Netrabastivyapat Siddhi

Netrabastivyapat Siddhi

Section/Chapter	Siddhi Sthana Chapter 5
Preceding Chapter	Snehavyapat Siddhi
Succeeding Chapter	Vamana Virechana Vyapat Siddhi
Other Sections	Sutra Sthana, Nidana Sthana, Vimana Sthana, Sharira Sthana, Indriya Sthana, Chikitsa Sthana, Kalpa Sthana

Abstract

Netrabastivyapat Siddhi deals with possible complications during basti procedure, due to improper choice of netra (injection pipe/nozzle) and bastiputaka (medicinal bag) as well as their inappropriate handling during the course of action by the praneta (administrator). The total number of improper bastinetra to be avoided are eight and the consequent dosha( defects) are also eight. Also, abnormal bastiputaka to be avoided while the procedure as well as their corresponding dosha are eight in number. Pranetradosha (administrator error) are ten in number and they are categorized into pranayana (introduction of netra), baddha (filling and tying of basti) and peedana (squeezing of basti) dosha respectively.

Keywords: Netra, basti, praneta, dosha and siddhi, nozzle, insertion, injection of enema, impediments.

Introduction

The preceding chapter (Snehavyapat Siddhi) dealt with the management strategies for snehabastivyapat and therefore this chapter elucidates the vyapat (complications) related to the instrumentation involved in either kind of basti. Netra (nozzles designed for enema) and basti (bag designed for enema) that are to be avoided in procedures and vyapat (complications) arising due to inappropriate appliance of netra along with their management are explained in the chapter.

Even though the title of the chapter encompasses the term netra and basti; vyapat caused by praṇēta are also dealt in here. It is supposed that a physician’s skill is usually tested when he enters the arena of basti practice. Lot of factors apart from clinical and theoretical knowledge are involved in a proper conduct of basti. Instrumentation and technique are two such important factors cited here. Instrumentation whilst the days of Charaka were based on the most suitable and available material and hence such descriptions are expounded here. However, scientific advancement based on safety, feasibility and practicality in the present era has resulted in recent innovations such as use of metallic syringe in matrabasti, use of plastic bags replacing animal urinary bladders, nozzles made of disposable materials etc. The fact remains that such innovations need to be put into practice protecting the essence as well as the fundamental principles behind basti procedure and not interfering or rather limiting its effect in relation to the technique. Much criticism has been made on the use of enema cans (as in Naturopathy) instead of conventional basti, as it hinders the technique.

Preventing complications while the procedure reflects two aspects of a physician; the extent of theoretical knowledge regarding basti and his expertise in the procedure. Identifying specific complications is made possible as a part of regular event evaluation irrespective of manifestation of any complications. Rectification of mistakes committed in technique are of immense value with respect to development of a standard operative procedure. Management of complications with respect to acute and chronic events is also an important aspect in siddhi.

Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation

अथातो नेत्रबस्तिव्यापत्सिद्धिं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||

इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||

अथ नेत्राणि बस्तींश्च शृणु वर्ज्यानि कर्मसु| नेत्रस्याज्ञप्रणीतस्य व्यापदः सचिकित्सिताः||३||

athātō nētrabastivyāpatsiddhiṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||

iti ha smāha bhagavānātrēyaḥ||2||

atha nētrāṇi bastīṁśca śr̥ṇu varjyāni karmasu| nētrasyājñapraṇītasya vyāpadaḥ sacikitsitāḥ||3||

athAto netrabastivyApatsiddhiM vyAkhyAsyAmaH||1||

iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||

atha netrANi bastIMshca shRuNu varjyAni karmasu| netrasyAj~japraNItasya vyApadaH sacikitsitAH||3||

Now we shall expound the chapter upon management of complications due to enema nozzle. Thus said Lord Atreya, Henceforth listen to the description of defects in enema nozzles, their complications if used for basti and their management. [1-3]

Eight defects of nozzle and its harmful effect

ह्रस्वं दीर्घं तनु स्थूलं जीर्णं शिथिलबन्धनम्| पार्श्वच्छिद्रं तथा वक्रमष्टौ नेत्राणि वर्जयेत्||४||

