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Inference is preceded by perception and is of three types- past, present and future. For example: fire is inferred from the coming smoke and sexual intercourse from pregnancy - these are inferences drawn from the present and the past respectively. By looking at a seed, one can infer about the species or genus of the plant or tree and the kind of fruits it would bear. This inference is drawn on the basis of repeated, empirical observation of the plant’s (or tree’s) lifecycle and is an example of inferring (or predicting) the future. [21-22]

Inference is preceded by perception and is of three types- past, present and future. For example, fire is inferred from the smoke, sexual intercourse is inferred from pregnancy - these are inferences drawn from the present and the past respectively. By looking at a seed, one can infer about the species or genus of the plant or tree and the kind of fruits it would bear. This inference is drawn on the basis of repeated, empirical observation of the plant’s (or tree’s) lifecycle and is an example of inferring (or predicting) the future. [21-22]

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Three supporting pillars of life: ''[[Ahara]]'' (food), ''[[nidra]]'' (sleep) and observance of ''bramhacharya'' ( celibacy/control of senses). By the wisdom of well regulated support of these three pillars one can get body with strength, good complexion and proper growth and this continues throughout life, provided person does not get involved in regimens which are detrimental for health, these are discussed in this chapter. [35]

Three supporting pillars of life: [[Ahara]] (food), [[nidra]] (sleep) and observance of [[bramhacharya]] ( celibacy/control of senses). By the wisdom of well regulated support of these three pillars one can get body with strength, good complexion and proper growth and this continues throughout life, provided person does not get involved in regimens which are detrimental for health, these are discussed in this chapter. [35]

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==== Three Causes of Diseases ====

==== Three Causes of Diseases ====

===== Asatmyendriyarthasamyoga =====

===== Asatmyendriyarthasamyoga =====

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The sense of touch is present/pervades in all the senses, it is associated with mind. The mind is pervaded in sense of touch, the latter in turn in all senses. The ''anupashaya'' (unwholesome objects) of sensual faculties are divided into five types further sub divided into three each (non-utilization, over utilization, wrong utilization). This is known as ''asatmyendriyatha samyoga''. The favorable reaction of the senses is ''[[satmya]]'' (adaptation/wholesome conjunction of senses with their object). ||38||

The sense of touch is present/pervades in all the senses, it is associated with [[mind]]. The [[mind]] is pervaded in sense of touch, the latter in turn in all senses ([[indriya]]). The ''anupashaya'' (unwholesome objects) of sensual faculties are divided into five types further sub divided into three each (non-utilization, over utilization, wrong utilization). This is known as ''asatmyendriyatha samyoga''. The favorable reaction of the senses is [[satmya]] (adaptation/wholesome conjunction of senses with their object). ||38||

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===== Kala or Parinama (time) =====

===== [[Kala]] or Parinama (time) =====

शीतोष्णवर्षलक्षणाः पुनर्हेमन्तग्रीष्मवर्षाः संवत्सरः, स कालः|  

शीतोष्णवर्षलक्षणाः पुनर्हेमन्तग्रीष्मवर्षाः संवत्सरः, स कालः|  

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The ''asatmyaindriyarthsamyoga'' (unwholesome union) of the sense organs with their objects, ''[[prajnaparadha]]'' (intellectual defect) and ''parinama'' (seasonal effects) along with three types (''atiyoga'', ''ayoga'' and ''mithyayoga'') are the three causes of diseases.  

The ''asatmyaindriyarthsamyoga'' (unwholesome union) of the sense organs with their objects, [[prajnaparadha]] (intellectual defect) and ''parinama'' (seasonal effects) along with three types (''atiyoga'', ''ayoga'' and ''mithyayoga'') are the three causes of diseases.  

