Difference between revisions of "Nitya sevaniya - asevaniya dravya"

Contributors
Section/Chapter/topic	Concepts & Contemporary practices/Nitya sevaniya - asevaniya dravya
Author	Deshmukh Saylee1
Reviewers	Basisht G.2 ; Khandel S.K.
Editor	Deole Y.S.3
Affiliations	1 RRAP Central Ayurveda Research Institute, CCRAS, Worli, Mumbai, India ; 2 Rheumatologist, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A. ; 3 Department of Kayachikitsa, G. J. Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
Correspondence emails	dsaylee@ymail.com, ; carakasamhita@gmail.com
Publisher	Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre, I.T.R.A., Jamnagar, India
Date of publication:	September 27, 2023
DOI	10.47468/CSNE.2023.e01.s09.153

Latest revision as of 09:05, 24 February 2024

'Nitya' means regulary or daily. 'Sevaniya' means consumable or that can be taken for a long time. This chapter is about daily consumable and non consumable food items as prescribed in ayurveda and their contemporary aspects.

Nutrition is a prerequisite for healthy life. A proper diet is essential from a very early age of life for growth, development, and active life. Nutrition is the science that deals with all the factors of which food is composed and how proper nourishment is brought about. Due to a lack of time and awareness, junk food intake has been increasing. ‘Junk foods' are foods that lack nutrients like vitamins and minerals and are high in calories, salts, sugars, and fats.^[1] Junk food is so-called because it doesn’t play a role in healthy eating, especially if it's eaten excessively or frequently. An unhealthy diet is one of the leading risks for the global disease burden, mainly for noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer.^[2] So, there is a need to elaborate on the concept of daily consumable and non-consumable food items.

Etymology and meaning

Wholesome (pathya) in ayurveda is the regimen that does not adversely affect the body channels i.e., Patha/Srotas. The word “Nitya” means constantly/continuously. Criteria for the classification of food items have not been clearly mentioned in the texts of Ayurveda, but in context of vitiation of body channels (srotodushti), Acharya Charak has stated that food and regimens that promote the morbidity by aggravation of dosha and go contrary to the well-being of dhatu vitiates the channels. With the help of this quotation, it can be said that the food that leads to vitiation of body channels by vitiation of dosha and dhatu can be considered as daily non-consumable (nitya asevaniya). On the contrary, it can be said that a diet that does not lead to any srotodushti by vitiation of any dosha and dhatu can be said as daily consumable (nitya sevaniya), maintaining equilibrium of all the dosha.
Daily consumable and daily non-consumable food items have been quoted in ‘Matrashitiya Adhyaya’ of Charak Samhita and Ashtanga Hridaya, ‘Annapanavidhi adhyaya’ of Ashtanga Samgraha and Vihara varga of Kaiyyadevanighantu. In a similar context, ekanta hitakara (solely wholesome) and ekanta ahitakara (solely unwholesome) food etc. have also been described at various places in the texts of ayurveda. Nitya sevaniya and ekanta hitakara dravya have been stated for daily intake for maintenance of health because of their specific properties described in the texts of ayurveda, while Nitya asevaniya and Ekanta ahitakara dravya are prohibited for regular/long time use because of their harmful effects on body.

Daily consumable food items

List of daily consumable food items described in Charak Samhita, Ashtanga hridaya, Ashtanga samgraha and Kaiyyadeva Nighantu is as follows:

