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''Upanaya'' and ''Nigamana'' are explained under the headings ''sthapana'' and ''pratishthapana''.[35]
 
''Upanaya'' and ''Nigamana'' are explained under the headings ''sthapana'' and ''pratishthapana''.[35]
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===== 15. Uttara (rejoinder) =====
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===== 15. ''Uttara'' (rejoinder) =====
    
अथोत्तरम्- उत्तरंनामसाधर्म्योपदिष्टेहेतौवैधर्म्यवचनं, वैधर्म्योपदिष्टेवाहेतौसाधर्म्यवचनम्| यथा- ‘हेतुसधर्माणोविकाराः, शीतकस्यहिव्याधेर्हेतुभिःसाधर्म्यंहिमशिशिरवातसंस्पर्शाः’, इतिब्रुवतःपरोब्रूयात्- हेतुविधर्माणोविकाराः, यथाशरीरावयवानांदाहौष्ण्यकोथप्रपचनेहेतुवैधर्म्यंहिमशिशिरवातसंस्पर्शाइति| एतत्सविपर्ययमुत्तरम्||३६||  
 
अथोत्तरम्- उत्तरंनामसाधर्म्योपदिष्टेहेतौवैधर्म्यवचनं, वैधर्म्योपदिष्टेवाहेतौसाधर्म्यवचनम्| यथा- ‘हेतुसधर्माणोविकाराः, शीतकस्यहिव्याधेर्हेतुभिःसाधर्म्यंहिमशिशिरवातसंस्पर्शाः’, इतिब्रुवतःपरोब्रूयात्- हेतुविधर्माणोविकाराः, यथाशरीरावयवानांदाहौष्ण्यकोथप्रपचनेहेतुवैधर्म्यंहिमशिशिरवातसंस्पर्शाइति| एतत्सविपर्ययमुत्तरम्||३६||  
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etat saviparyayamuttaram||36||  
 
etat saviparyayamuttaram||36||  
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Uttara – Uttara is the statement made in opposition (heterogenous) to the homologous nature shown between hetu and karya and vice versa. For instance , if somebody says – disorders are similar to cause, as ‘shitaka’disease has similar causes like exposure to snow and cold wave, the opponent may say – disorders are dissimilar to cause as burning sensation,heat, sloughing and suppuration of body parts are caused by cold wave which is dissimilar. This is uttara (rejoinder) with contrary statements.[36]
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''Uttara'' is the statement made in opposition (heterogeneous) to the homologous nature shown between ''hetu'' and ''karya'' and vice versa. For instance , if somebody says – disorders are similar to cause, as ''shitaka'' disease has similar causes like exposure to snow and cold wave, the opponent may say – disorders are dissimilar to cause as burning sensation, heat, sloughing and suppuration of body parts are caused by cold wave which is dissimilar. This is ''uttara'' (rejoinder) with contrary statements.[36]
    
===== 16. Siddhanta (theory/doctrine) =====
 
===== 16. Siddhanta (theory/doctrine) =====