''Samyoga'' (proper utilization) of sense organs, actions and time are beneficial for maintenance of health. [43]

Samayoga (proper utilization) of sense organs, actions and time are beneficial for maintenance of health. [43]

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==== Three Types of Diseases ====

==== Three Types of Diseases ====

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त्रयो रोगा इति- निजागन्तुमानसाः|  

त्रयो रोगा इति- निजागन्तुमानसाः|  

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There are three types of diseases – ''Nija'' (endogenous), ''agantuja'' (exogenous) and ''manasa'' (psychological). ''Nija vyadhi'' (endogenous diseases) are caused by vitiation of body ''[[dosha]]s'' (''[[vata]], [[pitta]]'' and ''[[kapha]]''). ''Agantuja'' (exogenous diseases) are caused ''bhuta'' (invisible organisms), poisonous substances, wind, fire and trauma. ''Manasa'' (psychological diseases) are caused by conflict between not getting the desired things and getting non desired things. [45]

There are three types of diseases – ''Nija'' (endogenous), ''agantuja'' (exogenous) and [[manasa]] (psychological). ''Nija vyadhi'' (endogenous diseases) are caused by vitiation of body ''[[dosha]]s'' (''[[vata]], [[pitta]]'' and ''[[kapha]]''). ''Agantuja'' (exogenous diseases) are caused ''bhuta'' (invisible organisms), poisonous substances, wind, fire and trauma. [[Manasa]] (psychological diseases) are caused by conflict between not getting the desired things and getting non desired things. [45]

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भवति चात्र-  

भवति चात्र-  

मानसं प्रति भैषज्यं त्रिवर्गस्यान्ववेक्षणम्|  

मानसं प्रति भैषज्यं त्रिवर्गस्यान्ववेक्षणम्|  

तद्विद्यसेवा विज्ञानमात्मादीनां च सर्वशः||४७||

तद्विद्यसेवा विज्ञानमात्मादीनां च सर्वशः||४७||

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==== Three Disease Pathways ====

==== Three disease Pathways ====

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There are three pathways of disease manifestation- ''shakha'' (peripheral path), ''marmasthisandhi'' (vital organs & bone joints) and ''koshtha'' (digestive system). The ''shakha'' includes tissue elements like blood and skin etc.; this is considered as ''bahya rogamarga'' (external path for disease manifestation). ''Marmas'' (vital organs) are ''basti'' (urinary bladder), ''hridaya''(heart), ''murdha'' (head) etc. bones, joints, ligaments and tendons, is considered as ''madhyama rogamarga'' (middle pathway for manifestation of disease). ''Koshtha'' (digestive system) is known as ''Mahastrotas'' (great channel) it is ''sharira madhya'' (central body part), ''mahanimna'' (greater lower part), ''ama-pakwashaya'' (stomach and intestines), this is ''abhyantara rogamarga'' (internal pathway for disease manifestation). [48]  

There are three pathways of disease manifestation- ''shakha'' (peripheral path), ''marmasthisandhi'' (vital organs & bone joints) and [[koshtha]] (digestive system). The ''shakha'' includes tissue elements like blood and skin etc.; this is considered as ''bahya rogamarga'' (external path for disease manifestation). [[Marmas]] (vital organs) are [[basti]] (urinary bladder), [[hridaya]](heart), [[murdha]] (head) etc. bones, joints, ligaments and tendons, is considered as ''madhyama rogamarga'' (middle pathway for manifestation of disease). [[Koshtha]] (digestive system) is known as [[Mahastrotas]] (great channel) it is ''sharira madhya'' (central body part), ''mahanimna'' (greater lower part), ''ama-pakwashaya'' (stomach and intestines), this is ''abhyantara rogamarga'' (internal pathway for disease manifestation). [48]  

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Diseases like ''ganda'' (goiter), ''pidaka'' (pustule), ''alaji'' (boil), ''apache'' (scrofula), ''charmakeela'' (skin warts), ''adhimamsa'' (muscular new growth), ''mashak'' (moles), ''kushtha'' (skin disorders), ''vyanga'' (blemishes), also the external variety of ''visarpa'' (skin disease/ swelling quickly spreads), ''shvayathu'' (edema), ''gulma'' (abdominal lumps), ''arsha'' (piles), and ''vidradhi'' (abscess) are the diseases of ''shakha'' (external route).  

