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Piper longum L.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Pippali,Piper longum L.,Long Pepper, Indian Long Pepper, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description='''''Piper longum''''' Linn., commonly known as Long Pepper or '''Pippali''', is a cornerstone herb in traditional Asian medicine systems, notably [[Ayurveda]]
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20pepper Piper longum L.]


{{Infobox
{{Infobox
Line 7: Line 17:
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Piper longum L.
|data2 = Piper longum L.
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Piperaceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2021
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 =  Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name ==  
== Introduction and Botanical Characterization ==
 
'''''Piper longum''''' Linn., commonly known as Long Pepper or '''Pippali''', is a cornerstone herb in traditional Asian medicine systems, notably [[Ayurveda]], Unani, and Siddha. Belonging to the family Piperaceae, it is a slender, aromatic, perennial climber with woody roots and creeping jointed stems that root at the nodes.
 
Indigenous to the tropical rainforests of the Indo-Malaya region, it grows wild along the hotter regions of India, Nepal, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines. The primary economically and therapeutically viable parts are its dried, unripe fruit spikes and its thick, perennial roots (known classically as ''Pippalimula'').


Long Pepper
=== Taxonomical Hierarchy ===
* '''Kingdom:''' Plantae
* '''Order:''' Piperales
* '''Family:''' Piperaceae
* '''Genus:''' ''Piper''
* '''Species:''' ''P. longum''
[[File:Pippali.jpg|thumb|'''Pippali (''Piper longum'')''']]
 
=== Vernacular Names ===
* '''Sanskrit:''' Pippali, Magadhi, Kana, Ushana, Chapala
* '''Hindi:''' Pipal, Pipli
* '''English:''' Long Pepper, Indian Long Pepper
* '''Tamil:''' Thippili
* '''Telugu:''' Pippallu
 
==Therapeutic uses==
Shula(Colic), Chhardi(vomiting), Kaasa(Cough), [[Jwara]](Fever)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>
 
==Types==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 4 types<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pippalyadi varga, verse no. 15,18,20,23</ref>
# Pippali
# Gaja pippali
# Simhali Pippali
# Vanaadi pippali


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==


Pippali
Pippali, Krishna(Dry fruit are black in colour), Magadhi(it is abunduntly available in magadha desh), Upakulya(Pippali grows near or along side of water streams), Kana(fruits are small berries), Vaidehi(it is very common in videha desa), Chapala(Which cure many disease), Kolaa(Pippali has got pungent taste , if taken causes burning sensation in tongue), Tikshnatandula(Seeds of pippali is spicy)
 
==Synonyms in bhavprakash nighantu==
Shaundi<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 53, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;</ref>
 
== Traditional Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics ==
 
In classical Ayurvedic Dravyaguna (pharmacology), Pippali holds a unique, paradoxical status. While most pungent herbs aggravate systemic heat, Pippali's distinct post-digestive conversion allows it to serve as a premier ''Rasayana'' (rejuvenator).
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Pharmacological Parameter !! Ayurvedic Attribute !! Clinical / Physiological Influence
|-
| '''Rasa''' (Taste) || ''Katu'' (Pungent) || Ignites gastric juices, breaks down metabolic endotoxins (''Ama'')
|-
| '''Guna''' (Attributes) || ''Laghu'' (Light), ''Snigdha'' (Unctuous) || Deeply penetrates tissues without causing systemic dryness
|-
| '''Virya''' (Potency) || ''Anushna-Sheeta'' / ''Ushna'' (Mildly Warm) || Stimulates metabolic rate (''Agni'') without excessively raising systemic heat
|-
| '''Vipaka''' (Post-digestive effect) || ''Madhura'' (Sweet) || Exerts an anabolic, tissue-nourishing effect upon long-term assimilation
|-
| '''Dosha Karma''' (Humoral action) || ''Kapha-Vata Shamak'' || Pacifies pathological accumulations of mucus (''Kapha'') and nervous imbalances (''Vata'')
|}


