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Terminalia bellirica
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Bibhitaki, Beheda,Terminalia bellirica, Beleric myrobalan, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Bibhitaki is classified as a Rasayana (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, asthma), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Bibhitaki
|title = Bibhitaki
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Bibhitaki
|data1 = Herb database/Bibhitaki(Aksha)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Terminalia bellirica
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
|label3 = Contributors
|label3 = Family
|data3 = --
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Year of publication  
|label4 = Availability
|data4 =  2021
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Publisher  
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = DOI  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 = Awaited
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI  
|data8 = Awaited
}}
}}


==English name ==  
==English name ==  


--
Beleric myrobalan
 
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica] (Gaertn.) Roxb., known traditionally as '''Bibhitaka''' (or Baheda), is a large deciduous tree native to the forests of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Belonging to the family Combretaceae, it is one of the three foundational fruits constituting the classic [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] formulation [[Triphala]] (alongside [[Haritaki|Terminalia chebula]] and [[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica]]).
 
In traditional medicine systems ([[Ayurveda]], Unani, and Siddha), Bibhitaka is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, asthma), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.
[[File:Bibhitaki.jpg|thumb|'''Bibhitaka''']]
 
==Therapeutic Uses in Ayurveda==
 
Vomiting (chhardi), Cough (Kasa), Worms (krimiroga), Constipation (vibandha), Hoarseness of voice (svarabheda), Eye diseases (netraroga)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>


== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==


Bibhitaki
Bibhitaki, Aksha (very useful for sense organs), Karshaphala (fruits weight about 1 karsha – 12 gms), Akshaphala, Kalidruma, Tailaphala (kernel of bibhitak yield oil)
 
==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
 
Strilinga, bhutavasa, kaliyugalaya<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 35  p.9.</ref>
 
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Rough (ruksha), Light (laghu)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Tridoshahara (subside all three dosha) but pacify Kapha especially
|-
|}


== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== References in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 31: Line 78:
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
|-
|-
| 1 ||[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14 ||  Vamanartha
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24)
|Virechanopaga(helping purgation)  mahakashaya
|-
|2
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/21
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|3
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|4
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144
|Kashaya-skandha(group of astringent drugs)
|-
|5
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29
|Garbha vyapad  chikitsa
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14
|Vamanartha(for emesis)
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15
|Awaleha Yoga
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/75
|In formulation of amalaka rasayana
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201
|Used as Triphala kwatha in Anyedhyushka jwara(fever)
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Madhookadi kashaya
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/208
|Pitta- Kapha nashaka Vatanulomana
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/231
|Used for Virechana with madhu and ghrita
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299
|As Triphala in Vishamajwara
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi  ghrita
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/106
|Ingredient of Nilinyadya  Ghrita
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/115
|Ingredient of Rohinyadya  Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/123
|Ingredient in Drakshadya Ghrita  for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/22
|Prameh nashak Santarpan yoga
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/26
|Sarva Prameh(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj  prameh(diabetes)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/35
|As Kapha-Pittaja  prameha(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/40
|Ingredient  in Phalatrikadi Kvatha
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41
|Ingredient  in Madhvasav
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/46
|For  drinking water Boiled with it
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/44
|As Virechana dravya(purgation)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi  Kwatha
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi  Churna
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi  Churna
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/81
|Ingredient in Triphalasava
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/82
|Pathya diet in Kushtha(skin disease)
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91
|Ingredient in Sidhdharthak  snan and Lepa, Abhyantara and
Bahya-shodhanarth
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/97
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna  Yoga
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushtha
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128
|Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth(external), Pana(drink), Snana(bath), Lepa
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/136
|Ingredient in Vata-Pitta  nashak Ghrita
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/140
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala  Ghrita
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144
|Ingredient in Mahatikta  Ghrita
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|Ingredient in Mahakhadir  Ghrita
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35
|Ingredient in Kalyanaka Ghrita
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara  lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi  Agada
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya  Ghrita
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/72
|Ingredient in Pancham  Sarpimodak
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj  Svayathu
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarisht
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/49
|Ingredient in Shilajatu  prayoga
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/71
|As a Lepa dravya in Kaphaj  Shvayathu
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72
|As an Unmardan dravya  in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]
13/115
|As an  ingredient of nagaradi ghrita
 
