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Purusha Vichaya Sharira (view source)

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=== Abstract ===

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''Purusha Vichaya'' literally means detailed (or comprehensive) search or analysis of the person (or ''purusha''). While the two preceding chapters explain the developmental phases of an embryo from its inception as a fetus to the growth factors that culminate with the birth of the child, this chapter deals with factors that help transform the child into a fully grown ''purusha''. An important takeaway from this chapter is the view that the ''purusha'' is a microcosm mirroring the universe, or the macrocosm. This is briefly indicated in the preceding chapter ([[Mahatigarbhavakranti Sharira]], verse 13), where it is said that the ''purusha'' epitomizes the universe. All the structural forms that exist in the universe also exist in ''purusha'' and vice-versa. A study of the ''purusha'', in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda], is not simply restricted to studying the physiology of a human being. Rather, the ''purusha'' is said to be formed of the same shad ''dhatu'' (''pancha mahabhuta'', or the five fundamental elements, and the supreme consciousness) that the universe is made of, and thus signifies an interdependence between the microcosm and the macrocosm. The person is also called ''shaddhatuja purusha''. This study underscores [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda]’s premise that a person – or a human being – should not be seen in isolation, but in the context of a harmony between man and the environment.

'''Keywords''': ''Purusha'', Man, microcosm, ''loka'', macrocosm, universe, cause of disease and happiness, serenity, path to emancipation.

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=== Introduction ===

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The term ''purusha vichayam'' means the search of the purusha (individual person’s living body) or the analytical study of the ''purusha''. Since Vedic times, sages and practitioners of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda] studied the environment and the various features that constituted the ''loka'' (realm or world) and its impact on the ''purusha'' (person). Many civilizations have acknowledged the relationship between man and his environment, but Vedic scholars recorded their observations of the similarities in the ''avyava'' (component) of ''loka'' and ''purusha'', concluding that the person is the replica of the universe (''Yatha Pinde Tatha Brahmande''). Lord Atreya dedicated this chapter to the study of the purusha underscoring this belief. Charaka advised maintaining a harmony between man and his environment to attain the prime objectives of a human life – blissful life (''sukhayu''), useful life (''hitayu''), and salvation (''moksha'').

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===Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation===

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‘puruSho~ayaM lokasammitaH’ ityuvAca bhagavAn punarvasurAtreyaH|

yAvanto hi loke (mUrtimanto [1] ) bhAvavisheShAstAvantaH puruShe, yAvantaH puruShe tAvanto loke; ityevaMvAdinaM bhagavantamAtreyamagnivesha uvAca-naitAvatA vAkyenoktaM vAkyArthamavagAhAmahe, bhagavatA buddhyA bhUyastaramato~anuvyAkhyAyamAnaM shushrUShAmaha iti||3||

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Lord Punarvasu Atreya said that the ''purusha'' is similar to the ''loka''. Whatever specific ''murtimantabhava'' (embodiments) are present in the ''loka'', the same are in the ''purusha''. Similarly, whatever is in ''purusha'', is also in the ''loka''.

Having listened thus to Lord Atreya, Agnivesha said, "We are unable to grasp the idea contained in this aphoristic statement, hence we want to hear a more detailed exposition from you, O Lord!" [3]

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तमुवाच भगवानात्रेयः- अपरिसङ्ख्येया लोकावयवविशेषाः, पुरुषावयवविशेषा अप्यपरिसङ्ख्येयाः; तेषां यथास्थूलंकतिचिद्भावान् सामान्यमभिप्रेत्योदाहरिष्यामः, तानेकमना निबोध सम्यगुपवर्ण्यमानानग्निवेश!|

षड्धातवः समुदिताः ‘लोक’ इति शब्दं लभन्ते; तद्यथा- पृथिव्यापस्तेजो वायुराकाशं ब्रह्म चाव्यक्तमिति, एत एव चषड्धातवः समुदिताः ‘पुरुष’ इति शब्दं लभन्ते||४||

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tamuvAca bhagavAnAtreyaH- aparisa~gkhyeyA lokAvayavavisheShAH, puruShAvayavavisheShA apyaparisa~gkhyeyAH; teShAM yathAsthUlaM katicidbhAvAnsAmAnyamabhipretyodAhariShyAmaH, tAnekamanA nibodha samyagupavarNyamAnAnagnivesha!|

ShaDdhAtavaH samuditAH ‘puruSha’ iti shabdaM labhante; tadyathA- pRuthivyApastejo vAyurAkAshaM brahma cAvyaktamiti, eta eva ca ShaDdhAtavaH samuditAH‘puruSha’ iti shabdaM labhante||4||

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Lord Atreya replied, "Innumerable are the specific parts (different unit constituents) of the ''loka'' and so are innumerable the specific parts (unit constituents) of a ''purusha''. I will explain (to you) some of the gross entities common (to the ''loka'' and ''purusha'') because it is very difficult to mention all of them, but the rest you understand yourself by inference.

Attentively, listen to me O Agnivesha!, The aggregate (collective combination) of the six ''dhatus'', viz. ''prithvi, apa, tejas, vayu,'' ''akasha'' and unmanifested Brahman is termed as ''loka'' (universe) and (similarly these) six constituents also make the ''purusha''. [ 3-4]

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==== Identity of ''avayava'' /parts/ factors of ''samyatva'' (similarity) in ''purusha'' (man) with those of ''loka'' (universe) ====

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yathA khalu brAhmI vibhUtirloke tathA puruShe~apyAntarAtmikI vibhUtiH, brahmaNo vibhUtirloke prajApatirantarAtmano vibhUtiH puruShe sattvaM, yastvindro lokesa puruShe~aha~gkAraH, AdityastvAdAnaM, rudro roShaH, somaH prasAdaH, vasavaH sukham, ashvinau kAntiH, marudutsAhaH, vishvedevAH sarvendriyANisarvendriyArthAshca, tamo mohaH, jyotirj~jAnaM, yathA lokasya sargAdistathA puruShasya garbhAdhAnaM, yathA kRutayugamevaM bAlyaM, yathA tretA tathAyauvanaM, yathA dvAparastathA sthAviryaM, yathA kalirevamAturyaM, yathA yugAntastathA maraNamiti|

evametenAnumAnenAnuktAnAmapi lokapuruShayoravayavavisheShANAmagnivesha! sAmAnyaM vidyAditi||5||

