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Ashtauninditiya Adhyaya (view source)

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Thus said Lord Atreya [1-2]

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Eight undesirable physical appearances:

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==== Eight undesirable physical appearances ====

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इह खलु शरीरमधिकृत्याष्टौ पुरुषा निन्दिता भवन्ति; तद्यथा- अतिदीर्घश्च, अतिह्रस्वश्च, अतिलोमा च, अलोमा च, अतिकृष्णश्च, अतिगौरश्च, अतिस्थूलश्च, अतिकृशश्चेति||३||

iha khalu śarīramadhikr̥tyāṣṭau puruṣā ninditā bhavanti; tadyathā- atidīrghaśca, atihrasvaśca, atilōmā ca,alōmā ca, atikr̥ṣṇaśca, atigauraśca, atisthūlaśca, atikr̥śaścēti||3||

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iha khalu sharIramadhikRutyAShTau puruShA ninditA bhavanti; tadyathA- atidIrghashca, atihrasvashca, atilomA ca, alomA ca [1] , atikRuShNashca, atigaurashca,atisthUlashca, atikRushashceti||3||

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In the context of the body (structure and appearance), the following eight types of persons are considered undesirable - too tall, too short, too hairy, hairless, too dark, too light (complexioned), too obese and too lean [3].

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Eight inherent defects of obesity:

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In the context of the body (structure and appearance), the following eight types of persons are considered undesirable - too tall, too short, too hairy, hairless, too dark, too light (complexioned), too obese and too lean [3]

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==== Eight inherent defects of obesity ====

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तत्रातिस्थूलकृशयोर्भूय एवापरे निन्दितविशेषा भवन्ति |

अतिस्थूलस्य तावदायुषो ह्रासो जवोपरोधः कृच्छ्रव्यवायता दौर्बल्यं दौर्गन्ध्यं स्वेदाबाधः क्षुदतिमात्रं पिपासातियोगश्चेतिभवन्त्यष्टौ दोषाः|

तदतिस्थौल्यमतिसम्पूरणाद्गुरुमधुरशीतस्निग्धोपयोगादव्यायामादव्यवायाद्दिवास्वप्नाद्धर्षनित्यत्वाद-चिन्तनाद्बीजस्वभावाच्चोपजायते|

तस्य ह्यतिमात्रमेदस्विनो मेद एवोपचीयते न तथेतरे धातवः, तस्मादस्यायुषो ह्रासः; शैथिल्यात् सौकुमार्याद्गुरुत्वाच्चमेदसो जवोपरोधः, शुक्राबहुत्वान्मेदसाऽऽवृतमार्गत्वाच्च कृच्छ्रव्यवायता, दौर्बल्यमसमत्वाद्धातूनां, दौर्गन्ध्यंमेदोदोषान्मेदसः स्वभावात् स्वेदनत्वाच्च, मेदसः श्लेष्मसंसर्गाद्विष्यन्दित्वाद्बहुत्वाद्गुरुत्वाद्व्यायामासहत्वाच्चस्वेदाबाधः, तीक्ष्णाग्नित्वात् प्रभूतकोष्ठवायुत्वाच्च क्षुदतिमात्रं पिपासातियोगश्चेति ||४||

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tatrātisthūlakr̥śayōrbhūya ēvāparē ninditaviśēṣā bhavanti|

atisthūlasya tāvadāyuṣō hrāsō javōparōdhaḥ kr̥cchravyavāyatā daurbalyaṁ daurgandhyaṁ svēdābādhaḥkṣudatimātraṁ pipāsātiyōgaścēti bhavantyaṣṭau dōṣāḥ|

tadatisthaulyamatisampūraṇādgurumadhuraśītasnigdhōpayōgādavyāyāmādavyavāyāddivāsvapnāddharṣanityatvāda-cintanādbījasvabhāvāccōpajāyatē| tasya hyatimātramēdasvinō mēda ēvōpacīyatē na tathētarē dhātavaḥ, tasmādasyāyuṣō hrāsaḥ; śaithilyātsaukumāryādgurutvācca mēdasō javōparōdhaḥ, Śukrābahutvānmēdasā'' vr̥tamārgatvācca kr̥cchravyavāyatā,daurbalyamasamatvāddhātūnāṁ, daurgandhyaṁ mēdōdōṣānmēdasaḥ svabhāvāt svēdanatvācca, Mēdasaḥślēṣmasaṁsargādviṣyanditvādbahutvādgurutvādvyāyāmāsahatvācca svēdābādhaḥ, tīkṣṇāgnitvātprabhūtakōṣṭhavāyutvācca kṣudatimātraṁ pipāsātiyōgaścēti||4||

