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Ashtauninditiya Adhyaya (view source)
Revision as of 05:55, 18 December 2017
, 05:55, 18 December 2017→Etiology, features, and consequences of atikrisha (emaciation)
==== Etiology, features, and consequences of ''atikrisha'' (emaciation) ====
==== Etiology, features, and consequences of ''atikrisha'' (emaciation) ====
The etiological factors for ''atikrisha'' may be divided into two groups - excessive expenditure of calories and fewer intakes of calories. Either of these conditions leads to under-nutrition which ultimately results in atikrisha. In the pathogenesis of ''krishata'', ''vayu'' plays an important role. Most of the etiological factors observed in the case of ''krisha'' and ''atikrisha'' provoke ''vata'' vitiation. Thus, vitiated ''vata'' may be considered the most important factor in the pathogenesis of ''krisha''. In ''sthaulya'' there is excessive formation and under-utilization (due to sedentary habit) of the ''rasa dhatu''. On the other hand, in ''krishata'' there is less formation of ''rasa'' due to diseases or due to undernourishment. Further, Charaka and Suśruta both have categorized ''krishata'' as a ''rasa pradoshaja vyadhi'' (C.Su.28:10, Su.Su.15:37,24:8). In this way, ''rasa dhatu dushti'' mainly in the form of ''kshaya'' is found in extremely lean or emaciated people. The other ''dhatu'' involved in the pathogenesis of obesity as well as ''atikrisha'' is ''meda'' since it is mentioned that ''medokshaya'' (or the deficiency of ''meda'') cause ''krisanga'' (A.H.Su.11:18).
The etiological factors for ''atikrisha'' may be divided into two groups - excessive expenditure of calories and fewer intakes of calories. Either of these conditions leads to under-nutrition which ultimately results in atikrisha. In the pathogenesis of ''krishata'', ''vayu'' plays an important role. Most of the etiological factors observed in the case of ''krisha'' and ''atikrisha'' provoke ''vata'' vitiation. Thus, vitiated ''vata'' may be considered the most important factor in the pathogenesis of ''krisha''. In ''sthaulya'' there is excessive formation and under-utilization (due to sedentary habit) of the ''rasa dhatu''. On the other hand, in ''krishata'' there is less formation of ''rasa'' due to diseases or due to undernourishment. Further, Charaka and Suśruta both have categorized ''krishata'' as a ''rasa pradoshaja vyadhi'' (C.Su.28:10, Su.Su.15:37,24:8). In this way, ''rasa dhatu dushti'' mainly in the form of ''kshaya'' is found in extremely lean or emaciated people. The other ''dhatu'' involved in the pathogenesis of obesity as well as ''atikrisha'' is ''meda'' since it is mentioned that ''medokshaya'' (or the deficiency of ''meda'') cause ''krisanga'' (A.H.Su.11:18)<ref>Munshi, V.D. (translator) (1952). Ashtang Hridaya,Sastum Sahityavardhak Mudranalaya, Ahmedabad, India, p. 135, Sutrasthana-24/5, 11/18. </ref>.
In biomedical terms, emaciation is the outcome of loss of the fatty contents or loss of adipose tissue component of subcutaneous fat, which is lying beneath the outer covering of the body<ref>Gray D.S., Fujioka K. (1991). "Use of relative weight and Body Mass Index for the determination of adiposity". J Clin Epidemiol, 44 (6): 545–50. </ref>. It is also known as extreme weight loss, leanness, or thinness. In general term, it is also known as wasting, which is caused by hampered nutritional requirement at the tissue level and excessive starvation. Wasting or leanness is an important symptom of improper nourishment, which is commonly seen in various clinical conditions such as poverty, a variety of gastrointestinal disorders, various eating disorders, prolonged fever, malignant diseases, endocrine disorders, chronic infections, autoimmune disorders as well as parasitic infections. The malnourished person faced a lot of problems related to cardiovascular, integumentary and urogenital systems. Disturbances in blood circulation, serum electrolyte, and serum protein are commonly observed in emaciated person. Such type individuals are more to suffer from infections due to deranged immune power and swelling in general<ref>"Emaciation". Medical-Dictionary.TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved February 19, 2014. </ref>.
Obesity and leanness can manifest themselves in very severe and excessive forms than discussed here and those cases could make the management of such disorders - and any disease it could lead to – very challenging. While the principles of treatment remain unchanged, the therapeutic measures should be suitably intensified to counter the numerous disorders that arise because of excessive obesity and leanness (C.Su. 23/3-34). The patients of ''atikrisha'' and ''sthaulya'' perpetually suffer from diseases but the standpoint of treatment, the former is significantly more manageable because ''sthula'' (or the obese) suffers more in comparison to ''atikrisha'' (the emaciated) (Su.Su. 15:42). Further, it is mentioned that ''atikṛisha'' is a grave disease, but is considered better than ''atisthula'' from treatment aspect because there is no treatment for ''sthaulya''. For proper treatment of ''sthulya'' the drugs must have ''medohara, agnihara'' and ''vatahara'' action at the same time, which is neither possible from ''karshaṇa'' nor ''brimhana''. Recent evidence also suggests that Charaka had associated extreme weight-loss/undernourishment with high rates of morbidity and mortality, although to a lesser extent than obesity<ref>Bose, Bholanoth (1877, 2009). A new system of medicine, entitled recognizant medicine; or, The state of the sick. London: J. & A. Churchill. pp. 192–199. Retrieved February 19, 2014. </ref> <ref>Lusky A, Barell V, Lubin F, Kaplan G, Layani V, Shohat Z, et al. Relationship between morbidity and extreme values of body mass index in adolescents. Int J Epidemiol 1996;25(4):829-834. </ref> <ref> </ref> <ref>Lake JK, Power C, Cole TJ. Women's reproductive health: the role of body mass index in early and adult life. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997;21(6):432-438. </ref> <ref> Kopp W, Blum WF, von Prittwitz S, Ziegler A, Lubbert H, Emons G, et al. Low leptin levels predict amenorrhea in underweight and eating disordered females. Mol Psychiatry 1997;2(4):335-340. </ref> <ref> He Q, Karlberg J. BMI in childhood and its association with height gain, timing of puberty, and final height. Pediatr Res 2001;49(2):244-251. </ref>.
==== Management of the Morbidly Obese (20-28) ====
==== Management of the Morbidly Obese (20-28) ====