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/119
|As an  ingredient of patoladi churna
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
|As an  ingredient of Narayan churna
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/133
|As an  ingredient of Hapushdya churna
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/135
|As anupana of  Hapushdya churna
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/149
|Kwath mixed  with trikatu and yavakshara used in udararoga
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
|In  formulation of pippalyadi lavan
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|In  formulation of kshara vatika
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45
 
|Used in  swedana kriya
 
|-
|-
| 2 ||  ||
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/66
|Use triphala kwath with trivrut churna
|-
|-
| 3 ||  ||
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
|As an ingredient of dantyarishta
|-
|-
|}
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
 
|As an  ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita


== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
|-
|72
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/160
|As an  ingredient of Pindasava
|-
|73
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an  ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|74
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/188
|Used in  preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/92
|As an ingredient  of twakadi leha
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/56


{| class="wikitable"
|For kashaya  pana
|+ Properties
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/124
|For pradeha  prayoga in granthi visarpa(herpes)
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/125
|As an ingredient  of Baladi lepa
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/84
|Used as vranashodhaka kashaya
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/110
|Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya &  prasadana
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/115
|Used for Krushnikarana
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/65
|As an ingredient of  Trutyadi churna
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushnadi Ghrita
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/163
|As an ingredient of Mayura Ghrita
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/167
|As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/195
|As an ingredient of Kalaka churna
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/205
|Used for mukhadhavna
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used for aaschotana in  Kaphaja netraroga
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/241
|As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti
|-
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/254
|As an ingredient of Drustiprada varti
|-
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) ||
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270, 273
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/281
|Used in palitya(greying of hair)
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) ||  
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana  karma
|-
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])||
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/86
|Used as Kwatha with Madhu for Kaphaja Vatarakta
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) ||  
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|-
|}
|}
==Dose==
* Churna – 3 – 6 gm<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>
==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>
* Triphala Churna
* Triphaladi Taila
* Lavangadi Vati


== Current availability==  
== Current availability==  


Available  
Available
* India –
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Rajastha, Gujarat, Maharashtra


* Out of India –
Nepal, Sri lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, China,Malaysia
== Current researches ==
== Current researches ==


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
=== Phytochemical Composition ===
 
The therapeutic efficacy of ''Terminalia bellirica'' is attributed to its rich profile of bioactive secondary metabolites, predominantly concentrated in its fruit rind.
* '''Phenolic Acids & Tannins:''' High concentrations of gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid. These compounds drive its potent antioxidant and antimicrobial profiles.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Luteolin, rutin, and quercetin.
* '''Saponins & Sterols:''' Beta-Sitosterol, belleric acid, and bellericoside.
* '''Fixed Oils:''' The seed kernels contain essential fatty acids, primarily linoleic acid|linoleic and oleic acids.
 
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
 
=== Metabolic Regulation & Anti-Diabetic Activity ===
Bibhitaka exhibits significant efficacy in managing metabolic syndrome, specifically type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia.
* '''Mechanism:''' Phytochemicals like gallic and ellagic acids inhibit key carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes (&alpha;-glucosidase and &alpha;-amylase), reducing postprandial blood glucose spikes. Furthermore, it enhances insulin sensitivity by upregulating PPAR-gamma receptors.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous extracts of ''T. bellirica'' have been shown to significantly decrease plasma glucose levels and improve lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animal models, showing comparable efficacy to standard oral hypoglycemic agents.<ref name="Sabu2009"/>
 
=== Respiratory and Anti-Asthmatic Effects ===
 
Traditionally used to alleviate chronic cough and bronchitis, modern pharmacology validates its role as a bronchodilator and antitussive.
* '''Mechanism:''' The extract exerts an anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) effect, blocking calcium channels to relax smooth airway muscles.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research highlights that the crude extract of ''T. bellirica'' mediates bronchodilatory activity via dual inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) and calcium influx, validating its traditional use in asthma.<ref name="Khan2008"/>
 
=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity ===
The fruit rind provides potent defense against oxidative stress and chemical-induced hepatotoxicity(liver injury).
* '''Mechanism:''' It scavenges free radicals (O<sub>2</sub><sup>&bull;&minus;</sup>, OH<sup>&bull;</sup>) and restores endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), while reducing lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and ''in vivo'' models have shown that ''T. bellirica'' extract significantly reduces elevated serum liver enzymes (Alanine transaminase(ALT), Aspartate transaminase(AST)) induced by hepatotoxins like carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>) or paracetamol(acetaminophen).<ref name="Shinde2012"/>
 
=== Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Efficacy ===
Bibhitaka possesses a broad-spectrum antimicrobial profile against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt bacterial cell walls and precipitate microbial proteins, inhibiting the formation of dental plaques and biofilm matrices.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Evaluation against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates confirmed that ''T. bellirica'' extracts exhibit strong inhibitory activity against pathogens including ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.<ref name="Aqil2007"/>
 