Krishna
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties of dry and wet forms==
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties (Dry) !! Properties (Wet)
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Pungent (katu) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Neither too hot nor too cold (anushnasheeta)  || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura) ||--
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna) || Heavy (guru)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]]|| Increases [[vata]] and [[kapha]], pacify [[pitta]]
|-
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
Line 34: Line 114:
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
|-
|-
| 1 || Sutra sthana 2/3 || Sirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/3 || Shirovirechana (Catharsis of Cephalic Region)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/7 || [[Vamana]] Dravya (Herbs used for Therapeutic Emesis)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/18 || Deepaniya – Shulaghni yavagu (Gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/23 || Pipasaghni yavagu(Gruels for excess thirst )
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/29 || Vatanulomini yavagu(Gruels for flatulence)
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/31 || Kantha Roghni yavagu(Gruel for throat disorders)
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6) || Deepaniya mahakashaya(Appetisers)
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(9)|| Kanthya mahakashaya(beneficial for throat & voice)
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)|| Truptighna mahakashaya(anti-satiety)
|-
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(15)|| Krimighna mahakashaya(anti-helmintics)
|-
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(25)|| Asthapanopaga mahakashaya(helping corrective enema)
|-
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27)|| Shirovirechanopa gmahakashaya( helping nasal errhine therapy)
|-
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(30)|| Hikkanigrahana mahakashaya(reducing hiccups)
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36)|| Kasahara mahakashaya(relieving cough)
|-
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)|| Sheetaprashamana mahakashaya(pacifying cold)
|-
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45)|| Shoolaprashamana mahakashaya(anti-spasmodics)
|-
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/35
| Santarpanajanya  vikara chikitsa(Management of diseases due to undernutrition)
|-
| 20 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 24/50
| Mada Murccha  Chikitsa
|-
| 21 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
| Agrya Sangraha  (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
| 22 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4
| Natural  qualities
|-
| 23 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/256
| Krutanna Varga
|-
| 24 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/297
| Krutanna Varga
|-
| 25 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/51
| [[Veerya]] varnana(potency)
|-
| 26 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/84
| Viruddha ahara(incompatible substances)
|-
| 27 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 1/15
| Nitya asevaniya  padarth varnana (Dravya that are not recommended for daily use)
|-
| 28 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
| Abhyantara Krimi  Chikitsa
|-
| 29 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18
| Abhyantara Krimi  Chikitsa
|-
| 30 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
| [[Vamana]] dravyani(as an ingredient of  List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 31 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]]  8/142
| Katu skandha(group of pungent drugs)
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34
|Garbhasya  pratimasik karma
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree  paricharya(use as an ingredient in Procedure to remove placenta post-delivery)
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree paricharya(use as an ingredient in Procedure to remove placenta post-delivery)
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/48
|Nadi kalpana
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanartha
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23
|Vamanartha
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/15
|Preparations of Trivrut
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/29
|Preparations of Trivrut Awaleha
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/36
|Preparations of Modaka
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/37
|Preparations of Avaleha
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40
|Preparation of  Kalyanaka Guda
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/56
|Preparation of Varshakalina Trivrut Yoga
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/70
|Madya Yoga
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/7
|Tilvaka Yoga
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/5
|Danti-Dravanti Sangraha
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/27
|Modak Yoga
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/32
|Arishta Yoga
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/2/7
|In  formulation of Amalaka avaleha
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/27
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/37
|Ingredient in [[Vajikarana]]  Ghrita
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya  Ghrita
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/12
|Ingredient of  Vrushya pippali yoga
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/3/18
|Ingredient of  Vrushya Shatavari Ghrita
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/25
|Ingredient in Apatyakara  Ghrita
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/31
|Ingredient in Vrushya  Gutika
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/179
|Used as lajapeya with Shunthi where agni is manda but  kshudha is present
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/184
|Used as peya with Ghrita where jwara is associated  with Constipation(Doshanulomaka)
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/219
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita for jeerna  jwara
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/223
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/228
|Used for [[Vamana]] karma
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/243
|As an ingredient of Patoladi niruha basti
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/248
|Used in [[Asthapana basti|Niruha]] basti as kalka
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250
|As an ingredient of Jivantyadi anuvasan basti
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/303
|Used in Vishama jwara.
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/78
|Raktapitta- shamaka yoga in ugra raktapitta.
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74
|Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrita
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/98
|Yush in Vataja Gulma
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrita
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/144
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrit for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/147
|Ingredient in Kshir Shatpala Ghrita
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/156
|Ingredient of Danti-Haritaki
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/164
|Pathya Diet in Gulma
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/48
|As Nasya in Kushtha
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyanga in Vata-Kaphaja  Kushtha
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/141
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala  Ghrita
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/145
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/161
|Kushthahar Yoga
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/171
|Shvitra nashak Lepa
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/67
|Pathya diet for Pinas in  treatment of Rajayakshma
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/91
|As a Nasya dravya(nasal errhines)
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/96
|Ingredient in Kharjuradi  Avaleha
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/97
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/101
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/103
|Ingredient in Sitopaladi  Churna
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/108
|Ingredient in Duralabhadi  Ghrita
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/112
|Ingredient in Jivantyadi  Ghrita
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/115
|Ingredient in Baladi Kshirapaka
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/137
|As a Kaval dravya for Mukhashodhanartha 
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/142
|Ingredient in Yavani shadava 
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/145
|Ingredient in Talishadi  Churna
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/169
|Ingredient in Strotosuddhikar  Ghrit
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/169
|Ingredient in Strotosuddhikara  Ghrit
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/171
|Ingredient in Yakshmanashak  Ghrita
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi  Ghrita
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya  Ghrita
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara  Lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan  prayogartha
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi  Agada
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya  Ghrita
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/37
|Ingredient in Apasmar  nashak Dhupa and Pradeha
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/45
|As a Pradhaman nasya  dravya
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi  varti
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/20
|As a diet  and drinks in treatment of  Kshatakshin 
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/21
|Ingerdient in Eladi Gutika
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/30
|As a diet  in treatment of  Kshatakshina
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/33
|As a diet  in treatment of  Kshatakshina
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/37
|Ingredient in Amrutprash  Ghrita
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/48
|Ingredient in Samasaktu  Ghrita
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/58
|Ingredient in Dvitiya  Sarpiguda
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/66
|Ingredient in Chaturtha  Sarpiguda
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/72
|Ingredient in Pancham  Sarpimodaka
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/79
|For Kasa and Jvara  roga in Kshatkshina
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaja  Shvayathu
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataja  Shvayathu
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataja  Shvayathu
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in  treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarishta
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/30
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarishta
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorishta
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
|-
|135
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/41
|Ingredient in Krishnadi  Churna
|-
|136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi  Churna
|-
|137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshara Gudika
|-
|138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki  Avaleh
|-
|139
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/53
|Ingredient in Patolamuladi  Kwatha
|-
|140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi  Ghrita
|-
|141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet in  treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet in  treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|143
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/66
|For Lepa, Abhyangadi  Bahyaprayogartha
|-
|144
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70
|Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|145
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/79
|In treatment  of plihodara
|-
|146
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/84
|In  formulation of rohitaka ghrita
|-
|147
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment  of sannipataja udara roga (takraprayoga)
|-
|148
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment  of vatodara (takra prayoga)
|-
|149
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/106
|In treatment  of chhidrodara (takraprayoga)
|-
|150
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/106
|In treatment  of dakodar(takraprayoga)
|-
|151
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/108
|As an  ingredient of udara roganashaka lepa
|-
|152
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/112
|In  formulation of panchkola ghrita
|-
|153
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After  virechana  (balavruddhi arthe) mixed  with dugdha
|-
|154
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an  ingredient of Narayana churna
|-
|155
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/134
|As an  ingredient of Hapushadya churna
|-
|156
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an  ingredient of Nilinadya churna
|-
|157
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
|As an  ingredient of Pippalyadi lavana
|-
|158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|As an  ingredient of kshara vatika
|-
|159
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka  used in udara roga with milk
|-
|160
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/50
|Dhupan yoga  in arsha roga (Recipes for smearing and fumigation)
|-
|161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/52
|Used as lepa  over arsha
|-
|162
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/54
|Used as lepa (external application)
|-
|163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an  ingredient of Traushnadi churna
|-
|164
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/71
|Panchakola  churna is given with takra
|-
|165
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/72
|As an  ingredient of takrarishta
|-
|166
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89
|Used in peya,  khada yusha, ghrita, siddha jala
|-
|167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in  yavagu
|-
|168
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103
