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Crataeva religiosa Forst. f.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Varuna, Crataeva religiosa Forst. f., Three leaved caper* Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
 
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Varuna
|title = Varuna
Line 11: Line 20:
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = 2023
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name==
 
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataeva_religiosa Crataeva religiosa Forst. f.]''', popularly known as '''Varuna''', is a moderate-sized deciduous tree native to India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. It is widely revered in [[Ayurveda]] as the premier lithotriptic and diuretic drug of choice for managing urinary calculi (renal stones), dysuria, and inflammatory conditions. It has long been described as the Ayurvedic drug of choice in urinary disorders.<ref name="Deshpande1982">Deshpande PJ, Sahu M, Kumar P. Crataeva nurvala Hook and Forst (Varuna) the Ayurvedic drug of choice in urinary disorders. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1982;76(Suppl):46–53.</ref>
 
'''Note on nomenclature:''' most of the experimental studies cited below were carried out on ''Crataeva nurvala'' Buch.-Ham., which is treated in the literature as ''Crateva magna'' (Lour.) DC., one of the names listed under "Other botanical names". The Varuna of the classical texts is traditionally taken to be the same drug, but readers should note that the research species name differs from the name used in this page's title.
 
== English name ==
Three leaved caper
Three leaved caper


==Therapeutic Uses==
== Therapeutic Uses ==
Renal stone (ashmari), Dysuria (mutrakrichhra), Abdominal lump (gulma), Abscess (vidradhi)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:75.</ref>
Renal stone (ashmari), Dysuria (mutrakrichhra), Abdominal lump (gulma), Abscess (vidradhi).<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:75.</ref>


==Other Varieties/ Other botanical names==
== Other Varieties / Other Botanical names ==
Crateva magna (Lour.) DC
* Crateva magna (Lour.) DC
Capparis magna Lour.
* Capparis magna Lour.
Crateva lophosperma Kurz
* Crateva lophosperma Kurz
Triclanthera corymbosa Raf.
* Triclanthera corymbosa Raf.


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita ==
Varuna, Tikta saka (leaves of varuna are bitter in taste).


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu ==
Varuna, Tikta saka (leaves of varuna are bitter in taste)
Varana, Kumaraka (leaves of varuna remain tender for many days).<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Vatadi Varga, verse no. 65, p. 530.</ref>
 
==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
Varana, kumaraka (leaves of varuna remain tender for many days)<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Vatadi Varga, verse no. 65, p.530.</ref>


== Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
|+ Properties
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+Properties
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Pharmacological criteria'''
|'''Properties'''
|-
|-
|1
| 1 || Taste (rasa) || Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
|Taste (rasa)
|Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
|-
|-
|2
| 2 || Potency (veerya) || Hot (ushna)
|Potency (veerya)
|Hot (ushna)
|-
|-
|3
| 3 || Post digestion effect (vipaka) || Pungent (katu)
|Post digestion effect (vipaka)
|Pungent (katu)
|-
|-
|4
| 4 || Qualities (guna) || Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|Qualities (guna)
|Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
|-
|5
| 5 || Actions (karma) || Pacify Kapha and Vata
|Actions (karma)
|Pacify Kapha and Vata
|}
|}


==Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Herbs and their activities'''
|+ Herbs and their activities
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
|'''Activity'''
|-
|-
|1
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra  Sthana]] 14/31
|Dravya for  Nadi Sweda(fomentation)
|-
|-
|2
| 1 || Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31 || Dravya for Nadi Sweda (fomentation)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/33
|Prajata stree  paricharya
|-
|-
|3
| 2 || Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 8/33 || Prajata stree paricharya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
|-
|4
| 3 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/165
|Pathya Diet in Gulma(abdominal lump)
|-
|-
|5
| 4 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/165 || Pathya Diet in Gulma (abdominal lump)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45
|-
|Used in swedana kriya(fomentation therapy)
| 5 || Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45 || Used in swedana kriya (fomentation therapy)
|}
|}


==Dose==
== Dose ==
Kwatha – 20 – 30 gm<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:75.</ref>
* Kwatha (Decoction): 20–30 g.<ref name="API1986"/>
 