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In the person, ''prithvi, apa, tejas, vayu, akasha'' and ''Brahman'' are represented in the form of embodiments, moisture, heat, vital breath, space and the Self (''atman'') respectively. As is the magnificence of the ''Brahman'', the super-consciousness, in the universe so is that of the atman in the person. While in the universe, the splendor of the ''Brahman'' is personified by Prajapati, the ''atman'' in the ''purusha'' is represented by the mind. Similarly, Indra in the universe is represented by ego in the person, Aditya (the sun) is represented in the processes that consume nutrients, Rudra in agitation, Soma (the moon) in cheerfulness, Vasu in happiness, Marut (the air) in enthusiasm, Ashwin in luster, Vishvadeva in all sense organs and their objects, darkness in ignorance, light in knowledge. just as there is act of creation in the universe, so also in man there is conception. Corresponding to ''krita yuga''( the first age of universe), there is childhood. Corresponding to ''treta yuga'' (the second age), is youth. Corresponding to ''dwapara yuga'' (the third age), there is old age. Corresponding to ''kali yuga''(the last age), is infirmity or diseases. Thus corresponding to the end of world cycle, is death in man. Thus, O Agnivesha, analogies between various features and phenomena could be drawn from the macrocosm to understand the microcosm (and vice versa). [5]

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==== Applied aspect of the knowledge of the ''purusha'' (man/individual) -an epitome / miniture of the ''loka'' (universe) ====

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tatra saMyogApekShIlokashabdaH|

ShaDdhAtusamudAyo hi sAmAnyataH sarvalokaH||7||

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Lord Atreya replied that seeing the universe in the ''purusha'', and vice-versa, gives rise to true knowledge. With such (true) knowledge, one would realize that the ''atman'', or the Self, alone is responsible for bliss and sorrow and no one else. With this knowledge, one realizes that the whole world, being of the nature of activity and yoked to motivating factors etc. is as own self, one awakens the primary knowledge leading to salvation. The word ''loka'' here denotes aggregation. Generally, the entire universe (and the ''purusha'') is made up of six constituents. [7]

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==== ''Dukha'' (miseries) and ''sukha'' (happiness) of the ''purusha'' (man / individual) ====

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tasya hetuH sarvalokasAmAnyaj~jAnam|

etatprayojanaM sAmAnyopadeshasyeti||8||

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There are ''hetu, utpatti, vriddhi, upaplava'' and ''viyoga'' for ''purusha'' (man) and ''loka'' (universe). ''Hetu'' is the cause of manifestation, ''utpatti'' is germination or birth, ''vriddhi'' is growth, ''upaplava'' is advent of miseries. ''Viyoga'' is departure of soul, cessation of vital breath, disruption, dissolution of the six constituents and the reverting to the primordial state. The root cause of universe and all ''upaplava''(advent of miseries) is ''pravritti'' (action/attachment). ''Nivritti'' (inaction/detachment from worldly affairs) leads to its destruction (of all miseries). Attachment leads to miseries and detachment to bliss. Realization of this fact is truth (pure knowledge). Imparting this knowledge is the purpose of describing this principle. [8]

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==== Cause of ''pravritti'' (attachment) and method of ''nivritti'' (detachment) ====

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evamayamadhIdhRutismRutiraha~gkArAbhiniviShTaH saktaH sasaMshayo~abhisamplutabuddhirabhyavapatito~anyathAdRuShTiravisheShagrAhIvimArgagatirnivAsavRukShaH sattvasharIradoShamUlAnAM sarvaduHkhAnAM bhavati|

evamaha~gkArAdibhirdoShairbhrAmyamANo nAtivartate pravRuttiM, sA ca mUlamaghasya||10||

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Lord Atreya replied, “The source of attachment are ignorance, desire, hatred and purposeful action. This in turns give rise to ''ahamkara'' (ego), ''sanga'' (attachment), ''samshaya'' (skepticism), ''abhisamplava'' (mistaken self-identity), ''abhyavapata'' (false sense of ownership), ''vipratyaya'' (sensing opposite of reality), ''avishesha'' (inability to distinguish between consciousness/unconsciousness) and ''anupaya'' (believing in outdated traditions) that engulf an individual just like the very long branches of a big tree smother a sapling. A person overwhelmed by these emotions stays trapped in the affairs of the world.

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Thus, if a person is devoid of intellect, restraint and memory, but is egoistic, skeptic, self-centered, is attached (to objects or actions), and is unable to discern between good or bad, self and the physical body, etc. he is an abode of all miseries. Such feelings are the root cause of vitiation of ''doshas'' relating to the mind and body. Such a person is trapped in the cycle of life and death and cannot attain salvation (from miseries). The ultimate goal of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda] is salvation from all sorts of miseries which depends upon the wellbeing of the ''purusha'' - individually as well as socially. [10]

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==== ''Moksha'' (Salvation) and ways and means of attaining it ====

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तत्र मुमुक्षूणामुदयनानि व्याख्यास्यामः|

