Dhatu
Dhatus are body constituents which build the basic structure and carry various physiological functions. They work as body tissues, stabilize and sustain body. (Code:SAT-B.425)[1] The structural and functional integrity of body depends upon dhatu. Therefore, it is important to understand the concept of dhatu.
In physics and chemistry, the term dhatu is applied to denote metals like iron, copper etc. In Sanskrit grammar, the term is applied to denote root verb and derivation.
| Section/Chapter/topic | Sharira / Dhatu |
|---|---|
| Authors | Anagha S., Deole Y.S. |
| Reviewed by | Basisht G. |
| Affiliations | Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre, I.P.G.T.& R.A., Jamnagar |
| Correspondence email | carakasamhita@gmail.com |
| Date of first publication: | June 16, 2020 |
Etymology and derivation
The word ‘dhatu’ is derived from the word root “Dha” by adding suffix “Tun”. The derivation of the word is as follows-
“डुधाञधारणपोषणयोः”- meaning that which sustains and nourishes.
In general, the Sanskrit word convey the meaning of a component, constituent, elementary substance, verbal, grammatical root or a metal.[2]
Synonyms
When these physiological constituents are affected by dosha and lead to abnormalities, they are termed as dushya. [ Ash.Hru. Sutra Sthana1/13]
Meanings in different contexts
In Charak Samhita, the word dhatu is used in different contexts as follows.
- Sapta dhatu (Seven structural components)[Table1]
- Panchamahabhuta(five elements) [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 8/122, Cha. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/10, Cha. Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/15]
- Denoting any bodily element/anatomical structure[Cha. Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/12]
- Denoting the components of garbha(Shad dhatu) [Table1]
- Loha (metals) [Table1]
Special Considerations
- Chetana dhatu- denoting Atma(soul) [Cha. Sa. Sharira Sthana 2/32]
- Beejarupa dhatu- denoting shukra(sperm- containing the essence of all seven dhatu of man) [Cha. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/7,10]
- Pradhana dhatu- denoting shukra(semen) [Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 30/184]
- Dravarupa dhatu- denoting pitta[Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 4/8]
- Apdhatu- denoting watery elements in body [Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 22/11,13,21]
- Dhatu term denoting vayu[Cha. Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/217]
- Dhatu term denoting pitta [Cha. Sa. Vimana Sthana 3/39]
- Dhatu term denoting any karyadravya (a product)[Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 12/8]
Seven dhatu
The term generally refers the seven structural components of body.
They are as below:
- Rasa dhatu : plasma and lymph
- Rakta dhatu: blood tissue
- Mamsa dhatu: muscle tissue
- Meda dhatu: adipose tissue
- Asthi dhatu: bone tissue
- Majja dhatu: bone marrow
- Shukra dhatu: reproductive fluids; semen
Three dhatu
Three dosha are termed as dhatu as they are responsible for maintaining body functions.
- Vata
- Pitta
- Kapha [Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/73]
Six dhatu
These are the components of garbha(embryo) including panchamahabhuta and atma. [Cha. Sa. Sharira Sthana 1/16]
It denotes the combination of akasha, vayu, Agni, jala, prithvi(i.e. the five elements) and atma(soul).
=== Eight dhatu
These are components of prakriti. [Cha. Sa. Sharira Sthana 1/17]
It consists of five mahabhuta (in their subtle form), ahamkara (ego), mahat (intellect) and avyakta (primordial element).
Twenty four dhatu
These are 24 components of purusha. [Cha. Sa. Sharira Sthana 1/17]
Purusha comprises of twenty four dhatu, i.e. mind, ten indriya (sensory and motor organs), five objects of sense organs and prakriti (consisting of eight dhatu).
Formation and nourishment of dhatu
The dhatu are formed from prasada (first transformed food into ahara -rasa (nutrient fluid). This nutrient fluid nourishes body components in sequential pattern. It first nourishes the rasa dhatu, then rakta, then mamsa etc. The nutrients present in the food nourish respective dhatu qualitatively and quantitatively. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 28/4]
Furthermore, during the process of metabolism, dhatus undergo a specific pathway through their own characteristic digestive enzymes termed as ‘dhatvagni. In this process, each dhatu gets converted into two parts: poshya(which nourishes itself) and poshaka (which nourishes others). The poshya fraction is responsible for dhatu’s own nourishment and functions. The poshaka fraction nourishes further other dhatus.