Diseases like ''ganda'' (goiter), ''pidaka'' (pustule), ''alaji'' (boil), ''apache'' (scrofula), ''charmakeela'' (skin warts), ''adhimamsa'' (muscular new growth), ''mashak'' (moles), ''kushtha'' (skin disorders), ''vyanga'' (blemishes), also the external variety of ''visarpa'' (skin disease/ swelling quickly spreads), ''shvayathu'' (edema), ''gulma'' (abdominal lumps), ''arsha'' (piles), and ''vidradhi'' (abscess) are the diseases of ''shakha'' (external route).  

''Pakshavadha'' (hemiplegia), ''graha'' (stiffness), ''apatanaka'' (convulsion disorder), ''ardita'' (facial palsy), ''sosha'' (cachexia), ''rajayakshma'' (tuberculosis), ''asthisandhishula'' (pain in bone joints), ''gudabhramsha'' (prolapsed rectum), and diseases of head, heart and urinary bladder are the diseases of middle pathway for disease manifestation.

''Pakshavadha'' (hemiplegia), ''graha'' (stiffness), ''apatanaka'' (convulsion disorder), ''ardita'' (facial palsy), ''shosha'' (cachexia), ''rajayakshma'' (tuberculosis), ''asthisandhishula'' (pain in bone joints), ''gudabhramsha'' (prolapsed rectum), and diseases of head, heart and urinary bladder are the diseases of middle pathway for disease manifestation.

''[[Jwara]]'' (fever), ''atisara'' (diarrhea), ''chhardi'' (vomiting), ''alasaka'' (sluggish intestines/ paralytic ileus), ''visuchika'' (cholera), ''[[kasa]]'' (cough), ''shwasa'' (dyspnoea), ''hikka'' (hiccups), ''anaha'' (obstructed flatulence), ''udara'' ( abdominal disorders), ''pliha roga'' (diseases of spleen), internal ''visarpa'' (skin disease/ swelling which quickly spreads), ''shvayathu'' (internal swelling), ''gulma'' (abdominal lumps), ''arsha'' (internal piles), and ''vidradhi'' (internal abscess) are the diseases of internal pathway for disease manifestation. [49]

''[[Jwara]]'' (fever), [[atisara]] (diarrhea), [[chhardi]] (vomiting), [[alasaka]] (sluggish intestines/ paralytic ileus), ''visuchika'' (cholera), ''[[kasa]]'' (cough), ''shwasa'' (dyspnoea), ''hikka'' (hiccups), ''anaha'' (obstructed flatulence), ''udara'' ( abdominal disorders), ''pliha roga'' (diseases of spleen), internal ''visarpa'' (skin disease/ swelling which quickly spreads), ''shvayathu'' (internal swelling), ''gulma'' (abdominal lumps), ''arsha'' (internal piles), and ''vidradhi'' (internal abscess) are the diseases of internal pathway for disease manifestation. [49]

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*''vaidya guna yukta'' / ''jivitabhisara'' (true/genuine physicians with essential qualities) found in this world.

*''vaidya guna yukta'' / ''jivitabhisara'' (true/genuine physicians with essential qualities) found in this world.

Those who carry equipments, medicines, books, green herbs and dress up like ''vaidyas'' are ignorant of medical science, fool others and are just fake ''vaidya'' or quacks.

 

Those who are ignorant of medical science, but carry equipments, medicines, books, green herbs and dress up like [[vaidya]]s, and fool others, they are just fake [[vaidya]] or quacks.

 

'''Feigned/pretender physicians:'''  

A person who poses like a wealthy, famous, knowledgeable and ''siddha'' (expert) person, but in reality is not like so, belongs to the category of feigned physicians.

A person who poses like a wealthy, famous, knowledgeable and ''siddha'' (expert) person, but in reality is not like so, belongs to the category of feigned physicians.