Some food items have been uniquely mentioned like:
Indian gooseberry- Emblica officinalis Gaertn (Amalaki) Cow’s milk (Godugdha) Cow’s ghee (Goghrita) Meat of animal in arid climate (Jangala mamsa) Honey (Madhu) Rainwater (Antariksha jala) Green gram- Vigna radiata L. (Mudga) Rock salt- Sodii chloridum (Saindhava) Rice- Oryza sativum L. (Shashtika Shali) Barley- Hordeum vulgare L. (Yava)	[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 5/12] A.Sa.Sutra Sthana 10/45, A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 8/42, Kai.Ni.7/277
Unripen radish-Raphanus sativus L. (Bala mulaka) Pomegranate-Punica granatum L. (Dadima) Wheat- Triticum aestivum L. (Godhuma) Cork swallow wort- Leptadenia reticulata Retz./ Holostemma adakodien schultes (Jivanti) Dried grapes-Vitis vinifera L. (Mridvika) Chebulic myrobalan- Terminalia chebula Retz. (Pathyaa/Haritaki) Pointed gourd- Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. (Patola) Rock sugar (Sharkara)	A.Sa.Su.10/45, A.Hr.Su.8/42, Kai.Ni.7/277
Clover fern plant- Marsilea quadrifolia Linn. (Sunishannaka) White goosefoot/ pigweed- Chenopodium album L. (Vastuka)	A.Sa.Su.10/45, A.Hr.Su.8/42,

Properties of daily consumable food items from different classics and contemporary sciences are summarized in Table-2.

SN	Items	Taste	Post digestive effect	Potency	Properties	Effect on Dosha	Pharmacological properties	References
1.	Indian gooseberry	sour, sweet, bitter, astringent, pungent	Sweet	cold	dry	alleviates all the 3 dosha	antioxidant, immuno-modulatory, hepato-protective , cyto-protective	^[3]^,^[4]^,^[5]^,^[6]
2.	Rainwater	Unmanifested	-	cold	-	alleviates all the 3 dosha, purifies blood	-
3.	Pomegranate	Sour, astringent, sweet	sweet	cold	-	alleviates Vata, does not vitiate Kapha & Pitta	antioxidant, skin protecting activity against AGEs and UV-A, hepatoprotective, immune-modulatory, cytoprotective, embryo-protective.	^[7]^,^[8]^,^[9]^,^[10]^,^[11]
4.	Cow’s milk	sweet	Sweet	cold	-	alleviates Vata & Pitta	anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, gut protective	^[12]^,^[13]
5.	Cow’s ghee	sweet	Sweet	cold	-	alleviates Vata & Pitta	antioxidant, and anti-atherogenic properties, gastroprotective and adaptogenic, antimicrobial activity, immunostimulant, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity.	^[14]^,^[15]^,^[16]^,^[17]
6.	Wheat	sweet	Sweet	cold	Heavy, unctuous	alleviates Vata & Pitta	anti- oxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, neuro-protective, anti-microbial activity, protective to the skin and gastric, intestinal mucosa.	^[18]^,^[19]^,^[20]^,^[21]^,^[22]^,^[23]^,^[24]
7.	Meat of arid animal	astringent, sweet	-	cold	-	alleviates all the 3 Dosha, at some extent causing fluid secretion	-
8.	Leptadenia reticulata Retz./ Holostemma adakodien schultes	sweet	Sweet	cold	-	alleviates all the 3 Dosha	antioxidant, free radical scavenging property, hepatoprotective, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory	^[25]^,^[26]^,^[27]^,^[28]^,^[29]
9.	Honey	astringent, sweet	Pungent	cold	-	alleviates Kapha & Pitta, partially vitiates Vata	hepatoprotective, cardio- protective, cyto-protective, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective properties.	^[30]^,^[31]^,^[32]^,^[33]
10.	Dry grapes	sweet	Sweet	cold	-	alleviates Vata & Pitta	antioxidant, hepato-protective, immuno-modulatory, Vaso protective, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, cardioprotective, gastroprotective and nephroprotective properties.	^[34]^,^[35]^,^[36]^,^[37],^[38]^,^[39]^,^[40]^,^[41]
11.	Green gram	astringent, sweet	Pungent	cold	Laghu, Vishada	alleviates Kapha & Pitta, partially vitiates Vata	anti-oxidant, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-anemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-microbial	^[42]^,^[43]^,^[44]^,^[45]^,^[46]
12.	Unripen radish	pungent, bitter	-	hot	-	alleviates all the 3 dosha	-	-
13.	Chebulic myrobalan	Astringent, pungent, bitter, Madhura sweet, sour	sweet	hot	-	alleviates all the 3 dosha	antioxidant and anti-microbial, anti-aging, cardio-protective, hepato-protective activities	^[47]^,^[48]^,^[49]^,^[50]
14.	Pointed gourd	bitter, pungent	Sweet	hot	-	alleviates all the 3 dosha	antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, antitumor, cytotoxic, arsenic poisoning ameliorative, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal	^[51]
15.	Rock salt	salty,sweet	Sweet	cold	-	alleviates all the 3 dosha	-	-
16.	Red rice	sweet, astringent	Sweet	cold	-	alleviates all the 3 dosha	antioxidant, cytoprotective, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective.	^[52]^,^[53]^,^[54]^,^[55]
17.	Rock sugar	sweet	Sweet	cold	-	alleviates Pitta	-	-
18.	Clover fern	sweet, astringent	-	cold	-	alleviates all the 3 dosha	anti-inflammatory activity, diuretic activity, anti-venom activity, hypo glycemic activity and anti-bacterial activity	^[56]^,^[57]^,^[58]^,^[59],^[60]^,^[61]^,^[62]^,^[63]
19.	White goosefoot/ pigweed	sweet	Pungent	cold	-	alleviates all the 3 dosha	anti-inflammatory, analgesic, gastroprotective, hepato-protective, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial ,	^[64]^,^[65]^,^[66]^,^[67]
20.	Hordeum vulgare L.	sweet, astringent	Pungent	cold	-	alleviates Kapha & Pitta	anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory	^[68]^,^[69]