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tatrAtisthUlakRushayorbhUya evApare ninditavisheShA bhavanti|

atisthUlasya tAvadAyuSho hrAso javoparodhaH kRucchravyavAyatA daurbalyaM daurgandhyaM svedAbAdhaH kShudatimAtraM pipAsAtiyogashcetibhavantyaShTau doShAH|

tadatisthaulyamatisampUraNAdgurumadhurashItasnigdhopayogAdavyAyAmAdavyavAyAddivAsvapnAddharShanityatvAda- cintanAdbIjasvabhAvAccopajAyate|

tasya hyatimAtramedasvino meda evopacIyate na tathetare dhAtavaH, tasmAdasyAyuSho hrAsaH; shaithilyAt saukumAryAdgurutvAcca medaso javoparodhaH ,shukrAbahutvAnmedasA~a~avRutamArgatvAcca kRucchravyavAyatA, daurbalyamasamatvAddhAtUnAM, daurgandhyaM medodoShAnmedasaH svabhAvAtsvedanatvAcca, medasaH shleShmasaMsargAdviShyanditvAdbahutvAdgurutvAdvyAyAmAsahatvAcca svedAbAdhaH, tIkShNAgnitvAt prabhUtakoShThavAyutvAccakShudatimAtraM pipAsAtiyogashceti||4||

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Amongst these, the too obese and too lean physical appearances are considered the most undesirable ones. The excessively obese have eight inherent defects in them: reduced lifespan, constricted or limited movement (hampered due to loose, tender and heavy fats), reduced sexual activities or impotence (due to small quantity of semen produced and obstruction of the channel of semen by ~~Medas~~), debility (due to dhatu imbalance), emit bad smell (due to the inherent nature of fatty tissues as well as excessive sweating), profuse sweating (since ~~Medas~~ and kapha are vitiated), and excessive hunger and thirst (due to excessive digestive ~~Agni~~ and ~~Vayu~~ in the body). Excessive obesity is caused due to over-nourishment as a consequence of the intake of heavy, sweet, cold and fatty diet, lack of physical exercise, abstinence from sexual intercourse, sleeping during the day, uninterrupted cheerfulness, lack of mental activities and hereditary/genetic defects. These consequences may lead to an excess of fat (with further accumulation of only fat) and consequent depletion of dhatus. [4]

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Pathophysiology of Obesity:

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Amongst these, the too obese and too lean physical appearances are considered the most undesirable ones. The excessively obese have eight inherent defects in them: reduced lifespan, constricted or limited movement (hampered due to loose, tender and heavy fats), reduced sexual activities or impotence (due to small quantity of semen produced and obstruction of the channel of semen by ''medas''), debility (due to ''dhatu'' imbalance), emit bad smell (due to the inherent nature of fatty tissues as well as excessive sweating), profuse sweating (since ''medas'' and ''kapha'' are vitiated), and excessive hunger and thirst (due to excessive digestive ''agni'' and ''vayu'' in the body). Excessive obesity is caused due to over-nourishment as a consequence of the intake of heavy, sweet, cold and fatty diet, lack of physical exercise, abstinence from sexual intercourse, sleeping during the day, uninterrupted cheerfulness, lack of mental activities and hereditary/genetic defects. These consequences may lead to an excess of fat (with further accumulation of only fat) and consequent depletion of dhatus. [4]

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==== Pathophysiology of Obesity ====

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भवन्ति चात्र-

मेदसाऽऽवृतमार्गत्वाद्वायुः कोष्ठे विशेषतः|

चरन् सन्धुक्षयत्यग्निमाहारं शोषयत्यपि||५||

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तस्मात् स शीघ्रं जरयत्याहारं चातिकाङ्क्षति|

विकारांश्चाश्नुते घोरान् कांश्चित्कालव्यतिक्रमात्||६||

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एतावुपद्रवकरौ विशेषादग्निमारुतौ|

एतौ हि दहतः स्थूलं वनदावो वनं यथा||७||

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मेदस्यतीव संवृद्धे सहसैवानिलादयः|

विकारान् दारुणान् कृत्वा नाशयन्त्याशु जीवितम्||८||

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मेदोमांसातिवृद्धत्वाच्चलस्फिगुदरस्तनः|

अयथोपचयोत्साहो नरोऽतिस्थूल उच्यते||९||

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इति मेदस्विनो दोषा हेतवो रूपमेव च|

निर्दिष्टं, ....|१०|

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bhavanti cātra-

mēdasā''vr̥tamārgatvādvāyuḥ kōṣṭhē viśēṣataḥ|

caran sandhukṣayatyagnimāhāraṁ śōṣayatyapi||5||

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tasmāt sa śīghraṁ jarayatyāhāraṁ cātikāṅkṣati|

vikārāṁścāśnutē ghōrān kāṁścitkālavyatikramāt||6||

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ētāvupadravakarau viśēṣādagnimārutau|

