Changes

This chapter is the last one among the Bheshaja Chatushka (tetrad on therapeutics). As the second and third chapters dealt with the internal and external cleansing procedures respectively, the present chapter is in continuation of those topics and talks of ''vamana'' (therapeutic emesis) and virechana (therapeutic purgation) based treatment procedures. These preparations - six hundred of them - are also described in the section of Kalpasthana that deals with specific preparations for body cleansing procedures. However, considering the importance of cleansing procedures, they are referred briefly in the present chapter. The main content of this chapter includes fifty classes of five hundred herbs, based upon their selective action on various diseases and biological systems. These classes are called ''mahakashaya'' (classes of drugs with similar activity profile) comprising ten herbs each. These fifty classes are again sub-divided into ten sub-classes starting with ''jeevaniya'' (vitalizers) and ending with ''vayasthapana'' (anti-aging herbs). These fifty ''mahakashaya'' refer to fifty therapeutic indications, for example, ''chhardi nigrahana'' (anti-emetic), ''mutra virechaniya'' (diuretic), ''kasahara'' (antitussive and expectorant), ''shoola prashamana'' (analgesic), etc. The potency of a single drug may vary per the preparation and the indication of preparation depends on the patient’s strength.

This chapter is the last one among the Bheshaja Chatushka (tetrad on therapeutics). As the second and third chapters dealt with the internal and external cleansing procedures respectively, the present chapter is in continuation of those topics and talks of ''vamana'' (therapeutic emesis) and virechana (therapeutic purgation) based treatment procedures. These preparations - six hundred of them - are also described in the section of Kalpasthana that deals with specific preparations for body cleansing procedures. However, considering the importance of cleansing procedures, they are referred briefly in the present chapter. The main content of this chapter includes fifty classes of five hundred herbs, based upon their selective action on various diseases and biological systems. These classes are called ''mahakashaya'' (classes of drugs with similar activity profile) comprising ten herbs each. These fifty classes are again sub-divided into ten sub-classes starting with ''jeevaniya'' (vitalizers) and ending with ''vayasthapana'' (anti-aging herbs). These fifty ''mahakashaya'' refer to fifty therapeutic indications, for example, ''chhardi nigrahana'' (anti-emetic), ''mutra virechaniya'' (diuretic), ''kasahara'' (antitussive and expectorant), ''shoola prashamana'' (analgesic), etc. The potency of a single drug may vary per the preparation and the indication of preparation depends on the patient’s strength.

Thus, this chapter provides a comprehensive information about medicinal preparations, their original plant resources, and selective actions of each preparation with targeted activity profile.  

Thus, this chapter provides a comprehensive information about medicinal preparations, their original plant resources, and selective actions of each preparation with targeted activity profile.  

Sanskrit text, transliteration, and English translation  

=== Sanskrit text, transliteration, and English translation ===

अथातःषड्विरेचनशताश्रितीयमध्यायं व्याख्यास्यामः||१|| इतिहस्माहभगवानात्रेयः||२||

 

athātaḥ ṣaḍvirēcanaśatāśritīyamadhyāyaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1|| iti ha smāha bhagavānātrēyaḥ||2||

अथातःषड्विरेचनशताश्रितीयमध्यायं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||  

athAtaH ShaDvirecanashatAshritIyamadhyAyaM [1] vyAkhyAsyAmaH||1||  

 

इतिहस्माहभगवानात्रेयः||२||

 

athātaḥ ṣaḍvirēcanaśatāśritīyamadhyāyaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||  

 

iti ha smāha bhagavānātrēyaḥ||2||

 

athAtaH ShaDvirecanashatAshritIyamadhyAyaM vyAkhyAsyAmaH||1||  

 

iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||  

iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||  

Now (I) shall expound the chapter on resources of six hundred evacuatives.  

Now (I) shall expound the chapter on resources of six hundred evacuatives.  

