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Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Sariva, Hemidesmus indicus (L.) Schult., Indian sarsaparilla* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Sariva is classified as a blood purifier and rasayana. It is traditionally indicated for skin disorders, burning sensations, fever, and metabolic toxemia.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidesmus_indicus Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.]


{{Infobox
{{Infobox
Line 6: Line 16:
|data1 = Herb database/Sariva
|data1 = Herb database/Sariva
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidesmus_indicus Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.]
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Apocynaceae
|data3 = Apocynaceae
Line 12: Line 22:
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = 2025
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name ==
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemidesmus_indicus Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.]''', popularly known as '''Sariva''' (Indian sarsaparilla), is a slender, laticiferous, twining shrub native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as a premier blood purifier (''raktashodhaka''), coolant (''pittahara''), and rejuvenative (''rasayana'') drug of choice for managing chronic skin disorders, burning sensations, fever, and metabolic toxemia.


== English name ==
Indian sarsaparilla
Indian sarsaparilla


==Therapeutic uses==
== Therapeutic Uses ==
Agnimandhya, Aruchi, Swasa, Kasa, Jwara,Atisara,Kandu,Kustha, Raktavikara<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref>
Agnimandhya (digestive impairment), Aruchi (anorexia), Swasa (dyspnea), Kasa (cough), Jwara (fever), Atisara (diarrhea), Kandu (itching), Kustha (skin diseases), Raktavikara (blood disorders).<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref>
==Other varieties==


== Other Varieties ==
* Periploca indica
* Periploca indica


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Indian medicine, Sariva is classified as possessing sweet (''madhura'') and bitter (''tikta'') tastes, with a cooling potency (''sheeta veerya'') that pacifies all three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha), though it is exceptionally renowned for subduing aggravated Pitta and blood impurities.


Sariva, Ananta, Gopakanya, Sphota, Shyama, Krushodari, Asphota, Phanijihvaka, Anantamoola, Gopavalli
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Sariva, Ananta, Gopakanya, Sphota, Shyama, Krushodari, Asphota, Phanijihvaka, Anantamoola, Gopavalli.


==Synonyms in Bhavprakash samhita==
== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Gopi(it protect the person who use it), gopavadhu,lata<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guducyadi Varga, Verse no. 237, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
Gopi, Gopavadhu, Lata.<ref name="Bhavamishra2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 237, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
 