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तत्र लोकदोषदर्शिनो मुमुक्षोरादित एवाचार्याभिगमनं, तस्योपदेशानुष्ठानम्, अग्नेरेवोपचर्या, धर्मशास्त्रानुगमनं, तदार्थावबोधः,तेनावष्टम्भः, तत्र यथोक्ताः क्रियाः, सतामुपासनम्, असतां परिवर्जनम्, असङ्गतिर्दुर्जनेन, सत्यंसर्वभूतहितमपरुषमनतिकाले परीक्ष्य वचनं, सर्वप्राणिषु चात्मनीवावेक्षा, सर्वासामस्मरणमसङ्कल्पनमप्रार्थनमनभिभाषणं चस्त्रीणां, सर्वपरिग्रहत्यागः, कौपीनं प्रच्छादनार्थं, धातुरागनिवसनं, कन्थासीवनहेतोः सूचीपिप्पलकं, शौचाधानतोर्जलकुण्डिका,दण्डधारणं, भैक्षचर्यार्थं पात्रं, प्राणधारणार्थमेककालमग्राम्यो यथोपपन्नोऽभ्यवहारः, श्रमापनयनार्थंशीर्णशुष्कपर्णतृणास्तरणोपधानं, ध्यानहेतोः कायनिबन्धनं, वनेष्वनिकेतवासः, तन्द्रानिन्द्रालस्यादिकर्मवर्जनं,इन्द्रियार्थेष्वनुरागोपतापनिग्रहः, सुप्तस्थितगतप्रेक्षिता हारविहारप्रत्यङ्गचेष्टादिकेष्वारम्भेषु स्मृतिपूर्विका प्रवृत्तिः,सत्कारस्तुतिगर्हावमानक्षमत्वं, क्षुत्पिपासायासश्रमशीतोष्णवातवर्षासुखदुःखसंस्पर्शसहत्वं,शोकदैन्यमानोद्वेगमदलोभरागेर्ष्याभयक्रोधादिभिरसञ्चलनम्, अहङ्कारादिषूपसर्गसञ्ज्ञा, लोकपुरुषयोःसर्गादिसामान्यावेक्षणं, कार्यकालात्ययभयं, योगारम्भे सततमनिर्वेदः, सत्त्वोत्साहः, अपवर्गाय धीधृतिस्मृतिबलाधानं;नियमनमिन्द्रियाणां चेतसि, चेतस आत्मनि, आत्मनश्च; धातुभेदेन शरीरावयवसङ्ख्यानमभीक्ष्णं, सर्वंकारणवद्दुःखमस्वमनित्यमित्यभ्युपगमः, सर्वप्रवृत्तिष्वघसञ्ज्ञा [६] , सर्वसन्न्यासे सुखमित्यभिनिवेशः; एष मार्गोऽपवर्गाय,अतोऽन्यथा बध्यते; इत्युदयनानि व्याख्यातानि||१२||

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तत्र लोकदोषदर्शिनो मुमुक्षोरादित एवाचार्याभिगमनं, तस्योपदेशानुष्ठानम्, अग्नेरेवोपचर्या, धर्मशास्त्रानुगमनं, तदार्थावबोधः,तेनावष्टम्भः, तत्र यथोक्ताः क्रियाः, सतामुपासनम्, असतां परिवर्जनम्, असङ्गतिर्दुर्जनेन, सत्यंसर्वभूतहितमपरुषमनतिकाले परीक्ष्य वचनं, सर्वप्राणिषु चात्मनीवावेक्षा, सर्वासामस्मरणमसङ्कल्पनमप्रार्थनमनभिभाषणं चस्त्रीणां, सर्वपरिग्रहत्यागः, कौपीनं प्रच्छादनार्थं, धातुरागनिवसनं, कन्थासीवनहेतोः सूचीपिप्पलकं, शौचाधानतोर्जलकुण्डिका,दण्डधारणं, भैक्षचर्यार्थं पात्रं, प्राणधारणार्थमेककालमग्राम्यो यथोपपन्नोऽभ्यवहारः, श्रमापनयनार्थंशीर्णशुष्कपर्णतृण

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~~tatra mumukṣūṇāmudayanāni vyākhyāsyāmaḥ|~~

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tatra lōkadōṣadarśinō mumukṣōrādita ēvācāryābhigamanaṁ, tasyōpadēśānuṣṭhānam, agnērēvōpacaryā,dharmaśāstrānugamanaṁ, tadārthāvabōdhaḥ, tēnāvaṣṭambhaḥ, tatra yathōktāḥ kriyāḥ, satāmupāsanam,asatāṁ parivarjanam, asaṅgatirdurjanēna, satyaṁ sarvabhūtahitamaparuṣamanatikālē parīkṣya vacanaṁ,sarvaprāṇiṣu cātmanīvāvēkṣā, sarvāsāmasmaraṇamasaṅkalpanamaprārthanamanabhibhāṣaṇaṁ castrīṇāṁ, sarvaparigrahatyāgaḥ, kaupīnaṁ pracchādanārthaṁ, dhāturāganivasanaṁ, kanthāsīvanahētōḥsūcīpippalakaṁ, śaucādhānatōrjalakuṇḍikā, daṇḍadhāraṇaṁ, bhaikṣacaryārthaṁ pātraṁ,prāṇadhāraṇārthamēkakālamagrāmyō yathōpapannō'bhyavahāraḥ, śramāpanayanārthaṁśīrṇaśuṣkaparṇatr̥ṇāstaraṇōpadhānaṁ, dhyānahētōḥ kāyanibandhanaṁ, vanēṣvanikētavāsaḥ,tandrānindrālasyādikarmavarjanaṁ, indriyārthēṣvanurāgōpatāpanigrahaḥ, suptasthitagataprēkṣitāhāravihārapratyaṅgacēṣṭādikēṣvārambhēṣu smr̥tipūrvikā pravr̥ttiḥ, satkārastutigarhāvamānakṣamatvaṁ,kṣutpipāsāyāsaśramaśītōṣṇavātavarṣāsukhaduḥkhasaṁsparśasahatvaṁ,śōkadainyamānōdvēgamadalōbharāgērṣyābhayakrōdhādibhirasañcalanam, ahaṅkārādiṣūpasargasañjñā,lōkapuruṣayōḥ sargādisāmānyāvēkṣaṇaṁ, kāryakālātyayabhayaṁ, yōgārambhē satatamanirvēdaḥ,sattvōtsāhaḥ, apavargāya dhīdhr̥tismr̥tibalādhānaṁ; niyamanamindriyāṇāṁ cētasi, cētasa ātmani,ātmanaśca; dhātubhēdēna śarīrāvayavasaṅkhyānamabhīkṣṇaṁ, sarvaṁkāraṇavadduḥkhamasvamanityamityabhyupagamaḥ, sarvapravr̥ttiṣvaghasañjñā [6] , sarvasannyāsēsukhamityabhinivēśaḥ; ēṣa mārgō'pavargāya, atō'nyathā badhyatē; ityudayanāni vyākhyātāni||12||

