Difference between revisions of "Vata dosha"

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<p style="text-align:justify;">Vata doṣha is responsible for movement and cognition. [Code:SAT-B.384]<ref name="multiple1">National AYUSH Morbidity and Standardized Terminologies Electronic Portal by Ministry of AYUSH Available on http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/Ayurveda</ref> It is one of the three [[Sharira|sharira]] [[Dosha|doṣha]] with a predominance of vayu and [[akasha mahabhuta]]. This vital biological force performs functions like all sensory perceptions, motor activities, and higher mental activities. [Code:SAT-B.384]<ref name="multiple1" />
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Vatadoṣha is responsible for movement and cognition. [Code:SAT-B.384]<ref name="multiple1">National AYUSH Morbidity and Standardized Terminologies Electronic Portal by Ministry of AYUSH Available on http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/Ayurveda</ref>It is one of the three [[Sharira|sharira]] [[Dosha|doṣha]] with a predominance of [[Vayu mahabhuta|vayu]] and [[Akasha mahabhuta|akashamahabhuta]]. This vital biological force performs functions like all sensory perceptions, motor activities, and higher mental activities. [Code:SAT-B.384]<ref name="multiple1" />
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Rigveda stated that when the three [[Dhatu|dhatu]]- vata, [[Pitta|pitta]] and [[Kapha|kapha]] remain in a normal state and undisturbed, the body is at ease, and there is no [[Vyadhi|disease]].[R.V.1.3.6]<ref name="multiple2">Rg-vedasamhita. Hindi translation by Pt. Ram Govind Trivedi.Varanasi: ChowkhambaVidyabhawan; 2016.</ref> [[Dosha|Dosha]], [[Dhatu|dhatu]] and [[Mala|mala]] are fundamental factors of the living body. [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/3]<ref name="multiple3">Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by JadavajiTrikamjiAacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 11/1].<ref name="multiple4">Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by HarishastriParadkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy; 2000</ref> Life continues as long as vata is present in the human body. [Bhe. Sa. Sutra Sthana 16/2]<ref name="multiple5">Bhel. Bhel Samhita. Edited by Priya Vrat Sharma. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha  Visvabharti;2008.</ref> Along with being mobile, the vata may also keep the [[Pitta|pitta]], [[Kapha|kapha]], [[Dhatu|dhatu]], and [[Mala|mala]] functioning. This demonstrates that vata can affect other [[Dosha|dosha]] and the body's components.[Sha. Sa. Pratham Khanda 5/25]<ref name="multiple6">Sharngdhara. Sarngadhara Samhita. Edited by Parashuram Shastri Vidyasagar.. Varanasi: ChaukhambhaSurbharatiPrakashan ;2013.</ref> [[Pitta]], [[kapha]], [[dhatu]] (body elements), and [[mala]] (waste materials) are dependent on vata dosha for their activities. The functions of vata are also observed in nature in the form of movements of trees, clouds, and other objects. The movement in body is a sign that life is present. Vata conducts all these gross and subtle physical movements. This article describes the details of vata dosha.  
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Rigved stated that when the three [[Dhatu|dhatu]]- [[Vata dosha|vata]], [[Pitta|pitta]] and [[Kapha|kapha]] remain in a normal state and undisturbed, the body is at ease, and there is no [[Vyadhi|disease]].[R.V.1.3.6]<ref name="multiple2">Rg-vedasamhita. Hindi translation by Pt. Ram Govind Trivedi.Varanasi: ChowkhambaVidyabhawan; 2016.</ref>[[Dosha|Dosha]], [[Dhatu|dhatu]] and [[Mala|mala]] are fundamental factors of the living body. [Su.Sa.SutraSthana 15/3]<ref name="multiple3">Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by JadavajiTrikamjiAacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref>[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 11/1].<ref name="multiple4">Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by HarishastriParadkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy; 2000</ref>Life continues as long as [[Vata dosha|vata]] is present in the human body.[Bhe.Sa.SutraSthana 16/2]<ref name="multiple5">Bhel. Bhel Samhita. Edited by Priya Vrat Sharma. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha  Visvabharti;2008.</ref>Along with being mobile, the [[Vata dosha|vata]] may also keep the [[Pitta|pitta]], [[Kapha|kapha]], [[Dhatu|dhatu]], and [[Mala|mala]] functioning. This demonstrates that [[Vata dosha|vata]] can affect other [[Dosha|dosha]] and the body's components.[Sha.Sa.Pratham Khanda 5/25]<ref name="multiple6">Sharngdhara. Sarngadhara Samhita. Edited by Parashuram Shastri Vidyasagar.. Varanasi: ChaukhambhaSurbharatiPrakashan ;2013.</ref>. [[Pitta|Pitta]], [[Kapha|kapha]], [[Dhatu|dhatu]] (body elements), and [[Mala|mala]] (waste materials) are dependent on [[Vata dosha|vata dosha]] for their activities. The functions of [[Vata dosha|vata]] are also observed in nature in the form of movements of trees, clouds, and other objects. The movement in body is a sign that life is present. [[Vata dosha|Vata]] conducts all these gross and subtle physical movements. This article describes the details of [[Vata dosha|vata dosha]].  
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|data3 = Basisht G.<sup>2</sup>,  
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|data3 = [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]<sup>2</sup>,  
  
 
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|data4 = Deole Y.S.<sup>3</sup>
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|data4 = [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]]<sup>3</sup>
  
 
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|data8 =October 14, 2022
  
 
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== Etymology and derivation ==
 
== Etymology and derivation ==
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The word [[Vata dosha|vata]] is derived from “ta” suffix to the word “Va”.The word ‘[[Vata dosha|vata]]’ is defined as “vagatigandhanayoh”. [Su.Sa.SutraSthana 21/5]<ref name="multiple3" />  “Va” word is concerned with movement (gati) and intimation(gandhana). The meanings of word ‘gati’ are motion, moving, and going. The meaning of word gandhanaare intimation, information, and perception.
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The word [[Vata dosha|vata]] is derived from “ta” suffix to the word “Va”.The word ‘[[Vata dosha|vata]]’ is defined as “vagatigandhanayoh”. [Su.Sa.SutraSthana 21/5]<ref name="multiple3" />  “Va” word is concerned with movement (gati) and intimation (gandhana). The meanings of word ‘gati’ are motion, moving, and going. The meaning of word gandhana are intimation, information, and perception.</div>
  
 
== Synonyms<ref name="multiple7">Shabdakalpadruma, Radhakantdev R, editors. Volume 3, Delhi: Amar Publication; 2018, Available on Mana.</ref><ref name="multiple8">Monier-Williams, Monier William's Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press;1899.</ref> ==
 
== Synonyms<ref name="multiple7">Shabdakalpadruma, Radhakantdev R, editors. Volume 3, Delhi: Amar Publication; 2018, Available on Mana.</ref><ref name="multiple8">Monier-Williams, Monier William's Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press;1899.</ref> ==
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The god of wind (maruta), movement (chala), wind(anila), present everywhere(samirana), pure (pavana), gives sensation of [[Sparshanam|touch(sparshana)]], full of strength(mahabala), [[Ayu|life(jivana)]], sadagati, help in perception of smell(gandhavaha), self-existent(swayambhu)<ref name="multiple3" />[Su.Sa.NidanaSthana 1/5], air, wind, blown, desired for, wished for, solicited, and god of wind.
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The god of wind (maruta), movement (chala), wind (anila), present everywhere (samirana), pure (pavana), gives sensation of [[Sparshanam|touch(sparshana)]], full of strength (mahabala), [[Ayu|life(jivana)]], sadagati, help in perception of smell (gandhavaha), self-existent (swayambhu)<ref name="multiple3" /> [Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/5], air, wind, blown, desired for, wished for, solicited, and god of wind.
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</div>
 
== Various aspects ==
 
== Various aspects ==
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Vata is categorized as ‘dosha’primarily because of its capability to vitiate other body components. It is also mentioned as [[Dhatu|‘dhatu’]] because in normal state, it sustainsor maintainsthe body.<ref name="multiple3" /> [Su.Sa.SutraSthana 21/4]It is also called as [[Mala|‘mala’]] as it can make the body unwholesome and produced as waste material during the process of digestion “katuavasthapaka”(last process of digestion). [Cha.Sa.ChikitsaSthana 15/11] Vata is the somatic factor having two prime functions –movements(cheshta) and process of learning or knowledge([[Dnyana|jnana]]). Vata is swayambhu(self-manifested) and it is the root cause of production, preservation, and destruction.[Su.Sa.NidanaSthana 1/7]<ref name="multiple3" />Vata is the controller of body. Vataleads the functions of all [[Dosha|dosha]], and its responsible for many [[Vyadhi|diseases]].[Su.Sa.NidanaSthana 1/8]<ref name="multiple3" />
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Vata is categorized as ‘dosha’ primarily because of its capability to vitiate other body components. It is also mentioned as [[Dhatu|‘dhatu’]] because in normal state, it sustains or maintains the body.<ref name="multiple3" /> [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/4]It is also called as [[Mala|‘mala’]] as it can make the body unwholesome and produced as waste material during the process of digestion “katu avasthapaka”(last stage of digestion). [Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15/11] Vata is the somatic factor having two prime functions –movements (cheshta) and process of learning or knowledge ([[Dnyana|jnana]]). Vata is swayambhu (self-existent) and it is the root cause of production, preservation, and destruction.[Su.Sa.Nidana Sthana 1/7]<ref name="multiple3" /> Vata is the controller of body. Vata leads the functions of all [[Dosha|dosha]], and its responsible for many [[Vyadhi|diseases]].[Su. Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/8]<ref name="multiple3" />
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== Bhautika composition ==
 
== Bhautika composition ==
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[[Dosha|Dosha]] are descendants of [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahabhuta]]. Vatadosha has dominance of [[Vayu mahabhuta|vayu]] and [[Akasha mahabhuta|akashamahabhuta]].<ref name="multiple9">Vagbhata. Ashtanga Samgraha. Edited by Shivprasadsharma. 3rd Ed., Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office; 2012.</ref>[A.S. Sutra Sthana20/2]Akasha provides space for movements, and vayuprovides the energy needed for any kind of movements. Chakrapani opines that vatadosha is originated from [[Vayu mahabhuta|vayumahabhuta]] predominantly.[Chakrapani on Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/8]Althoughvatadosha is panchabhautika, vatadosha is the representative of the respective [[Pancha mahabhuta|mahabhuta]] in the human body.  
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[[Dosha|Dosha]] are descendants of [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahabhuta]]. Vata dosha has dominance of [[Vayu mahabhuta|vayu]] and [[akasha mahabhuta]].<ref name="multiple9">Vagbhata. Ashtanga Samgraha. Edited by Shivprasadsharma. 3rd Ed., Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office; 2012.</ref>[A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/2] Akasha provides space for movements, and vayu provides the energy needed for any kind of movements. Chakrapani opines that vata dosha is originated from [[vayu mahabhuta]] predominantly. [Chakrapani on Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/8] Although vata dosha is panchabhautika, vata dosha is the representative of the respective [[Pancha mahabhuta|mahabhuta]] in the human body. </div>
 
