Changes

=== Various locations of ''shotha'' ===

=== Various locations of ''shotha'' ===

Sushruta described ''galashundi'' as ''kanthashundi'', a condition indicated by breathlessness, coughing and thirst. He mentioned the role of ''rakta'' along with ''kapha'' in causing the condition. (Su.ni.-16/41). ''Visarpa'' is a kind of inflammatory swelling mostly caused due to infection. In the context of ''kshudra rogas'' (curable diseases), ''tilaka'' (mole) is black in color, similar to size of sesame seed, painless and is flat. [Su.Sa.Nidana Sthana 13/43]<ref name=Susruta/> Similarly ''vyanga'' (pigmentation) as painless, fine, black color circles. [Su.Sa.Nidana Sthana 13/45-46]<ref name=Susruta/> Same manifestation over the face or other body parts is called ''nilika''. [Su.Sa.Nidana Sthana 13/46]<ref name=Susruta/> In addition to ''pitta'', Sushruta has mentioned involvement of ''vata, kapha'' and ''rakta'' in the affliction of ''shankhaka roga'' (saggital sinus thrombosis/intracranial growth/temporal arteritis). [Su.Sa.Uttara Tantra 25/16-18]<ref name=Susruta/> In Madhava Nidanam it is described as a very severe and fatal condition that, by causing blockages in the head and throat, can kill the patient in three days [Ma.ni.-60/15].''Karnamoola shotha'' (swelling at base of ear/parotitis) has been described as a complication of ''sannipataja jwara''. [Cha.Sa.[[chikitsa Sthana]] 3/287] ''Pliha vriddhi'' (splenomegaly) has been described as ''plīhodara''. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa SThana]] 13/35-38] Sushruta has described ''plihodara'', due to intake of irritant and slimy food items, as a cause for aggravation of ''rakta'' and ''kapha''. ''Gulma'' is a very special disease class described in [[Ayurveda]], because it is neither mentioned independently in modern medicine nor it can be correlated with any disease. The problems or symptoms described in reference to ''gulma'' are practically found in clinical practice therefore it should be considered exclusively.[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5] & [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 3] In ''Aanaha'' (distension of abdomen), not only is the movement of ''vata'' hampered but the vitiated ''vata'' also dries the stool. Therefore, the patient of ''aanaha'' complains of constipation along with flatulence.  

Sushruta described ''galashundi'' as ''kanthashundi'', a condition indicated by breathlessness, coughing and thirst. He mentioned the role of [[rakta]] along with [[kapha]] in causing the condition. (Su.ni.-16/41). ''Visarpa'' is a kind of inflammatory swelling mostly caused due to infection. In the context of ''kshudra rogas'' (curable diseases), ''tilaka'' (mole) is black in color, similar to size of sesame seed, painless and is flat. [Su.Sa.Nidana Sthana 13/43]<ref name=Susruta/> Similarly ''vyanga'' (pigmentation) as painless, fine, black color circles. [Su.Sa.Nidana Sthana 13/45-46]<ref name=Susruta/> Same manifestation over the face or other body parts is called ''nilika''. [Su.Sa.Nidana Sthana 13/46]<ref name=Susruta/> In addition to [[pitta]], Sushruta has mentioned involvement of [[vata]], [[kapha]] and [[rakta]] in the affliction of ''shankhaka roga'' (saggital sinus thrombosis/intracranial growth/temporal arteritis). [Su.Sa.Uttara Tantra 25/16-18]<ref name=Susruta/> In Madhava Nidanam it is described as a very severe and fatal condition that, by causing blockages in the head and throat, can kill the patient in three days [Ma.ni.-60/15].''Karnamoola shotha'' (swelling at base of ear/parotitis) has been described as a complication of ''sannipataja jwara''. [Cha.Sa.[[chikitsa Sthana]] 3/287] ''Pliha vriddhi'' (splenomegaly) has been described as ''plīhodara''. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa SThana]] 13/35-38] Sushruta has described ''plihodara'', due to intake of irritant and slimy food items, as a cause for aggravation of [[rakta]] and [[kapha]]. ''Gulma'' is a very special disease class described in [[Ayurveda]], because it is neither mentioned independently in modern medicine nor it can be correlated with any disease. The problems or symptoms described in reference to ''gulma'' are practically found in clinical practice therefore it should be considered exclusively.[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5] & [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 3] In ''Aanaha'' (distension of abdomen), not only is the movement of [[vata]] hampered but the vitiated [[vata]] also dries the stool. Therefore, the patient of ''aanaha'' complains of constipation along with flatulence.  