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tatra lokadoShadarshino mumukShorAdita evAcAryAbhigamanaM, tasyopadeshAnuShThAnam, agnerevopacaryA, dharmashAstrAnugamanaM, tadArthAvabodhaH,tenAvaShTambhaH, tatra yathoktAH kriyAH, satAmupAsanam, asatAM parivarjanam, asa~ggatirdurjanena, satyaM sarvabhUtahitamaparuShamanatikAle parIkShyavacanaM, sarvaprANiShu cAtmanIvAvekShA, sarvAsAmasmaraNamasa~gkalpanamaprArthanamanabhibhAShaNaM ca strINAM, sarvaparigrahatyAgaH, kaupInaMpracchAdanArthaM, dhAturAganivasanaM, kanthAsIvanahetoH sUcIpippalakaM, shaucAdhAnatorjalakuNDikA, daNDadhAraNaM, bhaikShacaryArthaM pAtraM,prANadhAraNArthamekakAlamagrAmyo yathopapanno~abhyavahAraH, shramApanayanArthaM shIrNashuShkaparNatRuNAstaraNopadhAnaM, dhyAnahetoHkAyanibandhanaM, vaneShvaniketavAsaH, tandrAnindrAlasyAdikarmavarjanaM, indriyArtheShvanurAgopatApanigrahaH, suptasthitagataprekShitAhAravihArapratya~ggaceShTAdikeShvArambheShu smRutipUrvikA pravRuttiH, satkArastutigarhAvamAnakShamatvaM,kShutpipAsAyAsashramashItoShNavAtavarShAsukhaduHkhasaMsparshasahatvaM, shokadainyamAnodvegamadalobharAgerShyAbhayakrodhAdibhirasa~jcalanam,aha~gkArAdiShUpasargasa~jj~jA, lokapuruShayoH sargAdisAmAnyAvekShaNaM, kAryakAlAtyayabhayaM, yogArambhe satatamanirvedaH, sattvotsAhaH,apavargAya dhIdhRutismRutibalAdhAnaM; niyamanamindriyANAM cetasi, cetasa Atmani, Atmanashca; dhAtubhedena sharIrAvayavasa~gkhyAnamabhIkShNaM,sarvaM kAraNavadduHkhamasvamanityamityabhyupagamaH, sarvapravRuttiShvaghasa~jj~jA [6] , sarvasannyAse sukhamityabhiniveshaH; eShamArgo~apavargAya, ato~anyathA badhyate; ityudayanAni vyAkhyAtAni||12||

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We shall now describe the path and means for attaining emancipation. One who sees defects of the world (and therefore is disenchanted with it) and is desirous of attaining salvation should do the following:

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~~#Submit to a teacher/ preceptor (who can impart instructions for attaining salvation)~~

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~~#Put those instructions to practice~~

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~~#Tend to exclusive service to the ceremonial fire;~~

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~~#Study the sacred religious scriptures;~~

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~~#Understand the meaning of such scriptures;~~

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~~#Imbibe the teachings in those scriptures;~~

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~~#Mold one’s conduct as prescribed therein;~~

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~~#Seek the company of like-minded individuals and saints;~~

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~~#Eschew the company of wicked ;~~

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~~#Speak statements that are true, useful for all creatures and gentle; such statements should be made after pro¬per examination at appropriate time;~~

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~~#View all creatures as if they are like him;~~

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~~#Lead life as a celibate, avoiding all contacts - including remembering, thinking, questing and discourse with the opposite sex;~~

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~~#Renounce all worldly acquisitions;~~

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~~#Retain only the following to sustain one’s life as a seeker of salvation:~~

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*Kaupina ( loin-cloth );

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*Ochre/Saffron coloured dress;

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*A needle-case for mending the clothing;

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*A water pot for cleansing;

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*A medicant’s staff;

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*A bowl to collect alms;

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*Meal only once-a-day, consisting of wild grains if possible, to sustain one’s life;

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*In case of fatigue, shall take rest on bed made of dry leaves, grass, etc.;

−

*''Kayanibandhana'' (wooden resting plank/arm rest) for aid in meditation;

−

*Staying lonely in the forest;

−

*Avoid drowsiness, lassitude, sleep, etc.;

−

*Avoiding attachment or hatred towards sensory objects (animate or inanimate);

−

*Introspect (thinking of the nature of one’s Self) while sleeping, seeing, eating, moving one’s limbs, etc.;

−

*Maintain equanimity and serenity when being praised or insulted, honoured or criticized;

−

*Tolerate hunger, thirst, physical stress, cold, heat, wind, rains, happiness, misery, and sensory contacts;

−

*Be unaffected by sorrow, dejection, ego, vanity, greed, attachment, envy, fear, anger, etc.;

−

*Regard ego as the root cause of all sufferings;

−

*Observe the similarity between manifestation, etc. of man and the universe

−

*Be afraid of procrastinations in performing these duties to attain salvation ;

−

*Never lose one’s inclination to performing yogic practices;

−

*Be in enthusiastic frame of mind;

−

*Intellect, restraint and memory should be empowered to attain emancipation;

−

*Restrain sense organs by means of the mind, the mind by the soul and the soul by itself;

−

*Constantly (try to know) the body constituents by knowing basic elements and think it is just a matter

−

*Realize that all worldly objects are painful, transient and not eternal.