Thus, said (or propounded) Lord Atreya. [1-2]

Thus, said (or propounded) Lord Atreya. [1-2]

इह खलु षड् विरेचनशतानि भवन्ति, षड् विरेचनाश्रयाः, पञ्च कषाययोनयः, पञ्चविधं कषायकल्पनं, पञ्चाशन्महाकषायाः, पञ्च कषायशतानि, इति सङ्ग्रहः||३||

इह खलु षड् विरेचनशतानि भवन्ति, षड् विरेचनाश्रयाः, पञ्च कषाययोनयः, पञ्चविधं कषायकल्पनं, पञ्चाशन्महाकषायाः, पञ्च कषायशतानि, इति सङ्ग्रहः||३||

iha khalu ṣaḍ virēcanaśatāni bhavanti, ṣaḍ virēcanāśrayāḥ, pañca kaṣāyayōnayaḥ, pañcavidhaṁkaṣāyakalpanaṁ, pañcāśanmahākaṣāyāḥ, pañca kaṣāyaśatāni, iti saṅgrahaḥ||3||  

iha khalu ṣaḍ virēcanaśatāni bhavanti, ṣaḍ virēcanāśrayāḥ, pañca kaṣāyayōnayaḥ, pañcavidhaṁkaṣāyakalpanaṁ, pañcāśanmahākaṣāyāḥ, pañca kaṣāyaśatāni, iti saṅgrahaḥ||3||  

iha khalu ShaD virecanashatAni bhavanti, ShaD virecanAshrayAH, pa~jca kaShAyayonayaH, pa~jcavidhaM kaShAyakalpanaM, pa~jcAshanmahAkaShAyAH, pa~jcakaShAyashatAni, iti sa~ggrahaH||3||  

iha khalu ShaD virecanashatAni bhavanti, ShaD virecanAshrayAH, pa~jca kaShAyayonayaH, pa~jcavidhaM kaShAyakalpanaM, pa~jcAshanmahAkaShAyAH, pa~jcakaShAyashatAni, iti sa~ggrahaH||3||  

Here are six hundred evacuatives, six classes of plant origin, five sources of medicines, five forms of medicine preparation, fifty classes of medicines and list of five hundred medicinal herbs, in brief. [3].

 

Six hundred formulations of medicinal plants:

Here are six hundred evacuatives, six classes of plant origin, five sources of medicines, five forms of medicine preparation, fifty classes of medicines and list of five hundred medicinal herbs, in brief. [3]

 

==== Six hundred formulations of medicinal plants ====

 

षड् विरेचनशतानि, इति यदुक्तं तदिह सङ्ग्रहेणोदाहृत्य विस्तरेण  

षड् विरेचनशतानि, इति यदुक्तं तदिह सङ्ग्रहेणोदाहृत्य विस्तरेण  

कल्पोपनिषदि व्याख्यास्यामः; (तत्र ) त्रयस्त्रिंशद्योगशतं प्रणीतं  

कल्पोपनिषदि व्याख्यास्यामः; (तत्र ) त्रयस्त्रिंशद्योगशतं प्रणीतं  

लोध्रं विधौ षोडशयोगयुक्तं, महावृक्षो भवति विंशतियोगयुक्तः,  

लोध्रं विधौ षोडशयोगयुक्तं, महावृक्षो भवति विंशतियोगयुक्तः,  

एकोनचत्वारिंशत्सप्तलाशङ्खिन्योर्योगाः,अष्टचत्वारिंशद्दन्तीद्रवन्त्योः, इति षड्विरेचनशतानि||४||

एकोनचत्वारिंशत्सप्तलाशङ्खिन्योर्योगाः,अष्टचत्वारिंशद्दन्तीद्रवन्त्योः, इति षड्विरेचनशतानि||४||

ṣaḍ virēcanaśatāni, iti yaduktaṁ tadiha saṅgrahēṇōdāhr̥tya vistarēṇa kalpōpaniṣadi vyākhyāsyāmaḥ; (tatra)  

ṣaḍ virēcanaśatāni, iti yaduktaṁ tadiha saṅgrahēṇōdāhr̥tya vistarēṇa kalpōpaniṣadi vyākhyāsyāmaḥ; (tatra)  

trayastriṁśadyōgaśataṁ praṇītaṁ phalēṣu,ēkōnacatvāriṁśajjīmūtakēṣu yōgāḥ, pañcacatvāriṁśadikṣvākuṣu, dhāmārgavaḥ ṣaṣṭidhā bhavati  

trayastriṁśadyōgaśataṁ praṇītaṁ phalēṣu,ēkōnacatvāriṁśajjīmūtakēṣu yōgāḥ, pañcacatvāriṁśadikṣvākuṣu, dhāmārgavaḥ ṣaṣṭidhā bhavati  

bhavati viṁśatiyōgayuktaḥ, ēkōnacatvāriṁśat saptalāśaṅkhinyōryōgāḥ, aṣṭacatvāriṁśaddantīdravantyōḥ,  