Among daily consumable food items mentioned in classical Ayurvedic texts, green gram (Mudga i.e. Vigna radiata L.), easily available in all parts of India, has been described best in Shamidhanya i.e. pulses. It has high nutritional value. It is a good source of protein, carbohydrate, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorous, iron and vitamins like carotene, thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, ascorbic acid.^[70] Its regular consumption can regulate enterobacterial flora of the intestine, decrease absorption of toxic substances, reduce the risk of hypercholesterolemia and coronary heart disease, and prevent cancer. Extracts of green gram were also found to have a potent scavenging activity against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and an inhibitory effect on low-density lipoprotein oxidation.^[71]^[72]
Red rice (Shashtika shali- Oryza sativum L.), grown in Kerala and known locally by the Dravidian name Njavara. has been described as best among Shukadhanya i.e. cereals. It is a very good source of carbohydrate, vitamin B complex and minerals like Iron.^[73]^[74]
Wheat (Godhuma- Triticum aestivum L.) is a good source of carbohydrate, vitamins like, thiamine, niacin, calcium, and vitamin B₆ and minerals like iron.
Cow’s milk (Godugdha) is compatible since birth, increases vital power of the body. It is a source of high-quality protein, calcium and vitamins like vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin and folic acid.
Cow’s ghee (Goghrita) has been described in Ayurvedic texts to possess many beneficial properties like rejuvenating, nootropic, improves immunity, energy, luster, beauty, promotes longevity, aphrodisiac. It contains omega-3 fatty acids, Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) which improve cardiovascular health.^[75] It can penetrate blood brain barrier and also to facilitate building or supporting the biochemical activities of tissues such as neurons.^[76]
Rock salt (Saindhava) has been advised for daily use in the texts of Ayurveda. It is best among all salts because all other salts have hot potency and penetrating property. They vitiate Kapha, Pitta which produce laxity in muscles and diseases like hair fall, grey hair. Yet, worldwide common salt is being used in daily diet. Chemical formula of both is same as NaCl but the contents of both differ as rock salt contains some extra minerals like potassium which are beneficial to the health. Sodium has a contractile mechanism while potassium has proven to have a relaxing effect on the smooth muscles of the arterioles which prevents hypertension.^[77]^[78]
Indian gooseberry (Amalaki-Phyllanthus emblica L.) has rejuvenating property and promotes longevity, maintains the equilibrium of the three Dosha. It is a rich source of vitamin C, effective in free radical scavenging.
Pomegranate (Dadima- Punica granatum L.) and dry grape (Mridvika- Vitis vinifera L.) are mentioned as ‘best among wholesome diet.’ Pomegranate is rich source of flavonoids, vitamin C and E. Dry grape contains vitamin B₃, B₆, B₁, B₂ and B₉.
Haritaki (Terminalia chebula Retz.) possess strong rejuvenating property and alleviate all the three Dosha.
Jivanti (Cork swallow-wort- Leptadenia reticulata Retz./ Holostemma ada-kodien) has been described as the best among all the vegetables as it alleviates all the three dosha and is a rich source of vitamin A.
Rock sugar (Khanda sharkara) has low glycemic index while refined sugar which is commonly used in daily diet worldwide, has high glycemic index. It leads to obesity and diabetes mellitus by disturbing ghrelin-leptin-insulin equilibrium.
White goosefoot/pigweed (Vastuka- Chenopodium album) is a nutritious leafy vegetable that is available during winters in Northern India. It is rich in proteins, essential amino acids, calcium, iron and vitamins A, C.^[79]
Clover fern (Sunishannaka- Marsilea quadrifolia Linn.) found in south-west India, Nepal, China, central and southern Europe. It is a rich source of polyphenols with strong antioxidants.
Pointed gourd (Patola- Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.) used as a vegetable in Bangladesh and Northern part of India, is rich in carbohydrates, vitamins like A and C, Potassium, Magnesium, Copper, Sulphur and Chlorine.
Solely wholesome food items (Ekanta hitakara dravya):Water, ghee/clarified butter, milk and rice are solely wholesome food items mentioned in Sushruta samhita. They are always suitable and accustomed to human being by birth.