−

*Regard all activities as cause of evil and renunciation of all things is true happiness

−

~~This is the path to attaining salvation else one finds himself in bondage. [11-12]~~

−

~~भवन्ति चात्र-~~

−

~~एतैरविमलं सत्त्वं शुद्ध्युपायैर्विशुध्यति|~~

−

~~मृज्यमान इवादर्शस्तैलचेलकचादिभिः||१३||~~

−

~~Bhāvanti cātra-~~

−

~~ētairavimalaṁ sattvaṁ śuddhyupāyairviśudhyati|~~

−

~~mr̥jyamāna ivādarśastailacēlakacādibhiḥ||13||~~

−

~~bhavanti cAtra-~~

−

~~etairavimalaM sattvaM shuddhyupAyairvishudhyati|~~

−

~~mRujyamAna ivAdarshastailacelakacAdibhiH||13||~~

−

~~Thus, it is said:~~

−

~~By these purifying factors, the vitiated mind gets purified like a mirror is cleansed with the help of brush and cleansing solutions , etc. [13]~~

−

~~ग्रहाम्बुदरजोधूमनीहारैरसमावृतम्|~~

−

~~यथाऽर्कमण्डलं भाति भाति सत्त्वं तथाऽमलम्||१४||~~

−

~~grahāmbudarajōdhūmanīhārairasamāvr̥tam|~~

−

~~yathā'rkamaṇḍalaṁ bhāti bhāti sattvaṁ tathā'malam||14||~~

−

~~grahAmbudarajodhUmanIhArairasamAvRutam|~~

−

~~yathA~arkamaNDalaM bhAti bhAti sattvaM tathA~amalam||14||~~

−

~~Thus, the purified mind shines like the sun’s orb that has emerged out of an eclipse, clouds, dust, smoke and fog. [14]~~

−

~~ज्वलत्यात्मनि संरुद्धं तत् सत्त्वं संवृतायने|~~

−

~~शुद्धः स्थिरः प्रसन्नार्चिर्दीपो दीपाशये यथा||१५||~~

−

~~jvalatyātmani saṁruddhaṁ tat sattvaṁ saṁvr̥tāyanē|~~

−

~~śuddhaḥ sthiraḥ prasannārcirdīpō dīpāśayē yathā||15||~~

−

~~jvalatyAtmani saMruddhaM tat sattvaM saMvRutAyane|~~

−

~~shuddhaH sthiraH prasannArcirdIpo dIpAshaye yathA||15||~~

−

~~The mind, focused on the soul with its movement obscured, pure and stable, shines as the lamp shines with steady and luminous bright flame in a lamp case. [15]~~

−

~~शुद्धसत्त्वस्य या शुद्धा सत्या बुद्धिः प्रवर्तते|~~

−

~~यया भिनत्त्यतिबलं महामोहमयं तमः||१६||~~

−

~~śuddhasattvasya yā śuddhā satyā buddhiḥ pravartatē|~~

−

~~yayā bhinattyatibalaṁ mahāmōhamayaṁ tamaḥ||16||~~

−

~~shuddhasattvasya yA shuddhA satyA buddhiH pravartate|~~

−

~~yayA bhinattyatibalaM mahAmohamayaM tamaH||16||~~

−

~~The pure and true wisdom that originates from a pure mind dispels the excessively thick darkness of illusion caused by ignorance. [16]~~

−

~~सर्वभावस्वभावज्ञो यया भवति निःस्पृहः|~~

−

~~योगं यया साधयते साङ्ख्यः सम्पद्यते यया||१७||~~

−

~~sarvabhāvasvabhāvajñō yayā Bhāvati niḥspr̥haḥ|~~

−

~~yōgaṁ yayā sādhayatē sāṅkhyaḥ sampadyatē yayā||17||~~

−

~~sarvabhAvasvabhAvaj~jo yayA bhavati niHspRuhaH|~~

−

~~yogaM yayA sAdhayate sA~gkhyaH sampadyate yayA||17||~~

−

After this, one realizes the true nature of all beings which brings about detachment to things i.e., one becomes desireless leading to attai¬nment of ''yogic'' power and accomplishment of ''samkhya'' (knowledge of all categories). [17]

−

~~यया नोपैत्यहङ्कारं नोपास्ते कारणं यया|~~

−

~~यया नालम्बते किञ्चित् सर्वं सन्न्यस्यते यया||१८||~~

−

~~yayā nōpaityahaṅkāraṁ nōpāstē kāraṇaṁ yayā|~~

−

~~yayā nālambatē kiñcit sarvaṁ sannyasyatē yayā||18||~~

−

~~yayA nopaityaha~gkAraM nopAste kAraNaM yayA|~~

−

~~yayA nAlambate ki~jcit sarvaM sannyasyate yayA||18||~~

−

These realizations make the individual wise freeing him from ego, leading to freedom from vanity and detachment from the causes of misery. Such a person does not hold anything but renounces everything. [18]

−

~~याति ब्रह्म यया नित्यमजरं शान्तमव्ययम् |~~

−

~~विद्या सिद्धिर्मतिर्मेधा प्रज्ञा ज्ञानं च सा मता||१९||~~

−

~~yāti brahma yayā nityamajaraṁ śāntamavyayam |~~

−

~~vidyā siddhirmatirmēdhā prajñā jñānaṁ ca sā matā||19||~~

−

~~yAti brahma yayA nityamajaraM shAntamavyayam [13] |~~

−

~~vidyA siddhirmatirmedhA praj~jA j~jAnaM ca sA matA||19||~~

−

The Brahman, the Eternal, Immutable, Tranquil and Indestructible, is, thus, attained and is the ultimate wisdom, also known as ''vidya'' (learning), ''siddhi'' (accomplishment), ''mati'' (wisdom), ''medha'' (power of retention), ''pranja'' (intellect) and ''jnana'' (knowledge). [19]

−

~~==== Identification of the ''purusha'' (man/Individual) with the ''Loka'' (universe) -the effect ====~~