<div>
 
<div>
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[[File:Vata dosha.jpg|center|frame|Figure 01: Bhautikacomposition of vata dosha.]]
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[[File:Vata dosha.jpg|center|frame|'''Figure 01: Bhautika composition of vata dosha''']]
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
 
== Sites of vata ==
 
== Sites of vata ==
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[[Dosha|Dosha]] pervades every part of the body. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/9] Acharya stated the general location of vata, [[Pitta|pitta]] and [[Kapha|kapha]] are the lower, middle, and upper portions of the body, respectively marked by the heart(hridaya) and umbilicus(nabhi).[A.S. Sutra Sthana 1/4]Vata is predominately present in body parts below umbilicus(adhonabhi). [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/10]<ref name="multiple10">Kashyapa. Kashyapa Samhita. Edited by P. V. Tewari. Reprint. Varanasi: Chaukhambha vishvabharati;2008.</ref>The specific sites of dosha are locations where their functions are primarily observable. Thespecific seats of vata are:
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[[Dosha|Dosha]] pervades every part of the [[Sharira|body]]. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/9] Acharya stated the general location of vata, [[Pitta|pitta]] and [[Kapha|kapha]] are the lower, middle, and upper portions of the body, respectively marked by the heart (hridaya) and umbilicus (nabhi). [A.S. Sutra Sthana 1/4] Vata is predominately present in [[Sharira|body]] parts below umbilicus (adho nabhi). [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/10]<ref name="multiple10">Kashyapa. Kashyapa Samhita. Edited by P. V. Tewari. Reprint. Varanasi: Chaukhambha vishvabharati;2008.</ref> The specific sites of [[Dosha|dosha]] are locations where their functions are primarily observable. The specific seats of vata are:
 
<ul>
 
<ul>
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   <li>Urinary bladder([[Basti|basti]])[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8] [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8]</li>
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   <li>Urinary bladder ([[Basti|basti]]) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8] [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8]</li>
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<li>Large intestine+ rectum+ anal region(purishadhana)[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8]</li>
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<li>Large intestine+ rectum+ anal region (purishadhana) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8]</li>
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<li>Plevicregion(katiorshroni)[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8][Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/6]<ref name="multiple3" />[Dalhan on Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/6]<ref name="multiple3" /> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/1]<ref name="multiple4" /></li>
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<li>Pelvic region (kati or shroni) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8][Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/6]<ref name="multiple3" />[Dalhan on Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/6]<ref name="multiple3" /> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/1]<ref name="multiple4" /></li>
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<li>Thighs(sakthini)[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8][A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/1]<ref name="multiple4" /></li>
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<li>Thighs (sakthini) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8][A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/1]<ref name="multiple4" /></li>
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<li>Both legs(padam)[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8]</li>
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<li>Both legs (padam) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8]</li>
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<li>All bones(asthini)[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8][A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/1]<ref name="multiple4" />[K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/10]<ref name="multiple10" /></li>
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<li>All bones (asthini) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8][A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/1]<ref name="multiple4" />[K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/10]<ref name="multiple10" /></li>
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<li>Anal region(guda)[Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/6]<ref name="multiple3" />[Dalhan on Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/6]<ref name="multiple3" />[Su.Sa. NidanaSthana 1/9]<ref name="multiple3" /></li>
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<li>Anal region ([[Guda|guda]]) [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/6]<ref name="multiple3" /> [Dallhan on Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/6]<ref name="multiple3" />[Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/9]<ref name="multiple3" /></li>
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<li>Ears(shrotra) [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/1]<ref name="multiple4" /></li>
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<li>[[Shrotra|Ears(shrotra)]] [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/1]<ref name="multiple4" /></li>
 
<li>Skin(sparshnendriya) [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/1]<ref name="multiple4" /></li>
 
<li>Skin(sparshnendriya) [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/1]<ref name="multiple4" /></li>
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<li>Bone marrow(majja)[K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/10]<ref name="multiple10" /></li>
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<li>[[Majja|Bone marrow(majja)]][K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/10]<ref name="multiple10" /></li>
 
</ul>  
 
</ul>  
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Among all these sites, large intestine(pakvashaya) is the prime site of vata.[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8][A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/1]<ref name="multiple4" />Purishadhana included the portion of the intestine wherein purishdharakala (layer for formation and storage of stools)is located. It includesanus (guda) also. [Su.Sa. NidanaSthana 1/9]<ref name="multiple3" />[Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/6]<ref name="multiple3" /> Chakrapani opines that purishadhana is pakvashaya. [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8]According to the Atharvaveda, vata is situated in the upper part of the head (mastishka). [Ath.V. 10/2/26]<ref name="multiple11">Atharvaveda Samhita. Edited by Shriram Sharma Acharya. Mathura: YugNirman Yojana: 2005.</ref>
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Among all these sites, large intestine (pakvashaya) is the prime site of vata. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8] [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/1]<ref name="multiple4" /> Purishadhana included the portion of the intestine wherein purishdhara kala (layer for formation and storage of stools)is located. It includes anus ([[Guda|guda]]) also. [Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/9]<ref name="multiple3" /> [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/6]<ref name="multiple3" /> Chakrapani opines that purishadhana is pakvashaya. [Chakrapani on Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8] According to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvaveda Atharvaveda], vata is situated in the upper part of the head (mastishka). [Ath. V. 10/2/26]<ref name="multiple11">Atharvaveda Samhita. Edited by Shriram Sharma Acharya. Mathura: YugNirman Yojana: 2005.</ref> </div>
 
<div>
 
<div>
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[[File:Vatadosha.jpg|center|frame|Figure 1. General(A) and specific sites(B) of vatadosha.]]
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[[File:Vatadosha.jpg|center|frame|Figure 2. General(A) and specific sites(B) of vatadosha.]]
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
 
==Attributes ==
 
==Attributes ==
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<div style='text-align:justify;'>
 
The characteristics of vata are:
 
The characteristics of vata are:
 
<ul>
 
<ul>
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   <li>Dryness(ruksha)[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/58][Su.Sa. NidanaSthana 1/7]<ref name="multiple3" />[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana1/11]<ref name="multiple4" /></li>
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   <li>[[Rukshana|Dryness (ruksha)]] [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/58] [Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/7]<ref name="multiple3" />[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana1/11]<ref name="multiple4" /></li>
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<li>Coldness(shita)[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/58][Su.Sa. NidanaSthana 1/7]<ref name="multiple3" /> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/11]<ref name="multiple4" /></li>
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<li>Coldness (shita) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/58] [Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/7]<ref name="multiple3" /> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/11]<ref name="multiple4" /></li>
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<li>Lightness(laghu)[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/58][Su.Sa. NidanaSthana 1/7]<ref name="multiple3" />[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana1/11]<ref name="multiple4" /></li>
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<li>Lightness (laghu) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/58] [Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/7]<ref name="multiple3" />[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana1/11]<ref name="multiple4" /></li>
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<li>Micro or subtle nature (sukshma)[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/58][A.Hr. Sutra Sthana1/11]<ref name="multiple4" /></li>
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<li>Micro or subtle nature (sukshma) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/58] [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana1/11]<ref name="multiple4" /></li>
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<li>Mobility(chala)[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/58][A.Hr. Sutra Sthana1/11]<ref name="multiple4" /></li>
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<li>Mobility (chala) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/58] [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana1/11]<ref name="multiple4" /></li>
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<li>Clearness(vishada)[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/58]</li>
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<li>Clearness(vishada) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/58]</li>
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<li>Roughness(khara)[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/58][Su.Sa. NidanaSthana 1/7]<ref name="multiple3" />[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana1/11]<ref name="multiple4" /></li>
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<li>Roughness(khara) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/58] [Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/7]<ref name="multiple3" />[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana1/11]<ref name="multiple4" /></li>
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<li>Hardness(daruna)[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 12/4]</li>
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<li>Hardness(daruna) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 12/4]</li>
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<li>Bioenhancer (yogavahi)[Cha.Sa. ChikitsaSthana 3/39]</li>
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<li>Bioenhancer (yogavahi) [Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/39]</li>
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<li>Formlessness(amurtatva)[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/13]</li>
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<li>Formlessness (amurtatva) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/13]</li>
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<li>Frequent(bahu)[Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/98]</li>
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<li>Frequent (bahu) [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/98]</li>
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<li>Swift(sheeghra)[Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/98]</li>
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<li>Swift (sheeghra) [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/98]</li>
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<li>Coarseness or harshness(parusha)[Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/98]</li>
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<li>Coarseness or harshness (parusha) [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/98]</li>
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<li>Assessed through its functions(avyaktovyaktakarma)[Su.Sa. NidanaSthana 1/7]<ref name="multiple3" /></li>
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<li>Assessed through its functions (avyakto vyakta karma)[Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/7]<ref name="multiple3" /></li>
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<li>Movements in all direction(tiryak)[Su.Sa. NidanaSthana 1/8]<ref name="multiple3" /></li>
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<li>Movements in all direction(tiryak) [Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/8]<ref name="multiple3" /></li>
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<li>Having predominately raja quality(rajobahula)[Su.Sa. NidanaSthana 1/8]<ref name="multiple3" /></li>
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<li>Having predominately raja quality (rajobahula) [Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/8]<ref name="multiple3" /></li>
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<li>Unpredictable potential(achintyavirya)[Su.Sa. NidanaSthana 1/8]<ref name="multiple3" /></li>
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<li>Unpredictable potential(achintyavirya) [Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/8]<ref name="multiple3" /></li>
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<li>Quick(ashukari)[Su.Sa. NidanaSthana 1/9]<ref name="multiple3" /></li>
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<li>Quick(ashukari) [Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/9]<ref name="multiple3" /></li>
 
</ul>
 
</ul>
−
These attributes should be considered while taking diet and lifestyle managementof health. If the food and lifestyle habits having similar characteristics are followed in excess, a person may experience vatadoshavitiation leading to vata disorders.  
+
These attributes should be considered while taking diet and lifestyle management of health. If the food and lifestyle habits having similar characteristics are followed in excess, a person may experience vata dosha vitiation leading to vata disorders.  
 +
</div>
  
 
== Functions of vata ==
 
== Functions of vata ==
−
Vata dosha governs all bodily functions.The ability to provide other bodily entities, such as other dosha, dhatu, and mala, mobility belongs to the vatadosha in the human body.Vata is responsible for all motion, so this dosha is also known as life in living beings. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 17/116] The principal functions of vata doshaare to sustain the body:[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 18/49][Su.Sa. NidanaSthana 1/10]<ref name="multiple3" />[Su.Sa. ShriraSthana 7/8]<ref name="multiple3" />[Sh.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/21] <ref name="multiple6" />:
+
<div style='text-align:justify;'>
 +
Vata dosha governs all bodily functions. The ability to provide other bodily entities, such as other [[Dosha|dosha]], [[Dhatu|dhatu]], and [[Mala|mala]], mobility belongs to the vata dosha in the human [[Sharira|body]]. Vata is responsible for all motion, so this [[Dosha|dosha]] is also known as life in living beings. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 17/116] The principal functions of vata dosha are as below: [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 18/49] [Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/10]<ref name="multiple3" />[Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 7/8]<ref name="multiple3" />[Sh. Sa. Pratham Khand 5/21] <ref name="multiple6" />:
 
