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Line 472: − ==== Preparations of ''Trivrita'' in the form of ''Tarpana'' (soothing drink) ====+ Line 495:
Line 494: − ==== Preparation of ''Trivrita'' in the form of ''Modaka'' ====+ Line 508:
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Line 538: − ==== Preparation of ''Trivrita'' in the form of ''Modaka'' (No. 2) ====+ − ===== ''Kalyanaka guda'' =====+ Line 604:
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Line 1,088: − ==== Indications ====+ Line 1,096:
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Line 1,105: − ==== Twelve preparations ====+ − ==== Eighteen formulations ====+ − ==== Yashtimadhu combination ====+ − ==== Fourteen preparations ====+ − ==== Seven preparations ====+ − ==== Avaleha (linctus) ====+ − ==== Powder combinations ====+ − ==== Proportion of trivrita ====+ Line 1,160:
Line 1,159: − ==== Kalyanaka guda ====+ Line 1,171:
Line 1,170: − ==== Importance of Trivrita ====+ Line 1,181:
Line 1,180: − ==== Contraindication of purgation therapy and seasons affecting its efficacy ====+ Line 1,202:
Line 1,201: − ==== Enhancing palatability of formulation ====+ Line 1,220:
Line 1,219: − === References ===+ Line 1,231:
Line 1,230: − === Glossary === − #Sukumara - A person who belongs to an aristocratic family and who is tired easily on physical exercises and can not tolerate if the potency of the administered drug is high. − #Ksinva - Loss of tissues and water along with electrolytes. − #Vipatana - cutting a certain thing into its middle part. − #Visrta - spreading in large area − #Utsannadosa - Excessively aggravated dosa. − #Pumsavana - A drug or procedure using certain drugs to impart a male progeny. − #Musti – A measurement denoting a fist-full. − #Upajighrana - Inhalation of certain medicataments at a slower rate.
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== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
The action of ''Virechana'' drugs known as laxatives or purgatives or cathartics varies depending upon the drug used. The different varieties of drugs used in modern medicine act according to their structure and chemical composition. The latency and effect of all laxatives vary with dosage. In sufficiently high dosage, many laxatives promote catharsis, which implies purgation with more fluid evacuation. Generally many of the drugs used in [[Ayurveda]] for catharsis or laxative action are stimulant laxatives. These drugs stimulate accumulation of water and electrolytes in the colonic lumen and they also enhance intestinal motility. Anthraquinones that are present in many of the Ayurvedic drugs like ''Haritaki, Aragvadha'' or ''Trivrita'' exert their action similarly. They reduce net absorption of electrolytes and water and also increase the permeability of the mucosa, possibly by making tight junctions leaky. This persistent action allows fats to secrete through the intestinal mucosa there by reducing the overall levels of triglycerides in the body. Many of the laxatives of this type increase the synthesis of prostaglandins and this action may contribute to increased secretion of water and electrolytes and is a factor for the spasmodic pain during the process of catharsis. In the present chapter, purgative preparations of ''Trivrita'' are described.
The action of ''Virechana'' drugs known as laxatives or purgatives or cathartics varies depending upon the drug used. The different varieties of drugs used in modern medicine act according to their structure and chemical composition. The latency and effect of all laxatives vary with dosage. In sufficiently high dosage, many laxatives promote catharsis, which implies purgation with more fluid evacuation. Generally many of the drugs used in [[Ayurveda]] for catharsis or laxative action are stimulant laxatives. These drugs stimulate accumulation of water and electrolytes in the colonic lumen and they also enhance intestinal motility. Anthraquinones that are present in many of the Ayurvedic drugs like ''Haritaki, Aragvadha'' or ''Trivrita'' exert their action similarly. They reduce net absorption of electrolytes and water and also increase the permeability of the mucosa, possibly by making tight junctions leaky. This persistent action allows fats to secrete through the intestinal mucosa there by reducing the overall levels of triglycerides in the body. Many of the laxatives of this type increase the synthesis of prostaglandins and this action may contribute to increased secretion of water and electrolytes and is a factor for the spasmodic pain during the process of catharsis. In the present chapter, purgative preparations of ''Trivrita'' are described.
== Sanskrit Text, Transliteration with English Translation ==
अथातः श्यामात्रिवृत्कल्पं व्याख्यास्यामः ||१||
अथातः श्यामात्रिवृत्कल्पं व्याख्यास्यामः ||१||
iti ha smaha bhagavanatreyah||2||
iti ha smaha bhagavanatreyah||2||
Now, the chapter on the Pharmaceutical preparations using the plant drugs ''Shyama Trivrita'' is being explained. Thus said Lord Atreya.[1-2]
Now we shall expound the chapter "Shyamatrivrita Kalpa" (Pharmaceutical preparations of Shyama Trivrita). Thus said Lord Atreya.[1-2]
=== Importance of ''Trivrita'' as a Purgative ===
विरेचने त्रिवृन्मूलं श्रेष्ठमाहुर्मनीषिणः |
विरेचने त्रिवृन्मूलं श्रेष्ठमाहुर्मनीषिणः |
According to physicians who are knowledgeable and wise, the root of ''Trivrita'' is considered the best among the purgative drugs. Now, its identity in the form of Synonyms, Pharmacological properties, Therapeutic actions, varieties or types and recipes will be described (in the following verses). [3]
According to physicians who are knowledgeable and wise, the root of ''Trivrita'' is considered the best among the purgative drugs. Now, its identity in the form of Synonyms, Pharmacological properties, Therapeutic actions, varieties or types and recipes will be described (in the following verses). [3]
=== Identity and Synonyms ===
त्रिभण्डी त्रिवृता चैव श्यामा कूटरणा तथा |
त्रिभण्डी त्रिवृता चैव श्यामा कूटरणा तथा |
''Tribhandi, Trivrita, Shyama, Kutarana, Sarvanubhuti'' and ''Suvaha'' are the synonyms of the drug ''Trivrita''. [4]
''Tribhandi, Trivrita, Shyama, Kutarana, Sarvanubhuti'' and ''Suvaha'' are the synonyms of the drug ''Trivrita''. [4]
=== Properties ===
कषाया मधुरा रूक्षा विपाके कटुका च सा | <br />
कषाया मधुरा रूक्षा विपाके कटुका च सा | <br />
''Trivrita'' is astringent and sweet in taste, dry (not oily or creamy) and pungent in ''vipaka'' (post digestive effect). Due to its dry property it pacifies ''kapha'' and ''pitta'' and aggravates ''vata''. Even then, when utilized along with drugs which pacify ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha'' and also depending upon the combinations used in various pharmaceutical preparations, this drug attains the capacity of curing all types of diseases. [5-6]
''Trivrita'' is astringent and sweet in taste, dry (not oily or creamy) and pungent in ''vipaka'' (post digestive effect). Due to its dry property it pacifies ''kapha'' and ''pitta'' and aggravates ''vata''. Even then, when utilized along with drugs which pacify ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha'' and also depending upon the combinations used in various pharmaceutical preparations, this drug attains the capacity of curing all types of diseases. [5-6]
=== Types of ''Trivrita'' ===
मूलं तु द्विविधं तस्याः श्यामं चारुणमेव च |
मूलं तु द्विविधं तस्याः श्यामं चारुणमेव च |
Roots of the plant ''Trivrita'' are of two types. The one that is black (''shyama'') is more beneficial than the other blackish red one. [7]
Roots of the plant ''Trivrita'' are of two types. The one that is black (''shyama'') is more beneficial than the other blackish red one. [7]
=== Utility of Pink Variety ===
सुकुमारे शिशौ वृद्धे मृदुकोष्ठे च तच्छुभम् |
सुकुमारे शिशौ वृद्धे मृदुकोष्ठे च तच्छुभम् |
The root of the Trivruta having blackish red color can be used as a purgative drug, for persons having delicate health, for children, for aged and for persons having laxed bowel (''Mridu koshtha'') [7½]
The root of the Trivruta having blackish red color can be used as a purgative drug, for persons having delicate health, for children, for aged and for persons having laxed bowel (''Mridu koshtha'') [7½]
=== Utility of Black variety ===
मोहयेदाशुकारित्वाच्छ्यामा क्षिण्वीत मूर्च्छयेत् ||८||
मोहयेदाशुकारित्वाच्छ्यामा क्षिण्वीत मूर्च्छयेत् ||८||
The root of the ''Trivrita'' having black colour, when used for purgative action, due to its instantaneous action, leads to unconsciousness, loss (of tissue elements or in another sense, electrolytes) and fainting. Due to its rapid action, it causes spasmodic pain (torment) in the cardiac region and throat. It eliminates the morbid (accumulated) material instantaneously. Hence, this variety is highly useful in persons having excessively aggravated ''dosha'' and highly constipated bowel (''Krura koshtha'') [7 ½ -9]