−

~~लोके विततमात्मानं लोकं चात्मनि पश्यतः|~~

−

~~परावरदृशः शान्तिर्ज्ञानमूला न नश्यति||२०||~~

−

~~lōkē vitatamātmānaṁ lōkaṁ cātmani paśyataḥ|~~

−

~~parāvaradr̥śaḥ śāntirjñānamūlā na naśyati||20||~~

−

~~loke vitatamAtmAnaM lokaM cAtmani pashyataH|~~

−

~~parAvaradRushaH shAntirj~jAnamUlA na nashyati||20||~~

−

If one perceives himself as extended across entire universe and vice versa (i.e., identifies his true Self with the Brahman), he is said to possess transcendental and worldly vision and his serenity of mind based on this wisdom never fades away. [20]

−

~~पश्यतः सर्वभावान् हि सर्वावस्थासु सर्वदा|~~

−

~~ब्रह्मभूतस्य संयोगो न शुद्धस्योपपद्यते||२१||~~

−

~~paśyataḥ sarvabhāvān hi sarvāvasthāsu sarvadā|~~

−

~~brahmabhūtasya saṁyōgō na śuddhasyōpapadyatē||21||~~

−

~~pashyataH sarvabhAvAn hi sarvAvasthAsu sarvadA|~~

−

~~brahmabhUtasya saMyogo na shuddhasyopapadyate||21||~~

−

When a person realizes the presence of everything in all situations, he becomes one with Brahman, the pure. He no longer has any connection with the forces of attachment, which are the cause of misery. [21]

−

~~==== Liberation from bondage ====~~

−

~~नात्मनः करणाभावाल्लिङ्गमप्युपलभ्यते|~~

−

~~स सर्वकरणायोगान्मुक्त इत्यभिधीयते||२२||~~

−

~~nātmanaḥ karaṇābhāvālliṅgamapyupalabhyatē|~~

−

~~sa sarvakaraṇāyōgānmukta ityabhidhīyatē||22||~~

−

~~nAtmanaH karaNAbhAvAlli~ggamapyupalabhyate|~~

−

~~sa sarvakaraNAyogAnmukta ityabhidhIyate||22||~~

−

~~At this stage, even the signs of Self cannot be found because once there is detachment from all sensory organs, one is said to be emancipated. [22]~~

−

~~==== Synonyms of ''Shanti'' (Liberation) ====~~

−

~~विपापं विरजः शान्तं परमक्षरमव्ययम्|~~

−

~~अमृतं ब्रह्म निर्वाणं पर्यायैः शान्तिरुच्यते||२३||~~

−

~~vipāpaṁ virajaḥ śāntaṁ paramakṣaramavyayam|~~

−

~~amr̥taṁ brahma nirvāṇaṁ paryāyaiḥ śāntirucyatē||23||~~

−

~~vipApaM virajaH shAntaM paramakSharamavyayam|~~

−

~~amRutaM brahma nirvANaM paryAyaiH shAntirucyate||23||~~

−

~~''Shanti'' or ''Moksha'' is synonymous with the following –~~

−

*''Vipapa'' (free from sins),

−

*''Viraja'' (free from attachments),

−

*''Shanta'' (serene),

−

*''Para'' (absolute),

−

*''Akshara'' (indestructible),

−

*''Avyaya'' (immutable)

−

*''Amritam'' (immortal),

−

*''Brahman'' (supreme consciousness), and

−

*''Nirvana'' (the state at extinction of all miseries). [23]

−

~~एतत्तत् सौम्य! विज्ञानं यज्ज्ञात्वा मुक्तसंशयाः|~~

−

~~मुनयः प्रशमं जग्मुर्वीतमोहरजःस्पृहाः||२४||~~

−

~~ētattat saumya! vijñānaṁ yajjñātvā muktasaṁśayāḥ|~~

−

~~munayaḥ praśamaṁ jagmurvītamōharajaḥspr̥hāḥ||24||~~

−

~~etattat saumya! vij~jAnaM yajj~jAtvA muktasaMshayAH|~~

−

~~munayaH prashamaM jagmurvItamoharajaHspRuhAH||24||~~

−

O Gentle One! This is the knowledge that, when acquired by the sages, frees them from all skepticism while liberating them from ''moha'' (endearment), ''rajas'' (ignorance/ passion), leading them to the state of ''prashama'' (absolute tranquility) i.e., salvation. [24]

−

~~तत्र श्लोकौ-~~

−

~~सप्रयोजनमुद्दिष्टं लोकस्य पुरुषस्य च|~~

−

~~सामान्यं मूलमुत्पत्तौ निवृत्तौ मार्ग एव च||२५||~~

−

~~शुद्धसत्त्वसमाधानं सत्या बुद्धिश्च नैष्ठिकी|~~

−

~~विचये पुरुषस्योक्ता निष्ठा च परमर्षिणा||२६||~~

−

~~tatra ślōkau-~~

−

~~saprayōjanamuddiṣṭaṁ lōkasya puruṣasya ca|~~

−

~~sāmānyaṁ mūlamutpattau nivr̥ttau mārga ēva ca||25||~~

−

~~śuddhasattvasamādhānaṁ satyā buddhiśca naiṣṭhikī|~~

−

~~vicayē puruṣasyōktā niṣṭhā ca paramarṣiṇā||26||~~

−

~~tatra shlokau-~~

−

~~saprayojanamuddiShTaM lokasya puruShasya ca|~~

−

~~sAmAnyaM mUlamutpattau nivRuttau mArga eva ca||25||~~

−

~~shuddhasattvasamAdhAnaM satyA buddhishca naiShThikI|~~

−

~~vicaye puruShasyoktA niShThA ca paramarShiNA||26||~~

−

~~To summarize, in this chapter [[Purusha Vichaya Sharira]] (The analytical study/search of ''purusha'') the sage has explained:~~

−

~~#The similarities between the universe and the individual along with the purpose of such knowledge, and~~

−

~~#The cause of ''utapatti'' (soul’s bondage) and the means for release of the soul.~~

−

~~#Concentration of pure mind and true knowledge leading to final goal (salvation)~~

−

~~#The concept of ''nishtha'' (salvation)~~

−

~~All these concepts have been elaborated by the great sage in this chapter [25-26]~~

−

~~=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' ===~~

−

*''Purusha'' (microcosm) is exactly similar to the ''loka'' (macrocosm). Whatever specific embodiments are present in the ''loka'', the same are in the ''purusha''. Similarly, whatever is in ''purusha'', is also in the ''loka''.

