dvivarṣaṁ vā trivarṣaṁ vā śiśirāntē viśēṣataḥ||9||
tau vipATyAharet kShIraM shastreNa matimAn bhiShak|
dvivarShaM vA trivarShaM vA shishirAnte visheShataH||9||
*Incise the plants which are two-three years old and mature, with a sharp instrument.
*Collect the milky latex.
*The collection is done at the end of the winter.[9]
==== Purification of ''snuhi'' latex ====
बिल्वादीनां बृहत्या वा कण्टकार्यास्तथैकशः|
कषायेण समांशं तं कृत्वाऽङ्गारेषु शोषयेत्||१०||
ततः कोलसमां मात्रां पिबेत् सौवीरकेण वा|
तुषोदकेन कोलानां रसेनामलकस्य वा||११||
सुरया दधिमण्डेन मातुलुङ्गरसेन वा|१२|
bilvādīnāṁ br̥hatyā vā kaṇṭakāryāstathaikaśaḥ|
kaṣāyēṇa samāṁśaṁ taṁ kr̥tvā'ṅgārēṣu śōṣayēt||10||
tataḥ kōlasamāṁ mātrāṁ pibēt sauvīrakēṇa vā|
tuṣōdakēna kōlānāṁ rasēnāmalakasya vā||11||
surayā dadhimaṇḍēna mātuluṅgarasēna vā|12|
bilvAdInAM bRuhatyA vA kaNTakAryAstathaikashaH|
kaShAyeNa samAMshaM taM kRutvA~a~ggAreShu shoShayet||10||
tataH kolasamAM mAtrAM pibet sauvIrakeNa vA|
tuShodakena kolAnAM rasenAmalakasya vA||11||
surayA dadhimaNDena mAtulu~ggarasena vA|12|
*''Kashaya'' of ''bilvadi panchamoola'' (''bilva, agnimantha, shyonaka, patala, gambhari'') with ''brihati/kantakari'' is prepared.
*To this equal quantity of ''sudha kshira'' (latex) is added.
*And this is heated over pan till it gets dry.
*From this paste, pills of size of ''kola'' (Approximately 6 gms) is prepared.
Preparations of sudha Procedure Anupana
*Pills of sudha Milk of sudha mixed with equal quantity of decoction of ''bilvadi panchamoola, brihati'' or ''kantakari''.
This is then dried in a pan
From the paste the pills ranging 1 ''kola''(Approx. 6gms) is made.
#With ''sauviraka'' (sour vinegar)
#''Tushodaka''(sour fermented liquid prepared of husked paddy etc)
#Juice of ''kola''(jujube fruit)
#Juice of ''amalaki''
#''Sura''(alcohol)
#''Dadhimanda''(whey)
#Juice of ''matulunga''
These pills should be taken along with either of following immunity-enhancing agents for purging.[10-11½]
==== Preparations of ''sudha'' pills ====
सातलां काञ्चनक्षीरीं श्यामादीनि कटुत्रिकम् ||१२||
यथोपपत्ति सप्ताहं सुधाक्षीरेण भावयेत्|
कोलमात्रां घृतेनातः पिबेन्मांसरसेन वा||१३||
sātalāṁ kāñcanakṣīrīṁ śyāmādīni kaṭutrikam ||12||
yathōpapatti saptāhaṁ sudhākṣīrēṇa bhāvayēt|
kōlamātrāṁ ghr̥tēnātaḥ pibēnmāṁsarasēna vā||13||
sAtalAM kA~jcanakShIrIM shyAmAdIni kaTutrikam ||12||
yathopapatti saptAhaM sudhAkShIreNa bhAvayet|
kolamAtrAM ghRutenAtaH pibenmAMsarasena vA||13||
Preparations of ''Sudha'' Procedure ''Anupana''
''Sudha'' pills ''saptala, swarnaksheeri, shyama'' etc(''trivrita, chaturangula, tilvaka, mahavriksha, saptala, shankini'', ''danti'' and ''dravanti''), ''shunthi, maricha, pippali'' – are made into powder. This powder should be triturated with the latex of ''sudha'' for one week. This paste is rolled into pills of the size of ''kola pramana''(Approximately 6 gms). These pills can be given with either ghee or meat soup. With ghee and with meat soup. [12-13]
==== Various preparations of ''sudha'' ====
त्र्यूषणं त्रिफलां दन्तीं चित्रकं त्रिवृतां तथा|
स्नुक्क्षीरभावितं सम्यग्विदध्याद्गुडपानकम्||१४||
tryūṣaṇaṁ triphalāṁ dantīṁ citrakaṁ trivr̥tāṁ tathā|
snukkṣīrabhāvitaṁ samyagvidadhyādguḍapānakam||14||
tryUShaNaM triphalAM dantIM citrakaM trivRutAM tathA|
snukkShIrabhAvitaM samyagvidadhyAdguDapAnakam||14||
Recipe of ''Snuhi'' in the form of Syrup (''Gudapanaka'');
Preparations of ''Sudha'' Procedure ''Anupana''
''Sudha panaka/guda panaka'' ''Snuhi ksheera'' is impregnated with the powders of ''shunthi, pippali, maricha, haritaki, vibhitaki, amalaki, danti, trivrit and chitraka'' With jaggery is given in the form of syrup [14]
त्रिवृतारग्वधं दन्तीं शङ्खिनीं सप्तलां समम्|
गोमूत्रे रजनीं कृत्वा शोषयेदातपे ततः||१५||
सप्ताहं भावयित्वैवं स्नुक्क्षीरेणापरं पुनः|
सप्ताहं भावयेच्छुष्कं ततस्तेनापि भावितम्||१६||
गन्धमाल्यं तदाघ्राय प्रावृत्य पटमेव च|
सुखमाशु विरिच्यन्ते मृदुकोष्ठा नराधिपाः||१७||
trivr̥tāragvadhaṁ dantīṁ śaṅkhinīṁ saptalāṁ samam|
gōmūtrē rajanīṁ kr̥tvā śōṣayēdātapē tataḥ||15||
saptāhaṁ bhāvayitvaivaṁ snukkṣīrēṇāparaṁ punaḥ|
saptāhaṁ bhāvayēcchuṣkaṁ tatastēnāpi bhāvitam||16||
gandhamālyaṁ tadāghrāya prāvr̥tya paṭamēva ca|
sukhamāśu viricyantē mr̥dukōṣṭhā narādhipāḥ||17||
trivRutAragvadhaM dantIM sha~gkhinIM saptalAM samam|
gomUtre rajanIM kRutvA shoShayedAtape tataH||15||
saptAhaM bhAvayitvaivaM snukkShIreNAparaM punaH|
saptAhaM bhAvayecchuShkaM tatastenApi bhAvitam||16||
gandhamAlyaM tadAghrAya prAvRutya paTameva ca|
sukhamAshu viricyante mRudukoShThA narAdhipAH||17||
Formulation of ''Sudha'' for ''Mridukoshthi'':
Preparations of ''Sudha'' Procedure ''Anupana''
''Sudha'' powder on a garland -''Trivrita, aragwadha, danti, shankhini'' and ''saptala'' should be taken in equal quantity and made into powder.
This should be triturated with cow’s urine in the night and dried in the sun.
This process should be repeated for seven days.
*This recipe should again be triturated with milky latex of ''snuhi'' for seven days.
Thus prepared ''churna'' should be sprinkled on aromatic garland or water soaked with this powder is impregnated on upper garment.