Miscellaneous daily consumable food items/drugs

For strengthening of vision:
Daily intake of Triphala (combination of 3 fruits- Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellirica) with honey and ghee has been stated to improve the eye-site in healthy person.
To improve digestion:
Salt (preferably rock salt) and ginger have been quoted for daily intake before meal by in Bhavaprakash to improve appetite and digestion.
For promotion of aphrodisiac activity and mind rejuvenation:
Daily intake of ghee and milk have been advised in Charakasamhita due to their nootropic, nourishing and aphrodisiac properties.

Non-consumable food items for daily practice (food that need to be avoided for long term and regular use)

Daily non-consumable food items described in various texts of Ayurveda are enlisted in Table 3. These food items can be consumed in certain conditions concerning the prakriti, season, or diseases. However, if taken regularly without any pre-requisite condition, the food items can produce harmful effects on health.

**Table 3: List of daily non-consumable food items**
Curd (Dadhi) (In the evenings) Inspissated milk (Kilata) Fermented curd/cheese (Kurchika)	[Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 5/10] [A.Sa.Sutra Sthana 10/43] [A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 8/40] [Kai.Ni.7/278]
Uncooked radish (Aama mulaka) Alkaline preparation (Kshara) Flour preparation (Pishta)	A.Sa.Sutra Sthana 10/45 A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 8/40 Kai.Ni.7/278
Fish (Matsya)	Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 5/10 A.Sa.Sutra Sthana 10/43 A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 8/40
Lotus stalk (Bisa) Cow’s meat (Gavya mamsa) Buffalo meat (Mahisha mamsa) Black gram- Phaseolus radiates (Masha) Lotus rhizome (Shaluka)	Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 5/10 A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 8/40 Kai.Ni.7/278
Fermented food products (Shukta) Sprouts (Virudhaka) food items causing constipation (Vishtambhi) Food items causing burning sensation (Vidahi) Food items which block the body channels (Abhishyandi) Dry food (Ruksha ahara) Molasses (Phanita) Flat beans (Nishpava)	A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 8/40 Kai.Ni.7/278
Dried vegetables (Shushka shaka) Dried meat (Vallura) Avena sativa L. (Yavaka) Sheep meat (Aavi mamsa) Cold food (Sheeta aahara)	Kai.Ni.7/278
Meat of emaciated animal (Krisha mamsa)	Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 5/10 A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 8/40
Pork meat (Shukara mamsa)	Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 5/10