bhavati viṁśatiyōgayuktaḥ, ēkōnacatvāriṁśat saptalāśaṅkhinyōryōgāḥ, aṣṭacatvāriṁśaddantīdravantyōḥ,  

iti ṣaḍvirēcanaśatāni||4||  

iti ṣaḍvirēcanaśatāni||4||  

ShaD virecanashatAni, iti yaduktaM tadiha sa~ggraheNodAhRutya vistareNa kalpopaniShadi vyAkhyAsyAmaH; (tatra [1] ) trayastriMshadyogashataM praNItaMphaleShu, ekonacatvAriMshajjImUtakeShu yogAH, pa~jcacatvAriMshadikShvAkuShu, dhAmArgavaH ShaShTidhA bhavati yogayuktaH, kuTajastvaShTAdashadhAyogameti, kRutavedhanaM ShaShTidhA bhavati yogayuktaM, shyAmAtrivRudyogashataM praNItaM dashApare cAtra bhavanti yogAH, catura~ggulo dvAdashadhAyogameti, lodhraM vidhau ShoDashayogayuktaM, mahAvRukSho bhavati viMshatiyogayuktaH, ekonacatvAriMshat saptalAsha~gkhinyoryogAH,aShTacatvAriMshaddantIdravantyoH, iti ShaDvirecanashatAni||4||  

ShaD virecanashatAni, iti yaduktaM tadiha sa~ggraheNodAhRutya vistareNa kalpopaniShadi vyAkhyAsyAmaH; (tatra [1] ) trayastriMshadyogashataM praNItaMphaleShu, ekonacatvAriMshajjImUtakeShu yogAH, pa~jcacatvAriMshadikShvAkuShu, dhAmArgavaH ShaShTidhA bhavati yogayuktaH, kuTajastvaShTAdashadhAyogameti, kRutavedhanaM ShaShTidhA bhavati yogayuktaM, shyAmAtrivRudyogashataM praNItaM dashApare cAtra bhavanti yogAH, catura~ggulo dvAdashadhAyogameti, lodhraM vidhau ShoDashayogayuktaM, mahAvRukSho bhavati viMshatiyogayuktaH, ekonacatvAriMshat saptalAsha~gkhinyoryogAH,aShTacatvAriMshaddantIdravantyoH, iti ShaDvirecanashatAni||4||  

Six hundred evacuatives, as said above, will be mentioned here in brief and will be described in detail in Kalpasthana. There are 133 formulations of madana phala, 39 of devadali, 45 of katutumbi, 60 of dhamargava, 18 of kutaja, 60 of koshataki, 110 of shyama and trivrut, 12 aragvadha, 16 of lodhra, 20 of sunhí, 39 of saptalá and shankhini, and 48 of dantí and dravantí. These are six hundred evacuatives. [4]

Six hundred evacuatives, as said above, will be mentioned here in brief and will be described in detail in Kalpasthana. There are 133 formulations of madana phala, 39 of devadali, 45 of katutumbi, 60 of dhamargava, 18 of kutaja, 60 of koshataki, 110 of shyama and trivrut, 12 aragvadha, 16 of lodhra, 20 of sunhí, 39 of saptalá and shankhini, and 48 of dantí and dravantí. These are six hundred evacuatives. [4]

Six parts of plants used in formulation:

==== Six parts of plants used in formulation ====

 

षड् विरेचनाश्रया इति क्षीरमूलत्वक्पत्रपुष्पफलानीति||५||

षड् विरेचनाश्रया इति क्षीरमूलत्वक्पत्रपुष्पफलानीति||५||

ṣaḍ virēcanāśrayā iti kṣīramūlatvakpatrapuṣpaphalānīti||5||  

ṣaḍ virēcanāśrayā iti kṣīramūlatvakpatrapuṣpaphalānīti||5||  

ShaD virecanAshrayA iti kShIramUlatvakpatrapuShpaphalAnIti||5||  

ShaD virecanAshrayA iti kShIramUlatvakpatrapuShpaphalAnIti||5||  

The six parts of plants that serve as sources of evacuatives are: latex, root, bark, leaf, flower and fruit. [5]

The six parts of plants that serve as sources of evacuatives are: latex, root, bark, leaf, flower and fruit. [5]

Basic tastes for medicinal preparations:

 

==== Basic tastes for medicinal preparations ====

 