ētau hi dahataḥ sthūlaṁ vanadāvō vanaṁ yathā||7||

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mēdasyatīva saṁvr̥ddhē sahasaivānilādayaḥ|

vikārān dāruṇān kr̥tvā nāśayantyāśu jīvitam||8||

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mēdōmāṁsātivr̥ddhatvāccalasphigudarastanaḥ|

ayathōpacayōtsāhō narō'tisthūla ucyatē||9||

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iti mēdasvinō dōṣā hētavō rūpamēva ca|

nirdiṣṭaṁ, ....|10|

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bhavanti cAtra-

medasA~a~avRutamArgatvAdvAyuH koShThe visheShataH|

caran sandhukShayatyagnimAhAraM shoShayatyapi||5||

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tasmAt sa shIghraM jarayatyAhAraM cAtikA~gkShati|

vikArAMshcAshnute ghorAn kAMshcitkAlavyatikramAt||6||

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etAvupadravakarau visheShAdagnimArutau|

etau hi dahataH sthUlaM vanadAvo vanaM yathA||7||

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medasyatIva saMvRuddhe sahasaivAnilAdayaH|

vikArAn dAruNAn [1] kRutvA nAshayantyAshu jIvitam||8||

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medomAMsAtivRuddhatvAccalasphigudarastanaH|

ayathopacayotsAho [2] naro~atisthUla ucyate||9||

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iti medasvino doShA hetavo rUpameva ca|

nirdiShTaM, ....|10|

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Due to the obstruction of body channels by ~~Medas~~, the movement of vata is specially confined to koshtha (abdominal viscera) resulting in the stimulation of digestive power and absorption of food. Hence, the person digests food quickly and becomes a voracious eater. By not following rules of taking meals at specific times during the day, he is afflicted by dreadful diseases. Agni (pitta component responsible for digestion) and vata are the two most troublesome factors from the standpoint of obesity. These factors blight an obese person as wildfire destroys a forest. As the body gains excessive fat, vitiated doshas suddenly cause severe diseases resulting in rapid deterioration of life. The person is considered too obese when there is an excessive increase in fat and muscle tissue in the regions of buttocks, abdomen, and breasts, which become pendulous and suffer from deficient metabolism and energy. These are the causes, signs, and symptoms of an obese person [5-10].

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Features of an excessively lean person:

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Due to the obstruction of body channels by ''medas'', the movement of ''vata'' is specially confined to ''koshtha'' (abdominal viscera) resulting in the stimulation of digestive power and absorption of food. Hence,the person digests food quickly and becomes a voracious eater. By not following rules of taking meals at specific times during the day, he is afflicted by dreadful diseases. ''Agni'' (''pitta'' component responsible for digestion) and ''vata'' are the two most troublesome factors from the standpoint of obesity. These factors blight an obese person as wildfire destroys a forest. As the body gains excessive fat, vitiated ''doshas'' suddenly cause severe diseases resulting in rapid deterioration of life. The person is considered too obese when there is an excessive increase in fat and muscle tissue in the regions of buttocks, abdomen, and breasts, which become pendulous and suffer from deficient metabolism and energy. These are the causes, signs, and symptoms of an obese person [5-10]

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==== Features of an excessively lean person ====

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... वक्ष्यते वाच्यमतिकार्श्ये त्वतः परम्||१०||

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सेवा रूक्षान्नपानानां लङ्घनं प्रमिताशनम्|

क्रियातियोगः शोकश्च वेगनिद्राविनिग्रहः||११||

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रूक्षस्योद्वर्तनं स्नानस्याभ्यासः प्रकृतिर्जरा|

विकारानुशयः क्रोधः कुर्वन्त्यतिकृशं नरम्||१२||

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व्यायाममतिसौहित्यं क्षुत्पिपासामयौषधम् |

कृशो न सहते तद्वदतिशीतोष्णमैथुनम्||१३||

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प्लीहा कासः क्षयः श्वासो गुल्मोऽर्शांस्युदराणि च|

कृशं प्रायोऽभिधावन्ति रोगाश्च ग्रहणीगताः||१४||

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शुष्कस्फिगुदरग्रीवो धमनीजालसन्ततः|

त्वगस्थिशेषोऽतिकृशः स्थूलपर्वा नरो मतः||१५||

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... vakṣyatē vācyamatikārśyē tvataḥ param||10||

