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Chakrapani categorizes these as ''pranayana, badha'' and ''peedana''. ''Savata'' is a defect committed during ''badha'' (filling and tying of ''basti'') and ''peedana'' (squeezing of ''basti''). ''Atidruta, utkshipta, tiryak, kampita, ati,'' and ''bahyaga'' are considered as defects committed during ''pranayana'' (introduction of ''netra'' into the anus). ''Ullupta, mandavega'' and ''ativega'' are committed while ''peedana''.

Chakrapani categorizes these as ''pranayana, badha'' and ''peedana''. ''Savata'' is a defect committed during ''badha'' (filling and tying of ''basti'') and ''peedana'' (squeezing of ''basti''). ''Atidruta, utkshipta, tiryak, kampita, ati,'' and ''bahyaga'' are considered as defects committed during ''pranayana'' (introduction of ''netra'' into the anus). ''Ullupta, mandavega'' and ''ativega'' are committed while ''peedana''.

Sushruta has explained ''pranidhanadosha'' and ''peedana dosha'' separately and are six and four in number respectively8. ''Peedanakala'' was not specified by Charaka and Vagbhata have mentioned its significance in the procedure. Direct reference to peedanakala by Sushruta lacks clarity, even though Dalhana gives commentary on ''peedanakala'' as thirty ''matra'' for a person with ''mridu'' (delicate/tender) ''koshtha'' कोष्ठ (bowels) 9.

Sushruta has explained ''pranidhanadosha'' and ''peedana dosha'' separately and are six and four in number respectively<ref>Suśruta, Suśrutasamhitha Cikitsāsthāna chapter 35. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy; 1980. p. 515. (Krishnadas Ayurveda series 51).</ref>. ''Peedanakala'' was not specified by Charaka and Vagbhata have mentioned its significance in the procedure. Direct reference to peedanakala by Sushruta lacks clarity, even though Dalhana gives commentary on ''peedanakala'' as thirty ''matra'' for a person with ''mridu'' (delicate/tender) ''koshtha'' कोष्ठ (bowels)<ref>Suśruta, Suśrutasamhitha Cikitsāsthāna chapter 38. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy; 1980. p. 534. (Krishnadas Ayurveda series 51)</ref>

Practically, it is seen that conducting a per rectal examination prior to the introduction of ''netra'' provides not only valuable information on the condition of rectum but also de-sensitizes10 the rectum thereby ensuring smooth conduct of the procedure. It is observed that chances of most defects in introduction are done away with the adoption of this maneuver in practice. Also, during squeezing of ''basti'', if any resistance is felt, it is better to retract the ''netra'' and re-introduce it as chances are likely that the aperture of ''netra'' may be directed towards the wall of the anal canal.

Practically, it is seen that conducting a per rectal examination prior to the introduction of ''netra'' provides not only valuable information on the condition of rectum but also de-sensitizes<ref>Manojkumar A K, Jigeesh P P, Binitha A, Subin V R. Kaśhāyavasti. In, Manojkumar A K (ed). Standard Operative Procedure of Pancakarma, 1st edition. Kottakkal, Regional Offset, 2013.</ref> the rectum thereby ensuring smooth conduct of the procedure. It is observed that chances of most defects in introduction are done away with the adoption of this maneuver in practice. Also, during squeezing of ''basti'', if any resistance is felt, it is better to retract the ''netra'' and re-introduce it as chances are likely that the aperture of ''netra'' may be directed towards the wall of the anal canal.

==== Verse 9-10 ====

==== Verse 9-10 ====