==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:75.</ref>


== Important Formulations ==
As per A.P.I.<ref name="API1986"/>
* Varunadi kwatha churna
* Varunadi kwatha churna


==Current availability ==
== Current Availability ==
Available
Available
* In India: Commonly grows along riverbanks, marshy lands, and waterlogged areas. States include Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan (moist regions), Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Odisha, West Bengal, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir.
* Out of India: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Bangladesh, Nepal, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Oceania.
== Phytoconstituents ==
=== Triterpenoids and sterols ===
The chloroform fraction of a crude rectified-spirit extract of the stem bark yielded four compounds: the triterpenoids betulinic acid and lupeol, and the sterols β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. Their structures were established by 1H NMR spectroscopy and comparison with authentic specimens.<ref name="Parvin2011">Parvin S, et al. Triterpenoids and phytosteroids from stem bark of Crataeva nurvala Buch. Ham. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2011;1(9):47–50.</ref>
=== Lupeol: the principal bioactive triterpene ===
Fractionation of the antiurolithiatic crude extract led to the isolation of lupeol (lup-20(29)-en-3β-ol) as the active constituent. In rats, lupeol not only prevented the formation of bladder stones but also reduced the size of stones that had already formed.<ref name="Anand1994">Anand R, Patnaik GK, Kulshreshtha DK, Dhawan BN. Antiurolithiatic activity of lupeol, the active constituent isolated from Crataeva nurvala. Phytotherapy Research. 1994;8(7):417–421. doi:10.1002/ptr.2650080708</ref>
== Therapeutic Efficacy: Pharmacological Evidence ==
The evidence summarised below is from animal and in vitro studies. No controlled human clinical trial of Varuna alone was verified during the preparation of this monograph.
=== Lithotriptic and anti-urolithiatic activity (Ashmari) ===
The effect of oral administration of ''Crataeva nurvala'' bark decoction on calcium oxalate lithiasis was studied in rats. This is the experimental basis usually cited for the classical use of Varuna in urinary stones.<ref name="Varalakshmi1990">Varalakshmi P, Shamila Y, Latha E. Effect of Crataeva nurvala in experimental urolithiasis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1990;28(3):313–321. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(90)90082-5</ref>
=== Diuretic activity (Mutrakrichhra) ===
Antiurolithiatic and diuretic activity were reported for lupeol, the constituent isolated from the plant. This is consistent with the traditional use of Varuna in dysuria.<ref name="Anand1992">Anand R, Patnaik GK, Kulshreshtha DK, Dhawan BN. Antiurolithiatic and diuretic activity of lupeol, the active constituent isolated from Crateva nurvala (Buch. Ham). Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 1992;24:48–49.</ref>
=== Anti-inflammatory activity (Vidradhi, Shotha) ===
In rats with adjuvant arthritis, lupeol and lupeol linoleate reduced paw swelling by 39% and 58% respectively, compared with 35% for indomethacin. Unlike indomethacin, the two triterpenes showed no antinociceptive, antipyretic or ulcerogenic action, which suggests a different mechanism of action.<ref name="Geetha2001">Geetha T, Varalakshmi P. Anti-inflammatory activity of lupeol and lupeol linoleate in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2001;76(1):77–80. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00175-1. PMID: 11378285</ref>


* In India –
=== Immunomodulatory activity ===
Commonly grows along riverbanks, marshy lands, and waterlodges areas in India.
In Balb/c mice, oral lupeol isolated from ''Crataeva religiosa'' (12.5–200 mg/kg) reduced CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts and the cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ (Th1) and IL-4 (Th2). The authors linked this immune suppression to possible anti-arthritic activity.<ref name="Bani2006">Bani S, Kaul A, Khan B, Ahmad SF, Suri KA, Gupta BD, Satti NK, Qazi GN. Suppression of T lymphocyte activity by lupeol isolated from Crataeva religiosa. Phytotherapy Research. 2006;20(4):279–287. doi:10.1002/ptr.1852. PMID: 16557610</ref>
States :- Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan (moist regions), Gujarat, Tamil nadu, karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Odisha, West bengal, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir
 