|Use with  phanita and goghrita
|-
|169
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/104
|As an  ingredient of pippalyadi ghrita
|-
|170
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/106
|Removes vata  and vibandha
|-
|171
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an  ingredient of Cavyadi ghrita
|-
|172
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110
|As an  ingredient of Nagaradya ghrita
|-
|173
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/131
|Used in  anuvasana basti
|-
|174
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/138
|As an  ingredient of Abhayarishta
|-
|175
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/155
|As an  ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
|176
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/158
|As an  ingredient of Kanakarista
|-
|177
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/235
|As an  ingredient of Sunishanak changeri ghrit
|-
|178
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/74
|Used for  vamana in amaja grahani roga(for emesis therapy)
|-
|179
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/76
|Panchakola  sadhita peya and Anna is given in Amaja grahani roga
|-
|180
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|As an  ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita
|-
|181
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an  ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita
|-
|182
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an  ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna
|-
|183
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an  ingredient of chitrakadhya gutika
|-
|184
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Used in  kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|185
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106
|Agnivruddhiartha  and for alleviating kostha gaya kayu in grahani roga
|-
|186
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|Used as  ingredient of yavagu
|-
|187
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/127
|As an  ingredient of Chandanadhya ghrita(kalka dravya)
|-
|188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|This drug is  used in treatment of pittaja grahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya churna
|-
|189
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|As an  ingredient of Kiratadya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|190
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142
|Used as peya  padartha in Kaphaja grahani
|-
|191
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/154
|As an  ingredient of Duralabhasava(Kaphaja grahani )
|-
|192
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/160
|As an  ingredient of Pindasava
|-
|193
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/163
|As an  ingredient of Madhvarishta
|-
|194
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|Used in  treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|195
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/173
|As an ingredient of Pippalimooladi Kshara
|-
|196
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|ingredient of  Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|197
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/178
|As an  ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an  ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|199
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/75
|Used for vamana in  hikka shwasa roga(For emesis)
|-
|200
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97
|Used in yusha  preparation for hikka shvasa
|-
|201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for  hikka shvasa
|-
|202
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/108
|As an ingredient of  hingvadi churna
|-
|203
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/111
|Used in preparation  of Utkarika
|-
|204
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/112
|Siddha ghrit is  used in vatanubandhi shvasa
|-
|205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|As an ingredient of  shatyadi churna
|-
|206
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/136
|Used as lihya
|-
|207
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
|As an ingredient of  dashamuladhya ghrita
|-
|208
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/141
|As an ingredient of  Tejovatyadi ghrita
|-
|209
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36
|As a ghrita  dravya
|-
|210
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/47
|As an ingredient  of  yoga dravya
|-
|211
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/51
|As an ingredient  of  leha dravya
|-
|212
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/55
|Use as an  ingredient of chitrakadi leha
|-
|213
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/60
|Use as an  ingredient of Agastya haritaki
|-
|214
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/63
|Use as an  ingredient of Saindhavadi yoga
|-
|215
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/64
|Use as an  ingredient of Khadirasara yoga
|-
|216
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/71
|Use as an  ingredient of praproundarika dhuma
|-
|217
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/74
|Use as an  ingredient of dhumapana yoga(medicated smoke inhalation)
|-
|218
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/77
|Use as an  ingredient of peya yoga
|-
|219
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|Use as an  ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|220
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|Use as an  ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|221
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/88
|Use as an  ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|222
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/89
|Use as an  ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
|-
|223
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/91
|Use as an  ingredient of mrudvikadi leha
|-
|224
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/94
|Use as an  ingredient of pippalyadi leha
|-
|225
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/100
|Use as an  ingredient of kshirapaka
|-
|226
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/103
|Use as an  ingredient of yoga dravya
|-
|227
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/109
|Use as an  ingredient of yusha dravya in kaphaja kasa
|-
|228
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/114
|Use as an  ingredient of pathadi kalka
|-
|229
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|Use as an  ingredient of vatanubandhi kaphaja kasa treatment
|-
|230
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/116
|Use it as a  kwatha dravya(decoction)
|-
|231
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/119
|As a yoga  dravya
|-
|232
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga  dravya
|-
|233
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga  dravya
|-
|234
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/121
|As a yoga  dravya
|-
|235
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/122
|As a yoga  dravya
|-
|236
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/135
|Use as an  ingredient of pippalyadi leha
|-
|237
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/159
|Use as an  ingredient of dwipanchamuladi ghrita
|-
|238
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|Use as an  ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita
|-
|239
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
|Use as an  ingredient of kashmaryadi ghrita
|-
|240
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/166
|Use as an  ingredient of ghrita yoga
|-
|241
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/169
|Use as an  ingredient of haritaki leha
|-
|242
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/172
|Use as a yoga  dravya in treatment of kshayaja kasa
|-
|-
| 2 || Sutra sthana  2/7 || Vamana dravya
|243
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
|Use as a pramathya dravya
|-
|-
| 3 || Sutra sthana  2/18 || Deepaniya – Shulaghniyavagu
|244
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/27
|
As a ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|-
| 4 || Sutra sthana  2/23 || Pipasaghniyavagu
|245
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/80
|As a dravya in Darvyadi ghrita preparation
|-
|-
| 5 || Sutra sthana  2/29 || Vatanulominiyavagu
|246
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/106
|As a kwatha dravya
|-
|-
| 6 || Sutra sthana  2/31 || Kantha Roghniyavagu
|247
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/114
|
As a dravya in yoga
|-
|-
| 9 || Sutra sthana 4/9(6) || Deepaniyamahakashay
|248
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/118
|
As a piccha basti dravya
|-
|-
| 10 || Sutra sthana 4/9(9)|| Kanthyamahakashay
|249
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/113
|Use it with madhu
|-
|-
| 11 || Sutra sthana 4/9(11)|| Truptighnamahakashay
|250
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/28
|As an ingredient  of lehya  prayoga in Pittaja chhardi
|-
|-
| 12 || Sutra sthana 4/9(15)|| Krimighnamahakashay
|251
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/34
|For vamana in  Kaphaja chhardi(for emesis)
|-
|-
| 13 || Sutra sthana 4/9(25)|| Asthapanopagmahakashay
|252
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/39
|As an ingredient  of Manahshiladi yoga
|-
|-
| 14 || Sutra sthana 4/9(27)|| Shirovirechanopagmahakashay
|253
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/31
|As a pana yoga  in Pittaja chhardi
|-
|-
| 15 || Sutra sthana 4/9(30)|| Hikkanigrahanamahakashay
|254
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/52
|For Vamana  karma(for emesis)
|-
|-
| 16 || Sutra sthana 4/9(36)|| Kasaharamahakashaya
|255
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/129
|Used in granthi  visarpa
|-
|-
| 17 || Sutra sthana 4/9(42)|| Sheetaprashamanmahakashaya
|256
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/53
|For cleansing the mouth
|-
|-
| 18 || Sutra sthana 4/9(45)|| Shoolaprashamanmahakashaya
|257
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/50
|For sangyasthapana in 6<sup>th</sup> vega of visha
|-
|-
| 19 || [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22 || Vamanartha
|258
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/56
|As an ingredient of Mritasanjeevana Agada
|-
|-
| 20 || [[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/23 || Vamanartha
|259
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/183
|Used in netragata visha, as  anjana prayoga
|-
|-
| 21 || [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/15 || Preparations of Trivrut
|260
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/185
|Used in the treatment of pakvashaya - gata visha
|-
|-
| 22 || [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/29 || Preparations of Trivrut Awaleha
|261
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/189
|Used in the treatment of Kapha pradhana visha, as a  pratisarana prayoga
|-
|-
| 23 || [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/36 || Preparations of Modaka
|262
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/96
|As an ingredient of Hingvadi yoga
|-
|-
| 24 || [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/37 || Preparations of Avaleha
|263
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/12
|Used to make Udavarta  varti
|-
|-
| 25 ||[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40 || Preparation of Kalyanaka Guda
|264
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/14
|Used in udavarta for pradhamana
|-
|-
| 26 || [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/56 || Preparation of Varshakalin Trivrut Yoga
|265
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/14
|Used in udavarta for  pradhamana
|-
|-
| 27 || [[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/70 || Madya Yoga
|266
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/21
|As an ingredient of  Vachadi churna
|-
|-
| 28 || [[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/7 || Tilvaka Yoga
|267
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of  Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra
|-
|-
| 29 || [[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/5 || Danti-Dravanti Sangraha
|268
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of  Pashanbhedadi  churna
|-
|-
| 30 || [[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/27 || Modak Yoga
|269
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
|-
| 31 || [[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/32 || Arishta Yoga
|270
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|Used in Kaphaja Hrudroga
|-
|-
|}
|271
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of  Udumbaravleha
|-
|272
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/145
|Used as nasya in Pakva  peenasa
|-
|273
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja  Pratishyaya
|-
|274
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja  Pratishyaya for pradhamana
|-
|275
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/153
|As an ingredient of  Bhargyadi taila
|-
|276
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja  pratishyaya
|-
|277
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga  for Avapeeda nasya
|-
|278
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/188
|As an ingredient of  Pippalyadi churna for kavala karma
|-
|279
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara  gutika
|-
|280
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalaka  churna
|-
|281
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of  Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|282
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/216,217
|Used in Kavala in  Arochaka
|-
|283
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of  Saindhavadi churna
|-
|284
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/247
|As an ingredient of  Churnanjana
|-
|285
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of  Sukhavati varti
|-
|286
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/258
|As an ingredient of  Pippalyadi rasakriya
|-
|287
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/261
|As an ingredient of  Dhatryadi rasakriya
|-
|288
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270
|As an ingredient of  Mahaneela taila
|-
|289
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/276
|As an ingredient of  Prapoundrakadi taila
|-
|290
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda(Treatment of hoarseness of voice)
|-
|291
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/28