<ul>
 
<ul>
−
   <li>Maintaining and controlling all the/ human machinery or body(tantra yantra dhara)</li>
+
   <li>To sustain the body</li><li>Maintaining and controlling all the/ human machinery or body (tantra yantra dhara)
−
<li>The originator of all kinds of movements(parvartakachestanamucchavachanam)</li>
+
</li>
−
<li>Regulates and guides the mind(niyantapranetacha manasa)</li>
+
<li>The originator of all kinds of movements (parvartaka cheshtanam uccha vachanam)</li>
−
<li>Stimulates all sensory and motor organs(sarvendriyanamudyojakah)</li>
+
<li>Regulates and guides the mind (niyanta praneta cha [[manasa]])</li>
−
<li>Directs senses to their respective objects(sarvendriyarthanamabhivodha)</li>
+
<li>Stimulates all sensory and motor organs (sarvendriyanam udyojakah)</li>
−
<li>Responsible for proper building of the tissues and organs of the body(sarvasharira dhatu vyuhakar)</li>
+
<li>Directs senses to their respective objects (sarvendriyarthanam abhivodha)</li>
−
<li>Connects the different tissues(sandhanakarsharirasya)</li>
+
<li>Responsible for proper building of the tissues and organs of the body (sarvasharira [[dhatu]] vyuhakar)</li>
−
<li>Induces speech(pravatakovacha)</li>
+
<li>Connects the different tissues (sandhanakar sharirasya)</li>
−
<li>Causative factor of sound and touch sensation(prakriti sparshshabdayoshrotrasparshayormulam)</li>
+
<li>Induces speech (pravatakovacha)</li>
−
<li>Cause of pleasures and determination(harshautsahayonih)</li>
+
<li>Causative factor of sound and touch sensation ([[prakriti]] sparshshabdayo shrotra sparshayormulam)</li>
 +
<li>Cause of pleasures and determination (harsha utsahayonih)</li>
 
<li>Stimulates digestive power(samirano-agneh)</li>
 
<li>Stimulates digestive power(samirano-agneh)</li>
−
<li>Dries up the excessive moisture(dosha samshoshanah)</li>
+
<li>Dries up the excessive moisture ([[Dosha|dosha]] samshoshanah)</li>
−
<li>Excretion of waste products(ksheptabahimalanamor samomokshagatimata)</li>
+
<li>Excretion of waste products (kshepta bahimalanam or samo moksha gatimata)</li>
−
<li>Formation of every kind of channel, fine and coarse(sthulanusrotasambhetta)</li>
+
<li>Formation of every kind of channel, fine and coarse (sthulanu srotasam bhetta)</li>
−
<li>Regulates the formation of the different structures of the fetus and provides specific size/shape(kartagarbhakritinam)</li>
+
<li>Regulates the formation of the different structures of the fetus and provides specific size/shape (karta garbhakritinam)</li>
−
<li>Sustain the life(ayushoanuvrittipratyayabhutah)</li>
+
<li>Sustain the life(ayusho anuvritti pratyaya bhutah)</li>
−
<li>Control the segmentation or division of cells(vibhagakarananmatah)[Sh.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/21] <ref name="multiple6" /></li>
+
<li>Control the segmentation or division of cells (vibhagakaranan matah)[Sha.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/21] <ref name="multiple6" /></li>
−
<li>Inhalation and exhalation(ucchavasa-nishwasa)</li>
+
<li>Inhalation and exhalation (ucchavasa-nishwasa)</li>
−
<li>Proper movements of dhatu(dhatugatisama)</li>
+
<li>Proper movements of dhatu (dhatugati sama)</li>
 
</ul>
 
</ul>
 
Five particular functions of vata based on its types are as below:[Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/4]<ref name="multiple3" />
 
Five particular functions of vata based on its types are as below:[Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/4]<ref name="multiple3" />
 
<ol>
 
<ol>
−
<li>Body movements and pulsation(praspandan)<li>
+
<li>[[Sharira|Body]] movements and pulsation(praspandan)<li>
 
<li>Retain the perception of senses (udwahana)<li>
 
<li>Retain the perception of senses (udwahana)<li>
 
<li>Ingestion of food(purana)<li>
 
<li>Ingestion of food(purana)<li>
Line 139: Line 147:
 
<li>Retention of waste products till evacuation(dharana)<li>
 
<li>Retention of waste products till evacuation(dharana)<li>
 
</ol>
 
</ol>
 +
</div>
  
 
== Classification ==
 
== Classification ==
 
The classification of vataisbased on different functions and locations in human body. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 12/8]
 
The classification of vataisbased on different functions and locations in human body. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 12/8]
  
−
== Five types ==
+
=== Five types ===
−
Prana, Udana, Samana, Vyana, and Apana are the five classifications of vatadosha. Five sets of functions by which vatadosha is divided into five types are described with  [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/4]<ref name="multiple3" /> the diseasespecificity of five types of vata.[Su.Sa. NidanaSthana 1/13-19]<ref name="multiple3" />The location and function of five types of vatadosha based on different Ayurvedic texts are as given in table 1. [Cha.Sa. ChikitsaSthana28/5-11]
+
<div style='text-align:justify;'>
−
 
+
[[Prana|Prana]], Udana, Samana, Vyana, and Apana are the five classifications of vatadosha. Five sets of functions by which vatadosha is divided into five types are described with  [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/4]<ref name="multiple3" /> the diseasespecificity of five types of vata.[Su.Sa. NidanaSthana 1/13-19]<ref name="multiple3" />The location and function of five types of vatadosha based on different Ayurvedic texts are as given in table 1. [Cha.Sa. ChikitsaSthana28/5-11]
 +
</div>
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
|+ Table 1: Description of five types of Vata dosha
 
|+ Table 1: Description of five types of Vata dosha
Line 156: Line 166:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 01.
 
| 01.
−
| Prana
+
| [[Prana|Prana]]
 
| Head (murdha)<br/>Thorax (ura)<br/>Throat (kantha)<br/>Tongue (jihwa)<br/>Mouth (asya)<br/>Nose (nasika)
 
| Head (murdha)<br/>Thorax (ura)<br/>Throat (kantha)<br/>Tongue (jihwa)<br/>Mouth (asya)<br/>Nose (nasika)
−
| Spitting out (shthivana)<br/>Sneezing (kshavathu)<br/>Belching (udgara)<br/>Respiration (shwasa)<br/>Ingestion of food (aharadi)
+
| Spitting out (shthivana)<br/>Sneezing (kshavathu)<br/>Belching (udgara)<br/>Respiration ([[Shwasa|shwasa]])<br/>Ingestion of food (aharadi)
−
| Hiccough (hikka)<br/>Asthma (shwasa)
+
| Hiccough ([[Hikka Shwasa Chikitsa|hikka]])<br/>Asthma ([[Shwasa|shwasa]])
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 02.
 
| 02.
Line 165: Line 175:
 
| Umbilicus (nabhi)<br/>Thorax (ura)<br/>Throat (kantha)
 
| Umbilicus (nabhi)<br/>Thorax (ura)<br/>Throat (kantha)
 
| Speech (Vakpravritti)<br/>Efforts (prayatna)<br/>Provides strength, complexion (Urjabalavarnadikarma)
 
| Speech (Vakpravritti)<br/>Efforts (prayatna)<br/>Provides strength, complexion (Urjabalavarnadikarma)
−
| Disease occurring above the neck (Urdhvajatrugata)
+
| [[Vyadhi|Disease]] occurring above the neck (Urdhvajatrugata)
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 03.
 
| 03.
 
| Samana
 
| Samana
−
| Near digestive system (anataragneparshva)
+
| Near digestive system (anataragne parshva)
 
| It gives strength to the digestive system
 
| It gives strength to the digestive system
−
| Abdominal lump (gulma),<br/>less digestive capability (agnisada),<br/>diarrhea (atisara)
+
| Abdominal lump ([[Gulma Nidana|gulma]]),<br/>less digestive capability (agnisada),<br/>diarrhea ([[Atisara Chikitsa|atisara]])
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 04.
 
| 04.
Line 181: Line 191:
 
| 05.
 
| 05.
 
| Apana
 
| Apana
−
| Scrotum (vrishana)<br/>Bladder (basti)<br/>Penis (medhra)<br/>Umbilicus (nabhi)<br/>Thorax (ura)<br/>Inguinal region (vankshana)<br/>Anus (guda)
+
| Scrotum (vrishana)<br/>Bladder ([[Basti|basti]])<br/>Penis (medhra)<br/>Umbilicus (nabhi)<br/>Thorax (ura)<br/>Inguinal region (vankshana)<br/>Anus ([[Guda|guda]])
−
| Ejection of semen, removal of urine and faces (Shukramutrashakritkriya),<br/>menstruation and delivery of fetus (srijtyaartavagarbha)
+
| Ejection of semen, removal of urine and faces (Shukra mutra shakrit kriya),<br/>menstruation and delivery of fetus (srijtya artava garbha)
−
| Diseases related to the urinary bladder and anal region (bastigudaashraya)
+
| [[Vyadhi|Diseases]] related to the urinary bladder and anal region (bastigudaashraya)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
{| class="nomobile" role="presentation" id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin-top:4px; border-spacing: 0px;"
+
{| class="noautonum tocnumber" style="width: 100%; margin-top:4px; border-spacing: 0px;"
−
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|'''Figure 02: Physiology of different types of vata'''
+
|+ style="caption-side:bottom;"|'''Figure 03: Physiology of different types of vata'''
−
| id="mp-left" class="MainPageBG" style="width:20%;min-width:200px; border:1px solid #c0504d; border-radius:8px; padding:0; background-color:#ead5d5; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
+
| style="width:20%;min-width:200px; border:1px solid #c0504d; border-radius:8px; padding:0; background-color:#ead5d5; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
  
−
<h2 id="mp-dyk-h2_2" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#c0504d; font-family:inherit; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold; border-radius:8px; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:center;">Prana</h2>
+
<h4 style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#c0504d; font-family:inherit; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold; border-radius:8px; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:center;">[[Prana|Prana]]</h2>
 
<div id="mp-dyk" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em 0.5em;"><ul>
 
<div id="mp-dyk" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em 0.5em;"><ul>
 
     <li class="grey">Control Respiration</li>
 
     <li class="grey">Control Respiration</li>
Line 199: Line 209:
 
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
 
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
  
−
| id="mp-right" class="MainPageBG" style="width:20%;border:1px solid #bf7750; border-radius:8px; padding:0; background-color:#eaddd5; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
+
| style="width:20%;border:1px solid #bf7750; border-radius:8px; padding:0; background-color:#eaddd5; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
−
<h2 id="mp-dyk-h2_3" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#bf7750; font-family:inherit; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold; border-radius:8px; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:center;">Udana</h2>
+
<h4 style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#bf7750; font-family:inherit; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold; border-radius:8px; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:center;">Udana</h2>
 
<div id="mp-dyk" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em 0.5em;"><ul>
 
<div id="mp-dyk" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em 0.5em;"><ul>
 