The root of the ''Trivrita'' having black colour, when used for purgative action, due to its instantaneous action, leads to unconsciousness, loss (of tissue elements or in another sense, electrolytes) and fainting. Due to its rapid action, it causes spasmodic pain (torment) in the cardiac region and throat. It eliminates the morbid (accumulated) material instantaneously. Hence, this variety is highly useful in persons having excessively aggravated ''dosha'' and highly constipated bowel (''Krura koshtha'') [7 ½ -9]
=== Method of collection ===
गुणवत्यां तयोर्भूमौ जातं मूलं समुद्धरेत् |
गुणवत्यां तयोर्भूमौ जातं मूलं समुद्धरेत् |
Both the varieties of the ''Trivrita'' root, growing in good soil, should be uprooted from the ground by a person who has observed fast, in ''Shukla Paksha'', who is wearing white colored formal clothing and who has got concentration of mind. The roots should have deeply penetrated, smooth (without nodes or side roots), and not spreading sideways. Then, these roots are to be split and the pith is to be removed. Then, the root bark is to be separated. When the bark of the root is completely dried, it is to be appropriately preserved. [10-11]
Both the varieties of the ''Trivrita'' root, growing in good soil, should be uprooted from the ground by a person who has observed fast, in ''Shukla Paksha'', who is wearing white colored formal clothing and who has got concentration of mind. The roots should have deeply penetrated, smooth (without nodes or side roots), and not spreading sideways. Then, these roots are to be split and the pith is to be removed. Then, the root bark is to be separated. When the bark of the root is completely dried, it is to be appropriately preserved. [10-11]
=== Preparatory measures ===
स्निग्धस्विन्नो विरेच्यस्तु पेयामात्रोषितः सुखम् |१२|
स्निग्धस्विन्नो विरेच्यस्तु पेयामात्रोषितः सुखम् |१२|
The person who has undergone oleation and fomentation therapies (who is ready to be given purgative drug the next day, is to be given ''peya'' (gruel made of cereals, which is thin) as food in the previous night so that, he purges with ease (in the next morning, after administration of the purgative drug). [11 ½]
The person who has undergone oleation and fomentation therapies (who is ready to be given purgative drug the next day, is to be given ''peya'' (gruel made of cereals, which is thin) as food in the previous night so that, he purges with ease (in the next morning, after administration of the purgative drug). [11 ½]
=== Preparations of ''Trivrita'' along with sour liquid etc. ===
अक्षमात्रं तयोः पिण्डं विनीयाम्लेन ना पिबेत् ||१२||
अक्षमात्रं तयोः पिण्डं विनीयाम्लेन ना पिबेत् ||१२||
Similarly, urine of cow, sheep, goat or she-buffalo, vinegar (''sauviraka''), a sour drink prepared of raw barley (''tushodaka''), a type of diluted wine (''Prasanna'') or the decoction of ''Triphala'' should be used separately to take this paste of ''Trivrita''. [11 ½ - 13]
Similarly, urine of cow, sheep, goat or she-buffalo, vinegar (''sauviraka''), a sour drink prepared of raw barley (''tushodaka''), a type of diluted wine (''Prasanna'') or the decoction of ''Triphala'' should be used separately to take this paste of ''Trivrita''. [11 ½ - 13]
=== Preparations of ''Trivrita'' in powder form ===
एकैकं सैन्धवादीनां द्वादशानां सनागरम् | <br />
एकैकं सैन्धवादीनां द्वादशानां सनागरम् | <br />
Two parts of ''Trivrita'' root powder may be mixed with one part of salt out of its twelve types (''Saindhava, Sauvarchala, Kala, Bida, Pakya, Anupa, Kupya, Valukaja, Maulaka, Samudra, Romaka,'' and ''Audbhida''). These preparations should be taken in along with ''Nagara'' (dry ginger powder) and hot water. [14]
Two parts of ''Trivrita'' root powder may be mixed with one part of salt out of its twelve types (''Saindhava, Sauvarchala, Kala, Bida, Pakya, Anupa, Kupya, Valukaja, Maulaka, Samudra, Romaka,'' and ''Audbhida''). These preparations should be taken in along with ''Nagara'' (dry ginger powder) and hot water. [14]
=== Preparations of ''Trivrita'' to be taken along with Cow Urine ===
पिप्पली पिप्पलीमूलं मरिचं गजपिप्पली | <br />
पिप्पली पिप्पलीमूलं मरिचं गजपिप्पली | <br />
One part of ''Trivrita'' root powdered should be added with half part of the powder of either ''Pippali, Pippalimula, Maricha, Gajapippali, Sarala, Kilima, Hingu, Bharngi, Tejovati, Musta, Haimavati, Pathya, Chitraka, Rajani (Haridra), Vacha, Svarna Kshiri, Ajamoda,'' or ''Shringavera''. Any one of these may be taken in, along with cow urine for purgation. [15-16- 16 ½]
One part of ''Trivrita'' root powdered should be added with half part of the powder of either ''Pippali, Pippalimula, Maricha, Gajapippali, Sarala, Kilima, Hingu, Bharngi, Tejovati, Musta, Haimavati, Pathya, Chitraka, Rajani (Haridra), Vacha, Svarna Kshiri, Ajamoda,'' or ''Shringavera''. Any one of these may be taken in, along with cow urine for purgation. [15-16- 16 ½]
=== Preparation of ''Trivrita'' along with ''Madhuka'' ===
मधुकार्धांशसंयुक्तं शर्कराम्बुयुतं पिबेत् ||१७||
मधुकार्धांशसंयुक्तं शर्कराम्बुयुतं पिबेत् ||१७||
Half part of ''Madhuka'' (''Yashtimadhu'') powder may be added with one part of ''Trivrita'' powder this mixture can be taken in along with sugar water for purgation. [17]
Half part of ''Madhuka'' (''Yashtimadhu'') powder may be added with one part of ''Trivrita'' powder this mixture can be taken in along with sugar water for purgation. [17]
=== Preparations of ''Trivrita'' along with ''Jivaka'', etc. ===
जीवकर्षभकौ मेदां श्रावणीं कर्काटाह्वयाम् | <br />
जीवकर्षभकौ मेदां श्रावणीं कर्काटाह्वयाम् | <br />
The powder of ''Trivrita'' can be taken along with the powder of either, ''Jivaka, Rhushbhaka, Meda, Shravani (Mundi), Karkatashringi, Mudgaparni, Mashaparni, Maha-shravani, Kakoli, Kshirakakoli, Indra (Indravaruni), Chinna riha (Guduchi), Kshirashukla (Kshiravidari)'' or ''Payasya (Arka-puspha)'' for purgation. Similarly, the powder of ''Trivrita'' root can be taken along with ''Yashtimadhu (Madhuka)'' for purgation. The above mentioned preparations are useful for diseases caused by ''vata'' and ''pitta''. The preparations that will be useful for the diseases caused by ''vata'' and ''pitta'' will be described later. [18 –19½]
The powder of ''Trivrita'' can be taken along with the powder of either, ''Jivaka, Rhushbhaka, Meda, Shravani (Mundi), Karkatashringi, Mudgaparni, Mashaparni, Maha-shravani, Kakoli, Kshirakakoli, Indra (Indravaruni), Chinna riha (Guduchi), Kshirashukla (Kshiravidari)'' or ''Payasya (Arka-puspha)'' for purgation. Similarly, the powder of ''Trivrita'' root can be taken along with ''Yashtimadhu (Madhuka)'' for purgation. The above mentioned preparations are useful for diseases caused by ''vata'' and ''pitta''. The preparations that will be useful for the diseases caused by ''vata'' and ''pitta'' will be described later. [18 –19½]
=== Preparations of Trivrita, to be taken along with liquids ===
क्षीरमांसेक्षुकाश्मर्यद्राक्षापीलुरसैः पृथक् ||२०||
क्षीरमांसेक्षुकाश्मर्यद्राक्षापीलुरसैः पृथक् ||२०||
One part of the ''Trivrita'' root powdered mixed with half part of powdered ''haritaki'' may be taken in along with either, Milk, Meat-soup, Sugar cane juice, Fruit juice of ''Kashmarya (Gambhari)'', Fruit juice of ''Draksha'' (grapes), Fruit Juice of ''Pilu'', or Ghee, for purgation. [19 ½ - 20½]
One part of the ''Trivrita'' root powdered mixed with half part of powdered ''haritaki'' may be taken in along with either, Milk, Meat-soup, Sugar cane juice, Fruit juice of ''Kashmarya (Gambhari)'', Fruit juice of ''Draksha'' (grapes), Fruit Juice of ''Pilu'', or Ghee, for purgation. [19 ½ - 20½]
=== Preparation of ''Trivrita'' in the form of Linctus (No. 1) ===
लिह्याद्वा मधुसर्पिर्भ्यां संयुक्तं ससितोपलम् ||२१||
लिह्याद्वा मधुसर्पिर्भ्यां संयुक्तं ससितोपलम् ||२१||
(Powered root of ''Trivrita'' may be) added with honey and ghee (to form a linctus). Then, crudely powdered sugar candy is added to it (and taken in for purgation) [21]
(Powered root of ''Trivrita'' may be) added with honey and ghee (to form a linctus). Then, crudely powdered sugar candy is added to it (and taken in for purgation) [21]
=== Preparation of ''Trivrita'' in the form of linctus (No. 2) ===
अजगन्धा तुगाक्षीरी विदारी शर्करा त्रिवृत् | <br />
अजगन्धा तुगाक्षीरी विदारी शर्करा त्रिवृत् | <br />