* Out of India –
=== Antioxidant and nephroprotective activity ===
Sri lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Bangladesh, Nepal, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Oceania
In two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) rats, an ethanol extract of the bark (100 mg/kg, orally, for four weeks) prevented kidney dysfunction. It normalised raised uric acid and creatinine, reduced oxidative stress markers, increased antioxidant gene expression in the kidney and suppressed several anti-inflammatory genes.<ref name="Jahan2023">Jahan I, Saha P, Eysha Chisty TT, Mitu KF, Chowdhury FI, Ahmed KS, Hossain H, Khan F, Subhan N, Alam MA. Crataeva nurvala bark (Capparidaceae) extract modulates oxidative stress-related gene expression, restores antioxidant enzymes, and prevents oxidative stress in the kidney and heart of 2K1C rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2023;2023:4720727. doi:10.1155/2023/4720727. PMID: 37593003</ref>
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Precautions ==
* '''Toxicity:''' No formal toxicity or human safety data for Varuna bark itself were verified during the preparation of this monograph. For lupeol, its isolated constituent, the oral LD<sub>0</sub> in mice was reported as more than 2 g/kg body weight.<ref name="Bani2006"/>
* '''Precautions (inference, not from a cited study):''' Because Varuna is a diuretic drug, caution is reasonable in severe dehydration or acute renal failure. Because lupeol suppressed T-cell activity in mice, caution is also reasonable in patients taking immunosuppressant drugs. Use under professional guidance is advisable.
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Crataeva'' species (preclinical evidence)
! Indication !! Experimental finding !! Type of evidence
|-
| '''Renal stones (Ashmari)''' || Bark decoction studied in calcium oxalate lithiasis; lupeol prevented bladder stones and reduced preformed stones || Rat models
|-
| '''Dysuria (Mutrakrichhra)''' || Diuretic activity of lupeol || Rat model
|-
| '''Inflammation, abscess (Vidradhi)''' || Reduced paw swelling in adjuvant arthritis (lupeol, lupeol linoleate); suppression of T-cell counts and Th1/Th2 cytokines by lupeol || Rat and mouse models
|-
| '''Kidney injury''' || Prevention of kidney dysfunction and oxidative stress by bark extract || Rat model (2K1C)
|}
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="API1986">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:75.</ref>
<ref name="Chunekar2015">Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Vatadi Varga, verse no. 65, p. 530.</ref>
<ref name="Deshpande1982">Deshpande PJ, Sahu M, Kumar P. Crataeva nurvala Hook and Forst (Varuna) the Ayurvedic drug of choice in urinary disorders. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1982;76(Suppl):46–53.</ref>
<ref name="Parvin2011">Parvin S, et al. Triterpenoids and phytosteroids from stem bark of Crataeva nurvala Buch. Ham. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2011;1(9):47–50.</ref>
<ref name="Anand1994">Anand R, Patnaik GK, Kulshreshtha DK, Dhawan BN. Antiurolithiatic activity of lupeol, the active constituent isolated from Crataeva nurvala. Phytotherapy Research. 1994;8(7):417–421. doi:10.1002/ptr.2650080708</ref>
<ref name="Varalakshmi1990">Varalakshmi P, Shamila Y, Latha E. Effect of Crataeva nurvala in experimental urolithiasis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1990;28(3):313–321. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(90)90082-5</ref>
<ref name="Anand1992">Anand R, Patnaik GK, Kulshreshtha DK, Dhawan BN. Antiurolithiatic and diuretic activity of lupeol, the active constituent isolated from Crateva nurvala (Buch. Ham). Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 1992;24:48–49.</ref>
<ref name="Geetha2001">Geetha T, Varalakshmi P. Anti-inflammatory activity of lupeol and lupeol linoleate in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2001;76(1):77–80. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00175-1. PMID: 11378285</ref>
<ref name="Bani2006">Bani S, Kaul A, Khan B, Ahmad SF, Suri KA, Gupta BD, Satti NK, Qazi GN. Suppression of T lymphocyte activity by lupeol isolated from Crataeva religiosa. Phytotherapy Research. 2006;20(4):279–287. doi:10.1002/ptr.1852. PMID: 16557610</ref>
<ref name="Jahan2023">Jahan I, Saha P, Eysha Chisty TT, Mitu KF, Chowdhury FI, Ahmed KS, Hossain H, Khan F, Subhan N, Alam MA. Crataeva nurvala bark (Capparidaceae) extract modulates oxidative stress-related gene expression, restores antioxidant enzymes, and prevents oxidative stress in the kidney and heart of 2K1C rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2023;2023:4720727. doi:10.1155/2023/4720727. PMID: 37593003</ref>
}}


==Current researches ==
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
  This article is under development ..

Latest revision as of 08:54, 18 October 2026


Varuna
Section/Chapter Herb database/Varuna
Botanical name(s) Crataeva religiosa Forst. f.
Family Capparidaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited


Crataeva religiosa Forst. f., popularly known as Varuna, is a moderate-sized deciduous tree native to India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. It is widely revered in Ayurveda as the premier lithotriptic and diuretic drug of choice for managing urinary calculi (renal stones), dysuria, and inflammatory conditions. It has long been described as the Ayurvedic drug of choice in urinary disorders.[1]

Note on nomenclature: most of the experimental studies cited below were carried out on Crataeva nurvala Buch.-Ham., which is treated in the literature as Crateva magna (Lour.) DC., one of the names listed under "Other botanical names". The Varuna of the classical texts is traditionally taken to be the same drug, but readers should note that the research species name differs from the name used in this page's title.

English name

Three leaved caper

Therapeutic Uses

Renal stone (ashmari), Dysuria (mutrakrichhra), Abdominal lump (gulma), Abscess (vidradhi).[2]

Other Varieties / Other Botanical names

  • Crateva magna (Lour.) DC
  • Capparis magna Lour.
  • Crateva lophosperma Kurz
  • Triclanthera corymbosa Raf.

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Varuna, Tikta saka (leaves of varuna are bitter in taste).

Additional Synonyms in Bhavprakasha Nighantu

Varana, Kumaraka (leaves of varuna remain tender for many days).[3]

Ayurvedic Pharmacological Properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
2 Potency (veerya) Hot (ushna)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Pungent (katu)
4 Qualities (guna) Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify Kapha and Vata

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 14/31 Dravya for Nadi Sweda (fomentation)
2 Cha.Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/33 Prajata stree paricharya
3 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/267 As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
4 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 5/165 Pathya Diet in Gulma (abdominal lump)
5 Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/45 Used in swedana kriya (fomentation therapy)

Dose

  • Kwatha (Decoction): 20–30 g.[2]

Important Formulations

As per A.P.I.[2]

  • Varunadi kwatha churna

Current Availability

Available

  • In India: Commonly grows along riverbanks, marshy lands, and waterlogged areas. States include Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan (moist regions), Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Odisha, West Bengal, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir.
  • Out of India: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Bangladesh, Nepal, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Oceania.

Phytoconstituents

Triterpenoids and sterols

The chloroform fraction of a crude rectified-spirit extract of the stem bark yielded four compounds: the triterpenoids betulinic acid and lupeol, and the sterols β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. Their structures were established by 1H NMR spectroscopy and comparison with authentic specimens.[4]

Lupeol: the principal bioactive triterpene

Fractionation of the antiurolithiatic crude extract led to the isolation of lupeol (lup-20(29)-en-3β-ol) as the active constituent. In rats, lupeol not only prevented the formation of bladder stones but also reduced the size of stones that had already formed.[5]

Therapeutic Efficacy: Pharmacological Evidence

The evidence summarised below is from animal and in vitro studies. No controlled human clinical trial of Varuna alone was verified during the preparation of this monograph.

Lithotriptic and anti-urolithiatic activity (Ashmari)

The effect of oral administration of Crataeva nurvala bark decoction on calcium oxalate lithiasis was studied in rats. This is the experimental basis usually cited for the classical use of Varuna in urinary stones.[6]

Diuretic activity (Mutrakrichhra)

Antiurolithiatic and diuretic activity were reported for lupeol, the constituent isolated from the plant. This is consistent with the traditional use of Varuna in dysuria.[7]

Anti-inflammatory activity (Vidradhi, Shotha)

In rats with adjuvant arthritis, lupeol and lupeol linoleate reduced paw swelling by 39% and 58% respectively, compared with 35% for indomethacin. Unlike indomethacin, the two triterpenes showed no antinociceptive, antipyretic or ulcerogenic action, which suggests a different mechanism of action.[8]