Thus medicated garland/ upper garment may be worn by person of royal descent or person who has laxed bowel. By the smell of garland or of upper garment individual will get purgation easily and quickly. For ''mridu koshta'' (laxed bowel) to persons [15-17]
==== ''Sudha lehya'' (linctus) ====
श्यामात्रिवृत्कषायेण स्नुक्क्षीरघृतफाणितैः|
लेहं पक्त्वा विरेकार्थं लेहयेन्मात्रया नरम्||१८||
śyāmātrivr̥tkaṣāyēṇa snukkṣīraghr̥taphāṇitaiḥ|
lēhaṁ paktvā virēkārthaṁ lēhayēnmātrayā naram||18||
shyAmAtrivRutkaShAyeNa snukkShIraghRutaphANitaiH|
lehaM paktvA virekArthaM lehayenmAtrayA naram||18||
''Snuhi leha'':
Preparations of ''Sudha'' Procedure ''Anupana''
''Sudha lehya'' In ''kashaya'' of ''shyama trivrita''
Add ''snuhi ksheera'', ''ghrita'' and ''phanita''. This mixture is
cooked till it attains the consistency of ''avaleha''.[18]
पाययेत्तु सुधाक्षीरं यूषैर्मांसरसैर्घृतैः|
भाविताञ्छुष्कमत्स्यान् वा मांसं वा भक्षयेन्नरः||१९||
pāyayēttu sudhākṣīraṁ yūṣairmāṁsarasairghr̥taiḥ |
bhāvitāñchuṣkamatsyān vā māṁsaṁ vā bhakṣayēnnaraḥ||19||
pAyayettu sudhAkShIraM yUShairmAMsarasairghRutaiH|19|
bhAvitA~jchuShkamatsyAn vA mAMsaM vA bhakShayennaraH||19||
Recipe of ''sudha'' to be taken with ''yusha''(vegetable soup):
Preparations of ''Sudha'' Procedure ''Anupana''
''Snuhi ksheera'' with ''yusha'' (veg soup) Milky latex of ''snuhi'' is taken
With ''yusha'' (veg soup)
With meat soup (''mamsa rasa'')
With ''ghrita'' (ghee)
Preparations of ''Sudha'' Procedure ''Anupana''
''Sudha ksheera Bhavana'' is to be given to dry fish (''shushka matsya'')
dry meat (''shushka mamsa'') dry fish (''shushka matsya'')
dry meat (''shushka mamsa'') [19]
क्षीरेणामलकैः सर्पिश्चतुरङ्गुलवत् पचेत्|
सुरां वा कारयेत् क्षीरे घृतं वा पूर्ववत् पचेत्||२०||
kṣīrēṇāmalakaiḥ sarpiścaturaṅgulavat pacēt|
surāṁ vā kārayēt kṣīrē ghr̥taṁ vā pūrvavat pacēt||20||
kShIreNAmalakaiH sarpishcatura~ggulavat pacet|
surAM vA kArayet kShIre ghRutaM vA pUrvavat pacet||20||
.
Milky latex may also be used to prepare ghee as told in [[Chaturangula Kalpa]].
Preparations of ''Sudha'' Procedure ''Anupana''
''Sudha ghrita Snuhi ksheera'' boiled with milk.
The cream is then used to make ghee. With juice of ''amalaki''.
''Sudha sura '' Powders of ''Shunthi, pippali, maricha, haritaki, amalaki, danti chitraka'' and ''trivrita'' are mixed with latex of ''snuhi''. From this ''sura'' is prepared.
==== Summary ====
तत्र श्लोकौ-
सौवीरकादिभिः सप्त सर्पिषा च रसेन च|
पानकं घ्रेयलेहौ च योगा यूषादिभिस्त्रयः||२१||
द्वौ शुष्कमत्स्यमांसाभ्यां सुरैका द्वे च सर्पिषी|
महावृक्षस्य योगास्ते विंशतिः समुदाहृताः||२२||
tatra ślōkau-
sauvīrakādibhiḥ sapta sarpiṣā ca rasēna ca|
pānakaṁ ghrēyalēhau ca yōgā yūṣādibhistrayaḥ||21||
dvau śuṣkamatsyamāṁsābhyāṁ suraikā dvē ca sarpiṣī|
mahāvr̥kṣasya yōgāstē viṁśatiḥ samudāhr̥tāḥ||22||
tatra shlokau-
sauvIrakAdibhiH sapta sarpiShA ca rasena ca|
pAnakaM ghreyalehau ca yogA yUShAdibhistrayaH||21||
dvau shuShkamatsyamAMsAbhyAM suraikA dve ca sarpiShI|
mahAvRukShasya yogAste viMshatiH samudAhRutAH||22||
In brief to sum up:
In this chapter, twenty recipes of ''mahavriksha'' (''sudha'') have been told which are as follows:
#Pills with ''souviraka''
#Pills with ''tushodaka''
#Pills with juice of kola (jujube fruit)
#Pills with juice of ''amalaki''
#Pills with ''sura''
#Pills with ''dadhimanda''
#Pills with juice of ''matulunga''
#Pills with ghee
#Pills with meat soup
#In the form of ''panaka''
#As inhalation
#In the form of ''lehya''
#With vegetable soup
#With meat soup
#With dry fish
#With dry meat
#As a form of ''sura''
#''Ksheera'' of ''snuhi'' with ghee
#''Ghrita'' with juice of ''amalaki''
#''Ghrita'' with ''kashaya'' of ''dashamoola, kulattha, yava, shyamadi''.
Thus, ends the 10th Chapter of [[Kalpa Sthana]] which deals with “Pharmaceutics of ''mahavriksha''” in Agnivesha’s work which is redacted by Charaka supplemented by Dridhabala.
=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' ===
*''Snuhi'' is strongest purgative among all purgatives.
*It is contraindicated in persons with ''mridu koshtha'' (soft bowel/sensitive to purgatives).
=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' ===
==== Pharmacological activities and folkloric uses ====
''Snuhi'' is known for its medicinal value, such as antibacterial, anti-fungal, antiviral, anti-parasitic, anti-arthritic, anti-diabetic, anti-convulsant, antioxidant, wound healing and immuno-modulatory, radioprotective, spasmodic, aphrodisiac, anticancer,[11,12,13] purgative and diuretic properties due to the presence of phytoconstituents like lectin, quercetin, saponin, flavonoids, triterpenes, diterpenes, anthocyanins and platelet derived growth factors.[14,15] The plant is bitter, acrid, pungent, laxative; abortifacient, digestive, expectorant, depurative, febrifuge, carminative, stomachic, vermifuge, improves appetite, bronchitis, loss of consciousness, asthma, tumors, leucoderma, piles, inflammations, dropsy, dyspepsia, pain, flatulence intermittent fever, enlargement of spleen, anemia, ulcers, jaundice, leprosy, rheumatism and in chronic respiratory troubles.[16] In Ayurveda, the plant is aphrodisiac and rubefacient, anticancerous, used to heal anal fistula. The plant as a single and compound drug is widely used in the ''Unani'' medicine for the cure of arthritic and a large number of other ailments, such as respiratory stimulant, local anaesthetic, antibacterial, antiviral, interferolic and paronychia.
The leaves are reported to be useful as carminative, stomachic and expectorant.[17,18] The mild CNS depressant, wound healing and immunomodulatory effect of leaf hydro-alcoholic extract was reported by Bigonia and Rana.[19]
According to Tavera and Guerrero, a fluid extracted from the roasted leaves is used for earache. It is also used in Malaya, as reported by Burkill and Haniff.[20] The expressed juice of the leaves is reported as very effective in relieving the paroxysm of spasmodic asthma. Gaur et a[21] reported that anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. is due to the presence of flavonoids. ''Snuhi'' is one of the chief constituents of ''kshaarasutra'', which is used in Indian medicine to heal anal fistula.[22] The juice of the leaves is a popular cure for earache in the Philippine Islands.[23] Turmeric powder mixed with the juice of ''snuhi'' is recommended as an application for piles. Thread steeped in the above-mentioned mixture is used in ligaturing external hemorrhoids. The use of latex in skin warts, earache and in arthritis was investigated by Kirtikar and Basu. Nadkarni further reported the presence of purgative and local rubefacient activity of the juice and antispasmodic activity of the root. The white, acrid, milky juice is internally a purgative and externally it has rubefacient properties. As drastic purgative it is given in combination with other medicines such as ''haritaki, pippali,'' Indian ''jalapa trivrita'' root and which are kept steeped in it in cases of ascites, anasarca and tympanitis. The juice is also applied to remove warts and similar excrescences and to afford relief in earache; mixed with shoot it is used as an ''anjana'' (collyrium) mixed with ''neem'' oil it is used as an application in rheumatic diseases. The juice is largely used with clarified or fresh butter as an application to unhealthy ulcer and scabies and applied to glandular swellings to prevent suppuration. It is expectorant, pungent and is thus used in treating tumors, arthritis and abdominal pains. The tribal population of Chattisgarh region uses the milky latex as an ingredient of aphrodisiac mixture. Natives of Chhattisgarh use externally boiled ''thohar'' milk in castor oil with salt to cure the deep cracks in soles of feet. The milk of ''thohar'' is also used commonly like aloe gel in case of burns and for healing of wounds. Application of lukewarm ''thohar'' a prerequisite for global harmonization of herbal health leaves reduces itching pain and swelling in piles.[24,25]
==== Ayurvedic pharmacological uses ====
''Snuhi'' is being referred to as ''tikshnatama'' (strongest drastic) drug for inducing the purgation which suggests it has strong action and should be used cautiously. ''Snuhi'' can be used only when ''dosha'' accumulated is of large quantity where other drugs may not be effective. Even then it has been advised to use this drug carefully and is contraindicated in ''mridukoshtha'' (Laxed bowel). [3-4]
Charaka in 5th Chapter of [[Chikitsa Sthana]] advises use of this drug along with ''trivrita'' (Operculina turpethum) in ''vata gulma'' along with honey and ghee as adjuvants.( Ch.Ch.5 /153) Apart from this those suffering from ''udara'' (ascitis) and has ''krurakoshta'' (hard bowel) leaves of ''snuhi'' are to be used as vegetable.