Upadhatu (by products) and mala(waste products) are also formed in this dhatu metabolic process.
Thus, each dhatu nourishes its next sequential dhatu.[Cha. Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/39]
Functions of Dhatu
The major functions of seven dhatus are listed as preenana(nourishment), jeevana(vitalizing), lepa(covering), snehana(moistening), dharana(supporting),poorana(filling), and garbhoptpadana(reproduction) respectively.[Ashtanga Hrudaya sutra sthana 9/4]
| Sr. No. | Dhatu | Guna (qualities) | Karma(functions) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Rasa dhatu | Drava, snigdha, sara, manda | Tushti (satiety), Preenan(nourishment), Raktapushti (nourishing blood) |
| 2 | Rakta dhatu | Drava, sara, visra, laghu | Jeevana (vitality), Varnaprasadana(complexion), Mamsapushti (nourishing muscles) |
| 3 | Mamsa dhatu | Sthira, guru, snigdha, pichila | Dehapushti (nourishing body), Lepa (body mass) ,medapushti(nourishing adipose tissue) |
| 4 | Meda dhatu | Snigdha, guru,shlakshna, mrudu, Sandra | Snehana (oleation) of eyes and body,drudhatwa(firmness), asthipushti (nourishing bones) |
| 5 | Asthi dhatu | Sthira,guru, kathina, khara | Dharana(holding body frame), Majjapushti (nourishing bone marrow) |
| 6 | Majja dhatu | Sandra, drava, snigdha,shlakshna | Snehana (oleation), Balakara(strength), Asthipoorana(filling up bones), Shukrapushti (nourishing reproductive tissues) |
| 7 | Shukra dhatu | Drava, sheeta, snigdha | Harsha (pleasure), Bala (strength), Garbhotpadana(reproduction) |
Concept of Upadhatu and Dhatumala
Upadhatu and mala are by-products formed during process of metabolism. The by-products are categorized into these two groups according to their functional importance. Dhatu supports the body and nourishes the subsequent dhatu. However,upa-dhatus do not nourish any further element. They only carry physiological functions and only support body.
The other by-products are dhatu-mala or excretory products. They can get easily vitiated by pathogenic factors; hence they are termed as mala. The following table gives information about upadhatu and mala. [Cha. Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/17], [Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15/20]
| Sr. No. | Dhatu | Upadhatu | Mala(functions) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Rasa | Stanya (breast milk), Rakta(menstrual blood) | Kapha |
| 2. | Rakta | Kandara (artery), sira (blood vessels), artava(menstrual blood)* | Pitta |
| 3. | Mamsa | Vasa (muscle fat), six layers of skin | Kha-mala (excreta in ear, nose) |
| 4. | Meda | Snayu (tendons) | Sweda (sweat) |
| 5. | Asthi | Danta(teeth)*nakha(nails)# | Kesha(scalp hair) and loma(body hair) |
| 6. | Majja | Kesha(hair)* | Akshi-twacha-vit sneha(oiliness in eyes, skin and stools) |
| 7. | Shukra | Ojas* | -- |
- *As opined by Sharangadhara[Sharangadhara Sam. Purvakhanda chapter 5] , # As opined by Sushruta [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 46/529]
Importance of knowledge of dhatu in clinical diagnosis and treatment
Assessment of sara (excellent quality of dhatu)
Sara means the excellent quality of dhatu. It is highly related with the health of tissue and endurance to pathogens. The excellent quality depends upon dhatvagni (metabolism). It is one of the assessment parameters to determine strength of an individual in ten-fold examination. The individuals are categorized on the basis of predominance of a particular dhatu as twaksara, raktasara, mamsasara, medosara, asthisara, majjasara and shukrasara. [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/102]
Importance in diagnosis
Dhatu have their respective srotas (systems). These srotas get affected due to vitiation of dosha and lead to diseases. Thus, dhatu are the site of lesion in view of diagnosis and target receptors in view of treatment.
The increase or decrease of dhatu is also assessed for diagnosis of specific disease. The vitiated dosha reside in dhatu and produce specific clinical features as observed in conditions of jwara and kushtha.
In view of prognosis, involvement of a particular dhatu has importance in prognosis also.