 
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==


== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties  
|+ Properties
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Sweet (madhura), Bitter (tikta)
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Sweet (madhura), Bitter (tikta)
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
Line 52: Line 63:
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Heavy (guru), Unctuous (snigdha)
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]]) || Heavy (guru), Unctuous (snigdha)
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|}
|}
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/24 || Pipasaghniyavagu (Gruels for excess thirst and toxicity)
|-
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(9) || Kanthya mahakashay(beneficial for throat & voice)
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 2/24 || Pipasaghniyavagu (gruels for excess thirst and toxicity)
|-
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18) || Stanyashodhana mahakashay(galacto-purifiers)
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(9) || Kanthya mahakashaya (beneficial for throat & voice)
|-
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(31) || Purishsangrahaniya mahakashay(faecal astringents)
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18) || Stanyashodhana mahakashaya (galacto-purifiers)
|-
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara mahakashaya(relieving fever)
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(31) || Purishsangrahaniya mahakashaya (faecal astringents)
|-
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41) || Dahaprashamana mahakashaya(pacifying burning sensation)
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara mahakashaya (relieving fever)
|-
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/64 || Anutailadravya
| 6 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41) || Dahaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying burning sensation)
|-
|-
|8
| 7 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/64 || Anutailadravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha(collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
|-
|9
| 8 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40 || Agrya Sangraha
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139
|Madhurskanda(group of sweet drugs)
|-
|-
|10
| 9 || Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139 || Madhurskandha (group of sweet drugs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29
|Garbha Vyadhi  chikitsa(Use in treatment of constipation during third trimester , here sariva is mentioned with the name of ananta)
|-
|-
|11
| 10 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29 || Garbha Vyadhi chikitsa (treatment of constipation during third trimester)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56
|Kshira vishodhan  dravya
|-
|-
|12
| 11 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56 || Kshira vishodhana dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201
|Used as kwatha in Satat jwara
|-
|-
|13
| 12 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201 || Used as kwatha in Satat jwara
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
|-
|-
|14
| 13 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219 || As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
|-
|15
| 14 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258 || As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/76
|As an ingredient of kiratatiktadi churna
|-
|-
|16
| 15 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/76 || As an ingredient of kiratatiktadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/81
|As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya
|-
|-
|17
| 16 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/81 || As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128
|Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth, Pana, Snan, Lepa
|-
|-
|18
| 17 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128 || Abhyantara and Bahyaprayogartha (Pana, Snana, Lepa)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/145
|Ingredient in Mahatikta  Ghrita
|-
|-
|19
| 18 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/145 || Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/109
|Ingredient in Duralabhadi  Ghrita
|-
|-
|20
| 19 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/109 || Ingredient in Duralabhadi Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35
|Ingredient in Kalyanak  Ghrita
|-
|-
|21
| 20 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35 || Ingredient in Kalyanak Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/42
|Ingredient in Mahakalyanak  Ghrita
|-
|-
|22
| 21 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/42 || Ingredient in Mahakalyanak Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35
|Ingredient in Kalyanak  Ghrita
|-
|-
|23
| 22 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/160 || As an ingredient of kanakasava
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/160
|As an ingredient of kanakarist
|-
|-
|24
| 23 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106 || Agnivruddhiartha and alleviating kosthagata kapha in grahaniroga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106
|Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating kostha gaya kayu in grahaniroga
|-
|-
|25
| 24 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125 || As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/125
|As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|-
|-
|26
| 25 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110 || Used in treatment of hikka swasha (mentioned as Asphota)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110
|Use in treatment of hikka swasha (Here Sariva is mentioned with name of asphota)
|-
|-
|27
| 26 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/177 || As an ingredient of jivantyadi leha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/177
|As an ingredient of jivantyadi leha
|-
|-
|28
| 27 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50 || As a pana dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50
|As a pana dravya
|-
|-
|29
| 28 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/54 || For kashaya pana (decoction)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/54
|For kashaya pana(decoction)
|-
|-
|30
| 29 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76 || As an ingredient of Sarivadi pralepa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/76
|As an ingredient of Sarivadi pralepa
|-
|-
|31
| 30 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/88 || For pradeha prayoga in kaphaja visarpa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/88
|For pradeha prayoga in kaphaja visarpa
|-
|-
|32
| 31 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/102 || As an ingredient of ksharagada
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/102
|As an ingredient of ksharagada
|-
|-
|33
| 32 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/201 || Used in the treatment of Luta visha (spider poison)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/201  
|Used in the treatment of Luta visha(treatment of spider poison)
|-
|-
|34
| 33 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/202 || As an ingredient of Madhukadi yoga
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/202  
|As an ingredient of Madhukadi yoga
|-
|-
|35
| 34 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/243 || As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/243
|As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
|-
|-
|36
| 35 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153 || As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153
|As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila
|-
|-
|37
| 36 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/185 || Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/185
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya
|-
|-
|38
| 37 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/264 || As an ingredient of Sahacharadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/264
|As an ingredient of Sahacharadi taila
|-
|-
|39
| 38 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/269 || As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/269
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
|-
|-
|40
| 39 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/168 || As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/168
|As an ingredient of Mahamayur Ghrita
|-
|-
|41
| 40 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/179 || As an ingredient of Yashtyadi Ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/179
|As an ingredient of Yashtyadi Ghrita
|-
|-
|42
| 41 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/234 || Used in Pittaja netraroga (eye disease)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/234
|Used in Pittaja netraroga(eye disease)
|-
|-
|43
| 42 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/243 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/243
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti
|-
|-
|44
| 43 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/125 || As an ingredient of Dashamuladi majja sneha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/125
|As an ingredient of Dashamuladi majja sneha
|-
|-
|45
| 44 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/158 || As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/158
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
|-
|-
|46
| 45 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76 || As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/76
|As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
|-
|-
|47
| 46 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/94 || As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/94
|As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila
|-
|-
|48
| 47 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/123 || As an ingredient of Pinda taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/123
|As an ingredient of Pinda taila
|-
|-
|49
| 48 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/146 || Used in Kaphaja Vatarakta
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/146
|Used in Kaphaja Vatarakta
|-
|-
|50
| 49 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92 || As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|-
|-
|51
| 50 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/263 || Used in the treatment of Stanya Vairasya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/263
|Used in the treatment of Stanya Vairasya
|-
|-
|52
| 51 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/275 || Used in treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Sarivadi lepa
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/275
|Used in the treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha, As  an ingredient of Sarivadi lepa
|}
|}