Two causes of ''aanaha'' are: impaired peristalsis of the stomach and that of the large bowel. [Su.Sa.Uttara Tantra 57/20-22]<ref name=Susruta/> ''Vriddhi roga'' (hydrocele and hernia) has been described to be of seven types i.e. ''vataja, pittaja, kaphaja, raktaja, medoja, mutraja'' and ''antraja''. [A.H.Nidana Sthana 11/21-31]<ref name=Hridaya/> The ''antraja vriddhi'' may be correlated with swelling of the hernia and is said to be incurable. Sushruta has described five types of ''rohini'' (diptheria) i.e. ''vataja, pittaja, kaphaja, raktaja'' and ''sannipataja''.  [Su.Sa.Nidana Sthana 16/47-50]<ref name=Susruta/>

Two causes of ''aanaha'' are: impaired peristalsis of the stomach and that of the large bowel. [Su.Sa.Uttara Tantra 57/20-22]<ref name=Susruta/> ''Vriddhi roga'' (hydrocele and hernia) has been described to be of seven types i.e. [[vata]]ja, [[pitta]]ja, [[kapha]]ja, [[rakta]]ja, medoja, mutraja and antraja. [A.H.Nidana Sthana 11/21-31]<ref name=Hridaya/> The ''antraja vriddhi'' may be correlated with swelling of the hernia and is said to be incurable. Sushruta has described five types of ''rohini'' (diptheria) i.e. [[vata]]ja, [[pitta]]ja, [[kapha]]ja, [[rakta]]ja'' and ''sannipataja''.  [Su.Sa.Nidana Sthana 16/47-50]<ref name=Susruta/>

''Upajihvika, galashundika, galagraha, rohini'' are basically infectious disorders affecting the mouth and throat area. ''Galaganda'' closely resembles goitre which is caused due to thyroid disorders. ''Visarpa'' and ''pidika'' are caused due to skin infections, whereas ''tilaka, piplu, vyanga'' and ''nilika'' are the problems present in skin due melanin pigment disorders. ''Pliha vridhi'' or spleenomegaly is condition where spleen gets enlarged due to many reasons such as infections, hematological disorders, malignancies etc. ''Gulma, udara roga, aanaha'' are diseases mainly located and related to gastrointestinal tract, having main features of fullness or protuberance. Eight ''udara rogas'' described in [[Ayurveda]] are actually diseases present as protuberances in abdomen. But all ''udara rogas'' are not directly related to the gastrointestinal tract e.g. ''plihodara'' (splenomegaly), ''yakradaludara'' (hepatomegaly), and ''jalodara'' (ascites). Still their manifestation is similar to ''shotha'' i.e. swellings. Swelling at the roots of ears, commonly known as ''Karnamoola shotha'' (Parotitis), is mostly due to viral infections. ''Vriddhi roga'' is a kind of hernia, i.e., inguinal, femoral, umbilical or incision hernia with visible swelling. ''Adhimansa'' (increased muscles bulk) and ''arbuda''(tumor) are swellings associated with extra or new growth that could be benign or malignant. ''Rohini'' can be closely correlated with diphtheria which is caused by a bacterial infection i.e. Corynibacterium diphtheriae <ref>Textbook of microbiology – Orient Longman, chapter-26 page-23, 4th edition. </ref>. It can affect many sites in the body but most commonly the throat where if not treated properly may cause death due to suffocation or asphyxia. [19-36]

''Upajihvika, galashundika, galagraha, rohini'' are basically infectious disorders affecting the mouth and throat area. ''Galaganda'' closely resembles goitre which is caused due to thyroid disorders. ''Visarpa'' and ''pidika'' are caused due to skin infections, whereas ''tilaka, piplu, vyanga'' and ''nilika'' are the problems present in skin due melanin pigment disorders. ''Pliha vridhi'' or spleenomegaly is condition where spleen gets enlarged due to many reasons such as infections, hematological disorders, malignancies etc. ''Gulma, udara roga, aanaha'' are diseases mainly located and related to gastrointestinal tract, having main features of fullness or protuberance. Eight ''udara rogas'' described in [[Ayurveda]] are actually diseases present as protuberances in abdomen. But all ''udara rogas'' are not directly related to the gastrointestinal tract e.g. ''plihodara'' (splenomegaly), ''yakradaludara'' (hepatomegaly), and ''jalodara'' (ascites). Still their manifestation is similar to ''shotha'' i.e. swellings. Swelling at the roots of ears, commonly known as ''Karnamoola shotha'' (Parotitis), is mostly due to viral infections. ''Vriddhi roga'' is a kind of hernia, i.e., inguinal, femoral, umbilical or incision hernia with visible swelling. ''Adhimansa'' (increased muscles bulk) and ''arbuda''(tumor) are swellings associated with extra or new growth that could be benign or malignant. ''Rohini'' can be closely correlated with diphtheria which is caused by a bacterial infection i.e. Corynibacterium diphtheriae <ref>Textbook of microbiology – Orient Longman, chapter-26 page-23, 4th edition. </ref>. It can affect many sites in the body but most commonly the throat where if not treated properly may cause death due to suffocation or asphyxia. [19-36]