अप्राप्त्यतिगतिक्षोभकर्षणक्षणनस्रवाः| गुदपीडा गतिर्जिह्मा तेषां दोषा यथाक्रमम्||५||

hrasvaṁ dīrghaṁ tanu sthūlaṁ jīrṇaṁ śithilabandhanam| pārśvacchidraṁ tathā vakram aṣṭau nētrāṇi varjayēt||4||

aprāptyatigatikṣōbhakarṣaṇakṣaṇanasravāḥ| gudapīḍā gatirjihmā tēṣāṁ dōṣā yathākramam||5||

hrasvaM dIrghaM tanu sthUlaM jIrNaM shithilabandhanam| pArshvacchidraM tathA vakramaShTau netrANi varjayet||4||

aprAptyatigatikShobhakarShaNakShaNanasravAH| gudapIDA gatirjihmA teShAM doShA yathAkramam||5||

Netra which are

1. hrashvam (too small),
2. deergham (too long),
3. tanu (too thin),
4. sthoolam (too thick),
5. jeernam old and mutilated),
6. shithilabandhanam (having loosely tied/inappropriate fastening of basti putaka with netra ),
7. parshvachhidram (having hole – laterally on one side of netra) and
8. vakram (having bents or curves) are to be avoided. If these sort of nozzles are used while basti procedure, it results in corresponding eight doshas. These doshas (harmful effects) in the body as tabulated below:

No. Defect in Nētra Resultant dosha if used in procedure 1 Hrasvaṁ Aprāpti (medication - not reaching the intended site) 2 Dīrghaṁ Atigati (medication - crossing the intended extent) 3 Tanu Medication reaches guda only and causes Kshobha (discomfort by its movement there/ hitting the anal walls due to loose size) 4 Sthūlaṁ Karshaṇa (Attrition due to oversize) 5 Jīrṇaṁ Kṣaṇana (inflicts wound) 6 Śithilabandhanam| Sravāḥ (leakage of medication outside while administration)

7 Pārśvacchidraṁ Gudapīḍā (causes pain/discomfort in guda) 8 Vakram Gatirjihmā (medication travels transversely in the colon) (4, 5)

Basti putaka (defects of bladder/enema holding bag)

विषममांसलच्छिन्नस्थूलजालिकवातलाः| स्निग्धः क्लिन्नश्च तानष्टौ बस्तीन् कर्मसु वर्जयेत्||६||

गतिवैषम्यविस्रत्वस्रावदौर्ग्राह्यनिस्रवाः| फेनिलच्युत्यधार्यत्वं बस्तेः स्युर्बस्तिदोषतः||७||

viṣamamāṁsalacchinnasthūlajālikavātalāḥ| snigdhaḥ klinnaśca tānaṣṭau bastīn karmasu varjayēt||6||

gativaiṣamyavisratvasrāvadaurgrāhyanisravāḥ| phēnilacyutyadhāryatvaṁ bastēḥ syurbastidōṣataḥ||7||

viShamamAMsalacchinnasthUlajAlikavAtalAH| snigdhaH klinnashca tAnaShTau bastIn karmasu varjayet||6||

gativaiShamyavisratvasrAvadaurgrAhyanisravAH| phenilacyutyadhAryatvaM basteH syurbastidoShataH||7||

Basti which are

1. vishama (irregular/uneven structure),
2. mamsala (fleshy/bulky/pulpy),
3. Chhinna (perforated/cut through/torn),
4. Sthoola (thick/large),
5. Jalika (having many pores),
6. Vatala (containing air),
7. Snigdha (viscous/oily/slippery/greasy) and
8. Klinna (putrefied/rotted) are to be avoided. They if used in the procedure cause dosha (harmful effects) in the body and are tabulated below in their respective order:

No. Defect in basti Resultant dōsha if used in procedure 1 Viṣama Gativaiṣamya (difficult passage of medication) 2 Māṁsala Visratva (mustiness) of basti 3 Chhinna Srāva (abrupt leakage of medication) 4 Sthūla Daurgrāhya (difficult to hold/grip while administration) 5 Jālika Nisrava (flowing out) of medication) 6 Vātala Phenilatva (frothiness of medication) 7 Snigdha Chyuti (slippery while administration) 8 Klinna Adhāryatva (non-utility for administration) (6, 7)

Errors by basti administrator

सवातातिद्रुतोत्क्षिप्ततिर्यगुल्लुप्तकम्पिताः| अतिबाह्यगमन्दातिवेगदोषाः प्रणेतृतः||८||

savātātidrutōtkṣiptatiryagulluptakampitāḥ| atibāhyagamandātivēgadōṣāḥ praṇētr̥taḥ||8||

savAtAtidrutotkShiptatiryagulluptakampitAH| atibAhyagamandAtivegadoShAH praNetRutaH||8||

Defects related to pranetru (administrator or attendant who applies procedure) are savata (basti filled with air), atidruta (very fast), utkshipta (raised/upwards), tiryak (oblique/sideways/transverse), ullupta (taken out), kampita (trembling/shaking), ati (excess/too far), bahyaga (outside/diverging from), mandavega (slow) and ativega (speedy) administration of basti and they cause harm to the body. [8]

Effect of savata dosha

अनुच्छ्वास्य च बद्धे वा दत्ते निःशेष एव वा| प्रविश्य कुपितो वायुः शूलतोदकरो भवेत्||९||

तत्राभ्यङ्गो गुदे स्वेदो वातघ्नान्यशनानि च|१०|

anucchvāsya ca baddhē vā dattē niḥśēṣa ēva vā| praviśya kupitō vāyuḥ śūlatōdakarō bhavēt||9||

tatrābhyaṅgō gudē svēdō vātaghnānyaśanāni ca|10|

anucchvAsya ca baddhe vA datte niHsheSha eva vA| pravishya kupito vAyuH shUlatodakaro bhavet||9||

tatrAbhya~ggo gude svedo vAtaghnAnyashanAni ca|10|

Administration of medication from an improperly filled and/or tied basti and complete emptying of basti will cause entry of air into the rectum. Vata dosha gets vitiated inducing shoola (sharp, acute pain) and toda (pricking pain). Abhyanga (inunction), sveda (fomentation) to guda and consumption of diet comprising of vata dosha pacifying items are to be done as management.[9-10]

Atidruta and utkshipta dosha

द्रुतं प्रणीते निष्कृष्टे सहसोत्क्षिप्त एव वा||१०||

स्यात् कटीगुदजङ्घार्तिबस्तिस्तम्भोरुवेदनाः | भोजनं तत्र वातघ्नं स्नेहाः स्वेदाः सबस्तयः||११||

drutaṁ praṇītē niṣkr̥ṣṭē sahasōtkṣipta ēva vā||10||

syāt kaṭīgudajaṅghārtibastistambhōruvēdanāḥ | bhōjanaṁ tatra vātaghnaṁ snēhāḥ svēdāḥ sabastayaḥ||11||

drutaM praNIte niShkRuShTe sahasotkShipta eva vA||10||

syAt kaTIgudaja~gghArtibastistambhoruvedanAH | bhojanaM tatra vAtaghnaM snehAH svedAH sabastayaH||11||

In case of very fast introduction and withdrawal of netra and introduction of netra in upward direction, arti (pain) occurs in waist, rectum and calf along with thighs. Consumption of diet comprising of vata dosha pacifying items, unction, fomentation and basti are to be advised as management.[10-11]

Tiryakdosha

तिर्यग्वल्यावृतद्वारे बद्धे वाऽपि न गच्छति| नेत्रे तदृजु निष्कृष्य संशोध्य च प्रवेशयेत्||१२||

tiryagvalyāvr̥tadvārē baddhē vā'pi na gacchati| nētrē tadr̥ju niṣkr̥ṣya saṁśōdhya ca pravēśayēt||12||

tiryagvalyAvRutadvAre baddhe vA~api na gacchati| netre tadRuju niShkRuShya saMshodhya ca praveshayet||12||