== Dose ==
* Kwatha (Decoction): 20–30 g of the drug.<ref name="API1986"/>
== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Sarivadhyasava
== Current Availability ==
Available
* In India: Karnataka, Kerala, Bihar, West Bengal, Maharashtra.
== Current Researches ==
== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic versatility of ''Hemidesmus indicus'' stems from the secondary metabolites present primarily in its roots:
* '''Volatile constituents:''' 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde is the major constituent of the aromatic root volatiles (more than 90% in the GC-MS analysis), accompanied by minor terpenoid components such as camphor and borneol.<ref name="Nagarajan2001">{{cite journal |last1=Nagarajan |first1=S. |last2=Rao |first2=L. J. M. |last3=Gurudutt |first3=K. N. |year=2001 |title=Chemical composition of the volatiles of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. |journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal |volume=16 |pages=212–214 |doi=10.1002/ffj.985}}</ref>
* '''Terpenoids and saponins:''' In a comparison of root extracts prepared with solvents of increasing polarity, the methanol extract had the highest phytochemical content, with terpenoids at 59.82 ± 0.97 mg LE/g and saponins at 15.03 ± 0.45 mg DE/g of extract.<ref name="Som2021">{{cite journal |last1=Som |first1=S. |last2=Antony |first2=J. |last3=Dhanabal |first3=P. |last4=Ponnusankar |first4=S. |year=2021 |title=Phytochemical profiling of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection linked enzyme inhibitory properties |journal=Pharmacognosy Journal |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=196–205}}</ref>
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==


==Dose==
=== Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Activity (Shotha, Jwara) ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Methanolic extract of ''Hemidesmus indicus'' root (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg orally) significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw oedema and brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia in rats compared with control, indicating anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties.<ref name="Lakshman2006">{{cite journal |last1=Lakshman |first1=K. |last2=Shivaprasad |first2=H. N. |last3=Jaiprakash |first3=B. |last4=Mohan |first4=S. |year=2006 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Hemidesmus indicus root extract |journal=African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=90–94}}</ref>


* 20-30 g of the drug for decoction<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref>
=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity ===
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In rats given bromobenzene, which causes oxidative damage to liver mitochondria, prior administration of an aqueous extract of ''H. indicus'' (100 mg/kg) stimulated respiration and prevented the rise in lipid peroxides and protein carbonyls, restoring sulphydryl groups to control levels. Vitamin E could not reverse the damage as effectively.<ref name="Gopi2010">{{cite journal |last1=Gopi |first1=S. |last2=Setty |first2=O. H. |year=2010 |title=Beneficial effect of the administration of Hemidesmus indicus against bromobenzene induced oxidative stress in rat liver mitochondria |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=127 |issue=1 |pages=200–203}}</ref>


==Important formulation==  
=== Antidiabetic Activity ===
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref>
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, an aqueous root extract at 500 mg/kg/day decreased blood glucose significantly within 5 h, and over 12 weeks restored serum electrolytes, glycolytic enzymes and hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzyme systems by preventing the formation of liver and kidney lipid peroxides.<ref name="Hypoglycemic">{{cite journal |title=Hypoglycemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries |pmc=2772005}}</ref>
* Sarivadhyasava
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' The methanolic root extract did not cause any mortality in rats up to 500 mg/kg in the anti-inflammatory study cited above; safety of the root in humans has not been established in the studies cited here.<ref name="Lakshman2006"/>
* '''Dose in Ayurveda:''' See the Dose section above (API).
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Hemidesmus indicus''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Inflammation and Fever (Shotha, Jwara)'''
| Methanolic root extract
| Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic (rat models)
|-
| '''Oxidative Liver Injury'''
| Aqueous root extract
| Protection of liver mitochondria from oxidative stress (rat model)
|-
| '''Diarrhoea (Atisara)'''
| Aqueous and ethanolic root extracts
| Reduced faecal output, intestinal transit and fluid secretion (rat model)
|-
| '''Hyperglycaemia'''
| Aqueous root extract
| Lowered blood glucose (rat model)
|}


== Current availability==  
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68</ref>
<ref name="Bhavamishra2020">Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 237, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
<ref name="Nagarajan2001">{{cite journal |last1=Nagarajan |first1=S. |last2=Rao |first2=L. J. M. |last3=Gurudutt |first3=K. N. |year=2001 |title=Chemical composition of the volatiles of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. |journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal |volume=16 |pages=212–214 |doi=10.1002/ffj.985}}</ref>


Available
<ref name="Som2021">{{cite journal |last1=Som |first1=S. |last2=Antony |first2=J. |last3=Dhanabal |first3=P. |last4=Ponnusankar |first4=S. |year=2021 |title=Phytochemical profiling of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection linked enzyme inhibitory properties |journal=Pharmacognosy Journal |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=196–205}}</ref>
* India- karnataka, kerala, bihar ,west bengal, maharashtra