''Snuhi'' is indicated in some of the chronic diseases like ''pandu, udara'' etc. Charaka advises ''kshara gutika'' in ''grahani'' which has ''snuhi ksheera'' in it. ''Tandula'' ( Rice) soaked with ''snuhi ksheera'' should be dried and given to persons suffering from ''udara'' in the form of ''peya''. ''Pippali'' should be given with 21 trituration of ''snuhi ksheera'' and may be administered to persons suffering from ''udara''.
In case of cracks in foot (''padadari''), oil processed with ''snuhi'' latex should be applied with rock salt to hasten the healing of cracked foot.(vaidyamanorama)
''Snuhi'' and ''arka latex'' processed oil is made into ointment with the base of beeswax helps to heal ''dushtavrana''.(Sahasrayoga)
According to ''Shodala'' application of Latex of ''snuhi'' helps to hasten the delivery of child in ''mudagarbha'' (Obstructed labor).[26] [5-7]
Latex is collected at the end of winter as it has optimum quality in it. If collected soon after the rainy season it may be very much diluted and if collected in summer one may not get sufficient quantity of latex.
The said varieties of ''snuhi'' are called as ''manasa'' (''bahukantaka'') and ''sohanta'' (''alpakantaka'') in West Bengal. There are nearly 56 species of Euphorbia. P. V. Sharma opines that even though there are many varieties of ''snuhi'' few important among them are ''tridhara''(Euphorbia antiquoram Linn), ''saptadhara'' (Euphorbia royleana Boiss) ''chimiya'' (Euphorbia tirucauli Linn). Euphorbia nivulia Buch Ham is considered as ''mahavriksha''.[27]
''Sehunda, sudhavriksha, samantadugdha, vajhravriksha'', and ''mahavriksha'' are other synonyms explained in different ''Nighantus''.
In ''Kaiyyadeva Nighantu'', under ''oshadhi varga'', drug is described with few more synonyms viz. ''vajratunda, gandhira, bahusrava'' and ''kalishadhruma''. He is of opinion that it is drug of choice in chronic ailments.[28]
In ''Dhanwantari Nighantu'', it has been opined that ''snuhi'' is useful in ''visha'' (poisoning), ''adhmana'' (flatulence), ''gulma'' (tumor) and ''udara'' (ascitis).
In ''Rajanighantu'' few more synonyms are mentioned like ''vatari'' (overcomes ''vata'' ), ''bhadra''( auspicious), ''vyaghranakha'' (sharp in its action), ''netrari'' (harmful to eyes) and ''dandavrikshaka'' (small tree). A variety of ''snuhi'' i.e. ''tridhara'' is said to be useful in ''rasasiddhi''.[29]
Ghee prepared with ''snuhi'' latex is useful in ''gulma, udara'' and ''garavisha''.(Ch. Chi. 13/138). [30]
In ''arsha, alepa'' (paste) of ''snuhi'' latex with powder of turmeric is done.(Ch. Chi. 14/52-57)(Su. Chi. 6/12).[31]
In ''shwitra'' (leucoderma) ''bhallataka'' (Semecarpus anacardium) is immersed in cow’s urine for 3 days dried in the shade and made into paste with ''snuhi'' latex and applied to the affected part.(As. Hri. Chi. 20/11).[32]
In ''udararoga'', ghee prepared with ''dadhimanda'' is administered. (Ch. Chi. 13/141).[33]
In ''vicharchika'' (eczema) – ''sarshapa'' (mustard plant) is made into a paste is concealed in ''snuhi'' plant which is cooked in the fire, is applied on eczema. The same has been explained in Chakradutta as grihadhoomadi lepa.[34]
Snehalavana prepared with snuhi is very much useful in vatavyadhi (Su. Chi. 4/31).[35]
To protect from masoorika snuhi studded with red flag should be placed in an earthen pot and placed in the house (Chakradutta 54/48).[36]
''Snuhyadya taila'' is useful in baldness and hair loss (Chakradutta).[37]
''Snuhi ksheera'' is considered to be toxic, thus it needs purification prior to its therapeutic usage. ''Bilvadi'' drugs reduce the severe intensity of the latex and help to bring out the necessary action. Thus purified latex is given with seven different adjuvants according to individuals and physicians need.[10-12½]
''Saptala'' is mentioned twice in this context which shows its importance. It is opined by chakrapaniji that sudha with saptala alone is very effective.[12½-13]
''Trikatu'' when added enhances the absorption of the drug. ''Triphala'' in it potentiates the drug and enhances its absorption as well. Chitraka helps drug to be absorbed easily, whereas ''danti'' increases the purgative action of the drug. Syrup masks the bitter and pungent taste of the drug as well and is easy to administer. Those who desire to take drug in the sweet form can be given with ''gud''(jaggery).[14]
Those who cannot withstand the strong purgative action of the drug may be administered the drug in the inhalation form where the purgative action is seen but intensity of action is reduced. This method of administration of the drug can be done to ''mridukoshthi'' (soft bowel). It is a novel way of administration of drugs which can be compared with aerosols [15-17]
Many a times it becomes difficult to preserve the fresh drug for the longer duration, in such cases, drug is used as ''avaleha'' (linctus) or ''arishta'' (medicated liquor) which can be stored for use later. In this form drug is palatable and is easily taken by the individual.[18-,19]With addition of ''kashaya'' of ''dashamoola, kulattha, yava, shyamadi ghrita'' may be taken.(Ca. Su. 8/13) Three recipes of ''sudha'' according to their use with three different adjuvants can be given. Drug is mixed with either vegetable or meat juice or with ghee and given. Those who are completely non vegetarian, drug can be either given with fish or dry meat. It can be given as either ''ghrita''(ghee) or ''sura''(alcohol) form. ''Ghrita'' is taken with juice of ''amalaki'' as adjuvant which helps in better absorption of the drug.[ 19-20]
=== References ===
#Chatterjee A, Pakrashi SC. The Treatise on Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi. 1994; Vol-3.
#Hooker JD, Kcsi CB. Flora of British India. Chenopodiaceae to Orchideae. 1930; Vol V pp. 255.
#Burkill IH. A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. London: Crown Agents for the Colonies. 1936; Vol 1 and 2.
#The Wealth of India: Raw Materials. Vol X, New Delhi: Council of Science and Industrial Research (CSIR) Publications, 1976 pp: 588-590.
#Seshaginrao K, Prasad MN. Purification and partial characterization of a lectin from Euphorbia neriifolia latex. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 1995; 35(6): 199-204.
#Anjaneyulu V, Row RL. The crystalline principles of Euphorbiaceae. N. The triterpenes from the stem and leaves of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. Current Sci. 1965; 34: 608-609.
#Mizno MZ, Tanaka T, Iinuma Mu, Xu GY, Huang Q. Phytochem. 1989; 28: 553.
#Nadkarni AK. Indian Matreria Medica. Bombay: Popular Prakashan. 1954; 1: 424-426.
#Ilyas M, Parveen M, Amin KMY. Neriifolione, A triterpene from Euphorbia neriifolia. Phytochem. 1998; 48(3): 561-563.
#Chatterjee A, Saha SK, Mukhopadhyay S. Lewis acid-catalysed rearrangement of glut-5- en-3•-y1 acetate and glut-5(10)-en-3•- y1 acetate. Ind. J. Chem. 1978; 16(3): 1038-1039.
#Pracheta, Sharma V, Paliwal R, Sharma S. In vitro free radical scavenging and antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. Int. J. pharm. Pharmaceu. Sci. 2011; 3(1): 238-242.
#Pracheta, Sharma V, Paliwal R, Sharma S, Yadav S, Singh L, Janmeda BS, Sharma S. Chemoprotective activity of hydroethanolic extract of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn leaves against DENA-induced liver carcinogenesis in mice. Bio. Med. 2011; 3(2) Special Issue: 36-44.
#Pracheta, Sharma V, Singh L, Paliwal R, Sharma S, Yadav S. Chemopreventive effect of hydro-ethanolic extract of Euphorbia neriifolia leaves against DENA-induced renocarcinogenesis in mice. Asian pac. J. Can. Preven. 2011 (Accepted).