This occurs due to:

1. introduction of netra in improper direction where, the aperture gets obstructed by gudavali and
2. some material like thread knot occluding the aperture from inside. Here, the netra should be withdrawn, either re-introduced in proper direction or obstruction removed and re-introduced.[12]

Ullupta and kampita dosha

पीड्यमानेऽन्तरा मुक्ते गुदे प्रतिहतोऽनिलः| उरःशिरोर्तिमूर्वोश्च सदनं जनयेद्बली||१३||

बस्तिः स्यात्तत्र बिल्वादिफलश्यामादिमूत्रवान्| स्याद्दाहो दवथुः शोफः कम्पनाभिहते गुदे||१४||

कषायमधुराः शीताः सेकास्तत्र सबस्तयः|१५|

pīḍyamānē'ntarā muktē gudē pratihatō'nilaḥ| uraḥśirōrtimūrvōśca sadanaṁ janayēdbalī||13||

bastiḥ syāttatra bilvādiphalaśyāmādimūtravān| syāddāhō davathuḥ śōphaḥ kampanābhihatē gudē||14||

kaṣāyamadhurāḥ śītāḥ sēkāstatra sabastayaḥ|15|

pIDyamAne~antarA mukte gude pratihato~anilaH| uraHshirortimUrvoshca sadanaM janayedbalI||13||

bastiH syAttatra bilvAdiphalashyAmAdimUtravAn| syAddAho davathuH shophaH kampanAbhihate gude||14||

kaShAyamadhurAH shItAH sekAstatra sabastayaH|15|

If the squeezing of basti is interrupted in between (and re-done), that will cause obstruction to vata dosha and in turn vitiates it resulting in pain in chest and head along with weakness of thighs. Management should be done by administering basti comprising of dashamoola, shyama and gomutra.

In case of trembling of hands while introduction of netra, burning sensation, davathuḥ (pain heat/inflammation) and swelling occur in guda. Seka (pouring) and basti has to be dome with medicines having astringent and sweet taste and in cold state. [13-15]

Ati dosha

अतिमात्रप्रणीतेन नेत्रेण क्षणनाद्वलेः||१५||

स्यात् सार्तिदाहनिस्तोदगुदवर्चःप्रवर्तनम्| तत्र सर्पिः पिचुः क्षीरं पिच्छाबस्तिश्च शस्यते||१६||

atimātrapraṇītēna nētrēṇa kṣaṇanādvalēḥ||15||

syāt sārti dāhanistōdagudavarcaḥpravartanam| tatra sarpiḥ picuḥ kṣīraṁ picchābastiśca śasyatē||16||

atimAtrapraNItena netreNa kShaNanAdvaleH||15||

syAt sArti dAhanistodagudavarcaHpravartanam| tatra sarpiH picuH kShIraM picchAbastishca shasyate||16||

Extensive introduction of netra into guda inflicts injury to gudavali and results in pain, burning sensation, pricking pain, prolapse of guda and abrupt / unexpected defecation. Picu with cow’s ghee and milk and picchabasti are to be done here.[15-16]

Manda vega and ativega dosha

न भावयति मन्दस्तु बाह्यस्त्वाशु निवर्तते| स्नेहस्तत्र पुनः सम्यक् प्रणेयः सिद्धिमिच्छता||१७||

अतिप्रपीडितः कोष्ठे तिष्ठत्यायाति वा गलम्| तत्र बस्तिर्विरेकश्च गलपीडादि कर्म च||१८||

na bhāvayati mandastu bāhyastvāśu nivartatē| snēhastatra punaḥ samyak praṇēyaḥ siddhimicchatā||17||

atiprapīḍitaḥ kōṣṭhē tiṣṭhatyāyāti vā galam| tatra bastirvirēkaśca galapīḍādi karma ca||18||

na bhAvayati mandastu bAhyastvAshu nivartate| snehastatra punaH samyak praNeyaH siddhimicchatA||17||

atiprapIDitaH koShThe tiShThatyAyAti vA galam| tatra bastirvirekashca galapIDAdi karma ca||18||

In case of first one (slow administration), medicine doesn’t reach pakvashaya and is ineffective. Administration diverging from guda (second one), medicine is expelled out faster. In both cases, the snehabasti has to be done.