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
|As Urustambha  Nashaka Dravya(disease of thigh)
 
|-
{| class="wikitable"
|292
|+ Properties
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/31
|As an  ingredient  of Urustambha nashaka Yoga
|-
|293
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/32
|As an  ingredient  of Urustambha nashaka Yoga
|-
|294
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/38
|As an ingredient  of Swarnakshiradi Yoga
|-
|295
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/122
|As an ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita
|-
|296
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadya taila
|-
|297
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/64
|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
|298
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/80
|Used as Shruta
|-
|299
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/99
|As an ingredient of Sukumaraka taila
|-
|300
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shoola
|-
|301
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/50
|As an ingredient of Baladi sneha, used in the  treatment of Vata – Pittaja yoni roga
|-
|302
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/54
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi yoga
|-
|303
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/57
|As an ingredient of Vrushakadi churna, used in the  treatment of Vataja yoni
|-
|304
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/66
|As an ingredient of Bruhad Shatavari ghrita
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties (Dry) !! Properties (Wet)
|305
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/72
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi varti
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Pungent (katu) || Sweet (madhura)
|306
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/84
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Churna
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Neither too hot nor too cold (anushnasheeta)  || Cold (sheeta)
|307
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/109
|Used in the treatment of Karnini
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura) ||--
|308
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/280
|Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha, as an  ingredient of Pippalyadi kwatha
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna) || Heavy (guru)
|309
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/119
|Used in the treatment of Shveta pradara
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[kapha]] and [[vata]] || Increases [[vata]] and [[kapha]], pacify [[pitta]]
|310
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/150
|Magadhi rasayana, used in the treatment of Kapha  dushta shukra dosha
|-
|-
|}
|}


==Dose==
* 1-3 gm churna<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>
==Useful part==
* Fruit<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>
==Important Formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60</ref>
* Amrutarishta
* Ayaskruti
* Cyavanaprash Avaleha
* Gudapippali 
* Kumaryasava
* Chandanasava
* Shiva gulika
* Kaishora Guggulu
== Current availability==  
== Current availability==  


Available  
Available  
* In India: Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Tamilanadu.


== Current researches ==
== Current researches ==


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
== Phytochemical Composition ==
  This article is under development ..
The therapeutic matrix of ''Piper longum'' features an array of secondary metabolites distributed across its fruits and roots. The biological activity is primarily attributed to its nitrogenous plant bases.
 
* '''Alkaloids & Amides:''' The primary bioactive markers are amide alkaloids, with '''piperine''' being the most abundant (ranging from 5% to 9% in the fruit spikes). Other critical structural analogs include '''piperlongumine''' (piplartine), '''piperlonguminine''', '''pipermondeine''', '''chavicine''', and '''sylvatine'''.
** ''Chemical Formula of Piperine:'' C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>19</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>
* '''Lignans:''' It contains dense phenolic compounds like '''sesamin''', '''asarinin''', and '''fargesin''', which exhibit robust antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties.
* '''Essential Oils:''' The volatile fraction (approx. 1%) contains complex sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes, predominantly '''&beta;-caryophyllene''', '''limonene''', '''sabinene''', '''pinene''', and '''p-cymene'''.
 
<blockquote>'''Classical Safety Maxim:''' Ancient texts (e.g., ''Charaka Samhita, Vimana Sthana'') warn that despite its vast therapeutic applications, isolated Pippali should not be used in high doses continuously over long durations unless processed via specialized, graduated administrative protocols such as '''Vardhamana Pippali Rasayana''' (a controlled, step-up/step-down daily dosing system).</blockquote>
 
== Evidence-Based Therapeutic Efficacy and Pharmacological Actions ==
 
=== Bioavailability Enhancement (Bioenhancer Activity) ===
Pippali is celebrated as the world's first scientifically validated bioenhancer. Through its major alkaloid, piperine, it significantly alters the pharmacokinetics of a wide spectrum of co-administered drugs and micronutrients.
 
* '''Mechanism:''' Piperine enhances absorption by increasing gastrointestinal blood supply and altering membrane dynamics. Simultaneously, it acts as a potent inhibitor of '''Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)''' enzymes and '''P-glycoprotein (P-gp)''' efflux pumps, downregulating the first-pass hepatic metabolism and intestinal elimination of foreign molecules. It also inhibits hepatic glucuronidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and preclinical studies demonstrate that co-administering piperine with anti-tubercular drugs (Rifampicin, Isoniazid), antibiotics, and poorly absorbed phytochemicals (like curcumin) boosts their peak plasma concentration (C<sub>max</sub>) and bioavailability by up to 2000%, allowing for a reduction in standard synthetic drug dosages and their subsequent side effects.<ref name="Johri1992" /><ref name="Shoba1998" />
 
=== Immunomodulatory and Antitumor Efficacy ===
Extracts of ''Piper longum'' demonstrate a distinct dual action: selective cytotoxicity against malignant cell lines alongside immunostimulatory activity in healthy tissues.
 
* '''Mechanism:''' The alkaloid '''piperlongumine''' selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells by accelerating reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and downregulating anti-apoptotic signals like Bcl-2 and Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-&kappa;B), while sparing healthy cell architectures. Concurrently, it stimulates bone marrow hematopoietic lineages.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Oral administration of an alcoholic extract of ''P. longum'' (10 mg/dose/animal) and isolated piperine (1.14 mg/dose/animal) significantly restricted solid tumor development induced by Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) cells. It extended the life span of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) tumor-bearing mice by 37.3% and 58.8%, respectively, while actively increasing total White Blood Cell (WBC) counts and bone marrow cellularity.<ref name="Sunila2004" />
 
=== Respiratory and Antiasthmatic Activity ===
Pippali is traditionally indicated for ''Kasa'' (cough) and ''Shwasa'' (asthma). Modern pharmacology supports this through its profound anti-allergic and bronchodilatory properties.
 
* '''Mechanism:''' Active amides modulate the degranulation of mast cells, significantly suppressing the release of inflammatory mediators like histamine, leukotrienes, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-&alpha;, IL-4).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical evaluations of ''Piper longum'' fruit powder in children with bronchial asthma revealed a distinct reduction in the severity of asthmatic attacks, improvement in peak expiratory flow rates, and a decrease in absolute eosinophil counts, validating its historical role as a lung tonic.<ref name="Dahanukar1984" />
 
=== Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Action ===
The underlying amides in Pippali target chronic inflammatory pathways driving musculoskeletal and joint disorders.
 
* '''Mechanism:''' ''P. longum'' constituents inhibit the expression of '''cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)''' and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways, thereby impeding the biosynthesis of prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> (PGE<sub>2</sub>).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo studies using Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis models showed that treated animal cohorts experienced a significant reduction in paw edema and structural joint degradation. The anti-inflammatory effect was comparable to standard NSAIDs like indomethacin, but without the associated gastric mucosal erosion.<ref name="Stohr2001" />
 
=== Hepatoprotective Profile ===
''Piper longum'' acts as a metabolic safeguard against xenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity.
 
* '''Mechanism:''' Its secondary metabolites combat lipid peroxidation, preserving hepatic structural integrity and boosting endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and reduced Glutathione (GSH).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' When tested against anti-tubercular drug-induced liver injury, aqueous extracts of ''P. longum'' successfully normalized serum biomarker enzymes—including Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)—shielding hepatic tissue from oxidative stress.
 