The powders of ''Ajagandha, Tugakshiri, Vidari, Sarkara'' (sugar) and ''Trivrita'' may be mixed with honey and ghee. This linctus taken in, is useful as a mild purgative, for the patient suffering from ''Sannipata Jwara'' (fevers caused by aggravation of all the three ''doshas''), ''Stambha'' (either retention of urine and faeces or generalized stiffness of the body), ''Daha'' (burning sensation in some parts or throughout the body) and ''Trishna'' (Thirst due to some underlying pathology). [22- 22 ½]
The powders of ''Ajagandha, Tugakshiri, Vidari, Sarkara'' (sugar) and ''Trivrita'' may be mixed with honey and ghee. This linctus taken in, is useful as a mild purgative, for the patient suffering from ''Sannipata Jwara'' (fevers caused by aggravation of all the three ''doshas''), ''Stambha'' (either retention of urine and faeces or generalized stiffness of the body), ''Daha'' (burning sensation in some parts or throughout the body) and ''Trishna'' (Thirst due to some underlying pathology). [22- 22 ½]
=== Preparation of ''Trivrita'' in the form of linctus (No. 3) ===
श्यामात्रिवृत्कषायेण कल्केन च सशर्करम् ||२३||
श्यामात्रिवृत्कषायेण कल्केन च सशर्करम् ||२३||
With the decoction and paste (either dried powder or wet paste) of the black variety of Trivruta root, a linctus is to be prepared following the prescribed procedure) using sugar (as a solvent). In a dose of one ''panitala'' this linctus can be taken in (for purgation). [22 ½ - 23½]
With the decoction and paste (either dried powder or wet paste) of the black variety of Trivruta root, a linctus is to be prepared following the prescribed procedure) using sugar (as a solvent). In a dose of one ''panitala'' this linctus can be taken in (for purgation). [22 ½ - 23½]
=== Preparation of ''Trivrita'' in the form of linctus (No. 4) ===
सक्षौद्रां शर्करां पक्त्वा कुर्यान्मृद्भाजने नवे ||२४||
सक्षौद्रां शर्करां पक्त्वा कुर्यान्मृद्भाजने नवे ||२४||
Sugar and honey are mixed well and boiled (till the sugar is completely dissolved) in a new earthen vessel. When it is properly cooked and cooled, powdered ''Trivrita'' may be added to it, along with powders of ''Tvak'' (Cinnamon bark), ''Patra'' (Cinnamon leaves) and ''Maricha'' (black pepper) are added to it. This linctus can be taken in, in the prescribed and suitable dose. This is a useful purgative for persons belonging to the upper class. [2 ½ - 25]
Sugar and honey are mixed well and boiled (till the sugar is completely dissolved) in a new earthen vessel. When it is properly cooked and cooled, powdered ''Trivrita'' may be added to it, along with powders of ''Tvak'' (Cinnamon bark), ''Patra'' (Cinnamon leaves) and ''Maricha'' (black pepper) are added to it. This linctus can be taken in, in the prescribed and suitable dose. This is a useful purgative for persons belonging to the upper class. [2 ½ - 25]
=== Preparation of ''Trivrita'' in the form of Linctus (No. 5) ===
कुडवांशान् रसानिक्षुद्राक्षापीलुपरुषकात् | <br />
कुडवांशान् रसानिक्षुद्राक्षापीलुपरुषकात् | <br />
Each one ''kudava'' (approx 200 ml) of the juices of ''Ikshu, Draksha, Pilu'' and ''Parushaka,'' one ''pala'' (approx.48g) of ''Sitopala'' (sugar candy) and half a ''kudava'' (approx 100 ml) of honey are to be boiled together. When it is cooled, powdered ''Trivrita'' is to be added to it by experts (in the field of such preparations) and made into linctus. This preparation is highly useful as a purgative for those persons, who are having excessively aggravated ''pitta dosha'' and who are from the upper classes of the society. [26-27]
Each one ''kudava'' (approx 200 ml) of the juices of ''Ikshu, Draksha, Pilu'' and ''Parushaka,'' one ''pala'' (approx.48g) of ''Sitopala'' (sugar candy) and half a ''kudava'' (approx 100 ml) of honey are to be boiled together. When it is cooled, powdered ''Trivrita'' is to be added to it by experts (in the field of such preparations) and made into linctus. This preparation is highly useful as a purgative for those persons, who are having excessively aggravated ''pitta dosha'' and who are from the upper classes of the society. [26-27]
=== Preparations of ''Trivrita'' with Sugar ===
शर्करामोदकान् वर्तीर्गुलिकामांसपूपकान् | <br />
शर्करामोदकान् वर्तीर्गुलिकामांसपूपकान् | <br />
Following the same method (as mentioned in the above verses) preparations may be done in the form of ''Sharkara modaka'' (round, ball like sweets made of sugar), ''Sharkara varti'' (rolls made of sugar), ''Sharkaragulika'' (Pills made with sugar) and ''Sharkara mamsapupaka'' (Cake prepared with sugar and meat). These preparations are useful as purgatives for those persons, suffering from diseases caused by ''pitta dosha'' [28]
Following the same method (as mentioned in the above verses) preparations may be done in the form of ''Sharkara modaka'' (round, ball like sweets made of sugar), ''Sharkara varti'' (rolls made of sugar), ''Sharkaragulika'' (Pills made with sugar) and ''Sharkara mamsapupaka'' (Cake prepared with sugar and meat). These preparations are useful as purgatives for those persons, suffering from diseases caused by ''pitta dosha'' [28]
=== Preparations of ''Trivrita'' in the form of linctus (No. 6) ===
पिप्पलीं नागरं क्षारं श्यामां त्रिवृतया सह | <br />
पिप्पलीं नागरं क्षारं श्यामां त्रिवृतया सह | <br />
To this mixed powder, honey may be added and can be taken in, in the form of linctus for purgation for those having ''kapha'' type of constitution or for those persons suffering from disease due to the aggravation of ''kapha''.
To this mixed powder, honey may be added and can be taken in, in the form of linctus for purgation for those having ''kapha'' type of constitution or for those persons suffering from disease due to the aggravation of ''kapha''.
=== Preparation of ''Trivrita'' in the form of linctus (No. 7) ===
मातुलुङ्गाभयाधात्रीश्रीपर्णीकोलदाडिमात् |<br />
मातुलुङ्गाभयाधात्रीश्रीपर्णीकोलदाडिमात् |<br />
The juice of ''Matulunga, Abhaya, Dhatri, Shriparni, Kola'' and ''Dadima'' are to be properly sizzled (fried till a hissing sound comes out) and cooked in oil by adding the pulp of ''Sahakara'' (mango), ''Kapittha'' (wood apple) and ''Matulunga'' (Sour fruit). When the preparation starts concentrating, the powder of ''Trivrita'', root along with the powders of ''Tvak, Patra, Keshara'' and ''Ela'' are to be added. Finally honey is to be added to make linctus. Intake of this linctus in appropriate dose is useful as a purgative for those persons from upper classes.[30-32]
The juice of ''Matulunga, Abhaya, Dhatri, Shriparni, Kola'' and ''Dadima'' are to be properly sizzled (fried till a hissing sound comes out) and cooked in oil by adding the pulp of ''Sahakara'' (mango), ''Kapittha'' (wood apple) and ''Matulunga'' (Sour fruit). When the preparation starts concentrating, the powder of ''Trivrita'', root along with the powders of ''Tvak, Patra, Keshara'' and ''Ela'' are to be added. Finally honey is to be added to make linctus. Intake of this linctus in appropriate dose is useful as a purgative for those persons from upper classes.[30-32]
=== Preparations of ''Trivrita'' in the form of Syrup etc. ===
पानकानि रसान् यूषान्मोदकान् रागषाडवान् |<br />
पानकानि रसान् यूषान्मोदकान् रागषाडवान् |<br />
Similar to the above mentioned procedure, the preparations (of ''Trivrita'') are to be made in the forms of ''Panak'' (syrup), ''Rasa'' (meat soup), ''Yusha'' (pulse-soup), ''Modaka'' (sweet-meat), and ''Raga'' – ''shadava'' (sour drinks with and pungent taste). These preparations can be administered for purgation to persons having aggravated ''kapha''. [33]
Similar to the above mentioned procedure, the preparations (of ''Trivrita'') are to be made in the forms of ''Panak'' (syrup), ''Rasa'' (meat soup), ''Yusha'' (pulse-soup), ''Modaka'' (sweet-meat), and ''Raga'' – ''shadava'' (sour drinks with and pungent taste). These preparations can be administered for purgation to persons having aggravated ''kapha''. [33]
=== Preparations of ''Trivrita'' in the form of ''Tarpana'' (soothing drink) ===
भृङ्गैलाभ्यां समा नीली तैस्त्रिवृत्तैश्च शर्करा |<br />
भृङ्गैलाभ्यां समा नीली तैस्त्रिवृत्तैश्च शर्करा |<br />
A ''Tarpana'' or soothing drink should be prepared by adding the powder of one part of ''Bhringa'', one part of ''Ela'' (Cinnamon bark), two parts of ''Nili'', three parts of ''Trivrita'' and seven parts of sugar to the juice of ''Dadima'', honey and powder of pop-rice or barley. This is a very safe purgative preparation for the patients suffering from diseases due to ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha'', for persons having low digestive fire and for persons who are very much tender or delicate. [34-35]
A ''Tarpana'' or soothing drink should be prepared by adding the powder of one part of ''Bhringa'', one part of ''Ela'' (Cinnamon bark), two parts of ''Nili'', three parts of ''Trivrita'' and seven parts of sugar to the juice of ''Dadima'', honey and powder of pop-rice or barley. This is a very safe purgative preparation for the patients suffering from diseases due to ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha'', for persons having low digestive fire and for persons who are very much tender or delicate. [34-35]
