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Santarpaniya Adhyaya (view source)

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==([[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 23, Chapter on Over-nutrition and its disorders)==

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<div style="text-align:justify;">==([[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 23, Chapter on Over-nutrition and its disorders)==

=== Abstract ===

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'''Keywords''': ''santarpana'' (overnutrition), ''apatarpana'' (undernutrition), management of over-nutrition induced disorders, nutrition deficiency disorders.

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=== Introduction ===

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In the series of chapters described for management principles, the present chapter describes two most commonly observed conditions in society viz. ''santarpana'' (over-nutrition) and ''apatarpana'' (undernutrition). It is sequenced after ''langhana'' and ''brimhana'' therapies. The present chapter enlists causes, diseases due to overnutrition and undernutrition and their management through diet and medicaments. It is a blend of nutraceutical food supplements with medicaments. Complications arising due to sedentary lifestyle and over-nutritive diet are also enlisted in the chapter with diseases caused due to undernutrition/ malnourishment and their management with simple dietary preparations. The pharmacological effect of herbs used in management are elaborated in details as well.

''Santarpana'' (overnutrition) leads to vitiation of ''kapha dosha, meda dhatu'' and various obstructive pathologies, whereas ''apatarpana'' (undernutrition) leads to ''vata-pitta dosha'' vitiation and various degenerative pathologies. This concept has been emphasized in this chapter.

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===Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation===

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rogAstasyopajAyante santarpaNanimittajAH|5|

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Excessive consumption of unctuous, sweet, heavy to digest and slimy food, new grains (especially new rice), new wine, flesh of animals living in marshy area or born in water, cow’s milk and its products, and those prepared with sugar or molasses, varieties of cakes lead to ''santarpana''. Those who indulge in sedentary, inactive lifestyles and sleep during the day are prone to ''santarpaniya vyadhis'' (i.e. ''santarpana'' induced diseases). [3-4]

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==== List of ''santarpana'' induced diseases ====

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indriyasrotasAM lepo buddhermohaH pramIlakaH|

shophAshcaivaMvidhAshcAnye shIghramapratikurvataH||7||

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Due to above mentioned causative factors, if the effects of ''santarpana'' are not treated properly, one suffers from various diseases such as obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes, carbuncles, urticaria, itching, ''pandu'' (anaemia), ''amaja'' diseases (i.e., due to formation of ''ama''), ''jwara,'' obstinate skin diseases, diseases secondary to vitiation of ''ama'', dysuria, anorexia or appetite related complaints, ''tandra'' (drowsiness/sleepiness), ''klaibya'' (erectile and sexual dysfunctions), obesity, laziness, heaviness of the body, adhesion or blockages in the channels as well as sense organs, delusion, various types of edema, and such of other diseases. [5-7]

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==== Management of ''santarpana''-induced diseases ====

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sakShaudrashcAbhayAprAshaH prAyo rUkShAnnasevanam|

cUrNapradehA ye coktAH kaNDUkoThavinAshanAH||9||

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Formulations made up of ''haritaki'' (Terminalia Chebula), such as ''agastyaharitaki'' mixed with honey, habituating with ''ruksha'' food (i.e., without using unctuous substances like oil, ghee etc.), those powders and poultice described in treatment of pruritus and urticaria (mentioned in the third chapter of this section) are advised. [9]

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त्रिफलारग्वधं पाठां सप्तपर्णं सवत्सकम्|

मुस्तं समदनं निम्बं जलेनोत्क्वथितं पिबेत्||१०||

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tena mehAdayo yAnti nAshamabhyasyato dhruvam|

mAtrAkAlaprayuktena santarpaNasamutthitAH||11||

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The decoction of ''triphala'' (amalaki (Emblica officinalis), ''bibhitaki'' (Terminalia bellirica), and ''haritaki'' (Terminalia chebula)), ''aragvadha'' (Cassia fistula), ''patha'' (Cissampelos pareira), ''saptaparna'' (Alstonia scholaris), ''vatsaka'' (Holarrhena antidysenterica), ''musta'' (Cyperus rotundus), ''madana'' (Randia dumetorum) and ''nimba'' (Azadirachta indica), mixed together and boiled in water, is advised for consumption regularly. By regular use of this decoction, in the right dose and at the right time, ''santarpaniya vyadhi'' like ''madhumeha'' and other diseases can be controlled properly. [10-11]

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मुस्तमारग्वधः पाठा त्रिफला देवदारु च|

श्वदंष्ट्रा खदिरो निम्बो हरिद्रे त्वक्च वत्सकात्||१२||

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ebhishcodvartanoddharShasnAnayogopayojitaiH|

tvagdoShAH prashamaM yAnti tathA snehopasaMhitaiH||14||

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All ''santarpaniya'' diseases can be cured, if the juices (decoction) of ''musta, aaragvadha, paatha, triphala, devadaru'' (Cedrus deodara), ''shvadamshtra'' (Trinbulus terrestris), ''khadira'' (Acacia catechu Wild), ''nimba, haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daruharidra'' (Berberis aristata) and the bark of ''vatsaka'' (Holarrhena anti-dysenterica) are consumed every morning (depending upon the dominant ''dosha'' in the disease).

