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== What is gotra? ==
<p style="text-align:justify;">Gotra is a Sanskrit term meaning family, race, lineage, tribe, herd of kin, subdivision, genus, class, species, all meaning belonging to the same clan or family, etc.<ref name="ref3">Available from: https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2020/web/webtc1/index.php</ref> It denotes the group of individuals having common ancestors or having the same paternal origin roots from common male lines. </p>
=== Definition of gotra ===
<p style="text-align:justify;">Paṇini defines gotra as “apatyam pautraprabhrti gotram (IV. 1. 162) Gotra can be understood as the grandson or lower descendent and not exactly the immediate offspring.<ref name="ref4">Srisha Chandra Vasu, Astadhayayi of Panini translated into English, Chaturtha Adhyaya, Prathama Paada, Book No. 4, Published by Sindhu Charana Bose, published 1896, Page No. 688</ref> <br/>As Rigveda, gotra simply means to move forward i.e. lineage of family line.<ref name="ref5">Saraswati, Swami Dayanand (2010). Rigvedadi-Bhashya-Bhumika. Vijaykumar Govindram Hasanand. p. 199.</ref></p>
=== Synonyms of gotra ===
<p style="text-align:justify;">Amarkosha and Shabdakalpadruma mentions the synonyms of gotra like santati (progeny), janana (procreation), kula (race), abhijana (family), anvaya (succession), vansha (lineage) etc.<ref name="ref6">Available from: https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=SKD&page=2-355-b</ref></p>
== Atulya gotra in context to historical origins and cultural background ==
Marriages in same gotra are prohibited as per Hindu religious customs as the process of marriage should be within the exogamous units. Intermarriage is advised to be avoided to prevent family members' decent from a common ancestor. <br/>According to the text Dharmasindhu, Kashyapa, Atri, Vasistha, Vishvamitra, Gautama Maharishi, Jamadagni and Bharadvaja are seven sages (also known as saptarishi). Agastya and Jambu maharishi are also considered among 8 Gotra. The progeny of these eight sages is declared to be gotras. These are the primary 8 gotra and further branching leads to the establishment of 108 gotra.<ref name="ref7">Kashinath Updhyaya, Dharmasindhu, reprinted 1986, Tritiya Pariccheda Purvardha, Sri Satguru Publications, Delhi , Page No. 191</ref> <br/>In the Brahmin caste, 49 Gotras are reckoned and supposed to be sprung from and named after celebrated teachers or leaders like, Atreya, Vashishta, Shaṇḍilya, Kashyapa, Gautama, Bharadvaja etc. According to this Hindu tradition, every gotra has a specific gotra-nama (surname) and gotra-devata (family deity).<ref name="ref8">Singer, Milton; Cohn, Bernard S., eds. (2007). Structure and change in Indian society (1. paperback printing ed.). New Brunswick, N.J.: AldineTransaction. p. 408. ISBN 978-0202361383.</ref> As per Manusmriti, number of gotra are 24 in number. However, the surname of person is kept different from gotra. <br/>One sage can have disciples from the same gotra and the same gotra can be found across different castes. These were primarily adopted by Brahmin but are also found in a few Kshatriyas and Vaishya as well. <br/>As per Manusmriti, there is no harm in sagotra marriage if the individuals are not related for six generations on both maternal and paternal sides. (सपिण्डता तु पुरुषे सप्तमे विनिवर्तते । समानोदकभावस्तु जन्मनाम्नोरवेदने |) which means that sapindata or the familial lineage ends after seven generations.<ref name="ref9">Suredrakumar, Manusmriti with hindi translation and Anusheelana commentary , 5th Adhyaya Verse No. 60 , Sixth edition, Aarsha Sahitya Prachara Trust , Delhi , Page No. 426</ref> The Manusmriti mentions that marriage within the 3 generations of the maternal side and the same gotra on the paternal side is prohibited for all three varna.<ref name="ref10">Suredrakumar, Manusmriti with hindi translation and Anusheelana commentary , 6th Adhyaya Verse No. 142 , Sixth edition, Aarsha Sahitya Prachara Trust , Delhi , Page No. 500</ref> Texts like Dharmasindhu and Yagyavalkalamriti<ref name="ref11">Yajnyavalakal Smriti with Mitaksara commentary of Vijnaneshwara, Chapter No. 3, printed 1918, Panini Office , Bahadurganj Allahabad , Page No. 105</ref> also mention the same principle considering the factor of gotra in marriage. Dharmasindhu mentions the Chandrayana Tapa (a fasting ritual) and dnyana (knowledge) Prayashchitta (atonement) for the negative implications of marriage in same gotra.<ref name="ref12">Kashinath Updhyaya, Dharmasindhu, reprinted 1986, Tritiya Pariccheda Purvardha, Sri Satguru Publications, New Delhi, Page No. 198</ref> <br/>Other references of the Sagotra marriages in Indian cultures are mentioned in Agni Purana, Rigveda, Mahabharat, Shatapatha Brahmin and other texts like Bible, Quran etc.<ref name="ref13">Rajbali Pandey, Hindu saṁskāras: socio-religious study of the Hindu sacraments, Motilal Banarasidas, Page No. 174</ref>
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