=== Preparation of ''Trivrita'' in the form of ''Modaka'' ===
शर्करात्रिफलाश्यामात्रिवृत्पिप्पलिमाक्षिकैः |<br />
शर्करात्रिफलाश्यामात्रिवृत्पिप्पलिमाक्षिकैः |<br />
A ''Modaka'' (large sized round sweet-meat) may be prepared using sugar, ''Haritaki, Vibhitaki, and Amalaki'', black variety of ''Trivrita'' roots, ''Pippali'' and honey. Intake of this preparation cures ''Sannipata'' (simultaneous aggravation of all the three ''doshas'' and diseases caused there upon), ''Urdhva Raktapitta'' (bleeding from the opening of the upper parts of the body like mouth or nose) and fever. [36]
A ''Modaka'' (large sized round sweet-meat) may be prepared using sugar, ''Haritaki, Vibhitaki, and Amalaki'', black variety of ''Trivrita'' roots, ''Pippali'' and honey. Intake of this preparation cures ''Sannipata'' (simultaneous aggravation of all the three ''doshas'' and diseases caused there upon), ''Urdhva Raktapitta'' (bleeding from the opening of the upper parts of the body like mouth or nose) and fever. [36]
=== Preparation of ''Trivrita'' in the form of linctus (No. 8) ===
त्रिवृच्छाणा मतास्तिस्रस्तिस्रश्च त्रिफलात्वचः |<br />
त्रिवृच्छाणा मतास्तिस्रस्तिस्रश्च त्रिफलात्वचः |<br />
Three ''shanas'' of ''Trivrita'' powder is to be added with one ''shana'' rind powders of ''Haritaki, Vibhitaki, Amalaki,'' ''Vidanga'', ''Pippali'' and ''Kshara'' (an alkali preparation). This compounded powder may be mixed with ghee and honey and made to linctus or to an ''Modaka'' (round large sized sweet meat) using jaggery. This is considered as a good purgative and a person using it need not follow any dietary or any other restrictions. If this preparation is taken in, it can cure ''gulma'' (benign tumors of intestines), ''Plihodara'' (splenomegaly), ''Shvasa'' (broncho-spasm), ''Halimaka'' (chronic hepatitis), ''Arochaka'' (anorexia) and other such diseases caused by the aggravation of ''kapha'' and ''vata'' [37-39]
Three ''shanas'' of ''Trivrita'' powder is to be added with one ''shana'' rind powders of ''Haritaki, Vibhitaki, Amalaki,'' ''Vidanga'', ''Pippali'' and ''Kshara'' (an alkali preparation). This compounded powder may be mixed with ghee and honey and made to linctus or to an ''Modaka'' (round large sized sweet meat) using jaggery. This is considered as a good purgative and a person using it need not follow any dietary or any other restrictions. If this preparation is taken in, it can cure ''gulma'' (benign tumors of intestines), ''Plihodara'' (splenomegaly), ''Shvasa'' (broncho-spasm), ''Halimaka'' (chronic hepatitis), ''Arochaka'' (anorexia) and other such diseases caused by the aggravation of ''kapha'' and ''vata'' [37-39]
=== Preparation of ''Trivrita'' in the form of ''Modaka'' (No. 2) ===
==== ''Kalyanaka guda'' ====
विडङ्गपिप्पलीमूलत्रिफलाधान्यचित्रकान् |<br />
विडङ्गपिप्पलीमूलत्रिफलाधान्यचित्रकान् |<br />
Each one ''karsha'' (around 12 grams) of ''Vidanga, Pippalimula, Triphala, Dhanyaka, Chitraka, Maricha, Indrayava, Ajaji Hasti pippali, Saindhava lavana, Samudra lavana, Vida lavana, Sauvarchala lavana, Audbhida lavana'' and ''Ajamoda'' are to be powdered separately and mixed together. Then, each eight ''pala'' (around 320 grams) of sesame oil and powdered root of ''Trivrita'' are added. Then, three ''prasthas'' (around 2.20 litres) juice of ''Amalaki'' and half a ''tula'' of jaggery are added to the entire material and cooked over mild fire. (When, it is completely cooked), round pills (''Guda'') of the size of ''Badara'' or ''Udumbara'' are made from the compound. While taking in these pills, there is no need of restrictions of food or any other regimen. Utilization of this purgative drug relieves loss of digestive power (''Mandagni''), fever (''Jwara''), fainting (''Murchcha''), dysuria (''Mutrakrichchra''), anorexia (''Arochaka''), insomnia (''Asvapna''), body pains (''Gatrashula''), cough (''Kasa''), bronchitis (''Shvasa''), vertigo (''Bhrama''), loss of tissues (''Kshaya''), skin diseases (''Kushtha''), haemorrhoids (''Arshas''), jaundice (''Kamala''), urinary tract diseases including diabetes (''Meha''), benign tumors of the intestines (''Gulma''), diseases of the visceral organs (''Udara''), fistula-in-ano (''Bhagandara''), dysentery (''Grahani''), and anaemia (''Panduroga''). This medicinal preparation also helps in conceiving a male progeny (''pumsavana''). The preparation, thus made and used is known as ''Kalyanaka guda'' and can be used in all seasons [40-45 ½]
Each one ''karsha'' (around 12 grams) of ''Vidanga, Pippalimula, Triphala, Dhanyaka, Chitraka, Maricha, Indrayava, Ajaji Hasti pippali, Saindhava lavana, Samudra lavana, Vida lavana, Sauvarchala lavana, Audbhida lavana'' and ''Ajamoda'' are to be powdered separately and mixed together. Then, each eight ''pala'' (around 320 grams) of sesame oil and powdered root of ''Trivrita'' are added. Then, three ''prasthas'' (around 2.20 litres) juice of ''Amalaki'' and half a ''tula'' of jaggery are added to the entire material and cooked over mild fire. (When, it is completely cooked), round pills (''Guda'') of the size of ''Badara'' or ''Udumbara'' are made from the compound. While taking in these pills, there is no need of restrictions of food or any other regimen. Utilization of this purgative drug relieves loss of digestive power (''Mandagni''), fever (''Jwara''), fainting (''Murchcha''), dysuria (''Mutrakrichchra''), anorexia (''Arochaka''), insomnia (''Asvapna''), body pains (''Gatrashula''), cough (''Kasa''), bronchitis (''Shvasa''), vertigo (''Bhrama''), loss of tissues (''Kshaya''), skin diseases (''Kushtha''), haemorrhoids (''Arshas''), jaundice (''Kamala''), urinary tract diseases including diabetes (''Meha''), benign tumors of the intestines (''Gulma''), diseases of the visceral organs (''Udara''), fistula-in-ano (''Bhagandara''), dysentery (''Grahani''), and anaemia (''Panduroga''). This medicinal preparation also helps in conceiving a male progeny (''pumsavana''). The preparation, thus made and used is known as ''Kalyanaka guda'' and can be used in all seasons [40-45 ½]
=== Preparation of ''Trivrita'' in the form of ''Modaka'' ( bolus)(No. 3) ===
व्योषत्वक्पत्रमुस्तैलाविडङ्गामलकाभयाः |<br />
व्योषत्वक्पत्रमुस्तैलाविडङ्गामलकाभयाः |<br />
Each one part of ''Shunthi, Pippali, Maricha, Tvak, Patra, Musta, Ela, Vidanga, Amalaki'' and ''Haritaki,'' two parts of ''Mukulaka'' (''Danti''), eight parts of ''Trivrita'' and six parts of sugar are to be made into powder. To this compound, honey is added and ''Gudika'' (round large pills), each weighing one ''pala'' (around 40 grams) are to be made. One such pill is to be consumed early in the morning after rising from the bed. Cool water can be taken in along with the pill. This is very much useful in dysuria (''Mutrakrchchra''), fever (''Jwara''), vomiting (''Vami''), cough (''Kasa''), bronchial spasm (''Shwasa''), vertigo (''Bhrama''), tissue loss (''Kshaya'') burning sensation (''Tapa''), anemia (''Pandu'') and loss of digestive fire (''Alpagni''). It can be used without following any restrictions regarding food or regimen. It can be used as an excellent purgative drug in all cases of poisoning and also in cases of diseases of urinary tract. [45 ½ - 49½]
Each one part of ''Shunthi, Pippali, Maricha, Tvak, Patra, Musta, Ela, Vidanga, Amalaki'' and ''Haritaki,'' two parts of ''Mukulaka'' (''Danti''), eight parts of ''Trivrita'' and six parts of sugar are to be made into powder. To this compound, honey is added and ''Gudika'' (round large pills), each weighing one ''pala'' (around 40 grams) are to be made. One such pill is to be consumed early in the morning after rising from the bed. Cool water can be taken in along with the pill. This is very much useful in dysuria (''Mutrakrchchra''), fever (''Jwara''), vomiting (''Vami''), cough (''Kasa''), bronchial spasm (''Shwasa''), vertigo (''Bhrama''), tissue loss (''Kshaya'') burning sensation (''Tapa''), anemia (''Pandu'') and loss of digestive fire (''Alpagni''). It can be used without following any restrictions regarding food or regimen. It can be used as an excellent purgative drug in all cases of poisoning and also in cases of diseases of urinary tract. [45 ½ - 49½]
=== Preparation of ''Trivrita'' in the form of ''Modaka'' (bolus) (No. 4) ===
पथ्याधात्र्युरुबूकाणां प्रसृतौ द्वौ त्रिवृत्पलम् ||५०||
पथ्याधात्र्युरुबूकाणां प्रसृतौ द्वौ त्रिवृत्पलम् ||५०||