If the above herbs are used in a powdered form for ''udvartana'' with or without massage or the decoction of the above herbs are used for medicinal bath or if the oil made up of above drugs is used for body application it relieves all the skin disorders caused due to ''santarpaniya vyadhis''.[12-14]

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कुष्ठं गोमेदको हिङ्गु क्रौञ्चास्थि त्र्यूषणं वचा|

वृषकैले श्वदंष्ट्रा च खराह्वा चाश्मभेदकः||१५||

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takreNa dadhimaNDena badarAmlarasena vA|

mUtrakRucchraM pramehaM ca pItametadvyapohati||16||

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''Kustha'' (Saussurea lappa), ''gomedaka'' (onyx), ''hingu'' (Ferula narthex), bones of the ''krauncha'' bird (Ardea Jaculator, demoiselle crane), ''sunthi'' (Zingiber officinalis), ''pippali'' (Piper longum), ''maricha'' (Piper nigrum), ''vacha'' (Acorus calamus), ''vasa'' (Adhatoda vasica Nees), ''ela'' (Elettaria cardamoum), ''gokshura'' (Tribulus terrestris), ''kharahva'' (Trachyspermum roxburghianum), and ''ashmabheda'' (Bergenia ligulata – crushed and mixed with buttermilk, whey and the juice of a sour variant of ''badara'' (Zizyphus jujuba) are used to treat ''mutrakruchchra'' (dysuria) and ''prameha'' (obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus characterized by excess frequency of micturition). [15-16]

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तक्राभयाप्रयोगैश्च त्रिफलायास्तथैव च|

अरिष्टानां प्रयोगैश्च यान्ति मेहादयः शमम्||१७||

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takrAbhayAprayogaishca triphalAyAstathaiva ca|

ariShTAnAM prayogaishca yAnti mehAdayaH shamam||17||

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''Haritaki'' (Terminalia chebula) with butter milk, ''triphala'' (Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica Roxb. And Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) and ''arishta'' (different types of medicinal alcoholic preparations) are prescribed for the treatment of obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus and such other diseases. [17]

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त्र्यूषणं त्रिफला क्षौद्रं क्रिमिघ्नमजमोदकः|

मन्थोऽयं सक्तवस्तैलं हितो लोहोदकाप्लुतः||१८||

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tryUShaNaM triphalA kShaudraM krimighnamajamodakaH|

mantho~ayaM saktavastailaM hito lohodakAplutaH||18||

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''Mantha'' (thin gruel) prepared of ''trikatu'' (Zingiber officinale, Piper longum, and Piper nigrum), ''triphala'' (Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica Roxb., and Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), honey, ''vidanga'' (Embelia ribes Burm f.), ''ajamoda'' (Trachy-spermum roxburghianum), roasted wheat flour or coarse ground meal, oil and the decoction of ''agaru'' (Aquilari agallocha Roxb.) help to cure the diseases due to over-nourishment. [18]

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व्योषं विडङ्गं शिग्रूणि त्रिफलां कटुरोहिणीम्|

बृहत्यौ द्वे हरिद्रे द्वे पाठामतिविषां स्थिराम्||१९||

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cUrNatailaghRutakShaudrabhAgAH syurmAnataH samAH|

saktUnAM ShoDashaguNo bhAgaH santarpaNaM pibet||21||

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''Trikatu'' (Zingiber officianel,Piper langum and Piper nigrum), ''vidanga'' (Embelia ribes), varieties of ''shigru'' (Moringa olefera), ''triphala'', ''katurohini'' (Picrorhiza kurroa), ''brihati'' (Solanum indicum), ''kantakari'' (Solanum xanthocarpum), ''haridra'' (Curcuma longa), ''daaruharidra'' (Berberis aristata D.C.), two varieties of ''patha'' (Cissampelos pareira), ''ativisha'' (Aconitum heterophyllum), ''shalaparni'' (Desmodium gangeticum), ''hingu'' (Ferula narthex), root of ''kebuka'' (Costus speciosus), ''yavani'' (Trachyspermum ammi), ''dhanya'' (Coriandrum sativum), ''citraka'' (Plumbago Zeylanica), ''sonchal'' salt, ''ajaji'' (Cuminum cyminum), and ''hapusha'' (Juniperus communis) – all the above herbs powdered and mixed with equal quantities of oil, ghee and honey, added with sixteen times its volume of ''sattu'' (roasted corn flour) and water are used to prepare a formulation for indications (mentioned in the following verse.) [19-21]