In jwara, if doshas are located in rasa, rakta,mamsa and medas dhatu, the conditionsare curable; while if those are located in the asthi and majja dhatu, then conditions are difficult to treat. If vitiated dosha are located in shukra dhatu, the condition is incurable. [Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/75-83]
In the pathogenesis of prameha(obstinate urinary disorders) dosha ( kapha, pitta and vata) along with the ten factors called dushya i.e, medas, rakta, shukra, ambu (body fluid), vasa (muscle fat), lasika (lymph),majja, rasa, ojas and mamsa play the role.[Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 6/8].While considering the prognosis, “Tulyadushyata” (similarity between the characteristics of dosha and dushya) is a good sign of prognosis[Ashtanga Sangraha Sutra Sthana7/218]
Pathology of kushtha(skin diseases) is related to deranged physiology of seven factors. They are vata, pitta and kapha doshas in aggravated state and dhatus, namely, tvak (since the skin is the organ in which rasa dhatu is present, tvak word is used instead of rasa dhatu),mamsa, shonita and lasika that get deranged due to aggravated dosha. Involvement of higher dhatu makes the disease more complicated. [Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/9-10]
Visarpa (acute spreading erysepelas)also has involvement of seven dhatu which determine the prognosis of the condition. [Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 21/12]
According to Acharya Sushruta, visha(poison) situated in a particular dhatu produces the dhatupradoshajavikara of that particular dhatu.[Su.sa. Kalpa Sthana 2/30]
Dhatukshaya (degeneration of tissues)
Dhatukshaya means degeneration or decrement of quality and/or quality of body tissues. It is considered an important event in many disease pathologies.
In Rajayakshma (wasting diseases) there is direct relationship to the defect in nourishment of body tissues. The diagnosis and treatment depend upon qualitative and quantitative assessment of dhatu. [Cha.Sa. Nidana Sthana 6/ 8-9]
Moreover, dhatukshaya is mentioned as the etiology or consequence of different diseases like
- Unmada[Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/9]
- Udara[Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 13/194]
- Pandu [Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 16/5]
- Hikka, Shwasa[Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 17/82]
- Kasa[Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 18/153]
- Chhardi[Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 20/46]
- Trushna[Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 22/5]
- Vatavyadhi [Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 28/59]
- Klaibya [Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 30/180]
- Marmabhighata- in Kalantarapranahara and Vaikalyakara Marma[Su.Sa. Sharira sthana 6/37-38]
Importance in preservation of health and prevention
Disequilibrium of dhatu is disease and their equilibrium is health. Health is termed as happiness, while disorder as unhappiness.[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 9/4]
In a state of equilibrium of dhatu, diseases are prevented, tissue elements develop properly and ageing process slows down [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 7/49].
Importance in management of disease
- While treating the conditions like dhatukshaya or dhatuvrudhi, the principles of “samanya and vishesha” are applied.For example, the mamsa dhatu get increased predominantly with the consumption of meat,rakta by rakta, meda by fat, vasa by muscle fat, asthi by tarunasthi(cartilage), shukra by shukra(semen) and garbha(fetus) by ama garbha, like egg. [Cha. Sa.Sharira Sthana 6/10]
- Acharya Sushruta says that dosha get sthiratwa(stability) and mahatwa(severity) when they invade the successive dhatu.It becomes difficult to manage them, when they have invaded the deeper dhatu as in case of a tree with deeper roots. [Su.sa. Sutra sthana 23/15-16]
- While planning the treatment of a particular disease, the stage of the disease in terms of involvement of dhatu is important. The concept of koshtha and shakha is important here. In some contexts, the term koshtha is used for rasa dhatu and shakha refers to the succeeding dhatu(rakta,mamsa etc.).
Panchakarma procedures are indicated for the elimination of morbid dosha situated in shakha after bringing them back to koshtha. [Su.sa. Chikitsa Sthana 32/21]
- Among the benefits of snehana , the term “pratyagradhatu”(rejuvenation of dhatu)is mentioned.[Su.sa. chikitasa Sthana 31/56]
- Among the benefits of shodhana chikitsa , “dhatusthiratwam”(strength in terms of proper formation)is emphasized. [Su.sa. Chikitsa Sthana 33/27]
Contemporary approach
Dhatu and body tissues
In current perspective of human physiology, the seven dhatu correspond to seven kinds of basic tissues as below:
Rasa dhatu: plasma including interstitial fluid and lymph
Rakta dhatu: elements of blood and electrolytes
Mamsa dhatu: muscle tissue
Meda dhatu: adipose tissue
Asthi dhatu: bone tissue
Majja dhatu: bone marrow
Shukra dhatu: elements of reproductive tissues [3]
However, the concept of dhatu is much broader than tissues. It includes the components that nourish successor dhatu, metabolic byproducts (upadhatu) and wastes(mala). All three components have importance in maintaining equilibrium in body. Therefore the types of tissues mentioned above can be included in category of dhatu, but it can't be considered as whole dhatu.