One ''pala'' (around 50 grams) of ''Trivrita'' powder may be added with two ''prasrita'' (around 180 grams) powder of ''Pathya, Dhatri'' and ''Urubuka'' (root bark powder of Castor plant). (After adding sufficient quantity of honey), ten large sized bolus like pills may be prepared. This is ideal for upper class persons and delicate persons for purgation. [49½ - 50½]
One ''pala'' (around 50 grams) of ''Trivrita'' powder may be added with two ''prasrita'' (around 180 grams) powder of ''Pathya, Dhatri'' and ''Urubuka'' (root bark powder of Castor plant). (After adding sufficient quantity of honey), ten large sized bolus like pills may be prepared. This is ideal for upper class persons and delicate persons for purgation. [49½ - 50½]
=== Preparation of ''Trivrita'' in the form of ''Modaka'' (bolus) (no.5) ===
त्रिवृद्धैमवती श्यामा नीलिनी हस्तिपिप्पली ||५१||<br />
त्रिवृद्धैमवती श्यामा नीलिनी हस्तिपिप्पली ||५१||<br />
Each one ''karsha'' (around 12 grams) of the ''Trivrita'' powder (the variety having pink roots), ''Haimavati'' (rind of ''Haritaki''). ''Shyama'' (the variety having black roots) ''Nilini, Hastipippali, Pippalimula, Musta, Ajamoda'' and ''Duralabha'', one ''pala'' of ''Nagara'' and twenty ''pala'' of jaggery are mixed together. ''Modakas'' (large pills of the size of ''Udumbara'' fruit may be preferred using the above said paste like mixture. These ''modakas'' are to be rolled well in a compounded powder of ''Hingu, Sauvarchala lavana, Vyosha (Trikatu), Yavani, Bidalavana, Jiraka, Vacha, Ajagandha, Triphala, Chavya, Chitraka, Dhanyaka, Tumburu'' and ''Dadima'' (bark powder), till the ''modakas'' (bolus) are covered completely. These ''modakas'' are positively indicated in pain in the Lumbo-Sacral area (''Trika''), inguinal area (''Vamkshana''), Cardiac or epigastric region (''Hridaya''), pelvic area (''Vasti'') and umbilical area (''Koshtha''), hemorrhoids (''Arshas''), Splenic disorders (''Plihashula''), hiccup (''Hikka''), Cough (''Kasa''), anorexia (''Aruchi''), bronchial spasm (''Shwasa'') and reversed peristalsis due to the obstruction in the stomach due to aggravated ''kapha'' (''kaphaja udavarta''). [50½ -55]
Each one ''karsha'' (around 12 grams) of the ''Trivrita'' powder (the variety having pink roots), ''Haimavati'' (rind of ''Haritaki''). ''Shyama'' (the variety having black roots) ''Nilini, Hastipippali, Pippalimula, Musta, Ajamoda'' and ''Duralabha'', one ''pala'' of ''Nagara'' and twenty ''pala'' of jaggery are mixed together. ''Modakas'' (large pills of the size of ''Udumbara'' fruit may be preferred using the above said paste like mixture. These ''modakas'' are to be rolled well in a compounded powder of ''Hingu, Sauvarchala lavana, Vyosha (Trikatu), Yavani, Bidalavana, Jiraka, Vacha, Ajagandha, Triphala, Chavya, Chitraka, Dhanyaka, Tumburu'' and ''Dadima'' (bark powder), till the ''modakas'' (bolus) are covered completely. These ''modakas'' are positively indicated in pain in the Lumbo-Sacral area (''Trika''), inguinal area (''Vamkshana''), Cardiac or epigastric region (''Hridaya''), pelvic area (''Vasti'') and umbilical area (''Koshtha''), hemorrhoids (''Arshas''), Splenic disorders (''Plihashula''), hiccup (''Hikka''), Cough (''Kasa''), anorexia (''Aruchi''), bronchial spasm (''Shwasa'') and reversed peristalsis due to the obstruction in the stomach due to aggravated ''kapha'' (''kaphaja udavarta''). [50½ -55]
=== Purgative preparation of ''Trivrita'' useful in Rainy season ===
त्रिवृतां कौटजं बीजं पिप्पलीं विश्वभेषजम् |<br />
त्रिवृतां कौटजं बीजं पिप्पलीं विश्वभेषजम् |<br />
The powder of ''Trivrita, Kutajabija, Pippali'' and ''Vishvabheshaja'' (''Shunthi'') are to be mixed with honey and grape juice. This preparation is useful as a purgative in rainy reason. [56]
The powder of ''Trivrita, Kutajabija, Pippali'' and ''Vishvabheshaja'' (''Shunthi'') are to be mixed with honey and grape juice. This preparation is useful as a purgative in rainy reason. [56]
=== Preparation of ''Trivrita'' useful in post-rainy season ===
त्रिवृद्दुरालभामुस्तशर्करोदीच्यचन्दनम् |<br />
त्रिवृद्दुरालभामुस्तशर्करोदीच्यचन्दनम् |<br />
The powder of ''Trivrita, Duralabha, Musta, Sugar, Udichya'' (''Balaka''), ''Chandana, Yashti'' and ''Satala'' (''charmakasa'') may be token in along with ''Drakshambu'' (grape water) for purgation. This preparation is useful in post-rainy season.[57]
The powder of ''Trivrita, Duralabha, Musta, Sugar, Udichya'' (''Balaka''), ''Chandana, Yashti'' and ''Satala'' (''charmakasa'') may be token in along with ''Drakshambu'' (grape water) for purgation. This preparation is useful in post-rainy season.[57]
=== Preparation of ''Trivrita'' useful in winter ===
त्रिवृतां चित्रकं पाठामजाजीं सरलं वचाम् |<br />
त्रिवृतां चित्रकं पाठामजाजीं सरलं वचाम् |<br />
The powder or paste of ''Trivrita, Chitraka, Patha, Ajaji, Sarala, Vacha'' and ''Svarnakshiri'' may be taken in, along with hot water. This preparation causes purgation in ''Hemanta'' i.e. winter season.[58]
The powder or paste of ''Trivrita, Chitraka, Patha, Ajaji, Sarala, Vacha'' and ''Svarnakshiri'' may be taken in, along with hot water. This preparation causes purgation in ''Hemanta'' i.e. winter season.[58]
=== Preparation of ''Trivrita'' useful in summer ===
शर्करा त्रिवृता तुल्या ग्रीष्मकाले विरेचनम् |
शर्करा त्रिवृता तुल्या ग्रीष्मकाले विरेचनम् |
The powder of ''Trivrita'', mixed with equal quantity of sugar, can be taken in during summer, for purgation.[58½]
The powder of ''Trivrita'', mixed with equal quantity of sugar, can be taken in during summer, for purgation.[58½]
=== Preparation of ''Trivrita'' suitable during any season ===
त्रिवृत्त्रायन्तिहपुषाः सातलां कटुरोहिणीम् ||५९|| <br />
त्रिवृत्त्रायन्तिहपुषाः सातलां कटुरोहिणीम् ||५९|| <br />
''Trivrita, Trayanti, Hapusha, Satala, Katurohini'' and ''Svaranakshiri'' are to be powdered well and soaked in cows urine continuously for a period of three days. This preparation is ideal for purgation during all seasons. It can easily expel out the stagnated morbid material from the bodies of persons, who are ''Snigdha'' (persons who underwent oleation therapy or persons who are naturally having sufficient quantity of fatty tissues in their body stores).[58½ - 60]
''Trivrita, Trayanti, Hapusha, Satala, Katurohini'' and ''Svaranakshiri'' are to be powdered well and soaked in cows urine continuously for a period of three days. This preparation is ideal for purgation during all seasons. It can easily expel out the stagnated morbid material from the bodies of persons, who are ''Snigdha'' (persons who underwent oleation therapy or persons who are naturally having sufficient quantity of fatty tissues in their body stores).[58½ - 60]
=== Preparation of ''Trivrita'' suitable during any season ===
त्रिवृच्छ्यामा दुरालम्भा वत्सकं हस्तिपिप्पली |<br />
त्रिवृच्छ्यामा दुरालम्भा वत्सकं हस्तिपिप्पली |<br />
''Trivrita'' (root having pink color), ''Shyama'' (root having black color), ''Duralambha, Vatsaka, Hastipippali, Nilini, Triphala, Musta'' and ''Katuka'' are to be finely powdered. This powder is to be taken in, along with ghee, meat-sour and hot water, in a dose of one ''Panitala'' (around 12 grams). This preparation causes purgation with ease and is indicated even to persons who are ''Ruksha'' (who didn’t undergo oleation therapy or who are ''Ruksha'' (who didn’t undergo oleation therapy or who do not possess sufficient quantity of fat stores in their body). [61-62]
''Trivrita'' (root having pink color), ''Shyama'' (root having black color), ''Duralambha, Vatsaka, Hastipippali, Nilini, Triphala, Musta'' and ''Katuka'' are to be finely powdered. This powder is to be taken in, along with ghee, meat-sour and hot water, in a dose of one ''Panitala'' (around 12 grams). This preparation causes purgation with ease and is indicated even to persons who are ''Ruksha'' (who didn’t undergo oleation therapy or who are ''Ruksha'' (who didn’t undergo oleation therapy or who do not possess sufficient quantity of fat stores in their body). [61-62]
=== Preparation of ''Trivrita'' in the form of powder ===
त्र्यूषणं त्रिफला हिङ्गु कार्षिकं त्रिवृतापलम् |<br />
त्र्यूषणं त्रिफला हिङ्गु कार्षिकं त्रिवृतापलम् |<br />
Each one ''karsha'' (around 12 grams) of ''Tryushana, Triphala'' and ''Hingu,'' one ''pala'' (around 48 grams) of ''Trivrita,'' half a ''karsha'' (around 6 grams) of ''sauvarchala'' salt and half a ''pala'' (around 24 grams) of ''Amlavetasa'' are to be powdered well and mixed with equal quantity of powdered sugar. This preparation, in the form of powder can be taken in along with alcohol or sour juices (of fruits). This preparation surely relieves pain originating from ''Gulma'' (a benign intestinal tumor) and ''Parshva'' (both the sides of the chest cavity). When the medicinal preparation is completely digested, the patient can be given a diet comprising of meat soup. [63-64]