     <li class="grey">Speech</li>
 
     <li class="grey">Speech</li>
−
     <li class="grey">Memory</li>
+
     <li class="grey">[[Memory|Memory]]</li>
 
     <li class="grey">Learning</li>
 
     <li class="grey">Learning</li>
 
     <li class="grey">Intellect</li>
 
     <li class="grey">Intellect</li>
Line 209: Line 219:
 
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
 
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
  
−
| id="mp-right" class="MainPageBG" style="width:20%;border:1px solid #bd9b53; border-radius:8px; padding:0; background-color:#eae4d6; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
+
| style="width:20%;border:1px solid #bd9b53; border-radius:8px; padding:0; background-color:#eae4d6; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
−
<h2 id="mp-dyk-h2_3" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#bd9b53; font-family:inherit; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold; border-radius:8px; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:center;">Samana</h2>
+
<h4 style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#bd9b53; font-family:inherit; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold; border-radius:8px; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:center;">Samana</h2>
 
<div id="mp-dyk" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em 0.5em;"><ul>
 
<div id="mp-dyk" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em 0.5em;"><ul>
 
     <li class="grey">Control of  digestive process through enteric nervous system</li>  
 
     <li class="grey">Control of  digestive process through enteric nervous system</li>  
Line 216: Line 226:
 
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
 
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
  
−
| id="mp-right" class="MainPageBG" style="width:20%;border:1px solid #bcbc56; border-radius:8px; padding:0; background-color:#e8e9d6; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
+
| style="width:20%;border:1px solid #bcbc56; border-radius:8px; padding:0; background-color:#e8e9d6; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
−
<h2 id="mp-dyk-h2_3" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#bcbc56; font-family:inherit; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold; border-radius:8px; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:center;">Vyana</h2>
+
<h4 style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#bcbc56; font-family:inherit; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold; border-radius:8px; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:center;">Vyana</h2>
 
<div id="mp-dyk" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em 0.5em;"><ul>
 
<div id="mp-dyk" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em 0.5em;"><ul>
 
     <li class="grey">Motor function</li>
 
     <li class="grey">Motor function</li>
Line 225: Line 235:
 
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
 
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
  
−
| id="mp-right" class="MainPageBG" style="width:20%;border:1px solid #9bbb59; border-radius:8px; padding:0; background-color:#e1e9d6; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
+
| style="width:20%;border:1px solid #9bbb59; border-radius:8px; padding:0; background-color:#e1e9d6; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
−
<h2 id="mp-dyk-h2_3" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#9bbb59; font-family:inherit; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold; border-radius:8px; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:center;">Apana</h2>
+
<h4 style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#9bbb59; font-family:inherit; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold; border-radius:8px; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:center;">Apana</h2>
 
<div id="mp-dyk" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em 0.5em;"><ul>
 
<div id="mp-dyk" style="padding:0.1em 0.6em 0.5em;"><ul>
−
     <li class="grey">Speech</li>
+
     <li class="grey">Regulation of Micturation</li>
−
     <li class="grey">Memory</li>
+
     <li class="grey">Regulation of defecation</li>
−
     <li class="grey">Learning</li>
+
     <li class="grey">Parturition</li>
−
     <li class="grey">Intellect</li>
+
     <li class="grey">Ejaculation</li>
 