In case of speedy administration, either medicine stays in koshtha or ascends up to gala (throat). There, basti, vireka (purgation) and tight gripping of neck are to be done. [17-18]

Summary

तत्र श्लोकः-

नेत्रबस्तिप्रणेतॄणां दोषानेतान् सभेषजान्| वेत्ति यस्तेन मतिमान् बस्तिकर्माणि कारयेत्||१९||

tatra ślōkaḥ-

nētrabastipraṇētr̥̄ṇāṁ dōṣānētān sabhēṣajān| vētti yastēna matimān bastikarmāṇi kārayēt||19||

tatra shlokaH-

netrabastipraNetRUNAM doShAnetAn sabheShajAn| vetti yastena matimAn bastikarmANi kArayet||19||

An intelligent physician who learns the dosha of netra, basti and praneta properly along with management shall practice basti. [19]

Tattva Vimarsha

• The basti netra (nozzle), basti putaka (bladder/enema pot) should be non-defective to avoid complications of basti therapy.
• Basti therapy should be administered with utmost care by well trained, skilled and experienced praneta (administrator). If this is not followed, complications can occur in basti therapy.

Vidhi Vimarsha

The knowledge on apt instruments to be used in respective procedure is vital in ensuring the procedure effect. In the case of basti (procedure), the knowledge on properly designed netra and basti is essential for physicians. Also, Inappropriate appliance of netra in the procedure leads to vyapat and needs to be managed by the physician. Hence, this aspect is being dealt further in the chapter.

Research works have proved the importance of instruments and technique of administration which influences the total procedure and thereby its effect on the body. Usage of proper netra and basti in the procedure had influenced the time taken for administration by the maintenance of uniform pressure and gradual squeezing of the content during administration of niruha (decoction type of enema) 1. Also, it influenced the extent of reach of medication in the colon and its quantity. Usage of animal bladder for preparation of bastiputaka (bag or vessel) was possible and justified in earlier days, however, is not feasible and practical today. As an alternative, a plastic bag of 50 microns thickness and having 1.5 l capacity has been reported recently and is disposed of after single use.2

Verse 4- 5

Defect in netra are eight in number and each of them affects the proper administration of basti procedure. Recommendable netra according to Charaka, should have the following attributes: apertures(at the tip, i.e outlet aperture and at the base (inlet aperture) of the netra) equal to little and thumb in circumference (यथावयोऽङ्गुष्ठकनिष्ठिकाभ्यां मूलाग्रयोः स्युः परिणाहवन्ति), straight (ऋजूनि), alike tail of a cow in shape (गोपुच्छसमाकृतीनि), smooth (श्लक्ष्णानि), curved in tip/round or circular (र्गुडिकामुखानि) and two round protuberances – one at the distal ¼ and other at the proximal end (कर्णिकैकाऽग्रचतुर्थभागे मूलाश्रिते बस्तिनिबन्धने द्वे). (Ca.Si-3/3)

Chakrapani has made it clear that aprapti and atigati of the dravya happens. He has interpreted tanu as krisha (thin, emaciated) having equivalent meaning. He also adds that this limits the reach of medication to guda alone and causes discomfort locally. Jeernam has been interpreted by him as karkasha (meaning rough), thereby the term jeernam implying two characters – disintegrated and/or rough.

On a critical view, one may note that two kinds of harmful effect of defective netra are grouped here –

1. before administration such as leakage of medication in shithilabandhanam and
2. after the administration such as transverse travel of medication in the colon vakram. Majority of them fall in the second category.

The dosha resulting from sthoolam is mentioned as karshana meaning emaciation which lacks clarity. The vyapat of atisthoola is considered along with those caused by karkasha, asrimat (netra having edges/having hole) and avanata (downwards) by Sushruta and explained as causing gharshana (friction/rubbing), gudakshata (injury to guda) and ruk (pain) 3.