Each one ''karsha'' (around 12 grams) of ''Tryushana, Triphala'' and ''Hingu,'' one ''pala'' (around 48 grams) of ''Trivrita,'' half a ''karsha'' (around 6 grams) of ''sauvarchala'' salt and half a ''pala'' (around 24 grams) of ''Amlavetasa'' are to be powdered well and mixed with equal quantity of powdered sugar. This preparation, in the form of powder can be taken in along with alcohol or sour juices (of fruits). This preparation surely relieves pain originating from ''Gulma'' (a benign intestinal tumor) and ''Parshva'' (both the sides of the chest cavity). When the medicinal preparation is completely digested, the patient can be given a diet comprising of meat soup. [63-64]
=== Preparation of ''Trivrita'' in the form of ''Tarpana'' (With nourishing drink) ===
त्रिवृतां त्रिफलां दन्तीं सप्तलां व्योषसैन्धवम् |<br />
त्रिवृतां त्रिफलां दन्तीं सप्तलां व्योषसैन्धवम् |<br />
''Trivrita, Haritaki, Vibhitaki, Amalaki, Danti, Saptala, Shunthi, Pippali, Maricha'' and ''Saindhava'' are powdered well. This powder is to be soaked in the juice of ''Amalaki'' for seven days. This preparation can be used along with either ''Tarpana'' (nourishing) soothing drink or ''Yusha'' (pulse-soup) or ''pishita'' (meat or meat-soup) or any other drinks like ''raga'' (a drink mixed with sweet, sour and pungent tastes).[65- 65½]
''Trivrita, Haritaki, Vibhitaki, Amalaki, Danti, Saptala, Shunthi, Pippali, Maricha'' and ''Saindhava'' are powdered well. This powder is to be soaked in the juice of ''Amalaki'' for seven days. This preparation can be used along with either ''Tarpana'' (nourishing) soothing drink or ''Yusha'' (pulse-soup) or ''pishita'' (meat or meat-soup) or any other drinks like ''raga'' (a drink mixed with sweet, sour and pungent tastes).[65- 65½]
=== Preparations of ''Trivrita'' in the form of medicated ghee and milk ===
तुल्याम्लं त्रिवृताकल्कसिद्धं गुल्महरं घृतम् ||६६||<br />
तुल्याम्लं त्रिवृताकल्कसिद्धं गुल्महरं घृतम् ||६६||<br />
Using both of the varieties of ''Trivrita'' milk is boiled, filtered and used for purgation with ease. [65½ - 68]
Using both of the varieties of ''Trivrita'' milk is boiled, filtered and used for purgation with ease. [65½ - 68]
=== Preparations of ''Trivrita'' in the form of alcoholic beverages ===
त्रिवृन्मुष्टींस्तु सनखानष्टौ द्रोणेऽम्भसः पचेत् |<br />
त्रिवृन्मुष्टींस्तु सनखानष्टौ द्रोणेऽम्भसः पचेत् |<br />
Similarly, the fermented liquid prepared using the decoction of ''Trivrita'' and ''Kinva'' (sediment left behind after the fermentation process is over) of the above preparation may also be used (for purgation).[69-71]
Similarly, the fermented liquid prepared using the decoction of ''Trivrita'' and ''Kinva'' (sediment left behind after the fermentation process is over) of the above preparation may also be used (for purgation).[69-71]
=== Preparations of ''Trivrita'' in the form of ''Kanjika'' (fermented gruels) ===
यवैः श्यामात्रिवृत्क्वाथस्विन्नैः कुल्माषमम्भसा |<br />
यवैः श्यामात्रिवृत्क्वाथस्विन्नैः कुल्माषमम्भसा |<br />
Alternatively, unhusked barley is to be fried well and powdered. This powder, along with the powdered root of ''Trivrita'' can be mixed with water and stored for six days till fermentation, following the procedure of the previous preparation. This ''Tushodaka'' (Fermented liquid) can be utilized for the purpose of purgation. [72-73]
Alternatively, unhusked barley is to be fried well and powdered. This powder, along with the powdered root of ''Trivrita'' can be mixed with water and stored for six days till fermentation, following the procedure of the previous preparation. This ''Tushodaka'' (Fermented liquid) can be utilized for the purpose of purgation. [72-73]
=== Preparations of ''Trivrita'' in the form of ''Badara'' etc. ===
तथा मदनकल्पोक्तान् षाडवादीन् पृथग्दश |<br />
तथा मदनकल्पोक्तान् षाडवादीन् पृथग्दश |<br />
As described in [[Madanakalpa Adhyaya]] verse 26, ten such preparations in different forms like ''Shadava'' etc. using the powder of ''Trivrita'' can be made and used for purgation.[74]
As described in [[Madanakalpa Adhyaya]] verse 26, ten such preparations in different forms like ''Shadava'' etc. using the powder of ''Trivrita'' can be made and used for purgation.[74]
=== Methods of making the drug more palatable ===
भवतश्चात्र-<br />
भवतश्चात्र-<br />
If a person develops vomiting sensation after consuming a purgative drug, cool water may be sprinkled over his face. He can be advised to inhale pleasing aromas or fragrances originating from earth, flowers, fruits, tender leaves and sour substances, which control the same.[75-76]
If a person develops vomiting sensation after consuming a purgative drug, cool water may be sprinkled over his face. He can be advised to inhale pleasing aromas or fragrances originating from earth, flowers, fruits, tender leaves and sour substances, which control the same.[75-76]
=== Summary of the chapter ===
तत्र श्लोकाः- <br />
तत्र श्लोकाः- <br />
== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==
== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==
=== Synonyms ===
The first two synonyms ''Tribhandi'' and Trivrita are indicative of the nature of its stem. It is a stout, twining and three winged stem. ''Tribhandi'' specifically denotes its wavy looking stem in three angles. Trivrita points at its nature of growth of the stem in three directions.
The first two synonyms ''Tribhandi'' and Trivrita are indicative of the nature of its stem. It is a stout, twining and three winged stem. ''Tribhandi'' specifically denotes its wavy looking stem in three angles. Trivrita points at its nature of growth of the stem in three directions.
''Shyama'' is indicative of the color of its root. The fourth word ''Kutarana'' is probably a misspelt synonym. It will be very much ideal, if we read it as ''Kotarana'' which directs us towards its flower. Flowers are generally white in colour, funnel shaped and arranged in few flowered cymes. The meaning of ''Kotara'' is hollow and the petals of the flower form a hollow and funnel like tubular structure and are an identification point to many of the flowers of the Ipomoea genera. When a ''Pratyaya'' (suffix) is added to the word ''Kotara'', the final word ''Kotarana'' is formed. The last two synonyms, ''Sarvanubhuti'' and ''Suvaha'' open us a clue regarding its wide acceptability and suitability to all individuals, causing no spasmodic pain and any other such type of undesired actions. ''Sarvanubhuti'' means suitability to all and ''Suvaha'' means tolerated by all. (Verse 4)
''Shyama'' is indicative of the color of its root. The fourth word ''Kutarana'' is probably a misspelt synonym. It will be very much ideal, if we read it as ''Kotarana'' which directs us towards its flower. Flowers are generally white in colour, funnel shaped and arranged in few flowered cymes. The meaning of ''Kotara'' is hollow and the petals of the flower form a hollow and funnel like tubular structure and are an identification point to many of the flowers of the Ipomoea genera. When a ''Pratyaya'' (suffix) is added to the word ''Kotara'', the final word ''Kotarana'' is formed. The last two synonyms, ''Sarvanubhuti'' and ''Suvaha'' open us a clue regarding its wide acceptability and suitability to all individuals, causing no spasmodic pain and any other such type of undesired actions. ''Sarvanubhuti'' means suitability to all and ''Suvaha'' means tolerated by all. (Verse 4)
=== Properties ===
Some drugs have got inborn tendency to act in some pathological conditions. Similarly, ''Trivrita'' has the natural property to aggravate ''vata'' and pacify ''pitta'' and ''kapha''. But when prepared with ''vata'' pacifying drugs, it cures diseases caused by ''vata''. Similarly, when prepared with ''pitta'' and ''kapha'' pacifying drugs, it can be capable of curing diseases caused by ''pitta'', and ''kapha'' respectively. This property of modulating the pharmacological action depending upon the preparation is known as ''Samskarabhivartana; Ghuta'' or clarified butter is also said to possess the similar property.
Some drugs have got inborn tendency to act in some pathological conditions. Similarly, ''Trivrita'' has the natural property to aggravate ''vata'' and pacify ''pitta'' and ''kapha''. But when prepared with ''vata'' pacifying drugs, it cures diseases caused by ''vata''. Similarly, when prepared with ''pitta'' and ''kapha'' pacifying drugs, it can be capable of curing diseases caused by ''pitta'', and ''kapha'' respectively. This property of modulating the pharmacological action depending upon the preparation is known as ''Samskarabhivartana; Ghuta'' or clarified butter is also said to possess the similar property.
Pharmacological Properties of a drug are described in any context to gain full length knowledge about its therapeutic actions. But at times, there may not be exact concordance between these two. The Ayurvedic parameters like ''rasa, guna'', etc.; generally show or exhibit the same therapeutic actions, attributed to them. But some drugs that are strong emetics, purgatives and antitoxic, do not imbibe themselves to the theoretical parameters and exert their individualized action. So, ''Trivrita'' also can be considered as a drug with individualized action. (Verse 5-6)
Pharmacological Properties of a drug are described in any context to gain full length knowledge about its therapeutic actions. But at times, there may not be exact concordance between these two. The Ayurvedic parameters like ''rasa, guna'', etc.; generally show or exhibit the same therapeutic actions, attributed to them. But some drugs that are strong emetics, purgatives and antitoxic, do not imbibe themselves to the theoretical parameters and exert their individualized action. So, ''Trivrita'' also can be considered as a drug with individualized action. (Verse 5-6)
=== Types ===
The commentators like Chakrapani opined that Charaka preferred the blackish red variety because of its good or sustained purgative action along with less or little undesired actions, causing no ''vyapatti'' (complications).
The commentators like Chakrapani opined that Charaka preferred the blackish red variety because of its good or sustained purgative action along with less or little undesired actions, causing no ''vyapatti'' (complications).
But according to the opinion of the author, if, we wish to follow the instructions of Charaka as they are, ''Trivrita'' is only one plant i.e. Operculina turpethum (Linn.) Silva Manso and we have to use the roots of the same plant. If we need to procure pinkish roots, we have to dry them in sunlight and for black roots they may be dried in shade. This practice can be continued till a final conclusion, basing on the phyto-chemical, pharmacological and therapeutic works and till that time, it is better not to confuse with the names and traditional practice of using different plant species for purgation can be continued. (Verse 7)
But according to the opinion of the author, if, we wish to follow the instructions of Charaka as they are, ''Trivrita'' is only one plant i.e. Operculina turpethum (Linn.) Silva Manso and we have to use the roots of the same plant. If we need to procure pinkish roots, we have to dry them in sunlight and for black roots they may be dried in shade. This practice can be continued till a final conclusion, basing on the phyto-chemical, pharmacological and therapeutic works and till that time, it is better not to confuse with the names and traditional practice of using different plant species for purgation can be continued. (Verse 7)
=== Indications ===
According to the indications, persons having delicate health and children are not advised purgative therapy. Even then, it may be necessary sometimes to utilize purgatives for such persons also. Then, ''Trivrita'', having blackish red root can be administered safely.
According to the indications, persons having delicate health and children are not advised purgative therapy. Even then, it may be necessary sometimes to utilize purgatives for such persons also. Then, ''Trivrita'', having blackish red root can be administered safely.
The first blackish red variety acts as a mild purgative but black variety acts as a cathartic. It can cause many undesired actions also due to its potent activity. It mainly creates spasm in the alimentary tract. So, the person experiences pain in the throat and cardiac regions immediately after consuming the drug. When, excessive purgation occurs naturally, there is tissue loss, electrolyte imbalance and dehydration and as a result, the patient may undergo stupor and unconsciousness. Even then, it is highly praised for its prompt action and potent evacuative capacity of bowels.
The first blackish red variety acts as a mild purgative but black variety acts as a cathartic. It can cause many undesired actions also due to its potent activity. It mainly creates spasm in the alimentary tract. So, the person experiences pain in the throat and cardiac regions immediately after consuming the drug. When, excessive purgation occurs naturally, there is tissue loss, electrolyte imbalance and dehydration and as a result, the patient may undergo stupor and unconsciousness. Even then, it is highly praised for its prompt action and potent evacuative capacity of bowels.
=== Method of collection ===
The method of collecting emetic and purgative drugs is well described in [[Madanakalpa Adhyaya]]. The same method may be followed in case of ''trivrita'' also. Additionally, some specific measures that are to be followed while collecting ''trivrita'' roots are mentioned here. The root of ''trivrita'' that is penetrated deep into the earth is to be collected. A Synonym, ''Sarala'' which denotes the deeply and straightly penetrating nature of the root is mentioned in Dhanvantari Nighantu and Bhavaprakasha. The roots that spread sideways are not stout and are not supplied with sufficient nutrition. Hence, they may not contain the needed chemical constituents and are to be avoided. Usually, the pith inside a root acts for stability and never contains any type of active principles. Without removing the pith, the bark cannot be dried quickly. Anyhow, the methods of storage, as suggested in the first chapter can be followed.
The method of collecting emetic and purgative drugs is well described in [[Madanakalpa Adhyaya]]. The same method may be followed in case of ''trivrita'' also. Additionally, some specific measures that are to be followed while collecting ''trivrita'' roots are mentioned here. The root of ''trivrita'' that is penetrated deep into the earth is to be collected. A Synonym, ''Sarala'' which denotes the deeply and straightly penetrating nature of the root is mentioned in Dhanvantari Nighantu and Bhavaprakasha. The roots that spread sideways are not stout and are not supplied with sufficient nutrition. Hence, they may not contain the needed chemical constituents and are to be avoided. Usually, the pith inside a root acts for stability and never contains any type of active principles. Without removing the pith, the bark cannot be dried quickly. Anyhow, the methods of storage, as suggested in the first chapter can be followed.
=== Various preparations ===
Administration of thin gruel, in the previous night is an exception to the general rule to the purgation process, as stated in Sutra 13:18. There, it is said that the person who is to be purgated is to be given a liquid diet along with meat-soup which is unctuous (''Snehavat'') and hot, continuously for three days. But when, purgation with ''trivrita'' is being done, this rule need not be followed and a single semi liquid diet in the previous night is sufficient. Anyhow, it is to be given when hot and is prepared with meat soup, adding ghee. The reason for this exception is that, ''trivrita'' is such a drug which can cause purgation with ease, causing less or little complications.
Administration of thin gruel, in the previous night is an exception to the general rule to the purgation process, as stated in Sutra 13:18. There, it is said that the person who is to be purgated is to be given a liquid diet along with meat-soup which is unctuous (''Snehavat'') and hot, continuously for three days. But when, purgation with ''trivrita'' is being done, this rule need not be followed and a single semi liquid diet in the previous night is sufficient. Anyhow, it is to be given when hot and is prepared with meat soup, adding ghee. The reason for this exception is that, ''trivrita'' is such a drug which can cause purgation with ease, causing less or little complications.
In total, 110 preparations of ''trivrita'' are described in this chapter, utilizing different vehicles and different forms that are suitable for each individual. Out of them nine preparations are counted here. Fermented liquids or urine of different animals are used. Though, the secondary purpose of liquid is to swallow the drug easily, the main purpose is to facilitate the action of the drug.i.e ''trivrita''. In general, the fermented liquids can expel out the hard ''feces'' (''bhedi''), palatable and control reversed peristalsis there by reducing the spasm generated during the administration of purgatives. The person suffers from less colicky pain by using them. The use of urine of different animals helps to pacify ''kapha'' and alleviate colicky pain. Thus, the use of vehicles, enhance the desired action of the main drug and reduce the undesired actions.
In total, 110 preparations of ''trivrita'' are described in this chapter, utilizing different vehicles and different forms that are suitable for each individual. Out of them nine preparations are counted here. Fermented liquids or urine of different animals are used. Though, the secondary purpose of liquid is to swallow the drug easily, the main purpose is to facilitate the action of the drug.i.e ''trivrita''. In general, the fermented liquids can expel out the hard ''feces'' (''bhedi''), palatable and control reversed peristalsis there by reducing the spasm generated during the administration of purgatives. The person suffers from less colicky pain by using them. The use of urine of different animals helps to pacify ''kapha'' and alleviate colicky pain. Thus, the use of vehicles, enhance the desired action of the main drug and reduce the undesired actions.
=== Twelve preparations ===
Another twelve preparations of ''trivrita'', along with twelve different types of salts are described. Anyone of them should be mixed with the powdered root of ''trivrita'' and powdered ginger and taken in with hot water. The list of the salts is not mentioned here but as per the suggestion of Chakrapani, the commentator, they are enlisted here from the eighth chapter of [[Vimana Sthana]] of [[Charaka Samhita]]. There, total number of fifteen salts is mentioned and Charaka advised here, to consider the first twelve salts. The other three types of salts that are left over are ''ushara, pateyaka'' and ''pamshya''. The main purpose of mixing any of the salts in the process of purgation is to prevent dehydration and electrolyte loss. Addition of dry ginger (''shunthi'') also serves the purpose of breaking the hard feces and reducing spasmodic pain.
Another twelve preparations of ''trivrita'', along with twelve different types of salts are described. Anyone of them should be mixed with the powdered root of ''trivrita'' and powdered ginger and taken in with hot water. The list of the salts is not mentioned here but as per the suggestion of Chakrapani, the commentator, they are enlisted here from the eighth chapter of [[Vimana Sthana]] of [[Charaka Samhita]]. There, total number of fifteen salts is mentioned and Charaka advised here, to consider the first twelve salts. The other three types of salts that are left over are ''ushara, pateyaka'' and ''pamshya''. The main purpose of mixing any of the salts in the process of purgation is to prevent dehydration and electrolyte loss. Addition of dry ginger (''shunthi'') also serves the purpose of breaking the hard feces and reducing spasmodic pain.