== Clinical Indications, Dosage, and Safety Profile ==
 
=== Primary Clinical Indications ===
# '''Pulmonary Conditions:''' Obstructive airway diseases, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, and recurrent cough.
# '''Gastrointestinal Disorders:''' Chronic indigestion (''Agnimandya''), flatulence, anorexia, and malabsorption syndromes.
# '''Systemic & Metabolic Conditions:''' Chronic low-grade inflammation, splenomegaly, obesity, and intermittent fevers.
 
=== Standard Therapeutic Dosage ===
* '''Crude Fruit Powder (''Churna''):''' 0.5 to 1.5 g per day in divided doses, traditionally administered with honey, warm water, or clarified butter (''Ghruta'').
* '''Classic Formulations:''' ''[[Trikatu]] Churna'' (equal parts ''Pippali'', ''[[Maricha]]'', and ''[[Shunthi]]''), ''Pippali [[Rasayana]]'', ''Pippaliasava''.
 
=== Safety, Toxicity, and Contraindications ===
Toxicological profiles show that ''Piper longum'' is highly safe when used within traditional therapeutic dose boundaries. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies in animal models demonstrate no significant target organ toxicity.
 
However, because it significantly modulates drug-metabolizing enzymes (CYP3A4) and P-glycoprotein, patients on critical, narrow-therapeutic-index prescription medications (e.g., phenytoin, propranolol, theophylline, rifampicin) should use Pippali under medical supervision to avoid unintended spikes in therapeutic drug concentrations.
 
== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Dahanukar1984">Dahanukar, S. A., Karandikar, S. M., & Desai, M. (1984). Efficacy of ''Piper longum'' in childhood asthma. ''Journal of Postgraduate Medicine'', 30(4), 205–207.</ref>
 
<ref name="Johri1992">Johri, R. K., & Zutshi, U. (1992). An Ayurvedic formulation ‘Trikatu’ and its constituents. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 37(2), 85–91.</ref>
 
<ref name="Shoba1998">Shoba, G., Joy, D., Joseph, T., Majeed, M., Rajendran, R., & Srinivas, P. S. (1998). Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers. ''Planta Medica'', 64(04), 353–356.</ref>
 
<ref name="Stohr2001">Stöhr, J. R., Xiao, P. G., & Bauer, R. (2001). Constituents of ''Piper longum'' and their inhibitory effects on prostaglandin and leukotriene biosynthesis. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 75(2-3), 133–139.</ref>
 
<ref name="Sunila2004">Sunila, E. S., & Kuttan, G. (2004). Immunomodulatory and antitumor activity of ''Piper longum'' Linn. and piperine. ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'', 90(2-3), 339–346.</ref>
}}
 
== External links==
 
[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Piper%20longum IMPPAT Database]
 
 
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Latest revision as of 06:17, 10 July 2026


Piper longum L.

Pippali
Section/Chapter Herb database/Pippali
Botanical name(s) Piper longum L.
Family Piperaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Dravyaguna Team
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Introduction and Botanical Characterization

Piper longum Linn., commonly known as Long Pepper or Pippali, is a cornerstone herb in traditional Asian medicine systems, notably Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha. Belonging to the family Piperaceae, it is a slender, aromatic, perennial climber with woody roots and creeping jointed stems that root at the nodes.

Indigenous to the tropical rainforests of the Indo-Malaya region, it grows wild along the hotter regions of India, Nepal, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines. The primary economically and therapeutically viable parts are its dried, unripe fruit spikes and its thick, perennial roots (known classically as Pippalimula).

Taxonomical Hierarchy

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Order: Piperales
  • Family: Piperaceae
  • Genus: Piper
  • Species: P. longum
Pippali (Piper longum)

Vernacular Names

  • Sanskrit: Pippali, Magadhi, Kana, Ushana, Chapala
  • Hindi: Pipal, Pipli
  • English: Long Pepper, Indian Long Pepper
  • Tamil: Thippili
  • Telugu: Pippallu

Therapeutic uses

Shula(Colic), Chhardi(vomiting), Kaasa(Cough), Jwara(Fever)[1]

Types

Raja Nighantu

Mentioned 4 types[2]

  1. Pippali
  2. Gaja pippali
  3. Simhali Pippali
  4. Vanaadi pippali

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Pippali, Krishna(Dry fruit are black in colour), Magadhi(it is abunduntly available in magadha desh), Upakulya(Pippali grows near or along side of water streams), Kana(fruits are small berries), Vaidehi(it is very common in videha desa), Chapala(Which cure many disease), Kolaa(Pippali has got pungent taste , if taken causes burning sensation in tongue), Tikshnatandula(Seeds of pippali is spicy)

Synonyms in bhavprakash nighantu

Shaundi[3]

Traditional Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics

In classical Ayurvedic Dravyaguna (pharmacology), Pippali holds a unique, paradoxical status. While most pungent herbs aggravate systemic heat, Pippali's distinct post-digestive conversion allows it to serve as a premier Rasayana (rejuvenator).

Pharmacological Parameter Ayurvedic Attribute Clinical / Physiological Influence
Rasa (Taste) Katu (Pungent) Ignites gastric juices, breaks down metabolic endotoxins (Ama)
Guna (Attributes) Laghu (Light), Snigdha (Unctuous) Deeply penetrates tissues without causing systemic dryness
Virya (Potency) Anushna-Sheeta / Ushna (Mildly Warm) Stimulates metabolic rate (Agni) without excessively raising systemic heat
Vipaka (Post-digestive effect) Madhura (Sweet) Exerts an anabolic, tissue-nourishing effect upon long-term assimilation
Dosha Karma (Humoral action) Kapha-Vata Shamak Pacifies pathological accumulations of mucus (Kapha) and nervous imbalances (Vata)

Ayurvedic pharmacological properties of dry and wet forms

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties (Dry) Properties (Wet)
1 Taste (rasa) Pungent (katu) Sweet (madhura)
2 Potency (veerya) Neither too hot nor too cold (anushnasheeta) Cold (sheeta)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Sweet (madhura) --
4 Qualities (guna) Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha), Sharp (tikshna) Heavy (guru)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify kapha and vata Increases vata and kapha, pacify pitta