पञ्चकषाययोनयइतिमधुरकषायोऽम्लकषायःकटुकषायस्तिक्तकषायः  

पञ्चकषाययोनयइतिमधुरकषायोऽम्लकषायःकटुकषायस्तिक्तकषायः  

कषायकषायश्चेति तन्त्रे सञ्ज्ञा||६|

कषायकषायश्चेति तन्त्रे सञ्ज्ञा||६|

pañca kaṣāyayōnaya iti madhurakaṣāyō'mlakaṣāyaḥ  

pañca kaṣāyayōnaya iti madhurakaṣāyō'mlakaṣāyaḥ  

kaṭukaṣāyastiktakaṣāyaḥ kaṣāyakaṣāyaścēti tantrē sañjñā||6||  

kaṭukaṣāyastiktakaṣāyaḥ kaṣāyakaṣāyaścēti tantrē sañjñā||6||  

pa~jca kaShAyayonaya iti madhurakaShAyo~amlakaShAyaH kaTukaShAyastiktakaShAyaH kaShAyakaShAyashceti tantre sa~jj~jA||6||

pa~jca kaShAyayonaya iti madhurakaShAyo~amlakaShAyaH kaTukaShAyastiktakaShAyaH kaShAyakaShAyashceti tantre sa~jj~jA||6||

The five basic tastes associated with medicinal preparations mentioned in this compendium are:  sweet, sour, pungent, bitter and astringent. [6]

The five basic tastes associated with medicinal preparations mentioned in this compendium are:  sweet, sour, pungent, bitter and astringent. [6]

Five types of medicinal forms:

 

==== Five types of medicinal forms ====

 

पञ्चविधंकषायकल्पनमिति तद्यथा-  

पञ्चविधंकषायकल्पनमिति तद्यथा-  

स्वरसः, कल्कः, शृतः, शीतः,फाण्टः, कषाय इति|  

स्वरसः, कल्कः, शृतः, शीतः,फाण्टः, कषाय इति|  

व्याध्यातुरबलापेक्षिणी; न त्वेवं खलु सर्वाणि  

व्याध्यातुरबलापेक्षिणी; न त्वेवं खलु सर्वाणि  

सर्वत्रोपयोगीनि भवन्ति||७||

सर्वत्रोपयोगीनि भवन्ति||७||

pañcavidhaṁ kaṣāyakalpanamiti tadyathā- svarasaḥ,  

pañcavidhaṁ kaṣāyakalpanamiti tadyathā- svarasaḥ,  

kalkaḥ, śr̥taḥ, śītaḥ, phāṇṭaḥ, kaṣāya iti|  

kalkaḥ, śr̥taḥ, śītaḥ, phāṇṭaḥ, kaṣāya iti|  

vyādhyāturabalāpēkṣiṇī; na tvēvaṁ khalu sarvāṇi  

vyādhyāturabalāpēkṣiṇī; na tvēvaṁ khalu sarvāṇi  

sarvatrōpayōgīni bhavanti||7||

sarvatrōpayōgīni bhavanti||7||

pa~jcavidhaM kaShAyakalpanamiti tadyathA- svarasaH, kalkaH, shRutaH, shItaH, phANTaH, kaShAya iti|  

pa~jcavidhaM kaShAyakalpanamiti tadyathA- svarasaH, kalkaH, shRutaH, shItaH, phANTaH, kaShAya iti|  

(yantraniShpIDitAddravyAdrasaH [1] svarasa ucyate |  

(yantraniShpIDitAddravyAdrasaH [1] svarasa ucyate |  

teShAM yathApUrvaM balAdhikyam; ataH kaShAyakalpanA vyAdhyAturabalApekShiNI;  

teShAM yathApUrvaM balAdhikyam; ataH kaShAyakalpanA vyAdhyAturabalApekShiNI;  

na tvevaM khalu sarvANi sarvatropayogIni bhavanti||7||

na tvevaM khalu sarvANi sarvatropayogIni bhavanti||7||

The five forms of medicinal preparations are: juices, pastes, decoctions (i.e., herbs boiled with water), cold infusions (herbs soaked overnight in hot water), and hot infusions (herbs mixed with hot water). A drug, in the juice form, extracted out of a preparation by applying mechanical pressure, is called ‘swarasa’. Kalka is a drug ground with some liquid into a lump or paste form. Physicians say that shruta (kwatha) is a decoction prepared by boiling a drug on fire. When a drug is kept in hot water for the whole night, the cold infusion thus obtained is known as sheeta. Finally, phanta (hot infusion) is a preparation in which a drug is put in hot water for a while, gently mixed and administered.