Properties of daily non-consumable food items

The properties of non consumable food items as mentioned in different classics are summarized in Table 4.

**Table 4: Properties of daily non-consumable food items**
S.No.	Substance (dravya)	Taste (rasa)	Post digestive effect(vipaka)	Potency (veerya)	Effect on dosha
1.	Uncooked radish	Bitter	-	Hot	vitiates all the three dosha
2.	Lotus stalk	sweet, astringent	-	Cold	vitiates Kapha, alleviates Pitta, causing constipation, heavy to digest
3.	Curd	sweet, sour	sour	Hot	vitiates Kapha & Pitta
4.	Cow’s meat	-	-	Hot	heavy to digest
5.	Inspissated milk	Sweet	-	-	heavy to digest, vitiates Kapha, causing constipation, causing indigestion and Ama
6.	Alkaline preparation	Pungent	-	Hot	Vitiates Vata & Pitta, alleviates Kapha
7.	Fermented curd	-	-	-	heavy to digest, vitiates Pitta & Rakta
8.	Buffalo’s meat	Sweet	-	Hot	heavy to digest, vitiates Pitta & Rakta
9.	Black gram	Sweet	sour	Hot	vitiates Kapha & Rakta, alleviates Vata
10.	Fish	Sweet	sweet	Hot	vitiates Pitta & Kapha, alleviates Vata
11.	Flat beans	sweet, astringent	sour	Hot	vitiates Pitta & Vata, alleviates Kapha
12.	Molasses	Sweet	sweet	Hot	vitiates all the three dosha
13.	Flour preparation	-	-	-	heavy to digest
14.	lotus rhizome	Sweet	sweet	Hot	heavy to digest, causes manifestation of worms
15.	Pork meat	Sweet	sour	Cold	vitiates Rakta, alleviates Vata, heavy to digest
16.	Fermented food products	Sour	pungent	Hot	vitiates Pitta & Rakta alleviates Kapha
17.	Dried vegetables	-	-	-	vitiates all the three dosha
18.	Dried meat	-	-	-	vitiates all the three dosha
19.	Sprouts	-	-	-	vitiates all the three dosha, heavy to digest
20.	Avena sativa L.	sweet, astringent	pungent	Cold	vitiates kapha & rakta

Reasons behind avoiding curd for daily consumption

Curd should not be consumed at night. Otherwise, if curd is to be taken, it should be mixed with ghee, sugar, green gram soup, honey, or amalaki (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.). It should not be heated also. Excess consumption of curd can lead to jwara (fever), raktapitta (bleeding disorders), visarpa (erysipelas), kushtha (obstinate skin diseases), pandu (anemia like disorders), bhrama (giddiness, vertigo) and severe kamala (jaundice and other hepato-biliary disorders). [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 7/61-62]
Curd is an appetizer and an aphrodisiac. It increases unctuousness and strength. It is sour on digestion and hot in potency. It is effective in treating vata disorders. It is recommended to treat chronic illnesses like rhinitis, diarrhea, colds, irregular fevers, anorexia, dysuria, and emaciation. Generally, curd is prohibited in the autumn, summer, and spring seasons. It is also unwholesome in raktapitta (bleeding disorders) and kapha disorders. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 7/225-7]
Curd increases body's moisture content and blocks the bodily channels. Hence, it is known as ‘maha abhishyandi’. Curd can vitiate kapha and pitta dosha. It can lead to various disorders of over-nutrition and blood vitiation. Hence, it shall not be consumed daily or in excess quantity.