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/3 Shirovirechana (Catharsis of Cephalic Region)
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/7 Vamana Dravya (Herbs used for Therapeutic Emesis)
3 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/18 Deepaniya – Shulaghni yavagu (Gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)
4 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/23 Pipasaghni yavagu(Gruels for excess thirst )
5 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/29 Vatanulomini yavagu(Gruels for flatulence)
6 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/31 Kantha Roghni yavagu(Gruel for throat disorders)
9 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(6) Deepaniya mahakashaya(Appetisers)
10 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(9) Kanthya mahakashaya(beneficial for throat & voice)
11 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(11) Truptighna mahakashaya(anti-satiety)
12 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(15) Krimighna mahakashaya(anti-helmintics)
13 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(25) Asthapanopaga mahakashaya(helping corrective enema)
14 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(27) Shirovirechanopa gmahakashaya( helping nasal errhine therapy)
15 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(30) Hikkanigrahana mahakashaya(reducing hiccups)
16 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(36) Kasahara mahakashaya(relieving cough)
17 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(42) Sheetaprashamana mahakashaya(pacifying cold)
18 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(45) Shoolaprashamana mahakashaya(anti-spasmodics)
19 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 23/35 Santarpanajanya vikara chikitsa(Management of diseases due to undernutrition)
20 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 24/50 Mada Murccha Chikitsa
21 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 25/40 Agrya Sangraha (collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
22 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/4 Natural qualities
23 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/256 Krutanna Varga
24 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/297 Krutanna Varga
25 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 26/51 Veerya varnana(potency)
26 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 26/84 Viruddha ahara(incompatible substances)
27 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 1/15 Nitya asevaniya padarth varnana (Dravya that are not recommended for daily use)
28 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 6/17 Abhyantara Krimi Chikitsa
29 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 6/18 Abhyantara Krimi Chikitsa
30 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/135 Vamana dravyani(as an ingredient of List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
31 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/142 Katu skandha(group of pungent drugs)
32 Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/34 Garbhasya pratimasik karma
33 Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/41 Prajata stree paricharya(use as an ingredient in Procedure to remove placenta post-delivery)
34 Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/41 Prajata stree paricharya(use as an ingredient in Procedure to remove placenta post-delivery)
35 Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/48 Nadi kalpana
36 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 1/22 Vamanartha
37 Cha.SaKalpa Sthana 1/23 Vamanartha
38 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/15 Preparations of Trivrut
39 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/29 Preparations of Trivrut Awaleha
40 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/36 Preparations of Modaka
41 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/37 Preparations of Avaleha
42 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/40 Preparation of Kalyanaka Guda
43 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/56 Preparation of Varshakalina Trivrut Yoga
44 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/70 Madya Yoga
45 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 9/7 Tilvaka Yoga
46 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 12/5 Danti-Dravanti Sangraha
47 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 12/27 Modak Yoga
48 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 12/32 Arishta Yoga
49 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 1/2/7 In formulation of Amalaka avaleha
50 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 2/1/27 Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
51 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 2/1/37 Ingredient in Vajikarana Ghrita
52 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 2/2/21 Ingredient in Vrushya Ghrita
53 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 2/3/12 Ingredient of  Vrushya pippali yoga
54 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 2/3/18 Ingredient of  Vrushya Shatavari Ghrita
55 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 2/4/25 Ingredient in Apatyakara Ghrita
56 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 2/4/31 Ingredient in Vrushya Gutika
57 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/179 Used as lajapeya with Shunthi where agni is manda but kshudha is present
58 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/184 Used as peya with Ghrita where jwara is associated with Constipation(Doshanulomaka)
59 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/219 As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita for jeerna jwara
60 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/223 As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
61 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/228 Used for Vamana karma
62 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/243 As an ingredient of Patoladi niruha basti
63 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/248 Used in Niruha basti as kalka
64 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/250 As an ingredient of Jivantyadi anuvasan basti
65 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/267 As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
66 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/303 Used in Vishama jwara.
67 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/78 Raktapitta- shamaka yoga in ugra raktapitta.
68 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/65 Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
69 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/69 Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
70 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/71 Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
71 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/74 Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrita
72 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/79 Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
73 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/98 Yush in Vataja Gulma
74 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/142 Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrita
75 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/144 Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrit for Kaphaj Gulma
76 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/147 Ingredient in Kshir Shatpala Ghrita
77 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/156 Ingredient of Danti-Haritaki
78 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/164 Pathya Diet in Gulma
79 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/48 As Nasya in Kushtha
80 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/61 Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
81 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/65 Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
82 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/68 Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
83 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/77 Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
84 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/109 Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyanga in Vata-Kaphaja Kushtha
85 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/113 Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
86 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/141 Ingredient in Tiktashatpala Ghrita
87 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/145 Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
88 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/161 Kushthahar Yoga
89 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/171 Shvitra nashak Lepa
90 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/67 Pathya diet for Pinas in treatment of Rajayakshma
91 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/91 As a Nasya dravya(nasal errhines)
92 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/96 Ingredient in Kharjuradi Avaleha
93 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/97 Ingredient in Avaleha
94 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/100 Ingredient in Avaleha
95 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/101 Ingredient in Avaleha
96 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/103 Ingredient in Sitopaladi Churna
97 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/108 Ingredient in Duralabhadi Ghrita
98 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/112 Ingredient in Jivantyadi Ghrita
99 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/115 Ingredient in Baladi Kshirapaka
100 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/137 As a Kaval dravya for Mukhashodhanartha
101 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/142 Ingredient in Yavani shadava
102 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/145 Ingredient in Talishadi Churna
103 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/169 Ingredient in Strotosuddhikar Ghrit
104 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/169 Ingredient in Strotosuddhikara Ghrit
105 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/171 Ingredient in Yakshmanashak Ghrita
106 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/34 Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrita
107 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/49 Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrita
108 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/54 Ingredient in Apara Lasunadya Ghrita
109 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/65 Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogartha
110 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/70 Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
111 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/20 Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
112 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/37 Ingredient in Apasmar nashak Dhupa and Pradeha
113 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/43 As a Nasya dravya
114 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/45 As a Pradhaman nasya dravya
115 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/46 Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti
116 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/48 Ingredient in Mustadi varti
117 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/20 As a diet and drinks in treatment of  Kshatakshin
118 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/21 Ingerdient in Eladi Gutika
119 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/30 As a diet in treatment of  Kshatakshina
120 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/33 As a diet in treatment of  Kshatakshina
121 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/37 Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrita
122 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/48 Ingredient in Samasaktu Ghrita
123 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/58 Ingredient in Dvitiya Sarpiguda
124 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/66 Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpiguda
125 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/72 Ingredient in Pancham Sarpimodaka
126 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/79 For Kasa and Jvara roga in Kshatkshina
127 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/21 In treatment of Kaphaja Shvayathu
128 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/23 In treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
129 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/24 In treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
130 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/27 For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
131 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/29 Ingredient in Gandiradhyarishta
132 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/30 Ingredient in Gandiradhyarishta
133 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/32 Ingredient in Ashtashatorishta
134 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/39 Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
135 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/41 Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
136 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/42 Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
137 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/43 Ingredient in Kshara Gudika
138 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/50 Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
139 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/53 Ingredient in Patolamuladi Kwatha
140 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/55 Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
141 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/62 As a Pathya Diet in treatment of Shvayathu
142 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/62 As a Pathya Diet in treatment of Shvayathu
143 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/66 For Lepa, Abhyangadi  Bahyaprayogartha
144 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/70 Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Kaphaja Shvayathu
145 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/79 In treatment of plihodara
146 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/84 In formulation of rohitaka ghrita
147 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/102 In treatment of sannipataja udara roga (takraprayoga)
148 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/105 In treatment of vatodara (takra prayoga)
149 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/106 In treatment of chhidrodara (takraprayoga)
150 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/106 In treatment of dakodar(takraprayoga)
151 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/108 As an ingredient of udara roganashaka lepa
152 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/112 In formulation of panchkola ghrita
153 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/122 After virechana  (balavruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha
154 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/126 As an ingredient of Narayana churna
155 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/134 As an ingredient of Hapushadya churna
156 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/137 As an ingredient of Nilinadya churna
157 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/158 As an ingredient of Pippalyadi lavana
158 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/163 As an ingredient of kshara vatika
159 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/148 Kalka  used in udara roga with milk
160 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/50 Dhupan yoga in arsha roga (Recipes for smearing and fumigation)
161 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/52 Used as lepa over arsha
162 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/54 Used as lepa (external application)
163 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/62 As an ingredient of Traushnadi churna
164 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/71 Panchakola churna is given with takra
165 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/72 As an ingredient of takrarishta
166 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/89 Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrita, siddha jala
167 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/92 Used in yavagu
168 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/103 Use with phanita and goghrita
169 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/104 As an ingredient of pippalyadi ghrita
170 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/106 Removes vata and vibandha
171 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/107 As an ingredient of Cavyadi ghrita
172 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/110 As an ingredient of Nagaradya ghrita
173 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/131 Used in anuvasana basti
174 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/138 As an ingredient of Abhayarishta
175 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/155 As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
176 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/158 As an ingredient of Kanakarista
177 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/235 As an ingredient of Sunishanak changeri ghrit
178 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/74 Used for vamana in amaja grahani roga(for emesis therapy)
179 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/76 Panchakola sadhita peya and Anna is given in Amaja grahani roga
180 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/82 As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita
181 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/87 As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita
182 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/88 As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna
183 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/96 As an ingredient of chitrakadhya gutika
184 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/105 Used in kaphapittaja grahani
185 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/106 Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating kostha gaya kayu in grahani roga
186 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/112 Used as ingredient of yavagu
187 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/127 As an ingredient of Chandanadhya ghrita(kalka dravya)
188 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/132 This drug is used in treatment of pittaja grahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya churna
189 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/137 As an ingredient of Kiratadya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
190 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/142 Used as peya padartha in Kaphaja grahani
191 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/154 As an ingredient of Duralabhasava(Kaphaja grahani )
192 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/160 As an ingredient of Pindasava
193 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/163 As an ingredient of Madhvarishta
194 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/168 Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani
195 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/173 As an ingredient of Pippalimooladi Kshara
196 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/177 ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
197 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/178 As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
198 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/189 As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
199 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/75 Used for vamana in hikka shwasa roga(For emesis)
200 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/97 Used in yusha preparation for hikka shvasa
201 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/104 Used as annapana for hikka shvasa
202 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/108 As an ingredient of hingvadi churna
203 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/111 Used in preparation of Utkarika
204 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/112 Siddha ghrit is used in vatanubandhi shvasa
205 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/123 As an ingredient of shatyadi churna
206 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/136 Used as lihya
207 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/140 As an ingredient of dashamuladhya ghrita
208 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/141 As an ingredient of Tejovatyadi ghrita
209 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/36 As a ghrita dravya
210 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/47 As an ingredient of  yoga dravya
211 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/51 As an ingredient of  leha dravya
212 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/55 Use as an ingredient of chitrakadi leha
213 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/60 Use as an ingredient of Agastya haritaki
214 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/63 Use as an ingredient of Saindhavadi yoga
215 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/64 Use as an ingredient of Khadirasara yoga
216 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/71 Use as an ingredient of praproundarika dhuma
217 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/74 Use as an ingredient of dhumapana yoga(medicated smoke inhalation)
218 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/77 Use as an ingredient of peya yoga
219 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/87 Use as an ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
220 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/87 Use as an ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
221 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/88 Use as an ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
222 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/89 Use as an ingredient of leha yoga in pittaja kasa
223 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/91 Use as an ingredient of mrudvikadi leha
224 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/94 Use as an ingredient of pippalyadi leha
225 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/100 Use as an ingredient of kshirapaka
226 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/103 Use as an ingredient of yoga dravya
227 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/109 Use as an ingredient of yusha dravya in kaphaja kasa
228 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/114 Use as an ingredient of pathadi kalka
229 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/118 Use as an ingredient of vatanubandhi kaphaja kasa treatment
230 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/116 Use it as a kwatha dravya(decoction)
231 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/119 As a yoga dravya
232 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/120 As a yoga dravya
233 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/120 As a yoga dravya
234 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/121 As a yoga dravya
235 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/122 As a yoga dravya
236 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/135 Use as an ingredient of pippalyadi leha
237 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/159 Use as an ingredient of dwipanchamuladi ghrita
238 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/161 Use as an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita
239 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/163 Use as an ingredient of kashmaryadi ghrita
240 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/166 Use as an ingredient of ghrita yoga
241 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/169 Use as an ingredient of haritaki leha
242 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/172 Use as a yoga dravya in treatment of kshayaja kasa
243 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/20 Use as a pramathya dravya
244 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/27