#Norskhydro AS, Kiellant S. W.O. 9321925 (ICI A61K 31/56). 1993; l: 921666.
#Bigoniya P, Rana AC. Hemolytic and In-vitro Antioxidant Activity of Saponin Isolated from Euphorbia neriifolia Leaf. Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants. Natural Products-II: Cap-20, 2006; 2: 359-376.
#Anonymous Raw Material, In: The Wealth of India, Vol. III (DE). CSIR Publication, New Delhi, 1952, p. 226.
#Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. II, International Book Distributors, Dehradun. 1996; pp:1581.
#Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi, 1956; pp. 114.
#Bigoniya P, Rana AC 2008. Immunomodulatory activities of Euphorbia neriifolia leaf hydroalcoholic extract in rats. Ind. Drugs. 2008; 45(2): 90-97.
#Burkill, Ivor H, Haniff M. “Malay Village Medicine.” The Gardens’ Bulletin, Straits Settlements. 1930; 6(2): 167–282.
#Gaur K, Rana AC, Nema RK, Kori ML, Sharma CS. The anti-inflammatory and antialgestic activity of hydro-alcoholic leaves extract of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 2009; 2(1): 26-29.
#ICMR Reports, ICMR collaborating centres, Central biostatistical monitoring units, Madras and Central technical Co-ordinating unit, ICMR. New Delhi. Multicentric randomized controlled clinical trial of Kshaarasootra (Ayurvedic medicated thread) in the management of fistula- in ano. Ind. J. Med. Res. 1991; 94(B), 177-185.
#Sharma DK. Bioprospecting for Drug Research and functional foods for the prevention of diseases- Role of flavonoids in drug development. J. Sci. Indust. Res. 2006; 65: 391-401.
#Oudhia P. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh. India having less known traditional uses, VII. Thura (Euphorbia neriilofia, family: Euphorbiaceae), Research note, Accessed on 9th May
#Sharma, A Review on Euphorbia neriifolia (Sehund), Spatula DD 107
#Vd Bapalal, Nighantu Adarsha, Vol 1, Chaukhabha Bharati Academy, Varanasi,II Edition,1999, p.no 474
#P V Sharma, Dravyaguna Vijnana, Chaukhambha Bharathi Academy, Varanasi, Seventeenth Edition 1996, p.no 430
#P V Sharma, Guruprasad Sharma, Kaiyadeva Nighantu,Chaukhmbha Orientalia, II Edition, 2006,p.no 170
#Indradev Tripathi, Rajanighantu of Pt Narahari, Chaukhmbha Orientalia 4th Edition,2006,p.no 272
#R K Sharma, Bhagwan Das,Agnivesha, Charaka Samhita, Vol III, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series,2009, P.No 559
#R K Sharma, Bhagwan Das,Agnivesha, Charaka Samhita, Vol III, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series,2009, P.No 593
#K R Shrikantha Murthy, Vagbhathas Ashtanga Hridaya, Vol II,Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi,2009, p.no 82
#R K Sharma, Bhagwan Das,Agnivesha, Charaka Samhita, Vol III, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series,2009, P.No 559
#P V Sharma, Chakradatta, Chaukhambha Orientalia,Varanasi, Edition 2007, p.no 394
#K R Shrikantha Murthy, Illustrated Sushruta Samhita, Vol II,Chaukhambha Orientalia,Varanasi, Edition 2008, p.no 62
#P V Sharma, Chakradatta, Chaukhambha Orientalia,Varanasi, Edition 2007, p.no 433
#P V Sharma, Chakradatta, Chaukhambha Orientalia,Varanasi, Edition 2007, p.no 446
#K R Shrikantha Murthy, Bhavaprakasha of Bhavamishra, Vol II,Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy,Varanasi, Edition 2009, p.no 580
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|title = Sudha Kalpa Adhyaya
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = [[Kalpa Sthana]] Chapter 10
|label2 = Preceding Chapter
|data2 = [[Tilvaka Kalpa Adhyaya]]
|label3= Succeeding Chapter
|data3 = [[Saptalashankhini Kalpa]]
|label5 = Other Sections
|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|header3 =
}}
==[[Kalpa Sthana]] Chapter 10, Chapter on pharmaceutical preparations of ''Sudha'' ==
=== Abstract ===
This chapter deals with the preparations of ''sudha'' for the purpose of ''virechana'' (therapeutic purgation). ''Sudha'' is a strong purgative in comparison to all other drugs discussed in previous chapters. The chapter includes synonyms of ''sudha'', its therapeutic utility, varieties, limitations for the usage, methods of collection, purification, preparation and administration of ''sudha ksheera'' and other recipes viz ''vati'' (tablets), ''leha'' (linctus) etc. along with total twenty different formulations of the same drug to suit different needs of the physician. Even though it is contraindicated for ''mridukoshthi'' (sensitive to mild laxatives) its usage has been advised here by altering its form to reduce its untoward effect which is a novel approach.
'''Keywords''': ''Sudha, Virechana,'' therapeutic purgation, Eurphobia neriifolia Linn., ''Ksheera'' (latex).
=== Introduction ===
In [[Sutra Sthana]] (chapter 25/40), latex of ''snuhi'' is described as best among strong purgatives. In the sequence of describing purgative drugs in this section, ''sudha'' (Eurphobia neriifolia Linn.) is described in this chapter.
''Sudha /snuhi'' (Eurphobia neriifolia Linn.), popularly known as Indian Spurge Tree, Oleander Spurge, or Hedge Euphorbia, belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is attributed with properties such as ''ushnaveerya'' (hot in potency), ''snigdha'' (oily), ''katu'' (pungent), and ''laghu'' (light) and ''tikshna''.[1] ''Snuhi'' is a large succulent shrub, with stipular thorns and is found throughout the Deccan peninsula of India. It is believed to be a native of India. It is commonly found in rock ground, among rock crevices of hills; extensively cultivated in the Bengal for hedges and elsewhere in native villages.[2] Today, it is widely distributed throughout the world. Snuhi has been given various names in different regions and languages. The more common local names of ''Snuhi'' are ''shij'' (Bengal), dog’s tongue (English), ''thor'' (Gujarati), ''ilakkalli'' (Malayalam), ''siju'' (Oriya), ''danda thohar'' (Punjab), ''dotathur'' (Rajputana), ''zaqqum'' (Urdu).[3] ''Snuhi'' is a small erect fleshy glabrous shrub, branches ¾ in diam., jointed cylindric or obscurely 5-angled with sharp stipular thorns arising from thick subconfluent tubercles in 5 irregular rows. Leaves are succulent, deciduous, 6-12 inch long, terminal on the branches, waved narrowed into a very short petiole.
==== Phytochemical Constituents ====
The latex contains 69 to 93.3 % water and is water soluble and has 0.2 to 2.6% caoutchouc.[4] A gum resin which is the active principle, traces of an alkaloid; wax, caoutchouc, chlorophyll, resin (2.40%), tannin, sugar, mucilage, calcium oxalate, carbohydrates albuminoids, “gallic acid quercetin, a new phenolic substance and traces of an essential oil”. Latex is bioactive on the BSLT (Brine shrimp lethality test); it displayed LC 50 values of 76,7 μg/ml.[5] Latex enzyme profiles of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. helps in the separation of this plant from other latex bearing plants. Euphol (Whole plant, bark, latex, root); friedelan-3alpha and 3beta-ol, D:B-friedoolen- 5(10)-en-1-one, glut-5(10)-en-1-one and taraxerol (stem, leaves); n-hexacosanol, euphorbol, hexacosanoate, 12-deoxy-4beta-hydroxyphorbol-13- dode-canoate-20-acetate and pelargonin-3,5- diglucoside (bark); 24-methylenecycloartenol and tulipanin-3,5-diglucoside (bark, root); nerifoliol (latex) cycloartenol, euphorbol, ingenol triacetate, 12-deoxyphorbhol-13, 20-diacetate, delphinidin-3,5- diglucoside (root). It has been reported by Anjaneyalu and Row[6] that the crystalline principles of ''snuhi'' leaves are triterpenes. Antiquorin was identified by comparison of the spectral data reported by Mizno et al.[7] ''Snuhi'' yielded in the isolation of several classes of secondary metabolites, many of which expressed biological activities such as tritertenes (nerrifolione), flavonoids and steroidal saponins.[8] Two novel tetracyclic triterpenes, such as neriifolione [9,19-Cyclolanost-20(21)-en-24-ol-3-one], and cycloartenol (C10H50O) were isolated from Euphorbia neriifolia latex .[9] Several triterpenoids like 24- methylenecycloartenol, euphorbol hexacosonate, Glut-5-en 3-ol, Glut-5(10)-en-1-one, Glut-5-en-3 beta-yet-acetate, taraxerol, friede-lan-3 alpha-ol, and -3 beta-ol and amyrin was isolated from the powdered plant, stem and leaves of Euphorbia neriifolia.[10] This plant is rich in many pharmaceutical active ingredients like sugars several terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthocyanins, triterpenoidal saponin like Glut-5-en- 3-ol, Glut-5(10)-en-1-one, teraxerol, euphol, and amyrin. Two crystalline compounds were isolated from the ethanol extract of fresh roots of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. i.e. Atisine diterpene antiquorin (C20H28O3) and neriifolene (C20H30O3).
=== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration with English Translation ===
अथातः सुधाकल्पं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||
इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||
athātaḥ sudhākalpaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||
iti ha smāha bhagavānātrēyaḥ||2||
athAtaH sudhAkalpaM vyAkhyAsyAmaH||1||
iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||
Now we shall elaborate the chapter dealing with the pharmaceutics of ''sudha'' ”
Thus said Lord Ateya [1-2]
==== Purgative effects of ''Sudha'' ====
विरेचनानां सर्वेषां सुधा तीक्ष्णतमा मता|
सङ्घातं हि भिनत्त्याशु दोषाणां कष्टविभ्रमा||३||
तस्मान्नैषा मृदौ कोष्ठे प्रयोक्तव्या कदाचन|
न दोषनिचये चाल्पे सति मार्गपरिक्रमे ||४||
virēcanānāṁ sarvēṣāṁ sudhā tīkṣṇatamā matā|
saṅghātaṁ hi bhinattyāśu dōṣāṇāṁ kaṣṭavibhramā||3||
tasmānnaiṣā mr̥dau kōṣṭhē prayōktavyā kadācana|
na dōṣanicayē cālpē sati mārgaparikramē ||4||
virecanAnAM sarveShAM sudhA tIkShNatamA matA|
sa~gghAtaM hi bhinattyAshu doShANAM kaShTavibhramA||3||
tasmAnnaiShA mRudau koShThe prayoktavyA kadAcana|
na doShanicaye cAlpe sati mArgaparikrame ||4||
'''Gunas (qualities)''': ''Tikshnatama''(strongest/drastic), among all purgative drugs ''snuhi'' is the drastic purgative. It disintegrates the accumulated impurities quickly.
Limitations/contraindications:
*to person with ''mridukoshta'' (laxed bowel).
*When there is less accumulation of ''doshas'',
*Not preferably used when other purgative drugs bring out the desired purgation. [3-4]
Note: Among purgative drugs, ''snuhi'' is said to be drastic purgative. It is sharp and instantaneous action is responsible for unmanageable adverse reactions due to the inappropriate administration of this drug.
==== Therapeutic indications of ''snuhi'' ====
पाण्डुरोगोदरे गुल्मे कुष्ठे दूषीविषार्दिते|
श्वयथौ मधुमेहे च दोषविभ्रान्तचेतसि||५||
रोगैरेवंविधैर्ग्रस्तं ज्ञात्वा सप्राणमातुरम्|
प्रयोजयेन्महावृक्षं सम्यक् स ह्यवचारितः||६||
सद्यो हरति दोषाणां महान्तमपि सञ्चयम्|७|
pāṇḍurōgōdarē gulmē kuṣṭhē dūṣīviṣārditē|
śvayathau madhumēhē ca dōṣavibhrāntacētasi||5||
rōgairēvaṁvidhairgrastaṁ jñātvā saprāṇamāturam|
prayōjayēnmahāvr̥kṣaṁ samyak sa hyavacāritaḥ||6||
sadyō harati dōṣāṇāṁ mahāntamapi sañcayam|7|
pANDurogodare gulme kuShThe dUShIviShArdite|
shvayathau madhumehe ca doShavibhrAntacetasi||5||
rogairevaMvidhairgrastaM j~jAtvA saprANamAturam|
prayojayenmahAvRukShaM samyak sa hyavacAritaH||6||
sadyo harati doShANAM mahAntamapi sa~jcayam|7|
In diseases – ''pandu'' (anaemia), ''udara'' (obstinate abdominal diseases including ascitis), ''gulma'' (tumor), ''kushtha'' (skin diseases), ''shotha'' (edema), ''madhumeha'' (obstinate urinary disorder), ''unmada'' (insanity), ''dooshivisha'' (poisoning caused by artificially made toxic ingredients).
In these conditions ''sudha'' can be administered if the individual is strong. The properly administered ''sudha'' can expel out the excessively accumulated morbid doshas immediately.[5-6]
==== Varieties and synonyms of ''snuhi'' ====
द्विविधः स मतोऽल्पैश्च बहुभिश्चैव कण्टकैः||७||
सुतीक्ष्णैः कण्टकैरल्पैः प्रवरो बहुकण्टकः|
स नाम्ना स्नुग्गुडा नन्दा सुधा निस्त्रिंशपत्रकः||८||
dvividhaḥ sa matō'lpaiśca bahubhiścaiva kaṇṭakaiḥ||7||
sutīkṣṇaiḥ kaṇṭakairalpaiḥ pravarō bahukaṇṭakaḥ|
sa nāmnā snugguḍā nandā sudhā nistriṁśapatrakaḥ||8||
dvividhaH sa mato~alpaishca bahubhishcaiva kaNTakaiH||7||
sutIkShNaiH kaNTakairalpaiH pravaro bahukaNTakaH|
sa nAmnA snugguDA nandA sudhA nistriMshapatrakaH||8||
''Snuhi'' is of two types:
#That which has numerous thorns and
#The other one being with less number of thorns.
But, both have sharp thorns. One with numerous thorns is considered as the best among the two.
''Snuk'' (stem is rounded), ''guda'' (stem is rounded), ''nanda'' (one which brings about happiness), ''sudha'' (latex is being white in color)
''Nistrimsha patraka'' (sword like sharp edged leaves) are the different names of ''snuhi''. [7-8]
==== Method of collection ====
तौ विपाट्याहरेत् क्षीरं शस्त्रेण मतिमान् भिषक्|
द्विवर्षं वा त्रिवर्षं वा शिशिरान्ते विशेषतः||९||
tau vipāṭyāharēt kṣīraṁ śastrēṇa matimān bhiṣak|
dvivarṣaṁ vā trivarṣaṁ vā śiśirāntē viśēṣataḥ||9||
tau vipATyAharet kShIraM shastreNa matimAn bhiShak|
dvivarShaM vA trivarShaM vA shishirAnte visheShataH||9||
*Incise the plants which are two-three years old and mature, with a sharp instrument.
*Collect the milky latex.
*The collection is done at the end of the winter.[9]
==== Purification of ''snuhi'' latex ====
बिल्वादीनां बृहत्या वा कण्टकार्यास्तथैकशः|
कषायेण समांशं तं कृत्वाऽङ्गारेषु शोषयेत्||१०||
ततः कोलसमां मात्रां पिबेत् सौवीरकेण वा|
तुषोदकेन कोलानां रसेनामलकस्य वा||११||
सुरया दधिमण्डेन मातुलुङ्गरसेन वा|१२|
bilvādīnāṁ br̥hatyā vā kaṇṭakāryāstathaikaśaḥ|
kaṣāyēṇa samāṁśaṁ taṁ kr̥tvā'ṅgārēṣu śōṣayēt||10||
tataḥ kōlasamāṁ mātrāṁ pibēt sauvīrakēṇa vā|
tuṣōdakēna kōlānāṁ rasēnāmalakasya vā||11||
surayā dadhimaṇḍēna mātuluṅgarasēna vā|12|
bilvAdInAM bRuhatyA vA kaNTakAryAstathaikashaH|
kaShAyeNa samAMshaM taM kRutvA~a~ggAreShu shoShayet||10||
tataH kolasamAM mAtrAM pibet sauvIrakeNa vA|
tuShodakena kolAnAM rasenAmalakasya vA||11||
surayA dadhimaNDena mAtulu~ggarasena vA|12|
*''Kashaya'' of ''bilvadi panchamoola'' (''bilva, agnimantha, shyonaka, patala, gambhari'') with ''brihati/kantakari'' is prepared.
*To this equal quantity of ''sudha kshira'' (latex) is added.
*And this is heated over pan till it gets dry.
*From this paste, pills of size of ''kola'' (Approximately 6 gms) is prepared.
Preparations of sudha Procedure Anupana
*Pills of sudha Milk of sudha mixed with equal quantity of decoction of ''bilvadi panchamoola, brihati'' or ''kantakari''.
