Changes

The presently accepted cephalopelvic position correlates well to the position of the foetus explained in the classics.(22)

The presently accepted cephalopelvic position correlates well to the position of the foetus explained in the classics.(22)

Modern embryology supports that the fetal blood flows through villi in which the capillaries are covered only by fetal tissue. It bathes directly in the intervillous space in a pool of flowing maternal blood. The transfer, processing and synthesis of nutrients under the influence of maternal, fetal and placental hormones is carried by various parts of the placenta through several modes. Lipid soluble molecules such as respiratory gases, anesthetic agents, several drugs and unconjugated bilirubin cross easily by penetrating the cell membrane.  Small water soluble molecules such as urea and water also cross easily by diffusion or osmosis. A specific carrier molecule facilitate transfer of glucose. Specific carrier mediated processes are carried to transport most amino acids, calcium, potassium and phosphorous from mother to fetus. This consumes energy leads to active transport leading to higher concentration in fetal than in maternal plasma. IgG, iron and vitamin B12 are transported by means of a receptor mediated mechanism into the fetal circulation. Any changes in the rate of blood flow hardly affect permeability of lipid insoluble substances. . Their passage is ‘membrane limited’ and control of their transfer is largely by a change in placental tissue carrier mechanisms. Large increases in placental blood flow as gestation proceeds are important so that the transport of respiratory gases can be increased to meet the needs of the growing fetus. This mechanism of transport is similar to upasneha and upasweda nyaya described in this chapter. [11] (23)

Modern embryology supports that the fetal blood flows through villi in which the capillaries are covered only by fetal tissue. It bathes directly in the intervillous space in a pool of flowing maternal blood. The transfer, processing and synthesis of nutrients under the influence of maternal, fetal and placental hormones is carried by various parts of the placenta through several modes. Lipid soluble molecules such as respiratory gases, anesthetic agents, several drugs and unconjugated bilirubin cross easily by penetrating the cell membrane.  Small water soluble molecules such as urea and water also cross easily by diffusion or osmosis. A specific carrier molecule facilitate transfer of glucose. Specific carrier mediated processes are carried to transport most amino acids, calcium, potassium and phosphorous from mother to fetus. This consumes energy leads to active transport leading to higher concentration in fetal than in maternal plasma. IgG, iron and vitamin B12 are transported by means of a receptor mediated mechanism into the fetal circulation. Any changes in the rate of blood flow hardly affect permeability of lipid insoluble substances. Their passage is ‘membrane limited’ and control of their transfer is largely by a change in placental tissue carrier mechanisms. Large increases in placental blood flow as gestation proceeds are important so that the transport of respiratory gases can be increased to meet the needs of the growing fetus. This mechanism of transport is similar to ''upasneha'' and ''upasweda nyaya'' described in this chapter. [11] (23)

Kalayoga is interpreted as ‘attainment of proper time’ e.g. development of body in adolescence (seventeen years of age and onwards). The seasons of the year are also considered. Swabhava means the invisible factor of nature. Avighata is the absence of inhibiting factors such as excessive sexual act, mental stress etc. Avighata to ahara and thus interprets in restricted sense as ‘non-antagonism of dietary factors’. (12)

''Kalayoga'' is interpreted as ‘attainment of proper time’ e.g. development of body in adolescence (seventeen years of age and onwards). The seasons of the year are also considered. ''Swabhava'' means the invisible factor of nature. ''Avighata'' is the absence of inhibiting factors such as excessive sexual act, mental stress etc. ''Avighata'' to ''ahara'' and thus interprets in restricted sense as ‘non-antagonism of dietary factors’. (12)

Inhabitants of certain places like Sindh are strong by nature. This is because of the specific characteristics of those places. Birth in such countries makes the individuals strong. Similarly, in certain seasons like hemanta and shishira, people generally gain strength, and birth in such seasons makes the individual strong. Moderate climate when there is no excess heat and cold and which is pleasant also promotes the strength of the individual.  

Inhabitants of certain places like Sindh are strong by nature. This is because of the specific characteristics of those places. Birth in such countries makes the individuals strong. Similarly, in certain seasons like ''hemanta'' and ''shishira'', people generally gain strength, and birth in such seasons makes the individual strong. Moderate climate when there is no excess heat and cold and which is pleasant also promotes the strength of the individual.  

The progeny of parents having no abnormality or having the excellence of bija and kshetra is endowed with strength. Here bija means the healthy sperm and ovum, while kshetra means the uterus where implantation and further growth of embryo takes place.  

The progeny of parents having no abnormality or having the excellence of ''beeja'' and ''kshetra'' is endowed with strength. Here ''beeja'' means the healthy sperm and ovum, while ''kshetra'' means the uterus where implantation and further growth of embryo takes place.  

Mind also has control over the body. (Cha.Sha. 4/ 36). If the individual is mentally strong, then his body will also be quite strong. Some people are also endowed with a strong physique because of their virtuous actions in their past lives. Habitual performance of exercise is also known to promote the strength of an individual.(13)

Mind also has control over the body. (Cha.Sha. 4/ 36). If the individual is mentally strong, then his body will also be quite strong. Some people are also endowed with a strong physique because of their virtuous actions in their past lives. Habitual performance of exercise is also known to promote the strength of an individual.(13)

Eight factors to be kept in mind for the administration of food in appropriate manner are described in first chapter of vimana sthana(Cha.Vi. 1/21-22). Balanced use of these eight factors regarding diet is considered as samayoga. (14)

Eight factors to be kept in mind for the administration of food in appropriate manner are described in first chapter of [[Vimana Sthana]](Cha.Vi. 1/21-22). Balanced use of these eight factors regarding diet is considered as ''samayoga''. (14)

Ushma takes part directly in the digestion of food and the remaining factors take part indirectly. Vata transports food to the site of agni to facilitate and stimulate digestion (Cha.Chi.15/6,17). (Cha.Chi.15/17). Apart from this, specific time is required to complete the digestive process. The detail process of digestion and metabolism is described in fifteenth chapter of chikitsa sthana(Cha. Chi.15/6-11).(15)

''Ushma'' takes part directly in the digestion of food and the remaining factors take part indirectly. ''Vata'' transports food to the site of ''agni'' to facilitate and stimulate digestion (Cha.Chi.15/6,17). (Cha.Chi.15/17). Apart from this, specific time is required to complete the digestive process. The detail process of digestion and metabolism is described in fifteenth chapter of [[Chikitsa Sthana]](Cha. Chi.15/6-11).(15)

===References ===

===References ===