== Current researches ==
<ref name="Lakshman2006">{{cite journal |last1=Lakshman |first1=K. |last2=Shivaprasad |first2=H. N. |last3=Jaiprakash |first3=B. |last4=Mohan |first4=S. |year=2006 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Hemidesmus indicus root extract |journal=African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=90–94}}</ref>


https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Hemidesmus%20indicus
<ref name="Gopi2010">{{cite journal |last1=Gopi |first1=S. |last2=Setty |first2=O. H. |year=2010 |title=Beneficial effect of the administration of Hemidesmus indicus against bromobenzene induced oxidative stress in rat liver mitochondria |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=127 |issue=1 |pages=200–203}}</ref>


<ref name="Hypoglycemic">{{cite journal |title=Hypoglycemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries |pmc=2772005}}</ref>
}}


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Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.

Sariva
Section/Chapter Herb database/Sariva
Botanical name(s) Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT.
Family Apocynaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Hemidesmus indicus (L.) SCHULT., popularly known as Sariva (Indian sarsaparilla), is a slender, laticiferous, twining shrub native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely revered in Ayurveda as a premier blood purifier (raktashodhaka), coolant (pittahara), and rejuvenative (rasayana) drug of choice for managing chronic skin disorders, burning sensations, fever, and metabolic toxemia.

English name

Indian sarsaparilla

Therapeutic Uses

Agnimandhya (digestive impairment), Aruchi (anorexia), Swasa (dyspnea), Kasa (cough), Jwara (fever), Atisara (diarrhea), Kandu (itching), Kustha (skin diseases), Raktavikara (blood disorders).[1]

Other Varieties

  • Periploca indica

Botanical Profile & Traditional Context

In traditional Indian medicine, Sariva is classified as possessing sweet (madhura) and bitter (tikta) tastes, with a cooling potency (sheeta veerya) that pacifies all three doshas (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha), though it is exceptionally renowned for subduing aggravated Pitta and blood impurities.

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Sariva, Ananta, Gopakanya, Sphota, Shyama, Krushodari, Asphota, Phanijihvaka, Anantamoola, Gopavalli.

Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu

Gopi, Gopavadhu, Lata.[2]

Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Sweet (madhura), Bitter (tikta)
2 Potency (veerya) Cold (sheeta)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Sweet (madhura)
4 Qualities (guna) Heavy (guru), Unctuous (snigdha)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify vata, pitta and kapha

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 2/24 Pipasaghniyavagu (gruels for excess thirst and toxicity)
2 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 4/9(9) Kanthya mahakashaya (beneficial for throat & voice)
3 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 4/9(18) Stanyashodhana mahakashaya (galacto-purifiers)
4 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 4/9(31) Purishsangrahaniya mahakashaya (faecal astringents)
5 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 4/9(39) Jwarahara mahakashaya (relieving fever)
6 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 4/9(41) Dahaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying burning sensation)
7 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 5/64 Anutailadravya
8 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 25/40 Agrya Sangraha
9 Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/139 Madhurskandha (group of sweet drugs)
10 Cha.Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/29 Garbha Vyadhi chikitsa (treatment of constipation during third trimester)
11 Cha.Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/56 Kshira vishodhana dravya
12 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/201 Used as kwatha in Satat jwara
13 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/219 As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
14 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/258 As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
15 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 4/76 As an ingredient of kiratatiktadi churna
16 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 4/81 As an ingredient of Priyangvadi peya
17 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/128 Abhyantara and Bahyaprayogartha (Pana, Snana, Lepa)
18 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 7/145 Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
19 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 8/109 Ingredient in Duralabhadi Ghrita
20 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/35 Ingredient in Kalyanak Ghrita
21 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 9/42 Ingredient in Mahakalyanak Ghrita
22 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/160 As an ingredient of kanakasava
23 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15/106 Agnivruddhiartha and alleviating kosthagata kapha in grahaniroga
24 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15/125 As an ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
25 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 17/110 Used in treatment of hikka swasha (mentioned as Asphota)
26 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 18/177 As an ingredient of jivantyadi leha
27 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 19/50 As a pana dravya
28 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 21/54 For kashaya pana (decoction)
29 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 21/76 As an ingredient of Sarivadi pralepa
30 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 21/88 For pradeha prayoga in kaphaja visarpa
31 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 23/102 As an ingredient of ksharagada
32 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 23/201 Used in the treatment of Luta visha (spider poison)
33 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 23/202 As an ingredient of Madhukadi yoga
34 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 23/243 As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
35 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/153 As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila
36 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/185 Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya
37 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/264 As an ingredient of Sahacharadi taila
38 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/269 As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
39 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/168 As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
40 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/179 As an ingredient of Yashtyadi Ghrita
41 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/234 Used in Pittaja netraroga (eye disease)
42 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 26/243 As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti
43 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 28/125 As an ingredient of Dashamuladi majja sneha
44 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 28/158 As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila
45 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 29/76 As an ingredient of Sthiradi Ghrita/Taila
46 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 29/94 As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila
47 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 29/123 As an ingredient of Pinda taila
48 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 29/146 Used in Kaphaja Vatarakta
49 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 30/92 As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
50 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 30/263 Used in the treatment of Stanya Vairasya
51 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 30/275 Used in treatment of Dorgandhya Stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Sarivadi lepa