This is then dried in a pan
From the paste the pills ranging 1 ''kola''(Approx. 6gms) is made.
#With ''sauviraka'' (sour vinegar)
#''Tushodaka''(sour fermented liquid prepared of husked paddy etc)
#Juice of ''kola''(jujube fruit)
#Juice of ''amalaki''
#''Sura''(alcohol)
#''Dadhimanda''(whey)
#Juice of ''matulunga''
These pills should be taken along with either of following immunity-enhancing agents for purging.[10-11½]
==== Preparations of ''sudha'' pills ====
सातलां काञ्चनक्षीरीं श्यामादीनि कटुत्रिकम् ||१२||
यथोपपत्ति सप्ताहं सुधाक्षीरेण भावयेत्|
कोलमात्रां घृतेनातः पिबेन्मांसरसेन वा||१३||
sātalāṁ kāñcanakṣīrīṁ śyāmādīni kaṭutrikam ||12||
yathōpapatti saptāhaṁ sudhākṣīrēṇa bhāvayēt|
kōlamātrāṁ ghr̥tēnātaḥ pibēnmāṁsarasēna vā||13||
sAtalAM kA~jcanakShIrIM shyAmAdIni kaTutrikam ||12||
yathopapatti saptAhaM sudhAkShIreNa bhAvayet|
kolamAtrAM ghRutenAtaH pibenmAMsarasena vA||13||
Preparations of ''Sudha'' Procedure ''Anupana''
''Sudha'' pills ''saptala, swarnaksheeri, shyama'' etc(''trivrita, chaturangula, tilvaka, mahavriksha, saptala, shankini'', ''danti'' and ''dravanti''), ''shunthi, maricha, pippali'' – are made into powder. This powder should be triturated with the latex of ''sudha'' for one week. This paste is rolled into pills of the size of ''kola pramana''(Approximately 6 gms). These pills can be given with either ghee or meat soup. With ghee and with meat soup. [12-13]
==== Various preparations of ''sudha'' ====
त्र्यूषणं त्रिफलां दन्तीं चित्रकं त्रिवृतां तथा|
स्नुक्क्षीरभावितं सम्यग्विदध्याद्गुडपानकम्||१४||
tryūṣaṇaṁ triphalāṁ dantīṁ citrakaṁ trivr̥tāṁ tathā|
snukkṣīrabhāvitaṁ samyagvidadhyādguḍapānakam||14||
tryUShaNaM triphalAM dantIM citrakaM trivRutAM tathA|
snukkShIrabhAvitaM samyagvidadhyAdguDapAnakam||14||
Recipe of ''Snuhi'' in the form of Syrup (''Gudapanaka'');
Preparations of ''Sudha'' Procedure ''Anupana''
''Sudha panaka/guda panaka'' ''Snuhi ksheera'' is impregnated with the powders of ''shunthi, pippali, maricha, haritaki, vibhitaki, amalaki, danti, trivrit and chitraka'' With jaggery is given in the form of syrup [14]
त्रिवृतारग्वधं दन्तीं शङ्खिनीं सप्तलां समम्|
गोमूत्रे रजनीं कृत्वा शोषयेदातपे ततः||१५||
सप्ताहं भावयित्वैवं स्नुक्क्षीरेणापरं पुनः|
सप्ताहं भावयेच्छुष्कं ततस्तेनापि भावितम्||१६||
गन्धमाल्यं तदाघ्राय प्रावृत्य पटमेव च|
सुखमाशु विरिच्यन्ते मृदुकोष्ठा नराधिपाः||१७||
trivr̥tāragvadhaṁ dantīṁ śaṅkhinīṁ saptalāṁ samam|
gōmūtrē rajanīṁ kr̥tvā śōṣayēdātapē tataḥ||15||
saptāhaṁ bhāvayitvaivaṁ snukkṣīrēṇāparaṁ punaḥ|
saptāhaṁ bhāvayēcchuṣkaṁ tatastēnāpi bhāvitam||16||
gandhamālyaṁ tadāghrāya prāvr̥tya paṭamēva ca|
sukhamāśu viricyantē mr̥dukōṣṭhā narādhipāḥ||17||
trivRutAragvadhaM dantIM sha~gkhinIM saptalAM samam|
gomUtre rajanIM kRutvA shoShayedAtape tataH||15||
saptAhaM bhAvayitvaivaM snukkShIreNAparaM punaH|
saptAhaM bhAvayecchuShkaM tatastenApi bhAvitam||16||
gandhamAlyaM tadAghrAya prAvRutya paTameva ca|
sukhamAshu viricyante mRudukoShThA narAdhipAH||17||
Formulation of ''Sudha'' for ''Mridukoshthi'':
Preparations of ''Sudha'' Procedure ''Anupana''
''Sudha'' powder on a garland -''Trivrita, aragwadha, danti, shankhini'' and ''saptala'' should be taken in equal quantity and made into powder.
This should be triturated with cow’s urine in the night and dried in the sun.
This process should be repeated for seven days.
*This recipe should again be triturated with milky latex of ''snuhi'' for seven days.
Thus prepared ''churna'' should be sprinkled on aromatic garland or water soaked with this powder is impregnated on upper garment.
Thus medicated garland/ upper garment may be worn by person of royal descent or person who has laxed bowel. By the smell of garland or of upper garment individual will get purgation easily and quickly. For ''mridu koshta'' (laxed bowel) to persons [15-17]
==== ''Sudha lehya'' (linctus) ====
श्यामात्रिवृत्कषायेण स्नुक्क्षीरघृतफाणितैः|
लेहं पक्त्वा विरेकार्थं लेहयेन्मात्रया नरम्||१८||
śyāmātrivr̥tkaṣāyēṇa snukkṣīraghr̥taphāṇitaiḥ|
lēhaṁ paktvā virēkārthaṁ lēhayēnmātrayā naram||18||
shyAmAtrivRutkaShAyeNa snukkShIraghRutaphANitaiH|
lehaM paktvA virekArthaM lehayenmAtrayA naram||18||
''Snuhi leha'':
Preparations of ''Sudha'' Procedure ''Anupana''
''Sudha lehya'' In ''kashaya'' of ''shyama trivrita''
Add ''snuhi ksheera'', ''ghrita'' and ''phanita''. This mixture is
cooked till it attains the consistency of ''avaleha''.[18]
पाययेत्तु सुधाक्षीरं यूषैर्मांसरसैर्घृतैः|
भाविताञ्छुष्कमत्स्यान् वा मांसं वा भक्षयेन्नरः||१९||
pāyayēttu sudhākṣīraṁ yūṣairmāṁsarasairghr̥taiḥ |
bhāvitāñchuṣkamatsyān vā māṁsaṁ vā bhakṣayēnnaraḥ||19||
pAyayettu sudhAkShIraM yUShairmAMsarasairghRutaiH|19|
bhAvitA~jchuShkamatsyAn vA mAMsaM vA bhakShayennaraH||19||
Recipe of ''sudha'' to be taken with ''yusha''(vegetable soup):
Preparations of ''Sudha'' Procedure ''Anupana''
''Snuhi ksheera'' with ''yusha'' (veg soup) Milky latex of ''snuhi'' is taken
With ''yusha'' (veg soup)
With meat soup (''mamsa rasa'')
With ''ghrita'' (ghee)
Preparations of ''Sudha'' Procedure ''Anupana''
''Sudha ksheera Bhavana'' is to be given to dry fish (''shushka matsya'')
dry meat (''shushka mamsa'') dry fish (''shushka matsya'')
dry meat (''shushka mamsa'') [19]
क्षीरेणामलकैः सर्पिश्चतुरङ्गुलवत् पचेत्|
सुरां वा कारयेत् क्षीरे घृतं वा पूर्ववत् पचेत्||२०||
kṣīrēṇāmalakaiḥ sarpiścaturaṅgulavat pacēt|
surāṁ vā kārayēt kṣīrē ghr̥taṁ vā pūrvavat pacēt||20||
kShIreNAmalakaiH sarpishcatura~ggulavat pacet|
surAM vA kArayet kShIre ghRutaM vA pUrvavat pacet||20||
.
Milky latex may also be used to prepare ghee as told in [[Chaturangula Kalpa]].
Preparations of ''Sudha'' Procedure ''Anupana''
''Sudha ghrita Snuhi ksheera'' boiled with milk.
The cream is then used to make ghee. With juice of ''amalaki''.
''Sudha sura '' Powders of ''Shunthi, pippali, maricha, haritaki, amalaki, danti chitraka'' and ''trivrita'' are mixed with latex of ''snuhi''. From this ''sura'' is prepared.
