Changes

=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' ===

=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' ===

The knowledge on apt instruments to be used in respective procedure is vital in ensuring the procedure effect. In the case of basti (procedure), the knowledge on properly designed nētra and basti is essential for physicians. Also, Inappropriate appliance of nētra in the procedure leads to vyāpad and needs to be managed by the physician. Hence, this aspect is being dealt further in the chapter.

The knowledge on apt instruments to be used in respective procedure is vital in ensuring the procedure effect. In the case of ''basti'' (procedure), the knowledge on properly designed ''netra'' and ''basti'' is essential for physicians. Also, Inappropriate appliance of ''netra'' in the procedure leads to ''vyapat'' and needs to be managed by the physician. Hence, this aspect is being dealt further in the chapter.

Research works have proved the importance of instruments and technique of administration which influences the total procedure and thereby its effect on the body. Usage of proper netra and basti in the procedure had influenced the time taken for administration by the maintenance of uniform pressure and gradual squeezing of the content during administration of nirooha (decoction type of enema) 1. Also, it influenced the extent of reach of medication in the colon and its quantity. Usage of animal bladder for preparation of bastiputaka (bag or vessel) was possible and justified in earlier days, however, is not feasible and practical today. As an alternative, a plastic bag of 50 microns thickness and having 1.5 l capacity has been reported recently and is disposed of after single use.2

Research works have proved the importance of instruments and technique of administration which influences the total procedure and thereby its effect on the body. Usage of proper ''netra'' and ''basti'' in the procedure had influenced the time taken for administration by the maintenance of uniform pressure and gradual squeezing of the content during administration of ''niruha'' (decoction type of enema) 1. Also, it influenced the extent of reach of medication in the colon and its quantity. Usage of animal bladder for preparation of ''bastiputaka'' (bag or vessel) was possible and justified in earlier days, however, is not feasible and practical today. As an alternative, a plastic bag of 50 microns thickness and having 1.5 l capacity has been reported recently and is disposed of after single use.2

==== Verse 4- 5 ====

==== Verse 4- 5 ====

Defect in nētra are eight in number and each of them affects the proper administration of basti procedure. Recommendable nētra according to Charaka, should have the following attributes:  apertures(at the tip, i.e outlet apperture and at the base (inlet aperture) of the netra) equal to little and thumb in circumference (यथावयोऽङ्गुष्ठकनिष्ठिकाभ्यां मूलाग्रयोः स्युः परिणाहवन्ति), straight  

Defect in ''netra'' are eight in number and each of them affects the proper administration of ''basti'' procedure. Recommendable ''netra'' according to Charaka, should have the following attributes:  apertures(at the tip, i.e outlet aperture and at the base (inlet aperture) of the ''netra'') equal to little and thumb in circumference (यथावयोऽङ्गुष्ठकनिष्ठिकाभ्यां मूलाग्रयोः स्युः परिणाहवन्ति), straight  

(ऋजूनि), alike tail of a cow in shape (गोपुच्छसमाकृतीनि), smooth (श्लक्ष्णानि), curved in tip/round or circular (र्गुडिकामुखानि) and two round protuberances – one at the distal ¼ and other at the proximal end (कर्णिकैकाऽग्रचतुर्थभागे मूलाश्रिते बस्तिनिबन्धने द्वे). (Ca.Si-3/3)

(ऋजूनि), alike tail of a cow in shape (गोपुच्छसमाकृतीनि), smooth (श्लक्ष्णानि), curved in tip/round or circular (र्गुडिकामुखानि) and two round protuberances – one at the distal ¼ and other at the proximal end (कर्णिकैकाऽग्रचतुर्थभागे मूलाश्रिते बस्तिनिबन्धने द्वे). (Ca.Si-3/3)

On a critical view, one may note that two kinds of harmful effect of defective nētra are grouped here – 1) before administration such as leakage of medication in śithilabandhanam| and 2) after the administration such as transverse travel of medication in the colon vakram. Majority of them fall in the second category. The dōsha resulting from sthūlaṁ is mentioned as karṣaṇa meaning emaciation which lacks clarity. The vyāpad of atisthūla is considered along with those caused by karkaśa, asrimat (nētra having edges/having hole) and avanata (downwards) by Suśruta and explained as causing gharshana (friction/rubbing), gudakshata (injury to guda) and ruk (pain) 3. This explanation of Suśruta seems to be more apt to the context. Also, the number of nētra-dōṣā varies in Suśruta and eleven are considered there viz. atisthūla, avanata, karkaśa, anubhinnam, sannikrushtakarnika (round protuberance designed close to the outlet aperture), viprakrushtakarnika (round protuberance designed far from outlet aperture), sookshmachidra (subtle aperture), atichidra (wider aperture), atideergha, atihrasva and asrimat4.