This explanation of Sushruta seems to be more apt to the context. Also, the number of netra dosha varies in Sushruta and eleven are considered there viz. atisthoola, avanata, karkasha, anubhinnam, sannikrushtakarnika (round protuberance designed close to the outlet aperture), viprakrushtakarnika (round protuberance designed far from outlet aperture), sookshmachidra (subtle aperture), atichhidra (wider aperture), atideergha, atihrasva and asrimat4.

Verse 6-7

Defective basti putaka are eight in number and each of them affects the proper appliance in the procedure. When basti was used in olden times, a basti devoid of veins was selected from a dead animal (natural death/healthy and butchered) and it was processed prior by soaking in kashaya, (decoctions) gently rubbed and dried (दृढस्तनुर्नष्टसिरो विगन्धः कषायरक्तः सुमृदुः सुशुद्धः).5

Chakrapani has commented upon the terms vishama, sthoola, jalika, vatala, snigdha and klinna among defective basti. He has also elaborated on visratva, daurgrahya, chyuti and adharyatva. As discussed earlier, practicality and feasibility issues and stringent laws in procuring animal parts have led to the replacement of basti (putaka) with plastic bags.

Sushruta has limited the number to five viz. praasteerna [prāstIrNa; प्रास्तीर्ण (extended/flat/having network of veins)], bahala [bahala; बहल (thick/bushy/dense)], durbaddha [durbaddha; दुर्बद्ध (badly fastened)], sacchidra [sacchidra; सछिद्र (along with holes)] and alpa [alpa; अल्प (tiny)] 6.

Praasteerna causes leakage of medication and alpa in less effective due to less amount of medication getting administered7.

Verse 8

The probable errors committed by the person who administers basti are 10 in number. Charaka in 3rd chapter of siddhi has laid down the standard operative procedure of administration as follows:

Guda (and the distal ¼ of the netra) should be anointed first (स्निग्धे गुदे नेत्रचतुर्थभागं स्निग्धं) and slowly the netra should be introduced in the direction of spine (शनैरृज्वनपृष्ठवंशम्), without any trembling, tremor etc., with skilled hands (अकम्पनावेपनलाघवादीन् पाण्योर्गुणांश्चापि विदर्शयंस्तम्) and the medication should be emptied in a single squeeze from basti (प्रपीड्य चैकग्रहणेन दत्तं) and slowly netra can be withdrawn (नेत्रं शनैरेव ततोऽपकर्षेत्). (Ca.Si.3/19, 20)

Chakrapani categorizes these as pranayana, badha and peedana. Savata is a defect committed during badha (filling and tying of basti) and peedana (squeezing of basti). Atidruta, utkshipta, tiryak, kampita, ati, and bahyaga are considered as defects committed during pranayana (introduction of netra into the anus). Ullupta, mandavega and ativega are committed while peedana.

Sushruta has explained pranidhanadosha and peedana dosha separately and are six and four in number respectively8. Peedanakala was not specified by Charaka and Vagbhata have mentioned its significance in the procedure. Direct reference to peedanakala by Sushruta lacks clarity, even though Dalhana gives commentary on peedanakala as thirty matra for a person with mridu (delicate/tender) koshtha कोष्ठ (bowels) 9.

Practically, it is seen that conducting a per rectal examination prior to the introduction of netra provides not only valuable information on the condition of rectum but also de-sensitizes10 the rectum thereby ensuring smooth conduct of the procedure. It is observed that chances of most defects in introduction are done away with the adoption of this maneuver in practice. Also, during squeezing of basti, if any resistance is felt, it is better to retract the netra and re-introduce it as chances are likely that the aperture of netra may be directed towards the wall of the anal canal.

Verse 9-10

Chakrapani comments that even though wrong practices in administration were non-recommended earlier itself, details are being discussed further focusing their management. Sushruta has explained the entry of air into rectum as a resultant of repeated squeezing of basti and is manifested with abdominal distension and severe stomach ache. Suitable basti is advised as management.