=== Hyperuricemia and Gout Management ===
Clinical research has focused on Bibhitaka's ability to lower uric acid levels.
* '''Mechanism:''' It acts as a natural inhibitor of '''xanthine oxidase''', the enzyme responsible for converting purines into uric acid.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial demonstrated that a standardized extract of ''T. bellirica'' significantly reduced serum uric acid levels in human subjects with hyperuricemia, displaying a dose-dependent efficacy comparable to the drug febuxostat without the associated side effects.<ref name="Usharani2016"/>
 
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Animal models indicate that ''Terminalia bellirica'' possesses a high safety profile, with the Median Lethal Dose ([[LD50]]) of the aqueous extract exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight.
* '''Contraindications:''' Due to its mild laxative and astringent properties, excessive doses may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been fully established; use should be supervised by a medical professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Crude Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.
 
== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia bellirica''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Hyperuricemia (Gout)'''
| Gallic acid, Ellagic acid
| Xanthine oxidase inhibition
|-
| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
| Chebulagic acid, Flavonoids
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, PPAR-gamma activation
|-
| '''Asthma & Bronchitis'''
| Saponins, Tannins
| Calcium channel blocker, Bronchodilator
|-
| '''Hepatic Damage'''
| Phenolic compounds
| Free radical scavenging, SOD/CAT restoration
|}
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Sabu2009">{{cite journal |last1=Sabu |first1=M. C. |last2=Kuttan |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=155–160 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00054-9}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Khan2008">{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=A. U. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |year=2008 |title=Pharmacological justification for the medicinal use of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=393–397 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2007.12.006 |pmid=18242042}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Shinde2012">{{cite journal |last1=Shinde |first1=A. |last2=et al. |year=2012 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of ''Terminalia bellirica'' Roxb. fruit against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=271–277 |pmid=22540166}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Aqil2007">{{cite journal |last1=Aqil |first1=F. |last2=Ahmad |first2=I. |year=2007 |title=Antibacterial properties of certain Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1017–1024 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2199 |pmid=17600863}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Usharani2016">{{cite journal |last1=Usharani |first1=P. |last2=et al. |year=2016 |title=A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and positive-controlled clinical pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in secondary hyperuricemia |journal=Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications |volume=8 |pages=51–59 |doi=10.2147/CPAA.S100521 |pmid=27354832 |pmc=4912116}}</ref>
}}
 


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Latest revision as of 09:31, 7 July 2026

Terminalia bellirica

Bibhitaki
Section/Chapter Herb database/Bibhitaki(Aksha)
Botanical name(s) Terminalia bellirica
Family Combretaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Dravyaguna Team
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

English name

Beleric myrobalan

Botanical Profile & Traditional Context

Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb., known traditionally as Bibhitaka (or Baheda), is a large deciduous tree native to the forests of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Belonging to the family Combretaceae, it is one of the three foundational fruits constituting the classic Ayurvedic formulation Triphala (alongside Terminalia chebula and Phyllanthus emblica).

In traditional medicine systems (Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha), Bibhitaka is classified as a Rasayana (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, asthma), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.

Bibhitaka

Therapeutic Uses in Ayurveda

Vomiting (chhardi), Cough (Kasa), Worms (krimiroga), Constipation (vibandha), Hoarseness of voice (svarabheda), Eye diseases (netraroga)[1]

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Bibhitaki, Aksha (very useful for sense organs), Karshaphala (fruits weight about 1 karsha – 12 gms), Akshaphala, Kalidruma, Tailaphala (kernel of bibhitak yield oil)

Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu

Strilinga, bhutavasa, kaliyugalaya[2]

Ayurvedic pharmacological properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Astringent (kashaya)
2 Potency (veerya) Hot (ushna)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Sweet (madhura)
4 Qualities (guna) Rough (ruksha), Light (laghu)
5 Actions (karma) Tridoshahara (subside all three dosha) but pacify Kapha especially