   </ul></div>
 
   </ul></div>
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
 +
<div>[[File:Vata- types.jpg|center|frame|'''Figure 04: Regulation of different system by vata- types.''']]</div>
 +
 +
=== Two types ===
 +
<div style='text-align:justify;'>
 +
Two types of [[Dosha|dosha]] are: Prakrita (inherent state) and vaikrita [[dosha]] (acquired state). Prakrita [[dosha]] are observed at the time of conception and are responsible for the formation of [[Prakriti|prakriti]]. They are constant, and any change in them leads to death or trouble. They are responsible for the expression of individuality or phenotype of the person. Vaikrita [[dosha]] are produced as the waste of [[Ahara|food (ahara)]] and continuously circulate in the [[Sharira|body]] of fetus. They are responsible for health, and any disturbance in their physiological limits, either excess or decline, leads to [[Vyadhi|disease]]. Prakrita and vaikrita [[dosha]] always stay in connection with one another, and collectively, they are called sharirika [[dosha]]. A person can only control the vaikrita [[dosha]] through diet and lifestyle. [A.S. Sharira Sthana 8/4]<ref name="multiple9" /> </div>
 +
 +
== Vata dominant constitution ([[Prakriti|prakriti]]) ==
 +
<div style='text-align:justify;'>
 +
The characteristics of vata dominant constitution individuals based on properties of vata dosha. [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/99]The person having vata dosha in predominance have the following characteristics:
 +
<ul>
 +
<li>Lean body appearance</li>
 +
<li>Dryness in voice, skin and hair</li>
 +
<li>Less and disturbed [[Nidra|sleep]]</li>
 +
<li>Quick in action, walk, and talkative</li>
 +
<li>Unsteady movements of legs and hands</li>
 +
<li>Prominent movements of joint with voice</li>
 +
<li>Cracks in heel and skin</li>
 +
<li>Intolerance to cold</li>
 +
<li>Prominent tendons, veins and joints.</li></ul>
 +
</div>
 +
 +
== Loka purusha [[Samanya|samanya]] ==
 +
<div style='text-align:justify;'>
 +
[[Vayu mahabhuta|Vayu]] is responsible for all motions in the cosmos. The [[vayu mahabhuta]] is represented by the vata dosha in human body. Nourishing (visarga), depleting (adana) and distributing (vikshepa) in the universe are carried by the moon, sun and wind. Similarly, human [[Sharira|body]] has [[Kapha|kapha]], [[Pitta|pitta]], and vata performing the same functions, respectively. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 29/6] <ref name="multiple3" /> </div>
 +
 +
== Factors responsible for abnormal states of vata ==
 +
<div style='text-align:justify;'>
 +
Certain factors cause excess or decline of vata in the human [[Sharira|body]]. These factors are natural or unavoidable and artificial or avoidable.
 +
 +
=== Natural factors ===
 +
These factors are the essential component of biological rhythm occurring in the external as well as internal environment of the [[Sharira|body]]. This natural increase is physiological. These factors are as follows: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/20]<ref name="multiple3" />, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/8]<ref name="multiple4" />, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana12/24-25]<ref name="multiple4" />[A.Hr. Nidana Sthana 1/14-15]<ref name="multiple4" />
 +
<ul>
 +
<li>'''[[Ritu|Season (ritu)]]:''' Vata undergoes accumulation in [[Grishma|summer (grishma)]], gets vitiated in [[Varsha|rainy season (varsha)]] and subsides to normal during [[Sharad|autumn (sharada)]].</li>
 +
<li>'''Various stages of digestion of food: '''Vata gets vitiated at the end of meal digestion (jirneanne)</li>
 +
<li>'''Biological rhythm of day and night:''' Vata gets vitiated at the end of day (apraha) and night (pratyush).</li>
 +
<li>'''[[Desha|Habitat (desha)]]:''' Vata usually gets vitiated in the person of arid area (jangala desha).</li>
 +
<li>'''Age (vaya):''' In old age, vata is in excess as compared to other [[Dosha|dosha]].</li></ul>
 +
 +
<div>[[File:Vata factors.jpg|center|frame|Figure 05: Natural factors responsible for vatavriddhi.]]</div>
 +
 +
=== Artificial factors ===
 +
Apart from natural factors, there are certain factors that cause vitiation of [[Dosha|dosha]] and [[Vyadhi|disease]]. These factors are easily avoidable and used in clinical practice through the concept of [[Samanya Vishesha Theory|samanya vishesha siddhanta]]. These factors are as follows: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana21/19]<ref name="multiple3" /> [A.Hr. Nidana Sthana1/14-15]<ref name="multiple4" />
 +
<ul>
 +
<li>'''Diet ([[Dravya|dravya]]) and particular properties of diet:''' [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] defined three [[Rasa|tastes (rasa)]] that can lead to vitiation of vata dosha. These three rasa are [[Tikta|bitter (tikta)]], [[Katu|pungent (katu)]] and [[Kashaya|astringent (kashaya)]].These three [[Rasa|rasa]], when taken in excess, cause vata vitiation ([[Prakopa|prakopa]]).</li> 
 +
<li>'''Lifestyle or activities:''' Suppression of natural urges(vega vidharana), night awakening (ratri jagrana), loud speech (ucchabhashana), overworking or excessive [[Shodhana|shodhana]] (kriya atiyoga), overthinking (chinta), excessive [[Vyayama|exercise (vyayama)]], excessive sexual indulgence (ati maithuna), excessive studies(ati adhyanana), swimming (plavana), and lifting of weight (bhara harana) etc.</li> </div>
 +
 +
== Clinical aspects ==
 +
<div style='text-align:justify;'>
 +
=== Preventive aspect ===
 +
Person having [[prakriti]] vata dosha as [[Sharira|body]] constitution should avoid diet and lifestyle which vitiates vata dosha. To prevent the vata dominant [[Vyadhi|diseases]], diet and lifestyle opposite to attributes of vata are advised. [A.Hr. Sharira Sthana 3/85-89]<ref name="multiple4" />
 +
 +
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 +
=== Stages of [[dosha]] ===
 +
[[Dosha]] continues to exist in three states: hypofunction (kshaya), hyperfunction (vriddhi), and normal physiological state (sama). [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana17/110]Increase and reduction in [[dosha]] functioning ([[karma]]), respectively, can be used to understand [[dosha]] increase and decline in the [[Sharira|body]]. [[Dosha]], when increased, produce their respective features in excess; when decreased, cut off their functions and when in normal state, they perform their normal functions.
 +
[[File:Dosha stages.jpg|center|frame|'''Figure 06: Stages of dosha''']]
 +
</div>
 +
 +
===== Hyperfunctioning of vata (vriddhi lakshana) =====
 +
When vata levels in the [[Sharira|body]] are increasing, the [[Sharira|body]] exhibits various signs and symptoms as below: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana15/15]<ref name="multiple3" />, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana11/5]<ref name="multiple4" />, [A.S. Sutra Sthana 19/6]<ref name="multiple9" />:<ul>
 +
<li>Emaciation (karshya)</li>
 +
<li>Blackish discoloration (kashnya)</li>
 +
<li>Fond of hot articles (ushnakamitva)</li>
 +
<li>Uncontrolled movements (kampa or gatra sphurana)</li>
 +
<li>Abdominal distension (anaha)</li>
 +
<li>Constipation ([[Purisha|shakrut]] graha or gadha [[Purisha|varcha]])</li>
 +
<li>Decreased strength ([[bala]] bhransha or alpa balatvam)</li>
 +
<li>Loss of [[Nidra|sleep]] ([[nidra]] bhransa or [[nidra]] nasha)</li>
 +
<li>Sensory and motor function loss ([[indriya]] bhransha)</li>
 +
<li>Delirium (pralapa)</li>
 +
<li>Dizziness (bhrama)</li>
 +
<li>Lack of self-confidence (dinata)</li>
 +
<li>Dryness of skin (twaka parushya)</li>
 +
<li>Pain in bones ([[Asthi dhatu|asthi]] shula)</li>
 +
<li>Reduction in bone marrow ([[majja]] shosha)</li>
 +
<li>Flatulence (adhmana)</li>
 +
<li>Delusion (moha)</li>
 +
<li>Fear (bhaya)</li>
 +
<li>Grief or sorrow (shoka)</li></ul>
 +
 +
===== Hypo functioning of vata (kshaya lakshana) =====
 +
When vata levels in the body are declining, the [[Sharira|body]] exhibits various signs and symptoms as below:[Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana15/9]<ref name="multiple3" /> , [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana11/15-16]<ref name="multiple4" />, [A.S. Sutra Sthana19/15]<ref name="multiple9" />
 +
<ul><li>Avoid talk (alpabhashita or alpavaka)</li>
 +
<li>Generalized weakness (angasada)</li>
 +
<li>Loss of sensation (sangya moha or mudha sangyta)</li>
 +
<li>Symptoms of increased kapha</li>
 +
<li>Less active(manda cheshta)</li>
 +
<li>Loss of happiness or lack of pleasure (apraharsha)</li>
 +
<li>Excess salivation(praseka)</li>
 +
<li>Loss of appetite (aruchi)</li>
 +
<li>Nausea (rhallasa)</li></ul> </div>
 +
 +
=== Diagnosis ===
 +
<div style='text-align:justify;'>
 +
The state of vata dosha can be diagnosed and assessed based on clinical features. The most presented clinical features of vata dosha are pain(shula), numbness(suptata), dryness (rukshta) rigidity ([[Stambhana|stambhana]]), [[Shosha Nidana|wasting (shosha)]] and harshness(parusha).[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/12]
 +
 +
Eighty types of [[Vyadhi|diseases]] due to an imbalance of vata dosha (vataja nanatmaja [[vyadhi]]) are listed. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/11] [table 02]: </div>
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
 +
|+Table 2: Diseases due to vata dosha ('''vataja nanatmaja vikara)'''
 +
|+ style="caption-side:bottom; |
 +
|-
 +
| Cracks in nail(nakhabheda)
 +
| Diarrhea(vidbheda)
 +
| Difficulty in vision(akshibheda)
 +
| Frontal pain(lalatabheda)
 +
|-
 +
| Cracks in feet(vipadika)
 +
| Dysperistalsis(udarvarta)
 +
| Toothache(dantabheda)
 +
| Headache(shiroruka)
 +
|-
 +
| Foot pain(padashula)
 +
| Unable to walk (khanjata)
 +
| Loose teeth (dantashaithilya)
 +
| Scaling in scalp (keshabhumisphutana)
 +
|-
 +
| Foot drop(pada bhransha)
 +
| Kyphosis(kubjata)
 +
| Aphasia (mukatva)
 +
| Facial paralysis (ardita)
 +
|-
 +
| Foot numbness(pada suptata)
 +
| Dwarfism (vamanatva)
 +
| Speech disorder (vakasanga)
 +
| Monoplegia (ekangaroga)
 +
|-
 +
| Difficulty in walking (vatakhuddata)
 +
| Stiffness of sacro-iliac joint (trikagraha)
 +
| Astringent taste in mouth(kashayasyata)
 +
| Quadriplegia (sarvangaroga)
 +
|-
 +
| Stiffness in ankle(gulphagraha)
 +
| Back stiffness(prishtagraha)
 +
| Dry mouth(mukhashosha)
 +
| Hemiplegia(pakshavadha)
 +
|-
 +
| Cramps in calf (pindikodveshtana)
 +
| Lateral side Chest pain(parshvavamarda)
 +
| Tastelessness (arasagyata)
 +
| Clonic contraction(akshepaka)
 +
|-
 +
| Sciatica(gridhrasi)
 +
| Pain abdomen(udaraveshta)
 +
| Anosmia(grananasha)
 +
| Tonic contraction(dandaka)
 +
|-
 +
| Genu varum (janubheda)
 +
| Stiffness in heart(hridmoha)
 +
| Earache(karnashula)
 +
| Fainting([[Tamas|tama]])
 +
|-
 +
| Genu valgum (januvishlesha)
 +
| Heaviness in heart(hriddrava)
 +
| Tinnitus (ashabdashravana)
 +
| Giddiness(bhrama)
 +
|-
 +
| [[Urustambha Chikitsa|Stiffness in thigh(urustambha)]]
 +
| Rubbing pain in chest(vakshauddharsa)
 +
| Difficult hearing(ucchaihsruti)
 +
| Tremors(vepathu)
 +
|-
 +
| Thigh pain (urusada)
 +
| Difficulty in thoracic cage muscle movements (vakshauparodha)
 +
| Deafness (badhirya)
 +
| Yawning(jrimbha)
 +
|-
 +
| Paraplegia (pangulya)
 +
| Stabbing pain in chest (vakshastoda)
 +
| Ptosis of eye lid(vartmastambha)
 +
| [[Hikka Shwasa Chikitsa|Hiccups (hikka)]]
 +
|-
 +
| Rectum prolapse(guda bhransha)
 +
| Wasting of arm muscles (bahushosha)
 +
| Entropion (vartmasankocha)
 +
| Depression(vishada)
 +
|-
 +
| Tenasmus (gudarti)
 +
| Neck stiffness (grivastambha)
 +
| Glaucoma (timira)
 +
| Delirium(atipralapa)
 +
|-
 +
| Scrotum pain(vrushnakshepa)
 +
| Torticollis (manyastambha)
 +
| Pain in eye(akshishula)
 +
| Dryness(rukshya)
 +
|-
 +
| Stiffness in penis(shephastambha)
 +
| Hoarseness of voice (kanthoddhvansa)
 +
| Complete Loss of vision(akshivyudasa)
 +
| Hardness(parushya)
 +
|-
 +
| Tension in groin area(vankshanaanaha)
 +
| Difficult movement of tempo-mandibular joint(hanubheda)
 +
| complete loss of eye brow(bhruvyudasa)
 +
| Dusky appearance (shyavarunaavbhasata)
 +
|-
 +
| Pelvic girdle pain(shronibheda)
 +
| Cracks in lips(oshthabheda)
 +
| Temporal pain(sankhabheda)
 +
| Insomnia(aswapana)
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
=== Treatment ===
 +
<div style='text-align:justify;'>
 +
Disturbance, either excess or decline, leads to [[Vyadhi|disease]]. To manage and or prevent [[Vyadhi|disease]], the clinician must follow the theory of similarity and dissimilarity ([[Samanya Vishesha Theory|samanya- vishesha siddhanta]]) based on [[Rasa|rasa]] and food, which decline vata (shamaka) and [[Prakopa|aggravate vata(prakopa)]]. Controlling the increase of the vata dosha requires avoiding foods and ways of living that increase it,  while indulging in foods that reduce it (vata shamaka). Contrarily, the decline of vata is treated by consuming foods and leading lifestyles that stimulate it, rather than suppressing it.
 +
Three [[Rasa|tastes(rasa)]] that helps in controlling the vitiated vata are – [[Madhura|sweet(madhura)]], [[Amla|sour(amla)]] and [[Lavana|salty(lavana)]].[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana1/66] Medicated [[Basti|enema(basti)]] is the best intervention indicated for vitiated vata. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/13] Oil is best therapeutic drug for the treatment of vata. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 25/40]
 +
 +
The herbs having sweet, sour, salty, unctuous and hot qualities used in single or combination along with therapies like [[Snehana (unction therapy)|oleation]], fomentation, [[Asthapana|asthapana]] and [[Anuvasana|anuvasana]] types of [[Basti|enema]], inhalation, diet, massage, hot shower etc are helpful in the treatment of vatika disorders.[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana20/13] </div>
 +
 +
== Diagnostic and assessment tools ==
 +
<div style='text-align:justify;'>
 +
Vata dosha can be assessed by its functionality either normal or abnormal through subjective methods like questionnaires and objective methods. There are some objectives methods which may be used to assess the functions of vata. Currently, there are no validated and standardized tools for [[Dosha|dosha]] assessment within the [[Sharira|body]]. Vata vriddhi and kshaya features will be assessed through a subjective questionnaire Ayurvedic physicians assess the normalcy and abnormality through the ayurvedic principles of examination (pariksha).
 +
Some of the objective methods which may be used to assess the normal functioning of vata are:
 +
<ul>
 +
<li>Examination of senses like vision test, BERA(Brain evoked response audiometry)etc<ref name="multiple12">Zizlavsky S, Sriyana AA, Airlangga TJ, Restuti RD. Brain evoked response audiometry recording from the mastoid and earlobe electrodes in normal-hearing children. Med J Malaysia. 2022 May;77(3):320-323.</ref>.</li>
 +
<li>Examination of cranial nerves<ref name="multiple13">Rothwell P. Examination of the cranial nerves. BMJ. 2000 Mar 4;320(7235):655A.</ref></li>
 +
<li>Examination of reflexes –superficial and deep<ref name="multiple14">Rodriguez-Beato FY, De Jesus O. Physiology, Deep Tendon Reflexes. [Updated 2021 Jul 26]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.</ref>.</li>
 +
<li>Examination of higher mental function-like [[Memory|memory]] and speech<ref name="multiple15">Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005; 53(4): 695– 699.</ref><ref name="multiple16">Libon DJ, Rascovsky K, Gross RG, et al. The Philadelphia Brief Assessment of Cognition (PBAC): a validated screening measure for dementia. Clin Neuropsychol 2011; 25(8): 1314– 1330.</ref>.</li>
 +
<li>Electromyogram(EMG)<ref name="multiple17">Kamen G, Caldwell GE. Physiology and interpretation of the electromyogram. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1996 Sep;13(5):366-84</ref></li>
 +
<li>Assessment of autonomic function test<ref name="multiple18">Cheshire WP, Freeman R, Gibbons CH, Cortelli P, Wenning GK, Hilz MJ, Spies JM, Lipp A, Sandroni P, Wada N, Mano A, Ah Kim H, Kimpinski K, Iodice V, Idiáquez J, Thaisetthawatkul P, Coon EA, Low PA, Singer W. Electrodiagnostic assessment of the autonomic nervous system: A consensus statement endorsed by the American Autonomic Society, American Academy of Neurology, and the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Clin Neurophysiol. 2021 Feb;132(2):666-682.</ref></li>
 +
<li>Nerve conduction velocity test<ref name="multiple19">Akiguchi I. [Nerve function test--sensory nerve conduction velocity (author's transl)]. RinshoByori. 1978 Nov;26(11):909-15.</ref></li></ul>
 +
Application of all such tests will serve as a powerful analytical tool for assessing vata dosha. </div>
 +
 +
== Future area of research ==
 +
<div style='text-align:justify;'>
 +
The critical area of research is the preparation of a validated and standardization of questionnaires for vata kshaya, vata vriddhi, and normal functioning of vata to assess the state of vata. [[Guna|Guna]] based assessment of vata and incorporation of objectivity in assessment of vata through biological, immunological parameters is needed. Evaluation of sensory and motor function and hormonal function of the [[Sharira|body]] and its correlation with functioning of various types of vata and multiple stages of vata. Role of nutritional and lifestyle modification in the maintenance of vata. Assessment of vata state in various physiological changes like the deep sea, high altitude, space physiology, and during sleep.  </div>
 +
 +
== Thesis  done ==
 +
<div style='text-align:justify;'>
 +
<ol>
 +
  <li>Vaje R.P. (1986): Vata dosha vichara (a comparative study with nervous system), Tilak Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Savitribai Phule, Pune university. This study tried to correlate various parts of nervous system of vata types.</li>
 +
<li>Saley S.R.(1988): Classical and present day dosha provocative specially vata dosha, Tilak Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Savitribai Phule Pune university.</li>
 +
<li>Mankar A.S.(2010): Study of vata sthana with the help of basti w.s.r. to janu sandhigata vata (osteoarthritis of knee joint), Dept. of sharira rachana, Tilak Maharashtra University. This experimental study revalidated the statement of acharya Charak in context of prime sthana of vata.</li>
 +
<li>Gurao R.P.(2016): Development of assessment criteria of laghu guna of vata and its applied aspect in sthaulya w s r to vidangadi churna, Dept. of Kriya Sharir, DSRRAU, Rajasthan.</li>
 +
</ol> </div>
 +
 +
== Current researches ==
 +
<div style='text-align:justify;'>
 +
 +
=== Significance of arterial stiffness in [[Tridosha|Tridosha]] analysis: ===
 +
The study assessed the large changes in arterial stiffness among [[Tridosha|Tridosha]] locales and quantified arterial stiffness using Nadi Tarangini, a pulse acquisition method. Significant differences were found between [[Tridosha|Tridosha]] locations, which can be applied to Ayurvedic interventional studies.<ref name="multiple20">Kumar PV, Deshpande S, Joshi A, More P, Nagendra HR. Significance of arterial stiffness in Tridosha analysis: A pilot study. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2017 Oct 1;8(4):252-6.</ref>
 +
 +
=== Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis in the assessment of [[Dosha|dosha]] imbalance: ===
 +
This study compared the spectral analysis of heart rate variability data with clinical assessment of [[Dosha|dosha]] pathology in 42 study participants and found significant concordance. This study indicates the use and applicability of HRV in evaluating intricate [[Dosha|dosha]] imbalances and other criteria, such as dhatu imbalance.<ref name="multiple21">Manohar PR, Sorokin O, Chacko J, Nampoothiri V. An exploratory clinical study to determine the utility of heart rate variability analysis in the assessment of dosha imbalance. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. 2018 Apr 1;9(2):126-30.</ref>
 +
 +
=== Vagus nerve serve as biomarker for vata dosha activity: ===
 +
The parasympathetic vagus nerve's survival and homeostatic activities and those controlled by the five main subtypes of vata dosha were strongly connected in this discussion article. According to the paper, vagal activity is a trustworthy potential biomarker for significant vata dosha functions. <ref name="multiple22">Sumantran VN, Nair PP. Can the vagus nerve serve as biomarker for vatadoshaactivity?. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. 2019 Apr 1;10(2):146-51.</ref>
 +
 +
=== Vata dynamics and cardiac disorders: ===
 +
Vata has the distinctive quality of Vega (movements), which moves in a specific direction, so its intensities can be measured with the use of contemporary methods. This review discusses specifics of these natural urges that cause cardiovascular disorders(CVD) alone, as found in traditional Ayurvedic books, western medications, and technology that measures their intensity. Assessment of vata dynamics with modern technological tools help in prevention and management of CVD.<ref name="multiple23">Baikampady SV. Vata dynamics with special reference to cardiac disorders–a cross-disciplinary approach. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2020 Oct 1;11(4):432-9.</ref>
 +
</div>
 +
==Abbreviations==
 +
 +
Cha. : Charak
 +
 +
Su.: Sushruta
 +
 +
A.: Ashtanga
 +
 +
Sa.: Samhita
 +
 +
Sha.: Sharangadhara
 +
 +
Ka.: Kashyapa
 +
 +
== Related Chapters ==
 +
 +
[[Vatavyadhi Chikitsa]], [[Dosha]], [[Vatarakta Chikitsa Adhyaya]]
 +
 