The five forms of medicinal preparations are: juices, pastes, decoctions (i.e., herbs boiled with water), cold infusions (herbs soaked overnight in hot water), and hot infusions (herbs mixed with hot water). A drug, in the juice form, extracted out of a preparation by applying mechanical pressure, is called ‘swarasa’. Kalka is a drug ground with some liquid into a lump or paste form. Physicians say that shruta (kwatha) is a decoction prepared by boiling a drug on fire. When a drug is kept in hot water for the whole night, the cold infusion thus obtained is known as sheeta. Finally, phanta (hot infusion) is a preparation in which a drug is put in hot water for a while, gently mixed and administered.

The potency of these drugs is (increasing) in preceding order (hot infusion to juice), but the administration of medicine forms depend on severity of disease and strength of the patient and, therefore, are not all useful everywhere (indiscriminately). [7]  

The potency of these drugs is (increasing) in preceding order (hot infusion to juice), but the administration of medicine forms depend on severity of disease and strength of the patient and, therefore, are not all useful everywhere (indiscriminately). [7]  

Fifty classes of medicines per their activity profile:

 

==== Fifty classes of medicines per their activity profile ====

 

पञ्चाशन्महाकषाया’ इति यदुक्तं तदनुव्याख्यास्यामः;तद्यथा-  

पञ्चाशन्महाकषाया’ इति यदुक्तं तदनुव्याख्यास्यामः;तद्यथा-  

जीवनीयो बृंहणीयो लेखनीयो भेदनीयः सन्धानीयो दीपनीय इति  

जीवनीयो बृंहणीयो लेखनीयो भेदनीयः सन्धानीयो दीपनीय इति  

मूत्रविरेचनीय इति पञ्चकः कषायवर्गः; कासहरः श्वासहरः शोथहरो ज्वरहरः श्रमहर  

मूत्रविरेचनीय इति पञ्चकः कषायवर्गः; कासहरः श्वासहरः शोथहरो ज्वरहरः श्रमहर  

इति पञ्चकः कषायवर्गः; दाहप्रशमनः शीतप्रशमन उदर्दप्रशमनोऽङ्गमर्दप्रशमनः शूलप्रशमन इति पञ्चकः कषायवर्गः; शोणितस्थापनो वेदनास्थापनः सञ्ज्ञास्थापनः प्रजास्थापनो वयःस्थापन इति पञ्चकः कषायवर्गः; इति पञ्चाशन्महाकषाया महतां च कषायाणां लक्षणोदाहरणार्थं व्याख्याता भवन्ति| तेषामेकैकस्मिन् महाकषाये दश दशावयविकान् कषायाननुव्याख्यास्यामः; तान्येव पञ्च कषायशतानि भवन्ति||८||  

इति पञ्चकः कषायवर्गः; दाहप्रशमनः शीतप्रशमन उदर्दप्रशमनोऽङ्गमर्दप्रशमनः शूलप्रशमन इति पञ्चकः कषायवर्गः; शोणितस्थापनो वेदनास्थापनः सञ्ज्ञास्थापनः प्रजास्थापनो वयःस्थापन इति पञ्चकः कषायवर्गः; इति पञ्चाशन्महाकषाया महतां च कषायाणां लक्षणोदाहरणार्थं व्याख्याता भवन्ति| तेषामेकैकस्मिन् महाकषाये दश दशावयविकान् कषायाननुव्याख्यास्यामः; तान्येव पञ्च कषायशतानि भवन्ति||८||  

pañcāśanmahākaṣāyā’ iti yaduktaṁ tadanuvyākhyāsyāmaḥ;  

pañcāśanmahākaṣāyā’ iti yaduktaṁ tadanuvyākhyāsyāmaḥ;  

tadyathā- jīvanīyō br̥ṁhaṇīyō lēkhanīyō bhēdanīyaḥ sandhānīyō  

tadyathā- jīvanīyō br̥ṁhaṇīyō lēkhanīyō bhēdanīyaḥ sandhānīyō  

mahākaṣāyē daśa daśāvayavikān kaṣāyānanuvyākhyāsyāmaḥ;  

mahākaṣāyē daśa daśāvayavikān kaṣāyānanuvyākhyāsyāmaḥ;  