Other food items

Kilat is milk derivative which is in the solid form. It is prepared by fermentation of milk made in condensed form by removing excess water. This process can be correlated with preparation of Paneer. Kurchika, prepared by fermentation of curd and is solid like Kilat. This process can be correlated with the preparation of cheese which have further fermentation of curd.
Kilat (Paneer) stays longer in the stomach without digestion which decreases the digestive power, vitiation of Kapha. Kurchika vitiates Pitta, Rakta and is heavy to digest. Floor preparations consist of high carbohydrate diet. Continuous Intake of it leads to obesity and insulin resistance.
WHO dietary guidelines have long recommended limiting the intake of full-fat dairy products like cheese, stemming from their contribution to the dietary intake of saturated fat (SF) and the well-established relationship between SF intake and increased plasma LDL-C. Paneer, cheese and curd are dairy products which have high protein and high fat value. Saturated fat in dairy products increases LDL level which is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Certain types of cheese are linked with increased risk of breast Cancer. Soft cheese has the potential for promoting the growth of Listeria bacteria and E.Coli. Listeria monocytogenes can also result in serious infection in infant and pregnant woman and can be transmitted to the infant in-utero or after birth.^[80]^[81]^[82]^[83]^[84]
Yavaka is a type of grain which needs to be avoided for daily intake. There is controversy regarding comparison of Yavaka with contemporary food items but according to some published literature, it can be correlated with Oats (Avena sativa L.).^[85]
Oats is a rich source of starch, protein, β-glucan and potassium. β-glucan improves indices of brain function and cognition with major beneficial effects all along the gut-brain axis. A systematic review shows that acute short-term chronic supplementation of Avena sativa appeared to positively influence the accuracy and speed of performance and cognitive function. but long-term chronic supplementation did not. Despite being good sources of iron and zinc, cereals have high phytic acid content hinders their bioavailability.^[86]^[87]

Prohibited items for long term/excessive intake (Nati-upayunjit dravya):

There is the description of some food items/drugs prohibited for long term use and also in more quantity- long pepper- Piper longum Linn. (Pippali), alkali (Kshara) and salt (Lavana). Long pepper if continuously used in large dose, aggravates Kapha and Pitta. It was commonly used as spice in ancient times but even presently used in some pickles in south India.
Alkali (Kshara) if used excess, produces harmful effects on hair, eyes, heart and virility. Carbonated drinks and baking soda are examples of alkaline preparations used routinely.
Salt (Lavana), if used excess leads to oozing, laxative effect, fatigue and harmful effects on hair, eyes. Chips, butter, junk food which are routinely being consumed contain excess amounts of salt.

Solely unwholesome food items (Ekanta ahitakara ahara dravya)

Alkali and toxins (Visha) are solely unwholesome food items.

Contemporary views

Nutravigilance in ayurveda

Nutravigilance is defined as the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects related to the use of food, dietary supplement, or medical food.^[88] It is mainly concerned with the food safety. The Nutra vigilance approach is derived from well-defined principles of pharmacovigilance related to drug safety. The primary purpose of Nutra vigilance is to protect customer/patient safety.
Ayurvedic literature gives detailed descriptions of adverse events of selective food items like daily non-consumable food like curd, solely unwholesome food like alkali, food-food incompatibilities like intake of milk with certain food items and drug-food incompatibilities like prohibition of certain food items while administration of Shilajatu.