Verse 10-11

If any pain/discomfort is reported by the patient during the procedure, it is better to retract the netra and re-introduce it.

Verse 12

Sushruta has expressed views consistent to that of Charaka in this case. It is important to remember that as per the standard procedure of basti, a varti (thread/pad) has to be placed in the aperture of netra after tying it to basti, and then medication has to be poured to the basti. So, there are chances that a piece of the thread/pad may remain inside the aperture and care has to be taken to check it before introduction into guda.

Verse 16

Eventhough the karnika near to the distal end of netra prevents extensive introduction of the netra into guda, sometimes the force with which netra is introduced into guda inflicts injury. Picchabasti, explained elsewhere arrests the prolapse and controls the inflammation of the local structures. Sushruta has advised all measures explained in sadyakshata (acute injury) as management.

Verse 17-18

Cakrapäni clarifies that the term bhävyati used here means its non-entry to pakvāshaya. He adds that in manda and ativēga, ävarana of väta occurs and in ativēga, it is due to the absence of ävarana that results medicine ascending upto throat. He further says that in case of retention of medicine basti or vireka is advisable and in case of medicine reaching the throat, galapīda has to be done.

Suśruta has explained that in ativēga, the medicine may come out through nose, mouth etc. He has advised teekshananasya in addition to virēka, galapīda and pourng of medicines in cold state. Also, Dalhana has commented on a maneuver mentioned as avadhūnana as holding the head by hairs and shaking it. Retention of basti medicine inside the body is a serious complication and measures have to be adopted with an emergency management perspective. It is mandatory to monitor the retention time in basti and many a times it suggests the pharmacokinetics also.

Verse 19

As discussed earlier, with the knowledge of siddhi one acquires not only routine practice but expertise in prevention, identification, rectification and management of complications related to the respective karma.

Glossary

Basti netra (बस्तिनेत्र) – Nozzle made of various metals designed for administering basti in anal route Basti (बस्ति) – Enema / Also some time used to mention the bladder used for Bastikarma for filling the ingredients Vapadah (व्यापदः) – Complications Netra dosha (नेत्रदोषा) – Defects of enema nozzle Basti doshah (बस्तिदोष) – Defects enema bladders Pranetru doshah (प्रणेतृदोषाः) – Administration errors

References

1. Gundeti MS, Raut AA, Kamat NM. Basti: Does the equipment and method of administration matter?. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2013;4:9-12 2. Nampoothiri MR, Mahadevan L. Principles and Practice of Vasti. 1st ed. Derisanamcope: Y. Mahadeva Iyer’s Sri Sarada Ayurvedic Hospital; 2007. p. 49. 3. Suśruta, Suśrutasamhita Cikitsāsthāna chapter 36. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy; 1980. p. 513. (Krishnadas Ayurveda series 51). 4. Suśruta, Suśrutasamhita Cikitsāsthāna chapter 35. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy; 1980. p. 515. (Krishnadas Ayurveda series 51). 5. Agnivēśa, Carakasamitha Sidhisthāna chapter 3. 6. Suśruta, Suśrutasamhitha Cikitsāsthāna chapter 36. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy; 1980. p. 513. (Krishnadas Ayurveda series 51). 7. Suśruta, Suśrutasamhitha Cikitsāsthāna chapter 35. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy; 1980. p. 515. (Krishnadas Ayurveda series 51). 8. Suśruta, Suśrutasamhitha Cikitsāsthāna chapter 35. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy; 1980. p. 515. (Krishnadas Ayurveda series 51). 9. Suśruta, Suśrutasamhitha Cikitsāsthāna chapter 38. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy; 1980. p. 534. (Krishnadas Ayurveda series 51). 10. Manojkumar A K, Jigeesh P P, Binitha A, Subin V R. Kaśhāyavasti. In, Manojkumar A K (ed). Standard Operative Procedure of Pancakarma, 1st edition. Kottakkal, Regional Offset, 2013.