tānyēva pañca kaṣāyaśatāni bhavanti||8||  

tānyēva pañca kaṣāyaśatāni bhavanti||8||  

‘pa~jcAshanmahAkaShAyA’ iti yaduktaM tadanuvyAkhyAsyAmaH; tadyathA- jIvanIyo bRuMhaNIyo lekhanIyo bhedanIyaH sandhAnIyo dIpanIya iti ShaTkaHkaShAyavargaH; balyo varNyaH kaNThyo hRudya iti catuShkaH kaShAyavargaH; tRuptighno~arshoghnaH kuShThaghnaH kaNDUghnaH krimighno viShaghna itiShaTkaH kaShAyavargaH; stanyajananaH stanyashodhanaH shukrajananaH shukrashodhana iti catuShkaH kaShAyavargaH; snehopagaH svedopago vamanopagovirecanopaga AsthApanopago~anuvAsanopagaH shirovirecanopaga iti saptakaH kaShAyavargaH; chardinigrahaNastRuShNAnigrahaNo hikkAnigrahaNa iti trikaHkaShAyavargaH; purIShasa~ggrahaNIyaH purIShavirajanIyo mUtrasa~ggrahaNIyo mUtravirajanIyo mUtravirecanIya iti pa~jcakaH kaShAyavargaH; kAsaharaHshvAsaharaH shothaharo jvaraharaH shramahara iti pa~jcakaH kaShAyavargaH; dAhaprashamanaH shItaprashamanaudardaprashamano~a~ggamardaprashamanaH shUlaprashamana iti pa~jcakaH kaShAyavargaH; shoNitasthApano vedanAsthApanaH sa~jj~jAsthApanaHprajAsthApano vayaHsthApana iti pa~jcakaH kaShAyavargaH; iti pa~jcAshanmahAkaShAyA mahatAM ca kaShAyANAM lakShaNodAharaNArthaM vyAkhyAtAbhavanti|  

‘pa~jcAshanmahAkaShAyA’ iti yaduktaM tadanuvyAkhyAsyAmaH; tadyathA- jIvanIyo bRuMhaNIyo lekhanIyo bhedanIyaH sandhAnIyo dIpanIya iti ShaTkaHkaShAyavargaH; balyo varNyaH kaNThyo hRudya iti catuShkaH kaShAyavargaH; tRuptighno~arshoghnaH kuShThaghnaH kaNDUghnaH krimighno viShaghna itiShaTkaH kaShAyavargaH; stanyajananaH stanyashodhanaH shukrajananaH shukrashodhana iti catuShkaH kaShAyavargaH; snehopagaH svedopago vamanopagovirecanopaga AsthApanopago~anuvAsanopagaH shirovirecanopaga iti saptakaH kaShAyavargaH; chardinigrahaNastRuShNAnigrahaNo hikkAnigrahaNa iti trikaHkaShAyavargaH; purIShasa~ggrahaNIyaH purIShavirajanIyo mUtrasa~ggrahaNIyo mUtravirajanIyo mUtravirecanIya iti pa~jcakaH kaShAyavargaH; kAsaharaHshvAsaharaH shothaharo jvaraharaH shramahara iti pa~jcakaH kaShAyavargaH; dAhaprashamanaH shItaprashamanaudardaprashamano~a~ggamardaprashamanaH shUlaprashamana iti pa~jcakaH kaShAyavargaH; shoNitasthApano vedanAsthApanaH sa~jj~jAsthApanaHprajAsthApano vayaHsthApana iti pa~jcakaH kaShAyavargaH; iti pa~jcAshanmahAkaShAyA mahatAM ca kaShAyANAM lakShaNodAharaNArthaM vyAkhyAtAbhavanti|  

teShAmekaikasmin mahAkaShAye dasha dashAvayavikAn kaShAyAnanuvyAkhyAsyAmaH; tAnyeva pa~jca kaShAyashatAni bhavanti||8||

teShAmekaikasmin mahAkaShAye dasha dashAvayavikAn kaShAyAnanuvyAkhyAsyAmaH; tAnyeva pa~jca kaShAyashatAni bhavanti||8||

The fifty Mahakashaya, or classes of medicines, grouped by major classes, are as follows:

The fifty Mahakashaya, or classes of medicines, grouped by major classes, are as follows:

Ten Major Classes/Groups of Medicines:  

Ten Major Classes/Groups of Medicines: