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VIDHI VIMARSHA_ YAJJA PURUSHIYA ADHYAYA
 
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==Wholesome and unwholesome factors for holistic human being==
 
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Diet and lifestyle habits can favorably or adversely impact the development of holistic human being ([[purusha]]). Therefore, wholesome dietary and lifestyle factors are described in this chapter. A list of unwholesome dietary factors that can play role in etiopathogenesis of a disease is also given.  Both are equally important in providing healthcare to an individual.
 
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==Classification of dietary articles and its utility==
 
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The best and worst food items in categories of cereals, pulses, milk, meat classes, oils, vegetables etc. are described based upon their beneficial and harmful effects on human biology. The beneficial food items can be used judiciously for health preservation and prevention of diseases.
 
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==Agraysangraha: A ready to use index in healthcare==
 
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Agryasamgraha is an index of all items that are beneficial in healthcare management. It includes a description of actions of various food preparations (aharavikara), medicines (aushadha), and associated factors (anubandhini). It is imperative to note that when more than one action (karma) is attributed to one factor, it is describing the collective action and not each action separately. The pharmacological activitiy profiles of dietary, medicinal and lifestyle factors can be easily referred from the list. Vagbhata focuses on specific dravya and its action in a particular disease.[A.Hr. Uttara Tantra 40] <ref name=Hridaya> Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref>
 
  
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Superiority attributed in the list is relative to other materials (dravya) having similar actions. Some examples are given below. The following table extends description of articles listed in agryasamgraha [Gangadhara on Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40], their clinical utility referred in pathology and management of diseases and current evidences to support their activities.
 
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{| class="wikitable"
 
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! Agrya!! Indication!! Other dravya having similar action!! Examples of practical usage (preferably from Charakasamhita itself) !! Research references
 
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| |1. Food (anna)  || Sustenance of life (vrittikara) ||-- ||Even in the context of [[langhana]], light food (laghu asana) is advised for patient for sustenance of life, if the strength of the patient is too low.[Cha.Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 1/36], [A. Hr. Chikitsa Sthana 1/2] <ref name=Hridaya/>|| Citation needed
 
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| | 2.Water (udaka) || Acts as  soothing and refreshing agent (ashwaskara) || Assurance therapy, soothing words, monetary support, etc. || Washing face with cold water after any exertion like walking, purificatory procedures (shodhana) like [[vamana]] etc., surgical procedures.[Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 5/17] <ref name= Susruta> Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref> || Citation needed
 
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| | 3.Wine (sura) || Dispelling fatigue/wine among acopics (shramahara) || Rest in comfortable position and suitable accommodation,  || Citation needed || Citation needed
 
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| | 4.Milk (ksheera) || Invigorating/vitilizers (jivaniya) || Cold air, water, herbal tonics, Crepidium acuminatum (jivaka), Malaxis muscifera (rishabhaka) like herbs || Milk is advised for patients debilitated with fever as vitilizer [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/169] ||Milk and dairy products <ref>Thorning TK, Raben A, Tholstrup T, Soedamah-Muthu SS, Givens I, Astrup A. Milk and dairy products: good or bad for human health? An assessment of the totality of scientific evidence. Food Nutr Res. 2016;60:32527. Published 2016 Nov 22. doi:10.3402/fnr.v60.32527</ref>
 
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| | 5.Meat (mamsa) || Nourishing ([[brimhana]]) || Sweet substances, black gram (masha) || Various meat preparations are advised for patients of debilitating disorders (rajayakshma) where there is severe depletion of strength and loss of muscles.[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/149] || Role of poultry meat in a balanced diet <ref>Marangoni F, Corsello G, Cricelli C, et al. Role of poultry meat in a balanced diet aimed at maintaining health and wellbeing: an Italian consensus document. Food Nutr Res. 2015;59:27606. Published 2015 Jun 9. doi:10.3402/fnr.v59.27606</ref>
 
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| | 6.Meat soup (mamsa rasa) || Refreshing/Demulcents (tarpana) || Curd, substances with sour taste, Piper retrofractum (kola), Ziziphus jujube (badara) etc. || Meat soup preparations in debilitating disorders (rajayakshma), fever (jwara) etc [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/149] || Citation needed
 
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| | 7.Salt (lavana) || Appetizer (ruchikaraka) for taste || Black pepper (maricha), Ginger (ardraka), substances with a sour taste || Salt is a major ingredient in various medicines for anorexia (arocaka). [A.Hr.Chikitsa Sthana 1/71-72] <ref name=Hridaya/> || --
 
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| | 8.Sour things (amla rasa) || Tasty medication for the heart (hridya)|| Foods which are pleasing to the mind such as milk, curd, sugar, and other five tastes || Formulations for [[virechana]] are made hridya using sour fruits like Punica granatum (dadima).?? || Citation needed
 
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| | 9.Meat of chicken (kukkutamamsa) || Strength promoting (balya)|| Ghee, milk || Meat of chicken is mentioned in various aphrodiasic medicines, in patients debilitated by fever (jwara) and in injuries to various vital points. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/44] (Vrishyakukkutamamsaprayoga) || Citation needed
 
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| | 10.Semen of crocodile (''nakraretasa'') || Has aphrodisiac action/virility enhancers (vrishya)|| Milk, ghee || Used in various aphrodisiac preparations.[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/44] (Vrishyakukkutamamsaprayoga) || Citation needed
 
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| | 11.Honey (madhu) || Alleviates [[kapha] and [[pitta]] (shlesma pitta prashamana)|| Barley, wheat || Citation needed || Citation needed
 
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| | 12.Ghee (ghrita) || Alleviates [[vata]] and [[pitta]] (vata pitta prashamana) || Milk || Citation needed || Citation needed
 
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| |13. Sesame oil (tila taila) || Alleviates [[vata]] and [[kapha]] (vata shleshmana prashamana)|| Ripe tamarind (pakva tintidika) || Citation needed || Citation needed
 
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| | 14. Emesis ([[vamana]]) || Eliminates [[kapha]] (shlesmahara) || Fasting (upavasa)  || Citation needed || Citation needed
 
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| | 15.Purgation ([[virechana]]) || Eliminates [[pitta]] (pittahara) || Drinks and foods which reduce [[pitta]] || Citation needed || Citation needed
 
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| | 16.Enema ([[basti]]) || Eliminates [[vata]] (vatahara) || Unction therapy ([[snehana]] karma) || Citation needed || Citation needed
 
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| | 17.Fomentation/sudation ([[swedana]]) || Brings smoothness and soften the body tissues (mardavakara) || Massage (mardana karma) || [[swedana]] is used to bring softness to affected skin in skin diseases (kushtha) and in ulcers (vrana). [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/50] || Role of sweating in human health <ref>Baker LB. Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health. Temperature (Austin). 2019;6(3):211-259. Published 2019 Jul 17. doi:10.1080/23328940.2019.1632145</ref>
 
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| | 18.Exercise ([[vyayama]]) || Brings firmness of body and stability (sthairyakara) || Other drinks and foods which brings about firmness/stability (sthairyakara) || It is emphatically advised in diabetes (premeha) to bring back the firmness in the body. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/50] || Benefits of physical exercise<ref> Williamson J, Pahor M. Evidence regarding the benefits of physical exercise. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(2):124-125. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.491 </ref>
 
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| | 19.Alkalies (kshara) || Causing impotency/impair manhood (punsatvopaghata) || Chikpea (Chanaka)|| Alkalies are mentioned as a causative factor for vitiation of reproductive system (sukravaha srotas). [Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 5/19] || Citation needed
 
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| | 20. Diospyros Peregrina Gurke (Tinduka) || Provides deliciousness to non-dietetic food articles. The false mangosteen among appetizers (annadravyaruchikara) || Jamun (Jambu) || Citation needed || Citation needed
 
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| | 21.Unripe Feronia Limonia Swingle (kapittha) or unripe wood apple || Causes harmful effect on the throat (akanthyanam) || Substances of astringent (kashaya) taste like the fruit of Mimusops elengi (bakula) || Citation needed || Citation needed
 
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| | 22.Ghee of sheep milk (avikasarpi) || Produces bad effect on heart/Non-cordials (ahridryakara) || Ghee of milk of camel || Citation needed || Citation needed
 
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| | 23.Goat milk (ajaksheera) || Produces wholesome and galactagogue effect, and cures consumption, and bleeding disorders (raktapitta) ||-- || Goat milk is used in bleeding disorders (raktapitta) where [[vata dosha]] is predominant. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/83] Goat milk is advised for various purposes in the treatment of consumption. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana 42/56] <ref name=Susruta/> || Advances in dairy goat products <ref> Sepe L, Argüello A. Recent advances in dairy goat products. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2019;32(8):1306-1320. doi:10.5713/ajas.19.0487 </ref>
 
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| | 26.Immature (incompletely formed) curd (mandakdadhi) || Obstructs channels of circulation/viscidifying agents (abhishyandakara)|| -- || Immature curd is mentioned as a major causative factor for diseases like edema (shotha) and diabetes (prameha), erysipelas (visarpa) where obstruction of channels (abhisyandana) is a major pathogenesis. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/6], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/5], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/18] || Citation needed
 
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| | 27. Food Prepared of boiled Tritium aestivum Linn. (Job’s tears/gavedhuka)|| Emaciating/depleters (karshaniya) ||-- || Gruel recipe advised for emaciation is prepared out of food prepared of boiled Tritium aestivum (gavedhukaannam). [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/25] ||Properties of Wheat grass <ref> Das P, Mandal S, Gangopadhyay S, Das K, Mitra AG, Dasgupta S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mukhopadhyay A. Antioxidative and anticarcinogenic activities of methylpheophorbide a, isolated from wheat grass (Triticum aestivum Linn.). Nat Prod Res. 2016;30(4):474-7. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1022775. Epub 2015 Mar 18. PMID: 25782530.</ref>
 
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| | 28.Food prepared of boiled Paspalum scrobiculatum (uddalaka) || Drying/reduces unctuous element in body (virukshaniya)|| -- || Paspalum scrobiculatum (uddalaka) is mentioned where drying ([rukshana]]) is intended as a treatment, for example in treatment of Diabetes (prameha), skin diseases (kushtha) etc.[Su.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/6], [Su.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 9/5] <ref name=Susruta/> It is also mentioned in the treatment of complications of intake of unctuous materials (snehapana). [A.S.Sutra Sthana 25/39] <ref name= Sangraha> Vridha Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha. Edited by Shivaprasad Sharma. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba sanskrit series office;2012.</ref>|| Citation needed
 
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| |29.Sugarcane (ikshu)  || Produces diuresis / increases the quantity of urine (mutrajanana) ||-- || Sugarcane (ikshu) is described twice in treatment of dysuria caused by [[pitta]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/49] , [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/50] || Health aspects of sugarcane <ref> Singh A, Lal UR, Mukhtar HM, Singh PS, Shah G, Dhawan RK. Phytochemical profile of sugarcane and its potential health aspects. Pharmacogn Rev. 2015;9(17):45-54. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.156340</ref>
 
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| | 30.Barley (yava) || Increases fecal bulk (purishajanana) ||-- || Barley is used in the treatment of depletion of faeces. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 6/11] || Effect of barley on bowel movements<ref>Taniguchi K, Komae K, Takahashi A, Yoshioka T, Sone Y. Effect of waxy barley, Kirarimochi, consumption on bowel movements of late-stage elderly residents at Roken nursing home. J Physiol Anthropol. 2017;36(1):17. Published 2017 Feb 20. doi:10.1186/s40101-017-0131-0</ref> Effect of whole-grain barley on the human fecal microbiota.<ref>De Angelis M, Montemurno E, Vannini L, et al. Effect of Whole-Grain Barley on the Human Fecal Microbiota and Metabolome. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015;81(22):7945-7956. doi:10.1128/AEM.02507-15</ref> 
 
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| | 37. Cassia fistula Linn (aragvadha) || Causes mild purgation (mridu[[virechana]]) ||-- || Cassia fistula (aragvadha) used in various formulations for jaundice (kamala), where mild purgation is advised.[A.Hr.Chikitsa Sthana 16/41] <ref name=Hridaya/> || Health benefits of Cassia fistula<ref>Rahmani AH. Cassia fistula Linn: Potential candidate in the health management. Pharmacognosy Res. 2015;7(3):217-224. doi:10.4103/0974-8490.157956</ref>
 
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| | 38.Milk of Euphorbia nerifolia Linn.(snuhi/thorny milk hedge plant) || Causes strong purgation (tikshna[[virechana]]) ||-- ||-- || Health benefits of Euphorbia<ref>Salehi B, Iriti M, Vitalini S, et al. Euphorbia-Derived Natural Products with Potential for Use in Health Maintenance. Biomolecules. 2019;9(8):337. Published 2019 Aug 2. doi:10.3390/biom9080337</ref>
 
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| | 39. Achyranthes aspera Linn. /Rough chaff  (apamarga)  || Eliminate [[dosha]]s from head/these are errhines (shirovirechana)|| -- || It is the first drug mentioned for nasal instillation ([[nasya]])  [[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/3] || Effect of Achyranthes aspera on inflammation<ref>Bhosale UA, Yegnanarayan R, Pophale P, Somani R. Effect of aqueous extracts of Achyranthes aspera Linn. on experimental animal model for inflammation. Anc Sci Life. 2012;31(4):202-206. doi:10.4103/0257-7941.107362</ref>
 
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| | 40. Embelia ribes (vidanga) || Kills parasites/among all anthelmintics (krimighna) ||-- || Embelia ribes (vidanga)  is described numerous times in [[Vyadhita Rupiya Vimana]] in the management of parasites/micro organisams (krimi) eg. [Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 7/17], [Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 7/19],[Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 7/21], [Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 7/22], [Cha. Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 7/23-24], [Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 7/25], [Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 7/26] etc. || Anthelmintic Herbs<ref> Venkatasubramanian, Padma. Evaluation of Traditional Anthelmintic Herbs as Substitutes for the Endangered Embelia Ribes, Using Caenorhabditis Elegans Model. Current Science, vol. 105, no. 11, 2013, pp. 1593–1598. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/24098859. Accessed 22 Oct. 2020.</ref>
 
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| |41. Albizzia lebbeck (shirisha)  || Produces antitoxic effects/among all antidotes (vishaghna)|| --|| Formulations like Shirishadi nasya and anjana, Panchashirisha agada, Gandhahasti agada, Mahagandhahasti agada, Amrita ghrita and numerous other descriptions in [[Visha Chikitsa]] [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/51-52], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/53], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/99], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/201-202], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/204], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/212-214] || Anti-inflammatory activity of Albizzia lebbeck<ref>Meshram GG, Kumar A, Rizvi W, Tripathi CD, Khan RA. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Albizzia lebbeck in rats. J Tradit Complement Med. 2015;6(2):172-175. Published 2015 Jan 30. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.11.038</ref>
 
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| | 42. Acacia catechu (khadira) || Cures obstinate skin disease including leprosy/dermic remedies (kushtaghna)|| --|| Formulations like Mahakhadiramghritam, Madhvasava, Kanakabinduarishta, and numerous other descriptions in [[Kushtha Chikitsa]] [[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/96-97], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100-101], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/119], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/129], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/158], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/159], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/166] || Anti-bacterial activities of Acacia catechu<ref>Dashtdar M, Dashtdar MR, Dashtdar B, Shirazi MK, Khan SA. In-Vitro, Anti-Bacterial Activities of Aqueous Extracts of Acacia catechu (L.F.)Willd, Castanea sativa, Ephedra sinica stapf and shilajita mumiyo Against Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria. J Pharmacopuncture. 2013;16(2):15-22. doi:10.3831/KPI.2013.16.014</ref>
 
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| | 43. Pluchea lanceolata Oliver and Hiern (rasna) || [[vata]] alleviating  (vatahara)|| --|| Formulations like Rasnaditaila, Balataila, Amritadyataila, Vrishamuladitaila, Mulakataila, Jivaniyaghrita, and other descriptions in [[Vatavyadhi Chikitsa]] as well as [[Vatarakta Chikitsa]] chapters [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/122], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/136-137], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/81]  || Potential of Pluchea lanceolata <ref>Srivastava P, Shanker K. Pluchea lanceolata (Rasana): Chemical and biological potential of Rasayana herb used in traditional system of medicine. Fitoterapia. 2012 Dec;83(8):1371-85. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.07.008. Epub 2012 Aug 2. PMID: 22877846.</ref>
 
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| | 44. Emblica offiinalis Gaern or Emblic Myrobalan (amalaka) || Anti–ageing / causes rejuventation (vayasthapana)|| -- || Numerous [[rasayana]] in [[Rasayana Chikitsa]], Abhayamalakiya Rasayana Pada such as Amalaka Rasayana, Amalaki ghee, Amalaka avaleha, Amalaka powder, Amalakayasa Brahma Rasayana, Kevala Amalaka Rasayanam etc. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]].1/1] || Nutraceutical effects of Emblica officinalis <ref>Nashine S, Kanodia R, Nesburn AB, Soman G, Kuppermann BD, Kenney MC. Nutraceutical effects of Emblicaofficinalis in age-related macular degeneration. Aging (Albany NY). 2019;11(4):1177-1188. doi:10.18632/aging.101820</ref>
 
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|| 45. Terminalia Chebula (haritaki) or Chebulic Myrobalan || Produces wholesome effect (pathya)|| -- || Terminalia Chebula (haritaki)  is mentioned as the first rejuvenating drug (rasayana dravya) mentioned in the context of [[rasayana]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]1/1]|| The development of Terminalia chebula in clinical research<ref>Bag A, Bhattacharyya SK, Chattopadhyay RR. The development of Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) in clinical research. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013;3(3):244-252. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60059-3</ref>
 
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| | 46.Root of Ricinus communis Linn (eranda) or castor oil || Increases virility and alleviating [[vata]] (vrishyavatahara)|| -- || Formulations like Amritadyataila. || Antimicrobial potential of Ricinus communis <ref>Naz R, Bano A. Antimicrobial potential of Ricinus communis leaf extracts in different solvents against pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012;2(12):944-947. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60004-0</ref>
 
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| | 47.Root of Piper longum Linn or long pepper (pippali) || Digestive stimulant, carminative, relieves abdominal distension (Deepaniyapachaniyaanahprasamana) || --||-- || Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of Piper <ref>Sireeratawong S, Itharat A, Lerdvuthisopon N, et al. Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic, and Antipyretic Activities of the Ethanol Extract of Piper interruptum Opiz. and Piper chaba Linn. ISRN Pharmacol. 2012;2012:480265. doi:10.5402/2012/480265</ref>
 
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| |48.Root of Plumbago zeylanica (chitraka)  or white flowered lead wort  || Promotes digestion, carmination, inflammation in anal region, curing of piles, subside colic pain [Deepaniyapachaniyagudashothaarshashulaharanam] ||-- || Formulations like takrarishta, pippalyadighrita, chavyadighrita, nagaradighrita used in the treatment of piles (arshachikitsa). [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]14] || Citation needed
 
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| |  49. Inula racemosa (pushkaramula) or orris root || Curetive of hiccups, dyspnea, pleurodynea, cough (hikka shwasa kasa parshvashulahara) ||-- || Formulations like hinguadiyavagu, dashamuladiyavagu, pushkaradiyavagu, shatyadichurna used in treatment of hiccups and dyspnea (hikka shwasa chikitsa) and forumlations like Duralabhadighrita, Jivantyadighrita and churna mentioned in [[Rajayakshma Chikitsa]] [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/101-102] ||<ref>Kapahi BK, Srivastava TN, Sarin YK. Traditional medicinal plants of gurez (kashmir) - an ethnobotanical study. Anc Sci Life. 1993;13(1-2):119-124.</ref>
 
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| | 50. Cyperus rotundus Linn. (musta) or Nut grass || Has astringent effect, promotes digestion & carmination (Sangrahikadeepaniyapachaniya)|| --|| Digestive formulations (pachana yoga) in ama grahani [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/98-99] and other formulations like Chandanadyaghrita, Nagaradyachurna, Bhunimbadyachurna, Moolasava, Panchamakshara etc. described in [[Grahani Chikitsa]], pramathya in diarrhea (atisara) [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20-22], Shadangapaniya [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/50],[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]19/52] etc.  || <ref>Kamala A, Middha SK, Karigar CS. Plants in traditional medicine with special reference to Cyperus rotundus L.: a review. 3 Biotech. 2018;8(7):309. doi:10.1007/s13205-018-1328-6</ref>
 
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| |51. Pavonia odorata Willd. (udichya) or fragrant Sticky mallow  || Produces cooling effect (refrigerant), promoting digestion and carmination curing vomiting and diarrhea (Nirvapanadipaniyapachaniyachhardiatisarahara) ||-- || Pramathya in diarrhea (atisara) [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20-22]|| Properties of Pavonia odorata <ref>Kashima Y, Nakaya S, Miyazawa M. Volatile composition and sensory properties of Indian herbal medicine-Pavonia odorata-used in Ayurveda. J Oleo Sci. 2014;63(2):149-58. doi: 10.5650/jos.ess13125. Epub 2014 Jan 17. PMID: 24441709.</ref>
 
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| |52. Oroxylum indicun Vent. or free of heaven (shyonaka or katvanga)  || Has astringent effect and digestive stimulant,  (Sangrahikapachaniyadipaniyanam)|| -- || Citation needed || <ref>Begum, Mst & Islam, Azharul & Begum, Rayhana & Uddin, Md. Sahab & Rahman, Md. Sohanur & Alam, Sumiya & Akter, Wahida & Das, Munny & Imon, A.. (2019). Ethnopharmacological Inspections of Organic Extract of Oroxylum indicum in Rat Models: A Promising Natural Gift. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2019. 1-13. 10.1155/2019/1562038. </ref>
 
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| | 53. Hemidesmus indicus R.B. or Indian sarsaparilla (ananta) || Has astringent effect, curing bleeding disorders (sangrahikaraktapittaprashama) ||-- || Bhadrashriyadigana used in [[Raktapitta Chikitsa]] and other references like [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/76], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/82], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/101] || Citation needed
 
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| |54. Tinospora Cordifolia miers (guduchi/amrita)  || Acts as astringent, curative of [[vata]], promotes digestion, curative of vitiation of [[kapha]] and blood (sangrahikavataharadipaniyashleshmashonitavibandhaprashamana).|| || Formulations like Amrutaditailam and various other references in [[Vatarakta Chikitsa]] such as [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/71], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/121] etc. ||
 
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| | 55. Aegle Marmelos Corr or bael (bilva) || Has astringent effect, promote digestion, alleviating [[vata]] and [[kapha]] (sangrahikadipaniyavatakaphaprashamana) ||-- || Citation needed || Therapeutic potential of Aegle marmelos<ref>Rahman S, Parvin R. Therapeutic potential of Aegle marmelos (L.)-An overview. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2014;4(1):71-77. doi:10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60318-2</ref>
 
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| | 56. Aconitum Heterophylum wall or atips (ativisha) || Has astringent effect, promotes digestion, carmination and alleviates all the doshas or curative of all the disorders. (dipaniyapachaniyasangrahikasarvadoshaharanam) || || Gruel for diarrhoea [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/22] and numerous other references in [[Grahani Chikitsa]] and [[Atisara chikitsa]] and use as medicine for children due to its effect to reduce all [[dosha]] (sarvadoshaharatva) in formulations like balachaturbhadrachurna ||<ref>Turrini E, Catanzaro E, Muraro MG, et al. Hemidesmus indicus induces immunogenic death in human colorectal cancer cells. Oncotarget. 2018;9(36):24443-24456. Published 2018 May 11. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.25325</ref>
 
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| | 57.Pollens of Nymphaca alba Linn. (utpala), kumuda (a variety of utpala) and Nelumbo nucifera gaertn. (padma) or pollen of blue and white water lilies || Astringent effect, alleviating bleeding disorders (sangrahikaraktapittaprashamana). ||-- || Used in [[Raktapitta Chikitsa]] [Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/44], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]. 4/67] || <ref>Paudel, Keshav Raj, and Nisha Panth. “Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activity of Nelumbo nucifera.” Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine :eCAM vol. 2015 (2015): 789124. doi:10.1155/2015/789124</ref>
 
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| | 58. Fagonia cretica Linn. (duralabha) or cretsn prickly clover || Curative of [[pitta]] and [[kapha]] (pitta shleshmaprashamana)|| || Drulalabhasava [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/152-155] is indicated in bleeding disorders (raktapitta) and other disorders caused due to [[kapha]]. || Medicinal significance of Fagonia cretica <ref>Qureshi H, Asif S, Ahmed H, Al-Kahtani HA, Hayat K. Chemical composition and medicinal significance of Fagonia cretica: a review. Nat Prod Res. 2016;30(6):625-39. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1036268. Epub 2015 Apr 29. PMID: 25921950. </ref>
 
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| | 59. Callicarpa macrophylla Vahi. or the perfumed cherry (priyangu) || Alleviates the plethoric condition of blood and [[pitta]] (shonitapittatiyogaprashamana) ||--|| Callicarpa macrophylla (priyangu) is indicated as diet in treatment of bleeding disorders ([[Raktapitta Chikitsa]]) [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/36] as well as a medicine in bleeding disorders (raktapitta) [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/66], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/70], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/73], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/81], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/94] etc. It is included in Bhadrashriyadigana || <ref>Wang ZH, Niu C, Zhou DJ, Kong JC, Zhang WK. Three New Abietane-Type Diterpenoids from Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. Molecules. 2017;22(5):842. Published 2017 May 19. doi:10.3390/molecules22050842</ref>
 
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| | 60.Bark of Holarrhena antidyscenterica wall. or kurchi bark (kutaja) || Is an astringent and dessicant of [[kapha]], [[pitta]], and the blood (shlesma pitta raktasangrahikopsosananam). || --|| Formulations like Kutajadirasakriya [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/188-190], picchabasti, etc. Dalhana, commenting on [Su.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana.6/13] states that Kutajaphanita is indicated in bleeding piles associated with blood and [[pitta]] (kaphapittanubandharaktajaarshas)|| <ref>Jamadagni PS, Pawar SD, Jamadagni SB, Chougule S, Gaidhani SN, Murthy SN. Review of Holarrhena antidysenterica (L.) Wall. ex A. DC.: Pharmacognostic, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Perspective. Pharmacogn Rev. 2017;11(22):141-144. doi:10.4103/phrev.phrev_31_16</ref>
 
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| | 61.Fruit of Gmelina arboria (kashmari) or fruit of white teak || Causes haemostasis and cures bleeding disorders (raktapitta) (raktasangrahikaraktapittaprashamana) || || Gmelina arboria (kashmari) is indicated as diet in treatment of bleeding disorders [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/39]|| Citation needed
 
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| |  62. Uraria picta Desv. (prishniparni) or painted leaved uraria || Has astringent effect, alleviates [[vata]], promotes digestion and is aphrodisiac (sangrahikavataharadipaniyavrishyanam)|| || Citation needed || <ref>Jamadagni, Pallavi Shrirang et al. “Review of Holarrhenaantidysenterica (L.) Wall. ex A. DC.: Pharmacognostic, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Perspective.” Pharmacognosy reviews vol. 11,22 (2017): 141-144. doi:10.4103/phrev.phrev_31_16</ref>
 
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| | 63. Desmodium gangetium D.C. or tick trefoil  (shalaparni / vidarigandha) || Aphrodisiac and alleviates all [[dosha]]s. (Vrishyasarvadoshaharanam) || -- || Citation needed || <ref>Chauhan NS, Sharma V, Dixit VK, Thakur M. A review on plants used for improvement of sexual performance and virility. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:868062. doi:10.1155/2014/868062</ref>
 
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| | 64. Sida Cordifolia Linn. or the heart leaved sida (bala) || Has astringent effect, promotes strength and curative of [[vata]] (sangrahikopshoshananam). ||-- || Formulations like Balatailam, Amritaditailam etc.|| <ref>Momin MA, Bellah SF, Rahman SM, Rahman AA, Murshid GM, Emran TB. Phytopharmacological evaluation of ethanol extract of Sida cordifolia L. roots. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2014;4(1):18-24. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(14)60202-1</ref>
 
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| |65. Tribulus terrestris Linn. or the small calatrops (gokshura)  || Cures dysuria & [[vata]] (mutrakrichchraanilahara) || || Formulations like Sthiradighrita [Cha.Sa.[[ Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/23] and use in dysuria caused by [[vata]] (vatikamutrakrichra) [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/46] || <ref>Chhatre S, Nesari T, Somani G, Kanchan D, Sathaye S. Phytopharmacological overview of Tribulus terrestris. Pharmacogn Rev. 2014;8(15):45-51. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.125530</ref>
 
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| |66.Extract of Ferula narthex Boiss or asafoetida (hingu)  || Causes excision or splits up the morbid humours, digestive stimulant, corrective of peristalsis or downword movement of [[vata]]. Alleviates [[vata]] and [[kapha]] (chedaniyadipaniyaanulomikavatakaphaprashamananam)||-- || Formulations like Hingvadichurna and gutika [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79-84], Hingusauvarchaladyaghrita [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69-70] etc described in treatment of abdomimal lumbs ([[Gulma Chikitsa]]) || medicinal properties of Asafoetida<ref>Amalraj A, Gopi S. Biological activities and medicinal properties of Asafoetida: A review. J Tradit Complement Med. 2016;7(3):347-359. Published 2016 Dec 20. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.11.004</ref>
 
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| |67. Rheum emodi wall. (amlavetasa)  || Causes purgation (laxatives), digestive stimulant, corrective of peristalsis and curative of [[vata]] and [[kapha]] (bhedaniyadipaniyaanulomikavatashleshmanharanam).||-- || Formulations like Hingvadichurna and gutika [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79-84], Shatyadichurna and gutika [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86-90] and references like [Cha.Sa.[[ Chikitsa Sthana]]5/162], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/166] etc described in treatment of abdomimal lumbs ([[Gulma Chikitsa]]) || therapeutic uses of Rheum emodi wall. <ref>Zargar BA, Masoodi MH, Ahmed B, Ganie SA. Phytoconstituents and therapeutic uses of Rheum emodi wall. ex Meissn. Food Chem. 2011;128(3):585-589. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.083</ref>
 
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| | 68. Barley ash (yavasukah) || Has laxative effect causing carmination, relieves piles, (stramsanapachanaarshoghna)|| --|| Ingredient of Dashamooladyaghrita [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82-86], Ksharaghrta [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/171-172] described in [[Grahani Chikitsa]] || Citation needed
 
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| |69.Habitual use of buttermilk (takrabhyasa)  || Curetive effect on gastrointestinal disorders (grahani), oedema, piles, and complication due to improper administration of oleation therapy (grahanidoshashophaarshoghritvyapatprasaman) || || Formulations like Takraishta [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/120-121], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/72-75], Panchamooladyaghrita and choorna [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88-93], and references like [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/115-119], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]14/76-88] and [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/70-78]|| Properties of buttermilk <ref>Sodini I, Morin P, Olabi A, Jiménez-Flores R. Compositional and functional properties of buttermilk: a comparison between sweet, sour, and whey buttermilk. J Dairy Sci. 2006 Feb;89(2):525-36. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72115-4. PMID: 16428621.</ref>
 
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| | 70.Habitual use of meat soup of carnivorous animal (kravyadmamsarasaabhyas)|| Relieves gastrointestinal disorders (grahani), treatment of assimilation disorders, consumption and piles (grahanidoshashoshaarshoghnanam) || || References like [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/209-210], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/149-155] etc. || Citation needed
 
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| | 71.Habitual use of milk & ghee (kshiraghritabhyasa) || has rejuvenation properties (vitilizer) (rasayananam) || || Milk and ghee are advised to delay aging which indicates its rejuvenative effect. [A.Hr.Uttara Sthana 40/54] <ref name=Hridaya/>|| Citation needed
 
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| |73.Habitual gargling with sesame (tila) oil (tailagandushaabhyasa)  || Promotes taste of food and strength of teeth. (dantabalaruchikaranam)|| || It is advised in various disease conditions like sensitivity of teeth (data harsha), loose teeth (cala danta) where strength of the teeth are to be restored.[A.S.Sutra Sthana 31/4] || Citation needed
 
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| |74.Application of sandlewood paste  || Removes foul odour and removes burning sensation of body (durgandhahardahanirvapanlepananam) || || Shirishadipradeha [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/29], [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/31]|| <ref>Rajsmita B, Keshavamurthy V. Re-discovering Sandalwood: Beyond Beauty and Fragrance. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2019;10(3):296-297. doi:10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_357_18</ref>
 
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| | 75.Application of Pluchea lenciolata Oliver and Hiern. (rasna) or Indian groundsel and Aquilaria agalocha Roxb. (aguru) in ointment form or eagle wood || Application of these dispel coldness of body (shitapanayanpralepananam).||-- || [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 6/16] || Citation needed
 
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| |76. Geranium grass (Cymbopogon JivarancusaSchult) (lamajjaka) and Vetiveria Zizanioides Nash. (ushira) or cus-cus  || Cures burning sensation skin deseases and sweating (dahatvagadoshaswedapanayan). || || Shirishadipradeha [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/29]|| therapeutic use of Cymbopogon citratus<ref>Shah G, Shri R, Panchal V, Sharma N, Singh B, Mann AS. Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Cymbopogon citratus, stapf (Lemon grass). J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2011;2(1):3-8. doi:10.4103/2231-4040.79796</ref>
 
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| | 77.Massage and poultice of Saussurea lappa C.B. Clarke (kushtha) || Alleviates [[vata]] (vatahara) and useful in unctions and poultices (vataharaabhyangopanahopayoginan)|| || Citation needed || Citation needed
 
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| |  78. Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. or liquorice (madhuka) || Beneficial for eye, virility, hair, throat, complexion and promote pigmentation and healing (cakshushyavrishyakeshyakanthyavarnyaviranjaniya) || || Citation needed || <ref>Pastorino G, Cornara L, Soares S, Rodrigues F, Oliveira MBPP. Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra): A phytochemical and pharmacological review. Phytother Res. 2018;32(12):2323-2339. doi:10.1002/ptr.6178</ref>
 
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| |79.Fresh air (vayu)  || Restores animation and consciousness (or gives life) (pranasajnapradanahetunam) || -- || In a patient of coma (sanyasa), blowing , needling which helps to stimulate vayu is done to bring back the counsciousness.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 24/46/47] || Citation needed
 
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| | 80.Heat (agni) || Curative of indigestion (ama disorder), stiffness, chill, colic pain and shivering (ama stambhashitashulodvepanaprashamana)|| || Fomentation using sand (valukasveda) used in Rhematoid disorders (amavata) to alleviate stiffness, chill, pain etc. [Cakra dutta, AmavataChikitsa] <ref>Chakrapanidatta, Cakradatta (Chikitsasangraha). Edited by Priya Vrat Sharma. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha publishers; 2002</ref>|| Citation needed
 
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| | 81.Water (jala) || Produces astringent effect (stambhaniyanam)|| || Intra nasal drug administration ([[nasya]]) of plain water is advised in bleeding disorders (raktapitta) so as to arrest bleeding. [A.S.Sutra Sthana.29/8] <ref name=Sangraha/> || Citation needed
 
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| | 82.Water with a hot clod of earth plunged therein (mrudbhrushtaloshtranirvapitudaka) || Alleviates acute attack of thirst and vomiting (trishnachhardiatiyogaprashaman)|| || Water with a hot clod of earth plunged therein is advised in vomiting due to [[pitta]] (pittajachardi) [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/30] and in attack of thirst due to [[pitta]] (pittajatrishna) [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/45] || Citation needed
 
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==Classification of Agrya Dravya==
 
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The 152 entities can be better understood by categorizing them into these 6 sets.
 
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#Wholesome substances for both healthy and patients (swasthaturahita drayva).Eg: Food, Water, Milk, Meat, etc.
 
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#Wholesome actions for both healthy and patients (swasthaturahita karma).Eg: Emesis, Purgation, Enema, etc.
 
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#Unwholesome substances (swasthaturaahita dravya)Eg: Diospyros malabarica (tinduka), Limonia acidissima (kapittha), Ghee of sheep milk etc.
 
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#Food articles that are wholesome for patients (aturahita anna).Eg: Milk of goat, Milk of Buffalo, Sugarcane juice, etc.
 
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#Medicines that are wholesome for patients (aturahita aushadha).Eg: Randia dumetorum (madanaphala), Embelia ribes (vidanga), Pluchea lanceolata (rasna) etc.
 
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#A group of actions which are either wholesome or unwholesome (hita/ ahita karma)Eg: Suppression of natural urges (vega sandharanam), timely intake of food (kalabhojanam) etc.
 
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==Pathyam (wholesomeness)==
 
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Pathyam is another term for wholesomeness (hitam). The definition of pathya encompasses both body and mind (good for the body and pleasing for the mind). The wholesomeness of a substance/activity is in terms of the final effect that it brings about in the body and not in its immediate or local effect. For example, the use of bitter medicines is not pleasing for the mind when advised in fever (jvara), but when it cures the fever (jvara), the final result becomes pleasing for the mind. Thus, while advising pathya, it is necessary to counsel the patient to ensure patient compliance. In healthy, the wholesomeness can definitely be attributed to certain articles, but in patients, the wholesomeness of a particular substance is to be evaluated against various factors like the state of the disease, season, the quantity, etc. For example, though water in moderate quantity is pathya in healthy, it is forbidden in diseases like anemia (pandu), ascites (udara), piles (arsha) etc.Citation needed
 

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