Immunomodulatory activity

In Balb/c mice, oral lupeol isolated from Crataeva religiosa (12.5–200 mg/kg) reduced CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts and the cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ (Th1) and IL-4 (Th2). The authors linked this immune suppression to possible anti-arthritic activity.[9]

Antioxidant and nephroprotective activity

In two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) rats, an ethanol extract of the bark (100 mg/kg, orally, for four weeks) prevented kidney dysfunction. It normalised raised uric acid and creatinine, reduced oxidative stress markers, increased antioxidant gene expression in the kidney and suppressed several anti-inflammatory genes.[10]

Safety, Toxicity, and Precautions

  • Toxicity: No formal toxicity or human safety data for Varuna bark itself were verified during the preparation of this monograph. For lupeol, its isolated constituent, the oral LD0 in mice was reported as more than 2 g/kg body weight.[9]
  • Precautions (inference, not from a cited study): Because Varuna is a diuretic drug, caution is reasonable in severe dehydration or acute renal failure. Because lupeol suppressed T-cell activity in mice, caution is also reasonable in patients taking immunosuppressant drugs. Use under professional guidance is advisable.

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of Crataeva species (preclinical evidence)
Indication Experimental finding Type of evidence
Renal stones (Ashmari) Bark decoction studied in calcium oxalate lithiasis; lupeol prevented bladder stones and reduced preformed stones Rat models
Dysuria (Mutrakrichhra) Diuretic activity of lupeol Rat model
Inflammation, abscess (Vidradhi) Reduced paw swelling in adjuvant arthritis (lupeol, lupeol linoleate); suppression of T-cell counts and Th1/Th2 cytokines by lupeol Rat and mouse models
Kidney injury Prevention of kidney dysfunction and oxidative stress by bark extract Rat model (2K1C)

References

  1. ↑ Deshpande PJ, Sahu M, Kumar P. Crataeva nurvala Hook and Forst (Varuna) the Ayurvedic drug of choice in urinary disorders. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1982;76(Suppl):46–53.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:75.
  3. ↑ Prof. K.C. Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint 2015, Chaukhambha Vishvabharti, Vatadi Varga, verse no. 65, p. 530.
  4. ↑ Parvin S, et al. Triterpenoids and phytosteroids from stem bark of Crataeva nurvala Buch. Ham. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2011;1(9):47–50.
  5. ↑ Anand R, Patnaik GK, Kulshreshtha DK, Dhawan BN. Antiurolithiatic activity of lupeol, the active constituent isolated from Crataeva nurvala. Phytotherapy Research. 1994;8(7):417–421. doi:10.1002/ptr.2650080708
  6. ↑ Varalakshmi P, Shamila Y, Latha E. Effect of Crataeva nurvala in experimental urolithiasis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1990;28(3):313–321. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(90)90082-5
  7. ↑ Anand R, Patnaik GK, Kulshreshtha DK, Dhawan BN. Antiurolithiatic and diuretic activity of lupeol, the active constituent isolated from Crateva nurvala (Buch. Ham). Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 1992;24:48–49.
  8. ↑ Geetha T, Varalakshmi P. Anti-inflammatory activity of lupeol and lupeol linoleate in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2001;76(1):77–80. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(01)00175-1. PMID: 11378285
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Bani S, Kaul A, Khan B, Ahmad SF, Suri KA, Gupta BD, Satti NK, Qazi GN. Suppression of T lymphocyte activity by lupeol isolated from Crataeva religiosa. Phytotherapy Research. 2006;20(4):279–287. doi:10.1002/ptr.1852. PMID: 16557610
  10. ↑ Jahan I, Saha P, Eysha Chisty TT, Mitu KF, Chowdhury FI, Ahmed KS, Hossain H, Khan F, Subhan N, Alam MA. Crataeva nurvala bark (Capparidaceae) extract modulates oxidative stress-related gene expression, restores antioxidant enzymes, and prevents oxidative stress in the kidney and heart of 2K1C rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2023;2023:4720727. doi:10.1155/2023/4720727. PMID: 37593003
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