−

*The ''purusha'' and ''loka'', both are aggregate (collective combination) of six constituents viz. ''prithvi, apa, tejas, vayu, akasha'' and unmanifested Brahman (consciousness).

−

*Seeing the universe in self and vice-versa, gives rise to true knowledge. With such (true) knowledge, one realizes that the atman, or the Self, alone is responsible for bliss and sorrow and no one else.

−

*The realization of true knowledge leads to salvation.

−

*The ''purusha'' (man) and ''loka'' (universe) both have cause of manifestation, germination or birth, growth, advent of miseries and cessation.

−

*The root cause of universe and all miseries is ''pravritti'' (action/attachment). ''Nivritti'' (inaction/detachment from worldly affairs) leads to its destruction (of all miseries). Attachment leads to miseries and detachment to bliss. Realization of this fact is truth (pure knowledge).

−

*The ignorance, hatred, desire are sources of all miseries and lead to attachment to worldly affairs.

−

*''Ahamkara'' (ego), ''sanga'' (attachment), ''samshaya'' (skepticism), ''abhisamplava'' (mistaken self-identity), ''abhyavapata'' (false sense of ownership), ''vipratyaya'' (sensing opposite of reality), ''avishesha'' (inability to distinguish between consciousness/unconsciousness) and ''anupaya'' (believing in outdated traditions) are self-destructive factors arouse due to above said attachment. These are the origins of all evils in the world.

−

*Disinclination/detachment from worldly affairs is ''apavarga'' (salvation). It is the ''para'' (the supreme), ''prashanta'' (the serene), ''akshara'' (the immutable), the Brahman (the super-consciousness), and the ''moksha'' (emancipation).

−

*In order to attain emancipation, one shall follow ''sadvritta'' i.e. instructions guided by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda]. This will lead oneself to attain serenity, tranquility, freedom from all miseries.

−

*The pure and true wisdom that originates from a pure mind dispels the excessively thick darkness of illusion caused by ignorance.

−

*The supreme human being is the Brahman, the Eternal, Immutable, Tranquil and Indestructible. It possesses the ultimate wisdom, also known as ''vidya'' (learning), ''siddhi'' (accomplishment), ''mati'' (wisdom), ''medha'' (power of retention), ''pranja'' (intellect) and ''jnana'' (knowledge).

−

*''Shanti'' or ''Moksha'' is a state which is ''Vipapa'' (free from sins), ''Viraja'' (free from attachments), ''Shanta'' (serene),''Para'' (absolute), ''Akshara'' (indestructible), ''Avyaya'' (immutable), ''Amritam'' (immortal), ''Brahman'' (supreme consciousness), and ''Nirvana'' (the state at extinction of all miseries).

−

~~=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' ===~~

−

In Vedic philosophies, the ''atman'' transmigrates from one body to the other in the process of birth and death. Happiness and sorrow are, per these philosophies, the cumulative result of self deeds in one's lifetime.

−

~~==== ''Eishana'' and ''Purushartha'' ====~~

−

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda] refers to three primary instincts, or ''eishanas'', of the ''purusha – praneishana'' (longevity of life), ''dhanaeishana'' (desire for wealth), and ''paralokaeishana'' (liberation), etc. A person who possesses unimpaired intelligence, ability to discern, enthusiasm and desire to secure his wellbeing – both in this world and in the world after death – would have these three ''eishanas''. The primary objective of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda] is to afford ''arogya'' (health), which is essential to attain the four ''purusharthas'' (i.e., ''dharma'' (righteous life), ''artha'' (wealth), ''kama'' (pleasure), and ''moksha'' (salvation)).

−

Only when the person accepts the fact that he is one with the universe, that he is made up of the same six ''dhatus'' that makes the universe – the five ''mahabhuta'', and Consciousness - and that egoism, vanity, selfishness, skepticism, etc. are only the manifestations of a mind that wrongly identifies the physical body with the Self, causing the person to suffer from miseries and trapping him into the perennial cycle of birth and death.

−

~~==== ''Lokapurusha Samya'' ====~~

−

~~===== Applied aspects of the concept of commonness of the ''purusha'' and the universe in the study of health and diseases =====~~

−

The whole premise of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda] is the maintaining a state of health that would help an individual attain salvation. To achieve such a state of health requires harmony (''samya'') between the person (''purusha'') and the environment around him, or rather, the entire universe (''loka''). Per [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda], health cannot be defined only as the absence of disease within the human body, but rather, a state of consciousness where the person identifies himself with the universe, and gets detached from worldly emotions of bliss and grief (while still being able to discern the good and the bad, and avoiding the company of those who cling onto worldly feelings of attachment, ego, vanity, greed, etc.).

−

~~===== Connection of consciousness between man and the universe =====~~

−

The neurologist Dr.Wiebers in his book “Theory of reality” coined the terms ‘C’ unit is the unit of consciousness in human body and ‘C’ field is the cosmic consciousness. The C unit is always connected with C field to carry out certain functions. The person is a unit of cosmos. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda] narrates Human beings are a microcosm of the planet and exhibit holographic phenomenon. The Self conscious i.e. ‘C’ unit is a unitary part of ‘C’ field (consciousness) in the cosmos. This C unit is controlling and regulating intellect, that controls mind; and this mind controls sense organs which lead the body as the horses lead a chariot. The interaction C field with C unit for fetching positive energy from cosmos is utmost important. Empowerment of the self conscious for communication with intellect in brain and mind seated at the heart is important mechanism for mental health in holistic view. Therefore promotion of positive mental health shall be focused with a holistic view of all these factors thinking beyond reductionist’s approaches of neurotransmitter, endocrinal and genetic biological theories. Hologram for mental health, the constituents of Human being that make the Humans real “Humans” are considered vital for complete health.