==== Summary ====
तत्र श्लोकौ-
सौवीरकादिभिः सप्त सर्पिषा च रसेन च|
पानकं घ्रेयलेहौ च योगा यूषादिभिस्त्रयः||२१||
द्वौ शुष्कमत्स्यमांसाभ्यां सुरैका द्वे च सर्पिषी|
महावृक्षस्य योगास्ते विंशतिः समुदाहृताः||२२||
tatra ślōkau-
sauvīrakādibhiḥ sapta sarpiṣā ca rasēna ca|
pānakaṁ ghrēyalēhau ca yōgā yūṣādibhistrayaḥ||21||
dvau śuṣkamatsyamāṁsābhyāṁ suraikā dvē ca sarpiṣī|
mahāvr̥kṣasya yōgāstē viṁśatiḥ samudāhr̥tāḥ||22||
tatra shlokau-
sauvIrakAdibhiH sapta sarpiShA ca rasena ca|
pAnakaM ghreyalehau ca yogA yUShAdibhistrayaH||21||
dvau shuShkamatsyamAMsAbhyAM suraikA dve ca sarpiShI|
mahAvRukShasya yogAste viMshatiH samudAhRutAH||22||
In brief to sum up:
In this chapter, twenty recipes of ''mahavriksha'' (''sudha'') have been told which are as follows:
#Pills with ''souviraka''
#Pills with ''tushodaka''
#Pills with juice of kola (jujube fruit)
#Pills with juice of ''amalaki''
#Pills with ''sura''
#Pills with ''dadhimanda''
#Pills with juice of ''matulunga''
#Pills with ghee
#Pills with meat soup
#In the form of ''panaka''
#As inhalation
#In the form of ''lehya''
#With vegetable soup
#With meat soup
#With dry fish
#With dry meat
#As a form of ''sura''
#''Ksheera'' of ''snuhi'' with ghee
#''Ghrita'' with juice of ''amalaki''
#''Ghrita'' with ''kashaya'' of ''dashamoola, kulattha, yava, shyamadi''.
Thus, ends the 10th Chapter of [[Kalpa Sthana]] which deals with “Pharmaceutics of ''mahavriksha''” in Agnivesha’s work which is redacted by Charaka supplemented by Dridhabala.
=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' ===
*''Snuhi'' is strongest purgative among all purgatives.
*It is contraindicated in persons with ''mridu koshtha'' (soft bowel/sensitive to purgatives).
=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' ===
==== Pharmacological activities and folkloric uses ====
''Snuhi'' is known for its medicinal value, such as antibacterial, anti-fungal, antiviral, anti-parasitic, anti-arthritic, anti-diabetic, anti-convulsant, antioxidant, wound healing and immuno-modulatory, radioprotective, spasmodic, aphrodisiac, anticancer,[11,12,13] purgative and diuretic properties due to the presence of phytoconstituents like lectin, quercetin, saponin, flavonoids, triterpenes, diterpenes, anthocyanins and platelet derived growth factors.[14,15] The plant is bitter, acrid, pungent, laxative; abortifacient, digestive, expectorant, depurative, febrifuge, carminative, stomachic, vermifuge, improves appetite, bronchitis, loss of consciousness, asthma, tumors, leucoderma, piles, inflammations, dropsy, dyspepsia, pain, flatulence intermittent fever, enlargement of spleen, anemia, ulcers, jaundice, leprosy, rheumatism and in chronic respiratory troubles.[16] In Ayurveda, the plant is aphrodisiac and rubefacient, anticancerous, used to heal anal fistula. The plant as a single and compound drug is widely used in the ''Unani'' medicine for the cure of arthritic and a large number of other ailments, such as respiratory stimulant, local anaesthetic, antibacterial, antiviral, interferolic and paronychia.
The leaves are reported to be useful as carminative, stomachic and expectorant.[17,18] The mild CNS depressant, wound healing and immunomodulatory effect of leaf hydro-alcoholic extract was reported by Bigonia and Rana.[19]
According to Tavera and Guerrero, a fluid extracted from the roasted leaves is used for earache. It is also used in Malaya, as reported by Burkill and Haniff.[20] The expressed juice of the leaves is reported as very effective in relieving the paroxysm of spasmodic asthma. Gaur et a[21] reported that anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. is due to the presence of flavonoids. ''Snuhi'' is one of the chief constituents of ''kshaarasutra'', which is used in Indian medicine to heal anal fistula.[22] The juice of the leaves is a popular cure for earache in the Philippine Islands.[23] Turmeric powder mixed with the juice of ''snuhi'' is recommended as an application for piles. Thread steeped in the above-mentioned mixture is used in ligaturing external hemorrhoids. The use of latex in skin warts, earache and in arthritis was investigated by Kirtikar and Basu. Nadkarni further reported the presence of purgative and local rubefacient activity of the juice and antispasmodic activity of the root. The white, acrid, milky juice is internally a purgative and externally it has rubefacient properties. As drastic purgative it is given in combination with other medicines such as ''haritaki, pippali,'' Indian ''jalapa trivrita'' root and which are kept steeped in it in cases of ascites, anasarca and tympanitis. The juice is also applied to remove warts and similar excrescences and to afford relief in earache; mixed with shoot it is used as an ''anjana'' (collyrium) mixed with ''neem'' oil it is used as an application in rheumatic diseases. The juice is largely used with clarified or fresh butter as an application to unhealthy ulcer and scabies and applied to glandular swellings to prevent suppuration. It is expectorant, pungent and is thus used in treating tumors, arthritis and abdominal pains. The tribal population of Chattisgarh region uses the milky latex as an ingredient of aphrodisiac mixture. Natives of Chhattisgarh use externally boiled ''thohar'' milk in castor oil with salt to cure the deep cracks in soles of feet. The milk of ''thohar'' is also used commonly like aloe gel in case of burns and for healing of wounds. Application of lukewarm ''thohar'' a prerequisite for global harmonization of herbal health leaves reduces itching pain and swelling in piles.[24,25]
==== Ayurvedic pharmacological uses ====
''Snuhi'' is being referred to as ''tikshnatama'' (strongest drastic) drug for inducing the purgation which suggests it has strong action and should be used cautiously. ''Snuhi'' can be used only when ''dosha'' accumulated is of large quantity where other drugs may not be effective. Even then it has been advised to use this drug carefully and is contraindicated in ''mridukoshtha'' (Laxed bowel). [3-4]
Charaka in 5th Chapter of [[Chikitsa Sthana]] advises use of this drug along with ''trivrita'' (Operculina turpethum) in ''vata gulma'' along with honey and ghee as adjuvants.( Ch.Ch.5 /153) Apart from this those suffering from ''udara'' (ascitis) and has ''krurakoshta'' (hard bowel) leaves of ''snuhi'' are to be used as vegetable.
''Snuhi'' is indicated in some of the chronic diseases like ''pandu, udara'' etc. Charaka advises ''kshara gutika'' in ''grahani'' which has ''snuhi ksheera'' in it. ''Tandula'' ( Rice) soaked with ''snuhi ksheera'' should be dried and given to persons suffering from ''udara'' in the form of ''peya''. ''Pippali'' should be given with 21 trituration of ''snuhi ksheera'' and may be administered to persons suffering from ''udara''.
In case of cracks in foot (''padadari''), oil processed with ''snuhi'' latex should be applied with rock salt to hasten the healing of cracked foot.(vaidyamanorama)
''Snuhi'' and ''arka latex'' processed oil is made into ointment with the base of beeswax helps to heal ''dushtavrana''.(Sahasrayoga)
According to ''Shodala'' application of Latex of ''snuhi'' helps to hasten the delivery of child in ''mudagarbha'' (Obstructed labor).[26] [5-7]
Latex is collected at the end of winter as it has optimum quality in it. If collected soon after the rainy season it may be very much diluted and if collected in summer one may not get sufficient quantity of latex.
The said varieties of ''snuhi'' are called as ''manasa'' (''bahukantaka'') and ''sohanta'' (''alpakantaka'') in West Bengal. There are nearly 56 species of Euphorbia. P. V. Sharma opines that even though there are many varieties of ''snuhi'' few important among them are ''tridhara''(Euphorbia antiquoram Linn), ''saptadhara'' (Euphorbia royleana Boiss) ''chimiya'' (Euphorbia tirucauli Linn). Euphorbia nivulia Buch Ham is considered as ''mahavriksha''.[27]
''Sehunda, sudhavriksha, samantadugdha, vajhravriksha'', and ''mahavriksha'' are other synonyms explained in different ''Nighantus''.
