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Authoritative instructions are the teachings of ''apta'' (persons who are the most reliable). ''Apta'' are free from doubts, their memory is unimpaired, they know things in their entirety by determinate experience. They see things without any attachment or affection (''nishpriti'' and ''nirupatapa''). Because of these qualities, what they say is authentic. On the other hand, statements- true or false- made by intoxicated, mad, illiterate people and people with attachments are not to be considered as authoritative.  

Authoritative instructions are the teachings of apta (persons who are the most reliable). Apta are free from doubts, their memory is unimpaired, they know things in their entirety by determinate experience. They see things without any attachment or affection (''nishpriti'' and ''nirupatapa''). Because of these qualities, what they say is authentic. On the other hand, statements- true or false- made by intoxicated, mad, illiterate people and people with attachments are not to be considered as authoritative.  

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''Pratyaksha'' or direct observation is that which is comprehensible by an individual through his own senses and mind.  

[[Pratyaksha pramana|Pratyaksha]] or direct observation is that which is comprehensible by an individual through his own senses and mind.  

''Anumana'' or inference is the indirect knowledge based on [[Apamarga Tanduliya Adhyaya#'''Yukti Pramana and Yuktivyapashraya Chikitsa(Rational therapeutics)'''|''Yukti'' i.e. reasoning, logic and experiments]]. [4]

[[Anumana pramana|Anumana]] or inference is the indirect knowledge based on [[Yukti pramana|Yukti i.e. reasoning, logic and experiments]]. [4]

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First of all, one should examine the various aspects of diseases by employing all the three ''pramanas'' (i.e., the three methods of examination). Observations made on the nature of the disease thereafter are infallible. One cannot acquire authoritative knowledge about anything in all its aspects simply by examining it through a part of these “sources of knowledge”. Of all the sources of knowledge one should acquire knowledge in the beginning through authoritative instructions and, thereafter proceed to examine a thing through [[Pratyaksha pramana|Pratyaksha]] (direct observations), and [[Anumana pramana|Anumana]] (inference). What is to be examined by “direct observations” and inference unless something can be studied prima facie. Hence, all the three methods of examination are always to be used in the sequence viz. [[Aaptopadesha pramana|aptopadesha]], [[Pratyaksha pramana|Pratyaksha]]'' and [[Anumana pramana|Anumana]]. In other words, it could be said that if a physician possesses the textual knowledge ([[Aaptopadesha pramana|Aptopadesha]] ) then, for him, there are only two methods of examinations. [5]

First of all, one should examine the various aspects of diseases by employing all the three ''[[Pramana|pramanas]]'' (i.e., the three methods of examination). Observations made on the nature of the disease thereafter are infallible. One cannot acquire authoritative knowledge about anything in all its aspects simply by examining it through a part of these “sources of knowledge”. Of all the sources of knowledge one should acquire knowledge in the beginning through authoritative instructions and, thereafter proceed to examine a thing through [[Pratyaksha pramana|Pratyaksha]] (direct observations), and [[Anumana pramana|Anumana]] (inference). What is to be examined by “direct observations” and inference unless something can be studied prima facie. Hence, all the three methods of examination are always to be used in the sequence viz. [[Aaptopadesha pramana|aptopadesha]], [[Pratyaksha pramana|Pratyaksha]]'' and'' [[Anumana pramana|Anumana]]''.'' In other words, it could be said that if a physician possesses the textual knowledge ([[Aaptopadesha pramana|Aptopadesha]] ) then, for him, there are only two methods of examinations.'' [5]''

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Using the [[Aaptopadesha pramana|aptopadesha]] method of examination, one  acquires knowledge as described here using the following terms that wise men, or ''apta'', use to understand a disease:

Using the [[Aaptopadesha pramana|aptopadesha]] method of examination, one  acquires knowledge as described here using the following terms that wise men, or ''apta'', use to understand a disease:

* ''Prakopanam'' : provoking factors, viz. process of the vitiation of the ''doshas''

* ''Prakopanam'' : provoking factors, viz. process of the vitiation of the [[Dosha|doshas]]

* ''Yoni'': Source of ''doshas''

* ''Yoni'': Source of [[Dosha|doshas]]

* ''Uthanam'': onset of a disease

* ''Uthanam'': onset of a disease

* ''Updravam'': Complications

* ''Updravam'': Complications

* ''Vriddhi sthana kshayam'' (Increased, decreased, balanced): Whether ''dosha, dhatu'' and ''mala'' are increased, decreased, or in balance

* ''Vriddhi sthana kshayam'' (Increased, decreased, balanced): Whether [[dosha]]'','' [[dhatu]] and mala are increased, decreased, or in balance

* ''Udarakam'': Prognosis

* ''Udarakam'': Prognosis

* ''Nivritti'': Contraindication

* ''Nivritti'': Contraindication

Using the above framework, one could gather all the knowledge necessary of a disease [6]

Using the above framework, one could gather all the knowledge necessary of a [[Vyadhi|disease]]. [6]

=== Knowledge by direct perception ===

=== Knowledge by direct perception ===