Epigenetic Diet

Among all the external environmental factors, nutrition is thought to be one of the most important because it assists in modifying the expression of genes at the transcriptional level. Epigenetics is generally defined as heritable changes in gene expression that occur without altering the DNA sequence. Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and RNA interference, may occur through external factors and are widely known for their reversibility.^[89]^[90]^[91]^[92]
It has been proved that some compounds show potential in delaying aging-processes and degenerative diseases with regular consumption. The theory is more commonly referred to as the “Epigenetic Diet” as it introduces bioactive compounds that aid in delaying the onset of aging and age-associated disease processes.^[93]^[94]
Nitya sevaniya food can be correlated with the concept of “Epigenetic diet” in modern science. Most of them possess anti-inflammatory potential which can facilitate to alleviate the inflammatory processes derived from diseases and unhealthy diets, and thereby promote healthy aging.

Research updates

Experimental study of selected Nitya Sevaniya and Asevaniya food items:^[95]

Methodoogy:

Results:

Evaluation of effect of Rocksalt (Saindhava lavana)^[96]:

Methodology:

Results:

Limitations and future scope of research

In both of the studies, effect of the food items has been studied on gross level i.e. biochemical parameters, behavioural changes and histopathological changes and with combination of more than two food items. These can be studied individually and on molecular level using multi-omics studies. Moreover, other food items from the list of daily consumable and non-consumable food items can be studied.

Related chapters

Ama, Ahara vidhi(dietary guidelines), Dinacharya (daily regimen for health), Ritucharya (seasonal regimen for health), Viruddha Ahara (incompatible food), Matrashiteeya Adhyaya, Annapanavidhi Adhyaya