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sēvā rūkṣānnapānānāṁ laṅghanaṁ pramitāśanam|

kriyātiyōgaḥ śōkaśca vēganidrāvinigrahaḥ||11||

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rūkṣasyōdvartanaṁ snānasyābhyāsaḥ prakr̥tirjarā|

vikārānuśayaḥ krōdhaḥ kurvantyatikr̥śaṁ naram||12||

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vyāyāmamatisauhityaṁ kṣutpipāsāmayauṣadham |

kr̥śō na sahatē tadvadatiśītōṣṇamaithunam||13||

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plīhā kāsaḥ kṣayaḥ śvāsō gulmō'rśāṁsyudarāṇi ca|

kr̥śaṁ prāyō'bhidhāvanti rōgāśca grahaṇīgatāḥ||14||

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śuṣkasphigudaragrīvō dhamanījālasantataḥ|

tvagasthiśēṣō'tikr̥śaḥ sthūlaparvā narō mataḥ||15||

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... vakShyate vAcyamatikArshye tvataH param||10||

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sevA rUkShAnnapAnAnAM la~gghanaM pramitAshanam|

kriyAtiyogaH shokashca veganidrAvinigrahaH||11||

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rUkShasyodvartanaM snAnasyAbhyAsaH prakRutirjarA|

vikArAnushayaH krodhaH kurvantyatikRushaM naram||12||

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vyAyAmamatisauhityaM kShutpipAsAmayauShadham [1] |

kRusho na sahate tadvadatishItoShNamaithunam||13||

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plIhA kAsaH kShayaH shvAso gulmo~arshAMsyudarANi ca|

kRushaM prAyo~abhidhAvanti [2] rogAshca grahaNIgatAH||14||

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shuShkasphigudaragrIvo dhamanIjAlasantataH|

tvagasthisheSho~atikRushaH sthUlaparvA naro mataH||15||

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Hereafter, the features of an excessively lean person will be explained by etiology, signs, symptoms and defects. Indulgence in the intake of dry (non-unctuous) diets and drinks, fasting, intake of food in inadequate quantity, overuse of therapeutic purificatory measures, grief, suppression of natural urges, inadequate sleep or sleep deprivation, dry powder massage, indulgence in baths, heredity, old age, continued illness and anger make a person too lean.

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The excessively lean person does not tolerate physical exercise, intake of food in large quantities, hunger, thirst, diseases, and drugs. They also cannot tolerate too much cold, heat and sexual intercourse. Such a person is often associated with splenic diseases, cough, wasting, dyspnoea, gulma (abdominal tumor), piles, abdominal disorders and disorders of grahanі. The excessively lean person has dried up buttocks, abdomen and neck, the prominent vascular network is mostly “skin and bones” with thickened nodes [10-15].

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The excessively lean person does not tolerate physical exercise, intake of food in large quantities, hunger, thirst, diseases, and drugs. They also cannot tolerate too much cold, heat and sexual intercourse. Such a person is often associated with splenic diseases, cough, wasting, dyspnoea, gulma (abdominal tumor), piles, abdominal disorders and disorders of grahanі. The excessively lean person has dried up buttocks, abdomen and neck, the prominent vascular network is mostly “skin and bones” with thickened nodes [10-15]

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सततं व्याधितावेतावतिस्थूलकृशौ नरौ|

सततं चोपचर्यौ हि कर्शनैर्बृंहणैरपि||१६||

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स्थौल्यकार्श्ये वरं कार्श्यं समोपकरणौ हि तौ|

यद्युभौ व्याधिरागच्छेत् स्थूलमेवातिपीडयेत्||१७||

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satataṁ vyādhitāvētāvatisthūlakr̥śau narau|

satataṁ cōpacaryau hi karśanairbr̥ṁhaṇairapi||16||

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sthaulyakārśyē varaṁ kārśyaṁ samōpakaraṇau hi tau|

yadyubhau vyādhirāgacchēt sthūlamēvātipīḍayēt||17||

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satataM vyAdhitAvetAvatisthUlakRushau narau|

satataM copacaryau hi karshanairbRuMhaNairapi||16||

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sthaulyakArshye varaM kArshyaM samopakaraNau hi tau|

yadyubhau vyAdhirAgacchet sthUlamevAtipIDayet||17||

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Both these undesirable types of people (too obese and too lean) always suffer from some disease or the other and need to be constantly managed by bulk-reducing and bulk-promoting therapies respectively. Of the two, lean is less harmful than obese, and the physical and mental sufferings in the case of an obese person are far greater in comparison to a lean person [16-17].

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Both these undesirable types of people (too obese and too lean) always suffer from some disease or the other and need to be constantly managed by bulk-reducing and bulk-promoting therapies respectively. Of the two, lean is less harmful than obese, and the physical and mental sufferings in the case of an obese person are far greater in comparison to a lean person [16-17]

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The importance of ideal body proportion:

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==== The importance of ideal body proportion ====

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सममांसप्रमाणस्तु समसंहननो नरः|

दृढेन्द्रियो विकाराणां न बलेनाभिभूयते||१८||

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