References in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(24) Virechanopaga(helping purgation) mahakashaya
2 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 6/21 Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
3 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/136 Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
4 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/144 Kashaya-skandha(group of astringent drugs)
5 Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/29 Garbha vyapad chikitsa
6 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 1/14 Vamanartha(for emesis)
7 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 12/15 Awaleha Yoga
8 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 1/1/75 In formulation of amalaka rasayana
9 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/201 Used as Triphala kwatha in Anyedhyushka jwara(fever)
10 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/205 As an ingredient of Triphala in Vatsakadi kashaya
11 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/206 As an ingredient of Triphala in Madhookadi kashaya
12 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/208 Pitta- Kapha nashaka Vatanulomana
13 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/222 As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
14 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/231 Used for Virechana with madhu and ghrita
15 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/258 As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
16 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/299 As Triphala in Vishamajwara
17 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/65 Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
18 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/106 Ingredient of Nilinyadya Ghrita
19 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/115 Ingredient of Rohinyadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
20 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/123 Ingredient in Drakshadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
21 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/149 Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
22 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/22 Prameh nashak Santarpan yoga
23 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/26 Sarva Prameh(diabetes) nashak yoga
24 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/28 Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameh(diabetes)
25 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/35 As Kapha-Pittaja  prameha(diabetes) nashak yoga
26 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/40 Ingredient in Phalatrikadi Kvatha
27 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/41 Ingredient in Madhvasav
28 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 6/46 For drinking water Boiled with it
29 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/44 As Virechana dravya(purgation)
30 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/62 Ingredient in Patoladi Kwatha
31 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/65 Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
32 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/68 Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
33 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/74 Ingredient in Madhvasav
34 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/77 Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
35 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/81 Ingredient in Triphalasava
36 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/82 Pathya diet in Kushtha(skin disease)
37 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/91 Ingredient in Sidhdharthak snan and Lepa, Abhyantara and

Bahya-shodhanarth

38 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/97 Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
39 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/100 Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushtha
40 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/128 Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth(external), Pana(drink), Snana(bath), Lepa
41 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/136 Ingredient in Vata-Pitta nashak Ghrita
42 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/140 Ingredient in Tiktashatpala Ghrita
43 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/144 Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
44 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/153 Ingredient in Mahakhadir Ghrita
45 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/100 Ingredient in Avaleha
46 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/35 Ingredient in Kalyanaka Ghrita
47 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/54 Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
48 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/70 Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
49 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/18 Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
50 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/43 As a Nasya dravya
51 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/48 Ingredient in Mustadi varti
52 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/72 Ingredient in Pancham Sarpimodak
53 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/21 In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
54 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/32 Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
55 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/39 Ingredient in Triphaladhyarisht
56 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/43 Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
57 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/49 Ingredient in Shilajatu prayoga
58 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/71 As a Lepa dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
59 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/72 As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaja Shvayathu
60 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana

13/115

As an ingredient of nagaradi ghrita
61 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/119 As an ingredient of patoladi churna
62 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/125 As an ingredient of Narayan churna
63 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/133 As an ingredient of Hapushdya churna
64 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/135 As anupana of Hapushdya churna
65 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/149 Kwath mixed with trikatu and yavakshara used in udararoga
66 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/158 In formulation of pippalyadi lavan
67 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/163 In formulation of kshara vatika
68 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/45 Used in swedana kriya
69 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/66 Use triphala kwath with trivrut churna
70 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/144 As an ingredient of dantyarishta
71 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/87 As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita
72

Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/160

As an ingredient of Pindasava
73

Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/177

As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
74

Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/188

Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
75 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/92 As an ingredient of twakadi leha
76 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/56 For kashaya pana
77 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/124 For pradeha prayoga in granthi visarpa(herpes)
78 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/125 As an ingredient of Baladi lepa
79 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 25/84 Used as vranashodhaka kashaya
80 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 25/90 As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
81 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 25/110 Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya & prasadana
82 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 25/115 Used for Krushnikarana
83 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/65 As an ingredient of Trutyadi churna
84 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/87 As an ingredient of Trushnadi Ghrita
85 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/163 As an ingredient of Mayura Ghrita
86 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/167 As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
87 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/195 As an ingredient of Kalaka churna
88 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/198 As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
89 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/205 Used for mukhadhavna
90 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/209 As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
91 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/239 Used for aaschotana in Kaphaja netraroga
92 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/241 As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti
93 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/242 As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti
94 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/254 As an ingredient of Drustiprada varti
95 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/270, 273 As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita
96 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/281 Used in palitya(greying of hair)
97 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/85 As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma
98 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/86 Used as Kwatha with Madhu for Kaphaja Vatarakta
99 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/152 As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola

Dose

  • Churna – 3 – 6 gm[3]

Important formulations

As per A.P.I.[4]

  • Triphala Churna
  • Triphaladi Taila
  • Lavangadi Vati

Current availability

Available

  • India –

Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Rajastha, Gujarat, Maharashtra

  • Out of India –

Nepal, Sri lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, China,Malaysia

Current researches

Phytochemical Composition

The therapeutic efficacy of Terminalia bellirica is attributed to its rich profile of bioactive secondary metabolites, predominantly concentrated in its fruit rind.

  • Phenolic Acids & Tannins: High concentrations of gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid. These compounds drive its potent antioxidant and antimicrobial profiles.
  • Flavonoids: Luteolin, rutin, and quercetin.
  • Saponins & Sterols: Beta-Sitosterol, belleric acid, and bellericoside.
  • Fixed Oils: The seed kernels contain essential fatty acids, primarily linoleic acid|linoleic and oleic acids.

Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy

Metabolic Regulation & Anti-Diabetic Activity

Bibhitaka exhibits significant efficacy in managing metabolic syndrome, specifically type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia.

  • Mechanism: Phytochemicals like gallic and ellagic acids inhibit key carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase), reducing postprandial blood glucose spikes. Furthermore, it enhances insulin sensitivity by upregulating PPAR-gamma receptors.
  • Scientific Evidence: Aqueous extracts of T. bellirica have been shown to significantly decrease plasma glucose levels and improve lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animal models, showing comparable efficacy to standard oral hypoglycemic agents.[5]

Respiratory and Anti-Asthmatic Effects

Traditionally used to alleviate chronic cough and bronchitis, modern pharmacology validates its role as a bronchodilator and antitussive.

  • Mechanism: The extract exerts an anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) effect, blocking calcium channels to relax smooth airway muscles.
  • Scientific Evidence: Research highlights that the crude extract of T. bellirica mediates bronchodilatory activity via dual inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) and calcium influx, validating its traditional use in asthma.[6]

Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity

The fruit rind provides potent defense against oxidative stress and chemical-induced hepatotoxicity(liver injury).

  • Mechanism: It scavenges free radicals (O2•−, OH•) and restores endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), while reducing lipid peroxidation.
  • Scientific Evidence: Clinical and in vivo models have shown that T. bellirica extract significantly reduces elevated serum liver enzymes (Alanine transaminase(ALT), Aspartate transaminase(AST)) induced by hepatotoxins like carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or paracetamol(acetaminophen).[7]

Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Efficacy

Bibhitaka possesses a broad-spectrum antimicrobial profile against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

  • Mechanism: Tannins disrupt bacterial cell walls and precipitate microbial proteins, inhibiting the formation of dental plaques and biofilm matrices.
  • Scientific Evidence: Evaluation against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates confirmed that T. bellirica extracts exhibit strong inhibitory activity against pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[8]

Hyperuricemia and Gout Management

Clinical research has focused on Bibhitaka's ability to lower uric acid levels.

  • Mechanism: It acts as a natural inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, the enzyme responsible for converting purines into uric acid.
  • Scientific Evidence: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial demonstrated that a standardized extract of T. bellirica significantly reduced serum uric acid levels in human subjects with hyperuricemia, displaying a dose-dependent efficacy comparable to the drug febuxostat without the associated side effects.[9]

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Acute Toxicity: Animal models indicate that Terminalia bellirica possesses a high safety profile, with the Median Lethal Dose (LD50) of the aqueous extract exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight.
  • Contraindications: Due to its mild laxative and astringent properties, excessive doses may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been fully established; use should be supervised by a medical professional.
  • Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
    • Crude Powder (Churna): 3–6 g daily.
    • Standardized Extract: 250–500 mg twice daily.

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of Terminalia bellirica
Indication Active Biomolecules Primary Pharmacological Action
Hyperuricemia (Gout) Gallic acid, Ellagic acid Xanthine oxidase inhibition
Type 2 Diabetes Chebulagic acid, Flavonoids Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, PPAR-gamma activation
Asthma & Bronchitis Saponins, Tannins Calcium channel blocker, Bronchodilator
Hepatic Damage Phenolic compounds Free radical scavenging, SOD/CAT restoration

References

  1. ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17
  2. ↑ Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 35 p.9.
  3. ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17
  4. ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17
  5. ↑ Sabu, M. C.; Kuttan, R. (2009). "Antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 81 (2): 155–160. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00054-9. 
  6. ↑ Khan, A. U.; Gilani, A. H. (2008). "Pharmacological justification for the medicinal use of Terminalia bellirica in gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 116 (3): 393–397. PMID 18242042. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.12.006. 
  7. ↑ Shinde, A.; et al. (2012). "Hepatoprotective activity of Terminalia bellirica Roxb. fruit against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage". Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 50 (4): 271–277. PMID 22540166. 
  8. ↑ Aqil, F.; Ahmad, I. (2007). "Antibacterial properties of certain Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates". Phytotherapy Research. 21 (11): 1017–1024. PMID 17600863. doi:10.1002/ptr.2199. 
  9. ↑ Usharani, P.; et al. (2016). "A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and positive-controlled clinical pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of Terminalia bellirica in secondary hyperuricemia". Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications. 8: 51–59. PMC 4912116 Freely accessible. PMID 27354832. doi:10.2147/CPAA.S100521. 


Herbs

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