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References

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↑ Pandey BR, Singh N, Verma P. Therapeutic Potential of Organic Triticum aestivum Linn. (Wheat Grass) in Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases: An Overview; International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research. 2012;4(1):10–14.
↑ Ji-Young Im, Hyeon-Hui Ki, Mingjie Xin, Se-Uk Kwon, Young Ho Kim, Dae-Ki Kim, Sun-Pyo Hong, Jong-Sik Jin, Young-Mi Lee. Anti-obesity effect of Triticum aestivum sprout extract in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice; Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry; 2015;79(7):1133-40.
↑ Athul Sundaresan, Arul Selvi, H.K. Manonmani. The Anti-Microbial Properties of Triticum aestivum (Wheat Grass) Extract. Lifescience Global. 2015;4(3):84-91.
↑ G. Balint, A. Apathy, M. Gaal, A. Telekes, A. Resetar, G. Blazso, G. Falkay, B. Szende, A. Paksy, M. Ehrenfeld, Y. Shoenfeld, M. Hidvegi. Effect of Avemara a fermented wheat germ extract on rheumatoid arthritis Preliminary data, Clinical Experimental Rheumatology. 2006;24(3):325–328.
↑ T Lakshmi Srinivas, S Mohana Lakshmi, S Neelufar Shama, G Koteswara Reddy, K R Prasanna. Medicinal Plants as Anti-Ulcer Agents. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2013;2(4):91–97.
↑ E. Ben-Arye, E. Goldin, D. Wengrower, A. Stamper, R. Kohn, E. Berry. Wheat grass juice in the treatment of active distal ulceative colitis: a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial, Scand Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002;37(4):444–9.
↑ Han HS, Jang JH, Jang JH, Choi JS, Kim YJ, Lee C, Lim SH, Lee HK, Lee J. Water extract of Triticum aestivum L. and its components demonstrate protective effect in a model of vascular dementia; J Med Food. 2010;13(3):572–8.
↑ K. Martin. Rapid propagation of Holostemma ada-kodien Schult., a rare medicinal plant, through axillary bud multiplication and indirect organogenesis; Plant Cell Reports. 2002;21(2):112–117.
↑ Mallikarjuna, B; Nagalakshmi, Usha R; Gayathri, D; Gopal, Rama G. In Vitro Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Potential of Holostemma Ada- Kodien K. Svhum., An Important Rare Medicinal Plant; International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2011;2(9):2413–18.
↑ Junapudi Sunil, Janapati Yasodha Krishna, Pallaval Veera Bramhachari. Hepatoprotective Activity of Holostemma ada Kodien shcult, Extract against Paracetamol Induced Hepatic Damage in Rats; European Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2015;6(1):45–54.
↑ Irimpan MT, Jolly CI, Sheela D. A Study of the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of Holostemma adakodien schultes. Int J Pharm Tech Res. 2011;2(3):1208–10.
↑ Louis, C Jelly. Study on the production of anti-neoplastic secondary metabolites from selected medicinal plants using cell and tissue culture techniques: With special reference to Ophiorrhiza mungos and Holostemma adakodien (Thesis), Mahatma Gandhi University,2015.
↑ Ateeq M J, Alarami, Mohammed S A Al-Awar. Hepatoprotective and Hepatocurative effects of NABK Honey in Penicillin-induced Hepatic toxicity;Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation. 2013;Sep-Oct.2(5):34–40.
↑ Md. Ibrahim Khalil, E. M. Tanvir, Rizwana Afroz, Siti Amrah Sulaiman, Siew Hua Gan. Cardioprotective Effects of Tualang Honey: Amelioration of Cholesterol and Cardiac Enzymes Levels; 2015;2015:286051.
↑ Faeza Abdel Mogib El-Dahtory, Sohier Yahia. Cytoprotective effect of honey against chromosomal breakage in fanconi anemia patients in vitro; Indian J Hum Genet. 2011;17(2):77–81.
↑ Wafaa M. Abdel-Moneim, Hemmat H. Ghafeer. The potential protective effect of natural Honey against Cadmium-induced Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity; Mansoura J. Forensic Med. Clin. Toxicol. 2007;15(2):75-98.
↑ G.K. JayaprAkashaa, R.P. Singh, K.K. Sakariah. Antioxidant activity of grape seed (Vitis vinifera) extracts on peroxidation models in vitro; Food Chemistry. 2001;73(3):285–290.
↑ Pirinççioğlu M, Kızıl G, Kızıl M, Özdemir G, Kanay Z, Ketani MA. Protective effect of Öküzgözü (Vitis vinifera L. cv.) grape juice against carbon tetrachloride induced oxidative stress in rats; Food Funct. 2012;3(6):668–73.
↑ Rajaa k. baker. Effect of Aqueous Extract of Vitis Vinifera l. Leaf on the Rabbit Females Have Highly Thyroxine Induced by Levothyroxine Sodium; Journal of Natural Sciences Research. 2014;4(3):482-487.
↑ Schneider E, von der Heydt H, Esperester A. Planta Med.; Evaluation of polyphenol composition in red leaves from different varieties of Vitis vinifera. 2008;74(5):565–72.
↑ Jin HY, Cha YS, Baek HS, Park TS. Neuroprotective effects of Vitis vinifera extract on prediabetic mice induced by a high-fat diet; Korean J Intern Med. 2013;28(5):579–86.
↑ Kequan Zhou, Julian J. Raffoul. Potential Anticancer Properties of Grape Antioxidants; Journal of Oncology; 2012;Sp.Issue:1–8.
↑ B. V. S. Lakshmi, M. Sudhakar, P. Shashank. Protective Role of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Vitis vinifera against Adriamycin Induced Cardiac, Renal and Hepatic Toxicities in Rat; International Journal of Pharma Research & Review. 2014;3(5):13–19.
↑ Cuevas VM, Calzado YR, Guerra YP, Yera AO, Despaigne SJ, Ferreiro RM, Quintana DC. Effects of grape seed extract, vitamin C, and vitamin e on ethanol- and aspirin-induced ulcers. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2011;2011:740687.
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[ref43-36] Rajaa k. baker. Effect of Aqueous Extract of Vitis Vinifera l. Leaf on the Rabbit Females Have Highly Thyroxine Induced by Levothyroxine Sodium; Journal of Natural Sciences Research. 2014;4(3):482-487.

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