As a ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana

245 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/80 As a dravya in Darvyadi ghrita preparation
246 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/106 As a kwatha dravya
247 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/114

As a dravya in yoga

248 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/118

As a piccha basti dravya

249 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/113 Use it with madhu
250 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 20/28 As an ingredient of lehya  prayoga in Pittaja chhardi
251 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 20/34 For vamana in Kaphaja chhardi(for emesis)
252 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 20/39 As an ingredient of Manahshiladi yoga
253 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 20/31 As a pana yoga in Pittaja chhardi
254 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/52 For Vamana karma(for emesis)
255 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/129 Used in granthi visarpa
256 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 22/53 For cleansing the mouth
257 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/50 For sangyasthapana in 6th vega of visha
258 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/56 As an ingredient of Mritasanjeevana Agada
259 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/183 Used in netragata visha, as anjana prayoga
260 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/185 Used in the treatment of pakvashaya - gata visha
261 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/189 Used in the treatment of Kapha pradhana visha, as a pratisarana prayoga
262 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/96 As an ingredient of Hingvadi yoga
263 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/12 Used to make Udavarta varti
264 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/14 Used in udavarta for pradhamana
265 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/14 Used in udavarta for pradhamana
266 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/21 As an ingredient of Vachadi churna
267 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/55 As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra
268 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/60 As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi  churna
269 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/87 As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
270 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/97 Used in Kaphaja Hrudroga
271 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/98 As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha
272 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/145 Used as nasya in Pakva peenasa
273 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/150 Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya
274 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/152 Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana
275 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/153 As an ingredient of Bhargyadi taila
276 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/156 Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya
277 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/186 Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya
278 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/188 As an ingredient of Pippalyadi churna for kavala karma
279 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/192 As an ingredient of Kshara gutika
280 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/194 As an ingredient of Kalaka churna
281 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/198 As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
282 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/216,217 Used in Kavala in Arochaka
283 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/242 As an ingredient of Saindhavadi churna
284 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/247 As an ingredient of Churnanjana
285 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/252 As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti
286 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/258 As an ingredient of Pippalyadi rasakriya
287 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/261 As an ingredient of Dhatryadi rasakriya
288 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/270 As an ingredient of Mahaneela taila
289 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/276 As an ingredient of Prapoundrakadi taila
290 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/287 Used in Kaphaja swarbheda(Treatment of hoarseness of voice)
291 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/28 As Urustambha Nashaka Dravya(disease of thigh)
292 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/31 As an ingredient  of Urustambha nashaka Yoga
293 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/32 As an ingredient  of Urustambha nashaka Yoga
294 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/38 As an ingredient of Swarnakshiradi Yoga
295 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/122 As an ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita
296 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/168 As an ingredient of Mulakadya taila
297 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/64 As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
298 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/80 Used as Shruta
299 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/99 As an ingredient of Sukumaraka taila
300 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/152 As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shoola
301 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/50 As an ingredient of Baladi sneha, used in the treatment of Vata – Pittaja yoni roga
302 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/54 As an ingredient of Pippalyadi yoga
303 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/57 As an ingredient of Vrushakadi churna, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni
304 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/66 As an ingredient of Bruhad Shatavari ghrita
305 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/72 As an ingredient of Pippalyadi varti
306 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/84 As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Churna
307 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/109 Used in the treatment of Karnini
308 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/280 Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Pippalyadi kwatha
309 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/119 Used in the treatment of Shveta pradara
310 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/150 Magadhi rasayana, used in the treatment of Kapha dushta shukra dosha

Dose

  • 1-3 gm churna[4]

Useful part

Important Formulation

As per A.P.I.[6]

  • Amrutarishta
  • Ayaskruti
  • Cyavanaprash Avaleha
  • Gudapippali
  • Kumaryasava
  • Chandanasava
  • Shiva gulika
  • Kaishora Guggulu

Current availability

Available

  • In India: Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Tamilanadu.