−

~~==== ''Panchamahabhuta'': the building blocks of the ''purusha'' and the ''loka'' ====~~

−

That the ''purusha'' is a microcosm, made up of the same dhatus that constitute the universe: the ''panchamahabhuta'' and consciousness (''atman'', or the Self, within the ''purusha'', and ''Brahman'', or the superconsciousness, within the universe) is central to Vedic philosophy in general and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda] in particular. Bodily components – ''doshas, dhatus,''and ''mala'' – are also made up of ''mahabhutas'', and so are ''ahara'' (food), and ''aushadha'' (medicine). A disequilibrium between the environment and the person could therefore vitiate the constitution of the person, the food he eats, and the efficacy of the medication he takes, making him physically or mentally diseased. A society made up of diseased individuals would only make the environment more diseased. Thus, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda] is not just about the health of an individual, but also the health of the planet.

−

~~===== ''Panchabhautika chikitsa'' =====~~

−

The specific actions and effects of ''mahabhuta'' in development of various body constituents, organs, systems are described in previous chapter ([[Sharira Sthana]] chapter 4/12). The knowledge of similarity between man and universe can be applied for diagnosis of ailments and their treatments. The ''panchabhautika chikitsa'' system focuses on this principle. E.g. if certain body constituents originated from ''prithvi'' ''mahabhuta'' ( viz. bones) are disordered, then it can be treated with ''parthiva'' medicines available in the external world ( viz. shells, minerals).

−

~~==== Health and Disease: Causes ====~~

−

~~The principle causes of disease, per [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda], are~~

−

~~#''Kala parinama'',~~

−

~~#''Prajnaparadha'', and~~

−

~~#''Asatmyaindriyartha Samayoga''.~~

−

([[Sutra Sthana]], 1/54 and [[Sharira Sthana]], 1/98). In this context, it is important to note that ''kala'' (time), ''buddhi'' (intellect), and ''indriyartha'' are the three basic factors that govern an individual’s state of health and disease. ''Samayoga'', or favorable conditions, are conducive to health while ''visamayoga'' (''ayoga, atiyoga,'' and ''mithyayoga'') of ''kala, buddhi,'' and ''indriyartha'' leads to disease. In the state of health, the basic components of the body – ''doshas, dhatus,'' and ''mala'' – are in a state of equilibrium, implied by the term ''samayoga''.

−

~~===== ''Desha'' (habitat or local environment), and its role in Health and Disease =====~~

−

The role of ''desha'' is significant in matters of health and disease. It denotes the habitat of an individual and is also considered among the ''karana dravyas'' in [[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 1. ''Desha'' influences the individual’s diet, etiological factors responsible for various diseases, availability of medicinal plants. In fact, extending the man-environment relationship, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda] considers examination of one’s locale to be an important factor in the diagnosis of a disease. Ayurvedic texts classify ''desha'' into three types: ''anupa desha'' (marshy land), ''jangala desha'' (forested or wooded land), and ''sadharana desha'' (mix of marshy and forested land). ([[Kalpa Sthana]], 1/6). The concept of ''oka satmya'' (adjustment or adapting to a particular diet or behavior due to habitual use or practice) is also closely related to ''desha'' and season. A diet or medication suitable to a particular region or time may be counter-indicative in another.

−

~~===== ''Kala'' (temporal factors), and its role in Health and Disease =====~~

−

''Kala'' plays a very important role in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda], and is a universal factor that affects the ''purusha'' and the ''loka''. Vedic texts talk of various time spans, quite similar to those in modern sciences – describing the life-spans of the universe and various celestial objects, as well as that of the ''purusha''. It is also a ''karana dravya'', per [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda] ([[Sutra Sthana]], 1/48). In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda], ''kala'' does not only mean time, but also seasons (''ritu''), and from that standpoint, plays an important role in determining causative factors of diseases or prescribing therapies for maintaining health. ([[Sutra Sthana]] , 11/23, [[Vimana Sthana]], 1/21/6, [[Sutra Sthana]] 6/4).

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''Kala'' also influences ''doshika'' rhythm. External environmental changes brought about by changes in the season influence the pattern of ''doshic'' changes in the body. These have been described to be of three stages: ''Chaya'' (or ''Sanchaya'', accumulation), ''Prakopa'' (vitiation, aggravation), and ''Prashamana'' (remission to normalcy) ([[Sutra Sthana]], 17/114). These stages generally occur in a natural manner through normal seasonal variations, and therefore Ayurvedic practitioners would typically advise care and adjustment in diet and lifestyle to account for these changes.

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~~==== Influence of ''purusha'' on ''loka'': ''janapadodhwanssa'' ====~~

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While the ''purusha'' is influenced by his environment, the ''loka'' is also influenced by ''purusha'' by his virtuous as well as destructive activities. The concept of ''janpadodhwansa'' talks of natural as well as man-made calamities and epidemics ([[Sutra Sthana]], 1/41, [[Vimana Sthana]], 3/9/11). [[Charaka Samhita]] states that in their natural elements, air, water, land, and seasons are indispensable in this order. This indicates that ''desha'' and ''kala/ritu'' are the most important factors from the standpoint of maintenance of health or for the occurrence of diseases. Vitiation of these four factors, besides the actions of one’s past life, per [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda], has a direct bearing on the state of physical and mental health of individuals in particular and societies in general.

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~~The path to achieve a status of complete human being and salvation is described in this chapter.~~

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In conclusion, various verses and sections of Ayurvedic texts keep reiterating the causes of somatic and mental health conditions – and invariably all point to imbalances in the equilibrium between man and his environment.

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~~=== References ===~~

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