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Latest revision as of 19:17, 23 February 2024

Vata doṣha is responsible for movement and cognition. [Code:SAT-B.384][1] It is one of the three sharira doṣha with a predominance of vayu and akasha mahabhuta. This vital biological force performs functions like all sensory perceptions, motor activities, and higher mental activities. [Code:SAT-B.384][1]
Rigveda stated that when the three dhatu- vata, pitta and kapha remain in a normal state and undisturbed, the body is at ease, and there is no disease.[R.V.1.3.6][2] Dosha, dhatu and mala are fundamental factors of the living body. [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/3][3] [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 11/1].[4] Life continues as long as vata is present in the human body. [Bhe. Sa. Sutra Sthana 16/2][5] Along with being mobile, the vata may also keep the pitta, kapha, dhatu, and mala functioning. This demonstrates that vata can affect other dosha and the body's components.[Sha. Sa. Pratham Khanda 5/25][6] Pitta, kapha, dhatu (body elements), and mala (waste materials) are dependent on vata dosha for their activities. The functions of vata are also observed in nature in the form of movements of trees, clouds, and other objects. The movement in body is a sign that life is present. Vata conducts all these gross and subtle physical movements. This article describes the details of vata dosha.

Contributors
Section/Chapter/topic Concepts/Dosha/Vata Dosha
Authors Bhojani M. K. 1, Tanwar Ankur Kumar 1
Reviewer Basisht G.2,
Editor Deole Y.S.3
Affiliations

1 Department of Sharir Kriya, All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi, India

2 Rheumatologist, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.

3Department ofKayachikitsa, G.J.Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
Correspondence emails

meera.samhita@aiia.gov.in,

carakasamhita@gmail.com
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre, I.T.R.A., Jamnagar, India
Date of publication: October 14, 2022
DOI 10.47468/CSNE.2022.e01.s09.112

Etymology and derivation

The word vata is derived from “ta” suffix to the word “Va”.The word ‘vata’ is defined as “vagatigandhanayoh”. [Su.Sa.SutraSthana 21/5][3] “Va” word is concerned with movement (gati) and intimation (gandhana). The meanings of word ‘gati’ are motion, moving, and going. The meaning of word gandhana are intimation, information, and perception.

Synonyms[7][8]

The god of wind (maruta), movement (chala), wind (anila), present everywhere (samirana), pure (pavana), gives sensation of touch(sparshana), full of strength (mahabala), life(jivana), sadagati, help in perception of smell (gandhavaha), self-existent (swayambhu)[3] [Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/5], air, wind, blown, desired for, wished for, solicited, and god of wind.

Various aspects

Vata is categorized as ‘dosha’ primarily because of its capability to vitiate other body components. It is also mentioned as ‘dhatu’ because in normal state, it sustains or maintains the body.[3] [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/4]It is also called as ‘mala’ as it can make the body unwholesome and produced as waste material during the process of digestion “katu avasthapaka”(last stage of digestion). [Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15/11] Vata is the somatic factor having two prime functions –movements (cheshta) and process of learning or knowledge (jnana). Vata is swayambhu (self-existent) and it is the root cause of production, preservation, and destruction.[Su.Sa.Nidana Sthana 1/7][3] Vata is the controller of body. Vata leads the functions of all dosha, and its responsible for many diseases.[Su. Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/8][3]

Bhautika composition

Dosha are descendants of panchamahabhuta. Vata dosha has dominance of vayu and akasha mahabhuta.[9][A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/2] Akasha provides space for movements, and vayu provides the energy needed for any kind of movements. Chakrapani opines that vata dosha is originated from vayu mahabhuta predominantly. [Chakrapani on Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/8] Although vata dosha is panchabhautika, vata dosha is the representative of the respective mahabhuta in the human body.
Figure 01: Bhautika composition of vata dosha

Sites of vata

Dosha pervades every part of the body. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/9] Acharya stated the general location of vata, pitta and kapha are the lower, middle, and upper portions of the body, respectively marked by the heart (hridaya) and umbilicus (nabhi). [A.S. Sutra Sthana 1/4] Vata is predominately present in body parts below umbilicus (adho nabhi). [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/10][10] The specific sites of dosha are locations where their functions are primarily observable. The specific seats of vata are:

  • Urinary bladder (basti) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8] [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8]
  • Large intestine+ rectum+ anal region (purishadhana) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8]
  • Pelvic region (kati or shroni) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8][Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/6][3][Dalhan on Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/6][3] [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/1][4]
  • Thighs (sakthini) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8][A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/1][4]
  • Both legs (padam) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8]
  • All bones (asthini) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8][A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/1][4][K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/10][10]
  • Anal region (guda) [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/6][3] [Dallhan on Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/6][3][Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/9][3]
  • Ears(shrotra) [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/1][4]
  • Skin(sparshnendriya) [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/1][4]
  • Bone marrow(majja)[K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/10][10]
Among all these sites, large intestine (pakvashaya) is the prime site of vata. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8] [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/1][4] Purishadhana included the portion of the intestine wherein purishdhara kala (layer for formation and storage of stools)is located. It includes anus (guda) also. [Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/9][3] [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/6][3] Chakrapani opines that purishadhana is pakvashaya. [Chakrapani on Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/8] According to the Atharvaveda, vata is situated in the upper part of the head (mastishka). [Ath. V. 10/2/26][11]
Figure 2. General(A) and specific sites(B) of vatadosha.

Attributes

The characteristics of vata are:

  • Dryness (ruksha) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/58] [Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/7][3][A.Hr. Sutra Sthana1/11][4]
  • Coldness (shita) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/58] [Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/7][3] [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/11][4]
  • Lightness (laghu) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/58] [Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/7][3][A.Hr. Sutra Sthana1/11][4]
  • Micro or subtle nature (sukshma) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/58] [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana1/11][4]
  • Mobility (chala) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/58] [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana1/11][4]
  • Clearness(vishada) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/58]
  • Roughness(khara) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/58] [Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/7][3][A.Hr. Sutra Sthana1/11][4]
  • Hardness(daruna) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 12/4]
  • Bioenhancer (yogavahi) [Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/39]
  • Formlessness (amurtatva) [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/13]
  • Frequent (bahu) [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/98]
  • Swift (sheeghra) [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/98]
  • Coarseness or harshness (parusha) [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/98]
  • Assessed through its functions (avyakto vyakta karma)[Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/7][3]
  • Movements in all direction(tiryak) [Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/8][3]
  • Having predominately raja quality (rajobahula) [Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/8][3]
  • Unpredictable potential(achintyavirya) [Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/8][3]
  • Quick(ashukari) [Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/9][3]

These attributes should be considered while taking diet and lifestyle management of health. If the food and lifestyle habits having similar characteristics are followed in excess, a person may experience vata dosha vitiation leading to vata disorders.