Dhatvagni and tissue metabolism
The tissue metabolism corresponds to functions of dhatvagni at various levels as below:[4]
- Rasadhatwagni: Glucose metabolism, circulation in portal vein, formation of WBC
- Raktadhatwagni:Hemopoeisis, iron metabolism, protein metabolism
- Mamsadhatwagni: Protein metabolism
- Medodhatwagni: Lipid metabolism
- Asthidhatwagni: Calcium and phosphorous metabolism, thyroid & parathyroid control
- Majjadhatwagni:Protein metabolism, iron metabolism, hemopoietic and erythroclastic activity
- Sukradhatwagni: Glucose metabolism, protein metabolism, vitamin E metabolism
Current researches
Stem cells and poshaka dhatu
In Ayurveda research field, the concept of rasayana with respect to dhatu and stem cells is initially introduced by Prasad BS [5] .On the basis of stem cell type potency, this development is continued throughout life. It is found that the bone marrow contains at least two kinds of stem cells. One population, called hematopoietic stem cells, forms all types of blood cells in the body. A second small population called non-hematopoietic stem cell can generate bone, cartilage, fat and cells that support the formation of blood and fibrous connective tissue (skeletal stem cells).
In some organs, such as the gut and bone marrow, stem cells regularly divide to repair and replace worn out or damaged tissues. In other organs, however, such as the pancreas and the heart, stem cells only divide under special conditions.[6] Mesodermal progenitor cells are found throughout the body, they can differentiate to form multiple cell types (e.g. osteocytes, adipocytes, chondrocytes, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells) and they have a limited ability to self-renew.[7]
Rasa Dhatu may have all types of cell differentiate lineage responsible for the development of all saptadhatu, may be known as pluripotent.[8]
Recent studies suggest that the spermatogonial stem cells can be reprogrammed to become ES-like cells to acquire pluripotency.[9] Wholesome shukradhatu may be considered as pluripotent, because it is responsible for the transmission of genetic information from an individual to the next generation.
Thus, each dhatu carry the potency to regenerate further dhatu, because each avayava (organ) is formed by composition of many dhatus.[8]
List of theses done
1. Upadhyay Vashudev J (2001) :Medo-Dhatvagni ka Sthaulya Roga ke Sandharbha mein Saidhantika evam Prayogika Adhyayana, Department of Basic principles, IPGT&RA,Jamnagar.
2.Kishor G Satani(2011) : An Applied Study of Interrelationship of Jatharagni and Dhatvagni in Context to Dhatuvrddhi, Department of Basic principles, IPGT&RA,Jamnagar.
More information
List of references in Charak Samhita
The list of references of dhatu observed in Charak Samhita can be downloaded here.
References
- ↑ National AYUSH Morbidity and Standardized Terminologies Electronic Portal by Ministry of AYUSH Available on http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat
- ↑ https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2014/web/webtc/indexcaller.php
- ↑ Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996. Third edition.pg.318
- ↑ Amardeep Kour, Gupta Vikas, Sodhi Danisha. Importance of Nyayas on Body’s Well-Being – A Conceptual Study. Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2015 Vol. 4 Issue 1.pg.95-106 available from www.ijapc.com
- ↑ National Seminar on ‘Rasayana’ opened-The New Indian Express, News article published on Monday, June 11. 2012. Available from: http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article539215.ece
- ↑ Ghaffari S. Cancer, stem cells and cancer stem cells: Old ideas, new developments. F1000 Med Rep. 2011;3:23
- ↑ Melero-Martin JM, Dudley AC. Concise review: Vascular stem cells and tumor angiogenesis. Stem Cells. 2011;29:163–8
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Sharma V, Chaudhary AK. Concepts of Dhatu Siddhanta (theory of tissues formation and differentiation) and Rasayana; probable predecessor of stem cell therapy. Ayu. 2014;35(3):231–236. doi:10.4103/0974-8520.153731
- ↑ Singh SR, Burnicka-Turek O, Chauhan C, Hou SX. Spermatogonial stem cells, infertility and testicular cancer. J Cell Mol Med. 2011;3(15):468–83