Practical use of various therapies and the deep knowledge of [[Ayurveda]] science, having insight, famous, successful, capable of giving happiness to the patients are ''Jivitabhisara'' (saviour of life), the qualities of genuine physician. [50-53]

 

A physician who knows practical use of various therapies, has deep knowledge of [[Ayurveda]] science, having insight, is famous, successful, capable of giving happiness to the patients is ''Jivitabhisara'' (saviour of life). These are qualities of genuine physician. [50-53]

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A wise person when gets disease, by the administration of external and internal cleansing or surgical therapy regains health. Fools because of ignorance or lack of awareness, neglects the disease just like fool is not aware about his enemy. In early stage disease is in insignificant stage but as time passes it grows. Thereafter it becomes deep rooted and takes away the strength and life of affected person. The fools are never conscious about any abnormality till it affects seriously and when becomes seriously ill then only thinks about eradication of disease. After this calls his children, wife and relatives and requests them to call physician and says, “I am ready to give all my earnings”. But who can save person with lack of strength, weak, sick, emaciated, wretched, about to die and has developed organ failure. Failing to find saviour (good physician), fool loses his life just like an iguana dies when its tail tied with rope pulled by a strong person. That is the reason a person who is desirous of his well being, should try to get rid of disease in early stage (before complete manifestation) by getting treated with appropriate therapies. [56-63]  

A wise person when affected by disease, regains health by the administration of external and internal cleansing or surgical therapy. Whereas fool persons neglect the disease, because of ignorance or lack of awareness, just like they are not aware about enemy. In early stage, disease is in insignificant stage, but as time passes it grows. Thereafter, it becomes deep rooted and takes away the strength and life of affected person. The fools are never aware about any abnormality till it affects seriously and when becomes seriously ill then only think about eradication of disease. After this, they call children, wife and relatives and request them to call physician and say, “I am ready to give all my earnings”. But who can save person with lack of strength, weak, sick, emaciated, wretched, about to die and has developed organ failure. Failing to find saviour (good physician), fool loses life just like an iguana dies when its tail tied with rope pulled by a strong person. That is the reason a person, who is desirous of his well being, should try to get rid of disease in early stage (before complete manifestation) by getting treated with appropriate therapies. [56-63]  

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Basic desires/pursuits (''pranaeshana, dhanaeshana'' and ''paralokaeshana''), supporting pillars (''[[ahara]], swapna'' and ''brahmacharya''), three folds strength (''sahaja, kalaja'' and ''yuktikrita''), causes of disease (''asatmya indriyartha samyoga'', ''[[pragnyaparadha]]'' and ''parinama''), diseases (''nija, agantu'' and ''manasa''), pathways for manifestation of disease (''shakha'', ''marma asthi sandhi'' and ''koshtha''), physicians (pseudo physician, feigned physician and genuine physician), therapies (''daivavyapashraya'', ''yuktivyapasharaya'' and ''sattvavjaya'') or ''antahparimarjana'' (internal cleansing), ''bahiparimarjana'' (external cleansing), ''shastrapranidhana'' (surgical procedures), triads of eight factors described in this chapter by wise sage Krishna Atreya. Everything is (virtue, wealth and desire) all are dependent on these eight factors. [64-65]

Basic desires/pursuits (''pranaeshana, dhanaeshana'' and ''paralokaeshana''), supporting pillars ([[ahara]], [[swapna]] and [[brahmacharya]]), three folds strength ([[bala]]) (''sahaja, kalaja'' and ''yuktikrita''), causes of disease (''asatmya [[indriya]]rtha samyoga'', ''[[prajnaparadha]]'' and [[parinama]]), diseases (''nija, agantu'' and ''manasa''), pathways for manifestation of disease (''shakha'', ''marma asthi sandhi'' and [[koshtha]]), physicians (pseudo physician, feigned physician and genuine physician), therapies (''daivavyapashraya'', ''yuktivyapasharaya'' and ''sattvavjaya'') or ''antahparimarjana'' (internal cleansing), ''bahiparimarjana'' (external cleansing), ''shastrapranidhana'' (surgical procedures), triads of eight factors described in this chapter by wise sage Krishna Atreya. Everything is (virtue, wealth and desire) all are dependent on these eight factors. [64-65]

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