Functions of vata

Vata dosha governs all bodily functions. The ability to provide other bodily entities, such as other dosha, dhatu, and mala, mobility belongs to the vata dosha in the human body. Vata is responsible for all motion, so this dosha is also known as life in living beings. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 17/116] The principal functions of vata dosha are as below: [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 18/49] [Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/10][3][Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 7/8][3][Sh. Sa. Pratham Khand 5/21] [6]:

  • To sustain the body
  • Maintaining and controlling all the/ human machinery or body (tantra yantra dhara)
  • The originator of all kinds of movements (parvartaka cheshtanam uccha vachanam)
  • Regulates and guides the mind (niyanta praneta cha manasa)
  • Stimulates all sensory and motor organs (sarvendriyanam udyojakah)
  • Directs senses to their respective objects (sarvendriyarthanam abhivodha)
  • Responsible for proper building of the tissues and organs of the body (sarvasharira dhatu vyuhakar)
  • Connects the different tissues (sandhanakar sharirasya)
  • Induces speech (pravatakovacha)
  • Causative factor of sound and touch sensation (prakriti sparshshabdayo shrotra sparshayormulam)
  • Cause of pleasures and determination (harsha utsahayonih)
  • Stimulates digestive power(samirano-agneh)
  • Dries up the excessive moisture (dosha samshoshanah)
  • Excretion of waste products (kshepta bahimalanam or samo moksha gatimata)
  • Formation of every kind of channel, fine and coarse (sthulanu srotasam bhetta)
  • Regulates the formation of the different structures of the fetus and provides specific size/shape (karta garbhakritinam)
  • Sustain the life(ayusho anuvritti pratyaya bhutah)
  • Control the segmentation or division of cells (vibhagakaranan matah)[Sha.Sa.Pratham Khand 5/21] [6]
  • Inhalation and exhalation (ucchavasa-nishwasa)
  • Proper movements of dhatu (dhatugati sama)

Five particular functions of vata based on its types are as below:[Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/4][3]

  1. Body movements and pulsation(praspandan)
  3. Retain the perception of senses (udwahana)
  5. Ingestion of food(purana)
  7. Differentiation of tissues and waste products(viveka)
  9. Retention of waste products till evacuation(dharana)

Classification

The classification of vataisbased on different functions and locations in human body. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 12/8]

Five types

Prana, Udana, Samana, Vyana, and Apana are the five classifications of vatadosha. Five sets of functions by which vatadosha is divided into five types are described with [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/4][3] the diseasespecificity of five types of vata.[Su.Sa. NidanaSthana 1/13-19][3]The location and function of five types of vatadosha based on different Ayurvedic texts are as given in table 1. [Cha.Sa. ChikitsaSthana28/5-11]

Table 1: Description of five types of Vata dosha
S.No. Type of Vata Location Function Disease [Su.Sa. NidanaSthana 1/13-19][3]
01. Prana Head (murdha)
Thorax (ura)
Throat (kantha)
Tongue (jihwa)
Mouth (asya)
Nose (nasika) 		Spitting out (shthivana)
Sneezing (kshavathu)
Belching (udgara)
Respiration (shwasa)
Ingestion of food (aharadi) 		Hiccough (hikka)
Asthma (shwasa)
02. Udana Umbilicus (nabhi)
Thorax (ura)
Throat (kantha) 		Speech (Vakpravritti)
Efforts (prayatna)
Provides strength, complexion (Urjabalavarnadikarma) 		Disease occurring above the neck (Urdhvajatrugata)
03. Samana Near digestive system (anataragne parshva) It gives strength to the digestive system Abdominal lump (gulma),
less digestive capability (agnisada),
diarrhea (atisara)
04. Vyana Whole body (dehavyapnoti) Movements (gati)
Contraction and relaxation (prasarana)
Upward and downward movements (aakeshpa)
Opening and closure of eyelids (nimesha) 		disease located to the whole body (sarvadeha)
05. Apana Scrotum (vrishana)
Bladder (basti)
Penis (medhra)
Umbilicus (nabhi)
Thorax (ura)
Inguinal region (vankshana)
Anus (guda) 		Ejection of semen, removal of urine and faces (Shukra mutra shakrit kriya),
menstruation and delivery of fetus (srijtya artava garbha) 		Diseases related to the urinary bladder and anal region (bastigudaashraya)
Figure 03: Physiology of different types of vata

Prana

  • Control Respiration
  • Regulation of food ingestion
  • Sneezing reflex

Udana

  • Speech
  • Memory
  • Learning
  • Intellect

Samana

  • Control of digestive process through enteric nervous system

Vyana

  • Motor function
  • Regulation of circulatary system
  • Regulation of sweat

Apana

  • Regulation of Micturation
  • Regulation of defecation
  • Parturition
  • Ejaculation


Figure 04: Regulation of different system by vata- types.

Two types

Two types of dosha are: Prakrita (inherent state) and vaikrita dosha (acquired state). Prakrita dosha are observed at the time of conception and are responsible for the formation of prakriti. They are constant, and any change in them leads to death or trouble. They are responsible for the expression of individuality or phenotype of the person. Vaikrita dosha are produced as the waste of food (ahara) and continuously circulate in the body of fetus. They are responsible for health, and any disturbance in their physiological limits, either excess or decline, leads to disease. Prakrita and vaikrita dosha always stay in connection with one another, and collectively, they are called sharirika dosha. A person can only control the vaikrita dosha through diet and lifestyle. [A.S. Sharira Sthana 8/4][9]

Vata dominant constitution (prakriti)

The characteristics of vata dominant constitution individuals based on properties of vata dosha. [Cha.Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/99]The person having vata dosha in predominance have the following characteristics:

  • Lean body appearance
  • Dryness in voice, skin and hair
  • Less and disturbed sleep
  • Quick in action, walk, and talkative
  • Unsteady movements of legs and hands
  • Prominent movements of joint with voice
  • Cracks in heel and skin
  • Intolerance to cold
  • Prominent tendons, veins and joints.

Loka purusha samanya

Vayu is responsible for all motions in the cosmos. The vayu mahabhuta is represented by the vata dosha in human body. Nourishing (visarga), depleting (adana) and distributing (vikshepa) in the universe are carried by the moon, sun and wind. Similarly, human body has kapha, pitta, and vata performing the same functions, respectively. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 29/6] [3]

Factors responsible for abnormal states of vata

Certain factors cause excess or decline of vata in the human body. These factors are natural or unavoidable and artificial or avoidable.

Natural factors

These factors are the essential component of biological rhythm occurring in the external as well as internal environment of the body. This natural increase is physiological. These factors are as follows: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/20][3], [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/8][4], [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana12/24-25][4][A.Hr. Nidana Sthana 1/14-15][4]

  • Season (ritu): Vata undergoes accumulation in summer (grishma), gets vitiated in rainy season (varsha) and subsides to normal during autumn (sharada).
  • Various stages of digestion of food: Vata gets vitiated at the end of meal digestion (jirneanne)
  • Biological rhythm of day and night: Vata gets vitiated at the end of day (apraha) and night (pratyush).
  • Habitat (desha): Vata usually gets vitiated in the person of arid area (jangala desha).
  • Age (vaya): In old age, vata is in excess as compared to other dosha.
Figure 05: Natural factors responsible for vatavriddhi.

Artificial factors

Apart from natural factors, there are certain factors that cause vitiation of dosha and disease. These factors are easily avoidable and used in clinical practice through the concept of samanya vishesha siddhanta. These factors are as follows: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana21/19][3] [A.Hr. Nidana Sthana1/14-15][4]

  • Diet (dravya) and particular properties of diet: Ayurveda defined three tastes (rasa) that can lead to vitiation of vata dosha. These three rasa are bitter (tikta), pungent (katu) and astringent (kashaya).These three rasa, when taken in excess, cause vata vitiation (prakopa).
  • Lifestyle or activities: Suppression of natural urges(vega vidharana), night awakening (ratri jagrana), loud speech (ucchabhashana), overworking or excessive shodhana (kriya atiyoga), overthinking (chinta), excessive exercise (vyayama), excessive sexual indulgence (ati maithuna), excessive studies(ati adhyanana), swimming (plavana), and lifting of weight (bhara harana) etc.

Clinical aspects

Preventive aspect

Person having prakriti vata dosha as body constitution should avoid diet and lifestyle which vitiates vata dosha. To prevent the vata dominant diseases, diet and lifestyle opposite to attributes of vata are advised. [A.Hr. Sharira Sthana 3/85-89][4]

Stages of dosha

Dosha continues to exist in three states: hypofunction (kshaya), hyperfunction (vriddhi), and normal physiological state (sama). [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana17/110]Increase and reduction in dosha functioning (karma), respectively, can be used to understand dosha increase and decline in the body. Dosha, when increased, produce their respective features in excess; when decreased, cut off their functions and when in normal state, they perform their normal functions.

Figure 06: Stages of dosha
Hyperfunctioning of vata (vriddhi lakshana)
When vata levels in the body are increasing, the body exhibits various signs and symptoms as below: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana15/15][3], [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana11/5][4], [A.S. Sutra Sthana 19/6][9]:
  • Emaciation (karshya)
  • Blackish discoloration (kashnya)
  • Fond of hot articles (ushnakamitva)
  • Uncontrolled movements (kampa or gatra sphurana)
  • Abdominal distension (anaha)
  • Constipation (shakrut graha or gadha varcha)
  • Decreased strength (bala bhransha or alpa balatvam)
  • Loss of sleep (nidra bhransa or nidra nasha)
  • Sensory and motor function loss (indriya bhransha)
  • Delirium (pralapa)
  • Dizziness (bhrama)
  • Lack of self-confidence (dinata)
  • Dryness of skin (twaka parushya)
  • Pain in bones (asthi shula)
  • Reduction in bone marrow (majja shosha)
  • Flatulence (adhmana)
  • Delusion (moha)
  • Fear (bhaya)
  • Grief or sorrow (shoka)
Hypo functioning of vata (kshaya lakshana)

When vata levels in the body are declining, the body exhibits various signs and symptoms as below:[Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana15/9][3] , [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana11/15-16][4], [A.S. Sutra Sthana19/15][9]

  • Avoid talk (alpabhashita or alpavaka)
  • Generalized weakness (angasada)
  • Loss of sensation (sangya moha or mudha sangyta)
  • Symptoms of increased kapha
  • Less active(manda cheshta)
  • Loss of happiness or lack of pleasure (apraharsha)
  • Excess salivation(praseka)
  • Loss of appetite (aruchi)
  • Nausea (rhallasa)

Diagnosis

The state of vata dosha can be diagnosed and assessed based on clinical features. The most presented clinical features of vata dosha are pain(shula), numbness(suptata), dryness (rukshta) rigidity (stambhana), wasting (shosha) and harshness(parusha).[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/12]