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==== Indications ====

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krimayo grahaNIdoShAH shvaitryaM sthaulyamatIva ca|

narANAM dIpyate cAgniH smRutirbuddhishca vardhate||24||

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The above preparation is useful in the treatment of obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus, ''mudhavata'' (sluggishness of the bowels), obstinate skin diseases including leprosy, piles, jaundice-like hepatobiliary diseases, diseases of the spleen, anemia-like hematological disorders, oedema, dysuria, anorexia, heart disease, tuberculosis-like immune-compromised conditions, cough, respiratory disorders, spasmodic obstruction of the throat, parasitic infestation, ''grahani'' (digestive disorders), vitiligo and morbid obesity caused by overnutrition. This also stimulates the power of digestion and enhances memory and intellect. [22-24]

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व्यायामनित्यो जीर्णाशी यवगोधूमभोजनः|

सन्तर्पणकृतैर्दोषैः स्थौल्यं मुक्त्वा विमुच्यते||२५||

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uktaM santarpaNotthAnAmapatarpaNamauShadham|26|

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Regular exercise, intake of food only after complete digestion of the previous meal, and regular consumption of barley and wheat are some of the ways for management of obesity and diseases due to overnutrition. In the next verses, formulations and regimen required for the management of malnourishment has been described. [25-26]

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==== Part II: Diseases due to improper nourishment and their treatment ====

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parvAsthisandhibhedashca ye cAnye vAtajA gadAH|

UrdhvavAtAdayaH sarve jAyante te~apatarpaNAt||29||

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Emaciation of the body, reduction in the power of digestion, strength, complexion, ojas (vital essence of body related with immunity and general strength), semen and muscle tissue, ''jwara'' (continuous fever and cough like condition), pain in chest and flanks, anorexia, weakness in the power of hearing sounds, psychosis, delirium, pain in cardiac region, accumulation of stool and urine, pain in calf, thigh and lumber regions, cracking pain in fingers, bones and joints, and such other diseases due to the vitiation of ''vata'' (such as ''urdhava'' ''vata'' upward movement of ''vata''), etc. are caused due to improper nutrition and starvation. [27- 29]

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==== Management ====

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manthaH kharjUramRudvIkAvRukShAmlAmlIkadADimaiH|

parUShakaiH sAmalakairyukto madyavikAranut||38||

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''Mantha'' (thin guel) prepared from date-palm, dry grapes, ''vrikshamla'' (Garcinia indica Ehois), ''amlika'' (Tamarindus indica), ''dadima'' (Punica granatum), ''parushaka'' (Crewia asiatica), and ''amalaki'' (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), are useful for management of disorders caused due to excess consumption of alcohol. [38]

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स्वादुरम्लो जलकृतः सस्नेहो रूक्ष एव वा|

सद्यः सन्तर्पणो मन्थः स्थैर्यवर्णबलप्रदः||३९||

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=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' ===

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Anabolic processes are triggered in a body when there is an intake of calorie rich and excessive food and nutrition but little or no physical exercise, resulting in increased body tissues. This also contributes to causing diseases such as metabolic syndrome. These conditions are managed by purification therapies leading to reduction (''langhana''), and prescribing a regimen of physical exercise, appropriate dietary changes, fomentation and reducing drugs.

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If we observe the herbs mentioned in the management of ''santarpaniya vyadhis'' it is evident from the following table that most of the herbs are ''tikta, katu, kashaya rasa'' dominant having ''katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya''. These properties are attributed to ''akash'' and ''vayu mahabhuta''.

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===== Table 1: Concise information about herbs used in management of santarpaniya diseases =====

{| class="wikitable"

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'''''Phanita''''' (molasses) is a semisolid condensed sugarcane preparation, traditionally used to prepare ''arista, asava'' and other forms of alcoholic fermentation. Its heavy in nature, sweet in taste, nutritive and non - aphrodisiac and aggravates tridosha. Sattu, ghee, whey, sour fruits like Garcinia combojia, and kanji work as tarpana medicines in urinary ailments and ''udavarta'' (abnormal conditions characterized by retention of faeces, urine and flatus, associated with pain and leading to or caused by anti-peristaltic movements in the body).

'''

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#Mudigoudar Yoshadha S (2000) : The efficacy of Pippalyadi Guggulu in Medoroga (w.s.r. to its hypolipidaemic effect).

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