Current researches

Phytochemical Composition

The therapeutic matrix of Piper longum features an array of secondary metabolites distributed across its fruits and roots. The biological activity is primarily attributed to its nitrogenous plant bases.

  • Alkaloids & Amides: The primary bioactive markers are amide alkaloids, with piperine being the most abundant (ranging from 5% to 9% in the fruit spikes). Other critical structural analogs include piperlongumine (piplartine), piperlonguminine, pipermondeine, chavicine, and sylvatine.
    • Chemical Formula of Piperine: C17H19NO3
  • Lignans: It contains dense phenolic compounds like sesamin, asarinin, and fargesin, which exhibit robust antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties.
  • Essential Oils: The volatile fraction (approx. 1%) contains complex sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes, predominantly β-caryophyllene, limonene, sabinene, pinene, and p-cymene.

Classical Safety Maxim: Ancient texts (e.g., Charaka Samhita, Vimana Sthana) warn that despite its vast therapeutic applications, isolated Pippali should not be used in high doses continuously over long durations unless processed via specialized, graduated administrative protocols such as Vardhamana Pippali Rasayana (a controlled, step-up/step-down daily dosing system).

Evidence-Based Therapeutic Efficacy and Pharmacological Actions

Bioavailability Enhancement (Bioenhancer Activity)

Pippali is celebrated as the world's first scientifically validated bioenhancer. Through its major alkaloid, piperine, it significantly alters the pharmacokinetics of a wide spectrum of co-administered drugs and micronutrients.

  • Mechanism: Piperine enhances absorption by increasing gastrointestinal blood supply and altering membrane dynamics. Simultaneously, it acts as a potent inhibitor of Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) enzymes and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pumps, downregulating the first-pass hepatic metabolism and intestinal elimination of foreign molecules. It also inhibits hepatic glucuronidation.
  • Scientific Evidence: Clinical and preclinical studies demonstrate that co-administering piperine with anti-tubercular drugs (Rifampicin, Isoniazid), antibiotics, and poorly absorbed phytochemicals (like curcumin) boosts their peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and bioavailability by up to 2000%, allowing for a reduction in standard synthetic drug dosages and their subsequent side effects.[7][8]

Immunomodulatory and Antitumor Efficacy

Extracts of Piper longum demonstrate a distinct dual action: selective cytotoxicity against malignant cell lines alongside immunostimulatory activity in healthy tissues.

  • Mechanism: The alkaloid piperlongumine selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells by accelerating reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and downregulating anti-apoptotic signals like Bcl-2 and Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB), while sparing healthy cell architectures. Concurrently, it stimulates bone marrow hematopoietic lineages.
  • Scientific Evidence: Oral administration of an alcoholic extract of P. longum (10 mg/dose/animal) and isolated piperine (1.14 mg/dose/animal) significantly restricted solid tumor development induced by Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) cells. It extended the life span of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) tumor-bearing mice by 37.3% and 58.8%, respectively, while actively increasing total White Blood Cell (WBC) counts and bone marrow cellularity.[9]

Respiratory and Antiasthmatic Activity

Pippali is traditionally indicated for Kasa (cough) and Shwasa (asthma). Modern pharmacology supports this through its profound anti-allergic and bronchodilatory properties.

  • Mechanism: Active amides modulate the degranulation of mast cells, significantly suppressing the release of inflammatory mediators like histamine, leukotrienes, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-4).
  • Scientific Evidence: Clinical evaluations of Piper longum fruit powder in children with bronchial asthma revealed a distinct reduction in the severity of asthmatic attacks, improvement in peak expiratory flow rates, and a decrease in absolute eosinophil counts, validating its historical role as a lung tonic.[10]

Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Action

The underlying amides in Pippali target chronic inflammatory pathways driving musculoskeletal and joint disorders.

  • Mechanism: P. longum constituents inhibit the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways, thereby impeding the biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).
  • Scientific Evidence: In vivo studies using Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis models showed that treated animal cohorts experienced a significant reduction in paw edema and structural joint degradation. The anti-inflammatory effect was comparable to standard NSAIDs like indomethacin, but without the associated gastric mucosal erosion.[11]

Hepatoprotective Profile

Piper longum acts as a metabolic safeguard against xenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity.

  • Mechanism: Its secondary metabolites combat lipid peroxidation, preserving hepatic structural integrity and boosting endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and reduced Glutathione (GSH).
  • Scientific Evidence: When tested against anti-tubercular drug-induced liver injury, aqueous extracts of P. longum successfully normalized serum biomarker enzymes—including Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)—shielding hepatic tissue from oxidative stress.

Clinical Indications, Dosage, and Safety Profile

Primary Clinical Indications

  1. Pulmonary Conditions: Obstructive airway diseases, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, and recurrent cough.
  2. Gastrointestinal Disorders: Chronic indigestion (Agnimandya), flatulence, anorexia, and malabsorption syndromes.
  3. Systemic & Metabolic Conditions: Chronic low-grade inflammation, splenomegaly, obesity, and intermittent fevers.

Standard Therapeutic Dosage

  • Crude Fruit Powder (Churna): 0.5 to 1.5 g per day in divided doses, traditionally administered with honey, warm water, or clarified butter (Ghruta).
  • Classic Formulations: Trikatu Churna (equal parts Pippali, Maricha, and Shunthi), Pippali Rasayana, Pippaliasava.

Safety, Toxicity, and Contraindications

Toxicological profiles show that Piper longum is highly safe when used within traditional therapeutic dose boundaries. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies in animal models demonstrate no significant target organ toxicity.

However, because it significantly modulates drug-metabolizing enzymes (CYP3A4) and P-glycoprotein, patients on critical, narrow-therapeutic-index prescription medications (e.g., phenytoin, propranolol, theophylline, rifampicin) should use Pippali under medical supervision to avoid unintended spikes in therapeutic drug concentrations.

References

  1. ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60
  2. ↑ Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pippalyadi varga, verse no. 15,18,20,23
  3. ↑ Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 53, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2020;
  4. ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60
  5. ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60
  6. ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 2:60
  7. ↑ Johri, R. K., & Zutshi, U. (1992). An Ayurvedic formulation ‘Trikatu’ and its constituents. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 37(2), 85–91.
  8. ↑ Shoba, G., Joy, D., Joseph, T., Majeed, M., Rajendran, R., & Srinivas, P. S. (1998). Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers. Planta Medica, 64(04), 353–356.
  9. ↑ Sunila, E. S., & Kuttan, G. (2004). Immunomodulatory and antitumor activity of Piper longum Linn. and piperine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 90(2-3), 339–346.
  10. ↑ Dahanukar, S. A., Karandikar, S. M., & Desai, M. (1984). Efficacy of Piper longum in childhood asthma. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 30(4), 205–207.
  11. ↑ Stöhr, J. R., Xiao, P. G., & Bauer, R. (2001). Constituents of Piper longum and their inhibitory effects on prostaglandin and leukotriene biosynthesis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 75(2-3), 133–139.

External links

IMPPAT Database


Herbs

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