Eighty types of diseases due to an imbalance of vata dosha (vataja nanatmaja vyadhi) are listed. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/11] [table 02]:
Table 2: Diseases due to vata dosha (vataja nanatmaja vikara)
Cracks in nail(nakhabheda) Diarrhea(vidbheda) Difficulty in vision(akshibheda) Frontal pain(lalatabheda)
Cracks in feet(vipadika) Dysperistalsis(udarvarta) Toothache(dantabheda) Headache(shiroruka)
Foot pain(padashula) Unable to walk (khanjata) Loose teeth (dantashaithilya) Scaling in scalp (keshabhumisphutana)
Foot drop(pada bhransha) Kyphosis(kubjata) Aphasia (mukatva) Facial paralysis (ardita)
Foot numbness(pada suptata) Dwarfism (vamanatva) Speech disorder (vakasanga) Monoplegia (ekangaroga)
Difficulty in walking (vatakhuddata) Stiffness of sacro-iliac joint (trikagraha) Astringent taste in mouth(kashayasyata) Quadriplegia (sarvangaroga)
Stiffness in ankle(gulphagraha) Back stiffness(prishtagraha) Dry mouth(mukhashosha) Hemiplegia(pakshavadha)
Cramps in calf (pindikodveshtana) Lateral side Chest pain(parshvavamarda) Tastelessness (arasagyata) Clonic contraction(akshepaka)
Sciatica(gridhrasi) Pain abdomen(udaraveshta) Anosmia(grananasha) Tonic contraction(dandaka)
Genu varum (janubheda) Stiffness in heart(hridmoha) Earache(karnashula) Fainting(tama)
Genu valgum (januvishlesha) Heaviness in heart(hriddrava) Tinnitus (ashabdashravana) Giddiness(bhrama)
Stiffness in thigh(urustambha) Rubbing pain in chest(vakshauddharsa) Difficult hearing(ucchaihsruti) Tremors(vepathu)
Thigh pain (urusada) Difficulty in thoracic cage muscle movements (vakshauparodha) Deafness (badhirya) Yawning(jrimbha)
Paraplegia (pangulya) Stabbing pain in chest (vakshastoda) Ptosis of eye lid(vartmastambha) Hiccups (hikka)
Rectum prolapse(guda bhransha) Wasting of arm muscles (bahushosha) Entropion (vartmasankocha) Depression(vishada)
Tenasmus (gudarti) Neck stiffness (grivastambha) Glaucoma (timira) Delirium(atipralapa)
Scrotum pain(vrushnakshepa) Torticollis (manyastambha) Pain in eye(akshishula) Dryness(rukshya)
Stiffness in penis(shephastambha) Hoarseness of voice (kanthoddhvansa) Complete Loss of vision(akshivyudasa) Hardness(parushya)
Tension in groin area(vankshanaanaha) Difficult movement of tempo-mandibular joint(hanubheda) complete loss of eye brow(bhruvyudasa) Dusky appearance (shyavarunaavbhasata)
Pelvic girdle pain(shronibheda) Cracks in lips(oshthabheda) Temporal pain(sankhabheda) Insomnia(aswapana)

Treatment

Disturbance, either excess or decline, leads to disease. To manage and or prevent disease, the clinician must follow the theory of similarity and dissimilarity (samanya- vishesha siddhanta) based on rasa and food, which decline vata (shamaka) and aggravate vata(prakopa). Controlling the increase of the vata dosha requires avoiding foods and ways of living that increase it, while indulging in foods that reduce it (vata shamaka). Contrarily, the decline of vata is treated by consuming foods and leading lifestyles that stimulate it, rather than suppressing it. Three tastes(rasa) that helps in controlling the vitiated vata are – sweet(madhura), sour(amla) and salty(lavana).[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana1/66] Medicated enema(basti) is the best intervention indicated for vitiated vata. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/13] Oil is best therapeutic drug for the treatment of vata. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 25/40]

The herbs having sweet, sour, salty, unctuous and hot qualities used in single or combination along with therapies like oleation, fomentation, asthapana and anuvasana types of enema, inhalation, diet, massage, hot shower etc are helpful in the treatment of vatika disorders.[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana20/13]

Diagnostic and assessment tools

Vata dosha can be assessed by its functionality either normal or abnormal through subjective methods like questionnaires and objective methods. There are some objectives methods which may be used to assess the functions of vata. Currently, there are no validated and standardized tools for dosha assessment within the body. Vata vriddhi and kshaya features will be assessed through a subjective questionnaire Ayurvedic physicians assess the normalcy and abnormality through the ayurvedic principles of examination (pariksha). Some of the objective methods which may be used to assess the normal functioning of vata are:

  • Examination of senses like vision test, BERA(Brain evoked response audiometry)etc[12].
  • Examination of cranial nerves[13]
  • Examination of reflexes –superficial and deep[14].
  • Examination of higher mental function-like memory and speech[15][16].
  • Electromyogram(EMG)[17]
  • Assessment of autonomic function test[18]
  • Nerve conduction velocity test[19]
Application of all such tests will serve as a powerful analytical tool for assessing vata dosha.

Future area of research

The critical area of research is the preparation of a validated and standardization of questionnaires for vata kshaya, vata vriddhi, and normal functioning of vata to assess the state of vata. Guna based assessment of vata and incorporation of objectivity in assessment of vata through biological, immunological parameters is needed. Evaluation of sensory and motor function and hormonal function of the body and its correlation with functioning of various types of vata and multiple stages of vata. Role of nutritional and lifestyle modification in the maintenance of vata. Assessment of vata state in various physiological changes like the deep sea, high altitude, space physiology, and during sleep.

Thesis done

  1. Vaje R.P. (1986): Vata dosha vichara (a comparative study with nervous system), Tilak Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Savitribai Phule, Pune university. This study tried to correlate various parts of nervous system of vata types.
  2. Saley S.R.(1988): Classical and present day dosha provocative specially vata dosha, Tilak Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Savitribai Phule Pune university.
  3. Mankar A.S.(2010): Study of vata sthana with the help of basti w.s.r. to janu sandhigata vata (osteoarthritis of knee joint), Dept. of sharira rachana, Tilak Maharashtra University. This experimental study revalidated the statement of acharya Charak in context of prime sthana of vata.
  4. Gurao R.P.(2016): Development of assessment criteria of laghu guna of vata and its applied aspect in sthaulya w s r to vidangadi churna, Dept. of Kriya Sharir, DSRRAU, Rajasthan.

Current researches

Significance of arterial stiffness in Tridosha analysis:

The study assessed the large changes in arterial stiffness among Tridosha locales and quantified arterial stiffness using Nadi Tarangini, a pulse acquisition method. Significant differences were found between Tridosha locations, which can be applied to Ayurvedic interventional studies.[20]

Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis in the assessment of dosha imbalance:

This study compared the spectral analysis of heart rate variability data with clinical assessment of dosha pathology in 42 study participants and found significant concordance. This study indicates the use and applicability of HRV in evaluating intricate dosha imbalances and other criteria, such as dhatu imbalance.[21]

Vagus nerve serve as biomarker for vata dosha activity:

The parasympathetic vagus nerve's survival and homeostatic activities and those controlled by the five main subtypes of vata dosha were strongly connected in this discussion article. According to the paper, vagal activity is a trustworthy potential biomarker for significant vata dosha functions. [22]

Vata dynamics and cardiac disorders:

Vata has the distinctive quality of Vega (movements), which moves in a specific direction, so its intensities can be measured with the use of contemporary methods. This review discusses specifics of these natural urges that cause cardiovascular disorders(CVD) alone, as found in traditional Ayurvedic books, western medications, and technology that measures their intensity. Assessment of vata dynamics with modern technological tools help in prevention and management of CVD.[23]

Abbreviations

Cha. : Charak

Su.: Sushruta

A.: Ashtanga

Sa.: Samhita

Sha.: Sharangadhara

Ka.: Kashyapa

Related Chapters

Vatavyadhi Chikitsa, Dosha, Vatarakta Chikitsa Adhyaya

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References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 National AYUSH Morbidity and Standardized Terminologies Electronic Portal by Ministry of AYUSH Available on http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/Ayurveda
  2. ↑ Rg-vedasamhita. Hindi translation by Pt. Ram Govind Trivedi.Varanasi: ChowkhambaVidyabhawan; 2016.
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by JadavajiTrikamjiAacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by HarishastriParadkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy; 2000
  5. ↑ Bhel. Bhel Samhita. Edited by Priya Vrat Sharma. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Visvabharti;2008.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Sharngdhara. Sarngadhara Samhita. Edited by Parashuram Shastri Vidyasagar.. Varanasi: ChaukhambhaSurbharatiPrakashan ;2013.
  7. ↑ Shabdakalpadruma, Radhakantdev R, editors. Volume 3, Delhi: Amar Publication; 2018, Available on Mana.
  8. ↑ Monier-Williams, Monier William's Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press;1899.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Vagbhata. Ashtanga Samgraha. Edited by Shivprasadsharma. 3rd Ed., Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office; 2012.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Kashyapa. Kashyapa Samhita. Edited by P. V. Tewari. Reprint. Varanasi: Chaukhambha vishvabharati;2008.
  11. ↑ Atharvaveda Samhita. Edited by Shriram Sharma Acharya. Mathura: YugNirman Yojana: 2005.
  12. ↑ Zizlavsky S, Sriyana AA, Airlangga TJ, Restuti RD. Brain evoked response audiometry recording from the mastoid and earlobe electrodes in normal-hearing children. Med J Malaysia. 2022 May;77(3):320-323.
  13. ↑ Rothwell P. Examination of the cranial nerves. BMJ. 2000 Mar 4;320(7235):655A.
  14. ↑ Rodriguez-Beato FY, De Jesus O. Physiology, Deep Tendon Reflexes. [Updated 2021 Jul 26]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
  15. ↑ Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005; 53(4): 695– 699.
  16. ↑ Libon DJ, Rascovsky K, Gross RG, et al. The Philadelphia Brief Assessment of Cognition (PBAC): a validated screening measure for dementia. Clin Neuropsychol 2011; 25(8): 1314– 1330.
  17. ↑ Kamen G, Caldwell GE. Physiology and interpretation of the electromyogram. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1996 Sep;13(5):366-84
  18. ↑ Cheshire WP, Freeman R, Gibbons CH, Cortelli P, Wenning GK, Hilz MJ, Spies JM, Lipp A, Sandroni P, Wada N, Mano A, Ah Kim H, Kimpinski K, Iodice V, Idiáquez J, Thaisetthawatkul P, Coon EA, Low PA, Singer W. Electrodiagnostic assessment of the autonomic nervous system: A consensus statement endorsed by the American Autonomic Society, American Academy of Neurology, and the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Clin Neurophysiol. 2021 Feb;132(2):666-682.
  19. ↑ Akiguchi I. [Nerve function test--sensory nerve conduction velocity (author's transl)]. RinshoByori. 1978 Nov;26(11):909-15.
  20. ↑ Kumar PV, Deshpande S, Joshi A, More P, Nagendra HR. Significance of arterial stiffness in Tridosha analysis: A pilot study. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2017 Oct 1;8(4):252-6.
  21. ↑ Manohar PR, Sorokin O, Chacko J, Nampoothiri V. An exploratory clinical study to determine the utility of heart rate variability analysis in the assessment of dosha imbalance. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. 2018 Apr 1;9(2):126-30.
  22. ↑ Sumantran VN, Nair PP. Can the vagus nerve serve as biomarker for vatadoshaactivity?. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. 2019 Apr 1;10(2):146-51.
  23. ↑ Baikampady SV. Vata dynamics with special reference to cardiac disorders–a cross-disciplinary approach. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2020 Oct 1;11(4):432-9.
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