Dose

  • Kwatha (Decoction): 20–30 g of the drug.[1]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Sarivadhyasava

Current Availability

Available

  • In India: Karnataka, Kerala, Bihar, West Bengal, Maharashtra.

Current Researches

Phytochemical Composition

The therapeutic versatility of Hemidesmus indicus stems from the secondary metabolites present primarily in its roots:

  • Volatile constituents: 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde is the major constituent of the aromatic root volatiles (more than 90% in the GC-MS analysis), accompanied by minor terpenoid components such as camphor and borneol.[3]
  • Terpenoids and saponins: In a comparison of root extracts prepared with solvents of increasing polarity, the methanol extract had the highest phytochemical content, with terpenoids at 59.82 ± 0.97 mg LE/g and saponins at 15.03 ± 0.45 mg DE/g of extract.[4]

Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy

Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Activity (Shotha, Jwara)

  • Scientific Evidence: Methanolic extract of Hemidesmus indicus root (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg orally) significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw oedema and brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia in rats compared with control, indicating anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties.[5]

Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity

  • Scientific Evidence: In rats given bromobenzene, which causes oxidative damage to liver mitochondria, prior administration of an aqueous extract of H. indicus (100 mg/kg) stimulated respiration and prevented the rise in lipid peroxides and protein carbonyls, restoring sulphydryl groups to control levels. Vitamin E could not reverse the damage as effectively.[6]

Antidiabetic Activity

  • Scientific Evidence: In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, an aqueous root extract at 500 mg/kg/day decreased blood glucose significantly within 5 h, and over 12 weeks restored serum electrolytes, glycolytic enzymes and hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzyme systems by preventing the formation of liver and kidney lipid peroxides.[7]

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Acute Toxicity: The methanolic root extract did not cause any mortality in rats up to 500 mg/kg in the anti-inflammatory study cited above; safety of the root in humans has not been established in the studies cited here.[5]
  • Dose in Ayurveda: See the Dose section above (API).

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of Hemidesmus indicus
Indication Active Biomolecules Primary Pharmacological Action
Inflammation and Fever (Shotha, Jwara) Methanolic root extract Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic (rat models)
Oxidative Liver Injury Aqueous root extract Protection of liver mitochondria from oxidative stress (rat model)
Diarrhoea (Atisara) Aqueous and ethanolic root extracts Reduced faecal output, intestinal transit and fluid secretion (rat model)
Hyperglycaemia Aqueous root extract Lowered blood glucose (rat model)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:68
  2. ↑ Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Guduchyadi Varga, Verse no. 237, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;
  3. ↑ Nagarajan, S.; Rao, L. J. M.; Gurudutt, K. N. (2001). "Chemical composition of the volatiles of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br.". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 16: 212–214. doi:10.1002/ffj.985. 
  4. ↑ Som, S.; Antony, J.; Dhanabal, P.; Ponnusankar, S. (2021). "Phytochemical profiling of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection linked enzyme inhibitory properties". Pharmacognosy Journal. 13 (1): 196–205. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lakshman, K.; Shivaprasad, H. N.; Jaiprakash, B.; Mohan, S. (2006). "Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Hemidesmus indicus root extract". African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 3 (1): 90–94. 
  6. ↑ Gopi, S.; Setty, O. H. (2010). "Beneficial effect of the administration of Hemidesmus indicus against bromobenzene induced oxidative stress in rat liver mitochondria". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 127 (1): 200–203. 
  7. ↑ "Hypoglycemic activity of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats". International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries. PMC 2772005 Freely accessible. 

Herbs

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