 

On a critical view, one may note that two kinds of harmful effect of defective ''netra'' are grouped here –  

#before administration such as leakage of medication in ''shithilabandhanam'' and  

#after the administration such as transverse travel of medication in the colon ''vakram''. Majority of them fall in the second category.  

 

The ''dosha'' resulting from ''sthoolam'' is mentioned as ''karshana'' meaning emaciation which lacks clarity. The ''vyapat'' of ''atisthoola'' is considered along with those caused by ''karkasha, asrimat'' (''netra'' having edges/having hole) and ''avanata'' (downwards) by Sushruta and explained as causing ''gharshana'' (friction/rubbing), ''gudakshata'' (injury to ''guda'') and ''ruk'' (pain) 3.  

 

This explanation of Sushruta seems to be more apt to the context. Also, the number of ''netra dosha'' varies in Sushruta and eleven are considered there viz. ''atisthoola, avanata, karkasha, anubhinnam, sannikrushtakarnika'' (round protuberance designed close to the outlet aperture), ''viprakrushtakarnika'' (round protuberance designed far from outlet aperture), ''sookshmachidra'' (subtle aperture), ''atichhidra'' (wider aperture), ''atideergha, atihrasva'' and ''asrimat''4.

==== Verse 6-7 ====

==== Verse 6-7 ====

Defective basti putaka are eight in number and each of them affects the proper appliance in the procedure. When basti was used in olden times, a basti devoid of veins was selected from a dead animal (natural death/healthy and butchered) and it was processed prior by soaking in kashāya, (decoctions) gently rubbed and dried (दृढस्तनुर्नष्टसिरो विगन्धः कषायरक्तः सुमृदुः सुशुद्धः).5

Defective basti putaka are eight in number and each of them affects the proper appliance in the procedure. When basti was used in olden times, a basti devoid of veins was selected from a dead animal (natural death/healthy and butchered) and it was processed prior by soaking in kashāya, (decoctions) gently rubbed and dried (दृढस्तनुर्नष्टसिरो विगन्धः कषायरक्तः सुमृदुः सुशुद्धः).5

Cakrapäni has commented upon the terms viṣama, sthūla, jālika, vātala, snigdha and klinna among defective basti. He has also elaborated on visratva, daurgrāhya, cyuti and adhāryatva. As discussed earlier, practicality and feasibility issues and stringent laws in procuring animal parts have led to the replacement of basti (putaka) with plastic bags.  

Cakrapäni has commented upon the terms viṣama, sthūla, jālika, vātala, snigdha and klinna among defective basti. He has also elaborated on visratva, daurgrāhya, cyuti and adhāryatva. As discussed earlier, practicality and feasibility issues and stringent laws in procuring animal parts have led to the replacement of basti (putaka) with plastic bags.  

Suśruta has limited the number to five viz. prāstīrna [prāstIrNa; प्रास्तीर्ण (extended/flat/having network of veins)], bahala [bahala; बहल (thick/bushy/dense)], durbaddha [durbaddha; दुर्बद्ध (badly fastened)], sacchidra [sacchidra; सछिद्र (along with holes)] and alpa [alpa; अल्प (tiny)] 6. Prāstīrna causes leakage of medication and alpa in less effective due to less amount of medication getting administered7.

Suśruta has limited the number to five viz. prāstīrna [prāstIrNa; प्रास्तीर्ण (extended/flat/having network of veins)], bahala [bahala; बहल (thick/bushy/dense)], durbaddha [durbaddha; दुर्बद्ध (badly fastened)], sacchidra [sacchidra; सछिद्र (along with holes)] and alpa [alpa; अल्प (tiny)] 6. Prāstīrna causes leakage of medication and alpa in less effective due to less amount of medication getting administered7.