In ''Kaiyyadeva Nighantu'', under ''oshadhi varga'', drug is described with few more synonyms viz. ''vajratunda, gandhira, bahusrava'' and ''kalishadhruma''. He is of opinion that it is drug of choice in chronic ailments.[28]
In ''Dhanwantari Nighantu'', it has been opined that ''snuhi'' is useful in ''visha'' (poisoning), ''adhmana'' (flatulence), ''gulma'' (tumor) and ''udara'' (ascitis).
In ''Rajanighantu'' few more synonyms are mentioned like ''vatari'' (overcomes ''vata'' ), ''bhadra''( auspicious), ''vyaghranakha'' (sharp in its action), ''netrari'' (harmful to eyes) and ''dandavrikshaka'' (small tree). A variety of ''snuhi'' i.e. ''tridhara'' is said to be useful in ''rasasiddhi''.[29]
Ghee prepared with ''snuhi'' latex is useful in ''gulma, udara'' and ''garavisha''.(Ch. Chi. 13/138). [30]
In ''arsha, alepa'' (paste) of ''snuhi'' latex with powder of turmeric is done.(Ch. Chi. 14/52-57)(Su. Chi. 6/12).[31]
In ''shwitra'' (leucoderma) ''bhallataka'' (Semecarpus anacardium) is immersed in cow’s urine for 3 days dried in the shade and made into paste with ''snuhi'' latex and applied to the affected part.(As. Hri. Chi. 20/11).[32]
In ''udararoga'', ghee prepared with ''dadhimanda'' is administered. (Ch. Chi. 13/141).[33]
In ''vicharchika'' (eczema) – ''sarshapa'' (mustard plant) is made into a paste is concealed in ''snuhi'' plant which is cooked in the fire, is applied on eczema. The same has been explained in Chakradutta as grihadhoomadi lepa.[34]
Snehalavana prepared with snuhi is very much useful in vatavyadhi (Su. Chi. 4/31).[35]
To protect from masoorika snuhi studded with red flag should be placed in an earthen pot and placed in the house (Chakradutta 54/48).[36]
''Snuhyadya taila'' is useful in baldness and hair loss (Chakradutta).[37]
''Snuhi ksheera'' is considered to be toxic, thus it needs purification prior to its therapeutic usage. ''Bilvadi'' drugs reduce the severe intensity of the latex and help to bring out the necessary action. Thus purified latex is given with seven different adjuvants according to individuals and physicians need.[10-12½]
''Saptala'' is mentioned twice in this context which shows its importance. It is opined by chakrapaniji that sudha with saptala alone is very effective.[12½-13]
''Trikatu'' when added enhances the absorption of the drug. ''Triphala'' in it potentiates the drug and enhances its absorption as well. Chitraka helps drug to be absorbed easily, whereas ''danti'' increases the purgative action of the drug. Syrup masks the bitter and pungent taste of the drug as well and is easy to administer. Those who desire to take drug in the sweet form can be given with ''gud''(jaggery).[14]
Those who cannot withstand the strong purgative action of the drug may be administered the drug in the inhalation form where the purgative action is seen but intensity of action is reduced. This method of administration of the drug can be done to ''mridukoshthi'' (soft bowel). It is a novel way of administration of drugs which can be compared with aerosols [15-17]
Many a times it becomes difficult to preserve the fresh drug for the longer duration, in such cases, drug is used as ''avaleha'' (linctus) or ''arishta'' (medicated liquor) which can be stored for use later. In this form drug is palatable and is easily taken by the individual.[18-,19]With addition of ''kashaya'' of ''dashamoola, kulattha, yava, shyamadi ghrita'' may be taken.(Ca. Su. 8/13) Three recipes of ''sudha'' according to their use with three different adjuvants can be given. Drug is mixed with either vegetable or meat juice or with ghee and given. Those who are completely non vegetarian, drug can be either given with fish or dry meat. It can be given as either ''ghrita''(ghee) or ''sura''(alcohol) form. ''Ghrita'' is taken with juice of ''amalaki'' as adjuvant which helps in better absorption of the drug.[ 19-20]
=== References ===
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#Hooker JD, Kcsi CB. Flora of British India. Chenopodiaceae to Orchideae. 1930; Vol V pp. 255.
#Burkill IH. A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. London: Crown Agents for the Colonies. 1936; Vol 1 and 2.
#The Wealth of India: Raw Materials. Vol X, New Delhi: Council of Science and Industrial Research (CSIR) Publications, 1976 pp: 588-590.
#Seshaginrao K, Prasad MN. Purification and partial characterization of a lectin from Euphorbia neriifolia latex. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 1995; 35(6): 199-204.
#Anjaneyulu V, Row RL. The crystalline principles of Euphorbiaceae. N. The triterpenes from the stem and leaves of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. Current Sci. 1965; 34: 608-609.
#Mizno MZ, Tanaka T, Iinuma Mu, Xu GY, Huang Q. Phytochem. 1989; 28: 553.
#Nadkarni AK. Indian Matreria Medica. Bombay: Popular Prakashan. 1954; 1: 424-426.
#Ilyas M, Parveen M, Amin KMY. Neriifolione, A triterpene from Euphorbia neriifolia. Phytochem. 1998; 48(3): 561-563.
#Chatterjee A, Saha SK, Mukhopadhyay S. Lewis acid-catalysed rearrangement of glut-5- en-3•-y1 acetate and glut-5(10)-en-3•- y1 acetate. Ind. J. Chem. 1978; 16(3): 1038-1039.
#Pracheta, Sharma V, Paliwal R, Sharma S. In vitro free radical scavenging and antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. Int. J. pharm. Pharmaceu. Sci. 2011; 3(1): 238-242.
#Pracheta, Sharma V, Paliwal R, Sharma S, Yadav S, Singh L, Janmeda BS, Sharma S. Chemoprotective activity of hydroethanolic extract of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn leaves against DENA-induced liver carcinogenesis in mice. Bio. Med. 2011; 3(2) Special Issue: 36-44.
#Pracheta, Sharma V, Singh L, Paliwal R, Sharma S, Yadav S. Chemopreventive effect of hydro-ethanolic extract of Euphorbia neriifolia leaves against DENA-induced renocarcinogenesis in mice. Asian pac. J. Can. Preven. 2011 (Accepted).
#Norskhydro AS, Kiellant S. W.O. 9321925 (ICI A61K 31/56). 1993; l: 921666.
#Bigoniya P, Rana AC. Hemolytic and In-vitro Antioxidant Activity of Saponin Isolated from Euphorbia neriifolia Leaf. Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants. Natural Products-II: Cap-20, 2006; 2: 359-376.
#Anonymous Raw Material, In: The Wealth of India, Vol. III (DE). CSIR Publication, New Delhi, 1952, p. 226.
#Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. II, International Book Distributors, Dehradun. 1996; pp:1581.
#Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi, 1956; pp. 114.
#Bigoniya P, Rana AC 2008. Immunomodulatory activities of Euphorbia neriifolia leaf hydroalcoholic extract in rats. Ind. Drugs. 2008; 45(2): 90-97.
#Burkill, Ivor H, Haniff M. “Malay Village Medicine.” The Gardens’ Bulletin, Straits Settlements. 1930; 6(2): 167–282.
#Gaur K, Rana AC, Nema RK, Kori ML, Sharma CS. The anti-inflammatory and antialgestic activity of hydro-alcoholic leaves extract of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 2009; 2(1): 26-29.
#ICMR Reports, ICMR collaborating centres, Central biostatistical monitoring units, Madras and Central technical Co-ordinating unit, ICMR. New Delhi. Multicentric randomized controlled clinical trial of Kshaarasootra (Ayurvedic medicated thread) in the management of fistula- in ano. Ind. J. Med. Res. 1991; 94(B), 177-185.
#Sharma DK. Bioprospecting for Drug Research and functional foods for the prevention of diseases- Role of flavonoids in drug development. J. Sci. Indust. Res. 2006; 65: 391-401.
#Oudhia P. Medicinal herbs of Chhattisgarh. India having less known traditional uses, VII. Thura (Euphorbia neriilofia, family: Euphorbiaceae), Research note, Accessed on 9th May
#Sharma, A Review on Euphorbia neriifolia (Sehund), Spatula DD 107
#Vd Bapalal, Nighantu Adarsha, Vol 1, Chaukhabha Bharati Academy, Varanasi,II Edition,1999, p.no 474
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#K R Shrikantha Murthy, Bhavaprakasha of Bhavamishra, Vol II,Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy,Varanasi, Edition 2009, p.no 580
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