=== Eighteen formulations ===
Eighteen formulations, using eighteen drugs along with the powdered root of ''trivrita'' which can be used along with cow’s urine as a liquid vehicle are mentioned. All the plant drugs that are used here are appetizers, stimulants and they relieve spasm as well. The role of cow’s urine in this context is quite reasonable in the sense that, it acts as a stimulant and is capable of modulating the action of any drug taken along with it positively. That itself is capable of doing mild laxation and acts as an anti-toxic drug.
Eighteen formulations, using eighteen drugs along with the powdered root of ''trivrita'' which can be used along with cow’s urine as a liquid vehicle are mentioned. All the plant drugs that are used here are appetizers, stimulants and they relieve spasm as well. The role of cow’s urine in this context is quite reasonable in the sense that, it acts as a stimulant and is capable of modulating the action of any drug taken along with it positively. That itself is capable of doing mild laxation and acts as an anti-toxic drug.
=== Yashtimadhu combination ===
One preparation, along with ''yashtimadhu'' is described. In the index at the end of this chapter, two preparations, using the same drug are enlisted. The other one is narrated in the verse no. 19. This preparation is very much palatable and is specifically useful for those persons having ''pitta'' type of constitution who are suffering from symptoms like throat burn.
One preparation, along with ''yashtimadhu'' is described. In the index at the end of this chapter, two preparations, using the same drug are enlisted. The other one is narrated in the verse no. 19. This preparation is very much palatable and is specifically useful for those persons having ''pitta'' type of constitution who are suffering from symptoms like throat burn.
=== Fourteen preparations ===
Fourteen preparations using ''trivrita'' along with fourteen different drugs like ''jivaka'' are narrated. Additionally, one more preparation, using ''yashtimadhu'' is also described. These preparations are very much palatable as most of the drugs are sweet in taste. Though, some of them are bitter, their ''vipaka'' or post digestive effect is sweet. So, apart from causing purgation, they relieve many diseases caused by ''vata'' and ''pitta'' and act as rejuvenatives (''rasayana'') as well.
Fourteen preparations using ''trivrita'' along with fourteen different drugs like ''jivaka'' are narrated. Additionally, one more preparation, using ''yashtimadhu'' is also described. These preparations are very much palatable as most of the drugs are sweet in taste. Though, some of them are bitter, their ''vipaka'' or post digestive effect is sweet. So, apart from causing purgation, they relieve many diseases caused by ''vata'' and ''pitta'' and act as rejuvenatives (''rasayana'') as well.
=== Seven preparations ===
Total number of seven preparations, of ''trivrita'' are prescribed, using seven different ingredients. Many of them are having sweet taste and are able to control ''vata'' potentially. Milk and meat soup are highly palatable and can be given to individuals with their choice. The third one is sugar cane juice, accepted by all and is an addition to the laxative action. The next three recipes are fruit juices and have got pure sweet taste with mild laxative action. The seventh one is ghee which alleviates ''vata'' and reduces the drastic action of any purgative drug. ''Haritaki'' is added half the quantity to the main drug to enhance the purgative action of ''trivrita'' very safely and in a sustained manner.
Total number of seven preparations, of ''trivrita'' are prescribed, using seven different ingredients. Many of them are having sweet taste and are able to control ''vata'' potentially. Milk and meat soup are highly palatable and can be given to individuals with their choice. The third one is sugar cane juice, accepted by all and is an addition to the laxative action. The next three recipes are fruit juices and have got pure sweet taste with mild laxative action. The seventh one is ghee which alleviates ''vata'' and reduces the drastic action of any purgative drug. ''Haritaki'' is added half the quantity to the main drug to enhance the purgative action of ''trivrita'' very safely and in a sustained manner.
=== Avaleha (linctus) ===
This is the first one of the eight preparations in the form of linctus. ''Avaleha'' or linctus is such a preparation which provides additional palatability to any of the drug mixed with it. Persons, who feel aversion to medicinal preparations that too emetics or purgatives due to their bitter taste or disagreeable aroma, can easily consume such preparations.
This is the first one of the eight preparations in the form of linctus. ''Avaleha'' or linctus is such a preparation which provides additional palatability to any of the drug mixed with it. Persons, who feel aversion to medicinal preparations that too emetics or purgatives due to their bitter taste or disagreeable aroma, can easily consume such preparations.
=== Powder combinations ===
The powders of three more drugs along with powdered sugar are advised to be taken along with ''trivrita'' in the powder form. They are thoroughly mixed with honey and ghee to make it linctus. But, nowhere, the proportion of the drugs used is mentioned either by Charaka or the commentators. Ashtanga Hridaya also followed the same verse but didn’t mention either the proportion or the dosage. Because, this preparation is used in conditions like fever and thirst, it will be better to use the ingredients in equal proportions and limit the dose for laxation but not for purgation.
The powders of three more drugs along with powdered sugar are advised to be taken along with ''trivrita'' in the powder form. They are thoroughly mixed with honey and ghee to make it linctus. But, nowhere, the proportion of the drugs used is mentioned either by Charaka or the commentators. Ashtanga Hridaya also followed the same verse but didn’t mention either the proportion or the dosage. Because, this preparation is used in conditions like fever and thirst, it will be better to use the ingredients in equal proportions and limit the dose for laxation but not for purgation.
=== Proportion of trivrita ===
In this preparation, the proportions of individual ingredients are mentioned by Chakrapani. One part of the powder or paste of ''trivrita'', One part of sugar and one-fourth part of the decoction of ''trivrita'' may be used to make an agreeable form of preparation. This is highly palatable as this contains only the black variety of ''trivrita'' as its ingredient, it can be used with caution but more precisely.
In this preparation, the proportions of individual ingredients are mentioned by Chakrapani. One part of the powder or paste of ''trivrita'', One part of sugar and one-fourth part of the decoction of ''trivrita'' may be used to make an agreeable form of preparation. This is highly palatable as this contains only the black variety of ''trivrita'' as its ingredient, it can be used with caution but more precisely.
This (Verse 37-39) is the eighth and the last one of the preparations in the form of linctus. Measurement of ''modaka'' used here is one ''shana'' which measures approximately 3.0 grams. Because this contains many drugs which pacify ''kapha'', the preparation is indicated in upper abdominal diseases including bronchitis. Though it is said that no restrictions of any type are required here, they are to be followed cautiously and judiciously so that unexpected complications do not arise.
This (Verse 37-39) is the eighth and the last one of the preparations in the form of linctus. Measurement of ''modaka'' used here is one ''shana'' which measures approximately 3.0 grams. Because this contains many drugs which pacify ''kapha'', the preparation is indicated in upper abdominal diseases including bronchitis. Though it is said that no restrictions of any type are required here, they are to be followed cautiously and judiciously so that unexpected complications do not arise.
=== Kalyanaka guda ===
This preparation, known as ''kalyanaka guda'' is the second one in the form of ''modaka''. The quantity of ''trivrita'' in this multi drug preparation is proportionately low; so, even though, this is consumed in different seasons without following any restrictions, there may not be any undesired effects. Moreover, an additional advantage of this preparation, which usual purgative does not possess is that it can help in promoting male progeny.
This preparation, known as ''kalyanaka guda'' is the second one in the form of ''modaka''. The quantity of ''trivrita'' in this multi drug preparation is proportionately low; so, even though, this is consumed in different seasons without following any restrictions, there may not be any undesired effects. Moreover, an additional advantage of this preparation, which usual purgative does not possess is that it can help in promoting male progeny.
The fifth type of trivrita formulation (Verse 50½ -55) in the form of modaka is prepared by dividing it into two parts - while the first one is preparation of large sized pills, the second part consists of application of medicated powders over it to make it more effective and palatable. There is a debate regarding the part of ''dadima'' to be used for preparations. In the similar compound, as mentioned in Ashtanga Hridaya, the preparation of ''modaka'' and its ingredients are to certain extent similar but the rolling (''veshtana'') process is not present. The seed powder of ''dadima'' is not effective therapeutically when dried and hence, the powder of the stem bark, which has got many potent actions against the diseases of colon that, can be used. Due to the addition of drugs like ''vacha, chitraka'' and ''tumburu'', diseases due to ''kapha'' are definitely alleviated.
The fifth type of trivrita formulation (Verse 50½ -55) in the form of modaka is prepared by dividing it into two parts - while the first one is preparation of large sized pills, the second part consists of application of medicated powders over it to make it more effective and palatable. There is a debate regarding the part of ''dadima'' to be used for preparations. In the similar compound, as mentioned in Ashtanga Hridaya, the preparation of ''modaka'' and its ingredients are to certain extent similar but the rolling (''veshtana'') process is not present. The seed powder of ''dadima'' is not effective therapeutically when dried and hence, the powder of the stem bark, which has got many potent actions against the diseases of colon that, can be used. Due to the addition of drugs like ''vacha, chitraka'' and ''tumburu'', diseases due to ''kapha'' are definitely alleviated.
=== Importance of Trivrita ===
''Trivrita'' is undoubtedly considered the best of all the drugs used for purgation due to its potent activity with very little undesired actions. Even then, the climatic conditions and impact of different seasons on our bodily functions cannot be neglected.
''Trivrita'' is undoubtedly considered the best of all the drugs used for purgation due to its potent activity with very little undesired actions. Even then, the climatic conditions and impact of different seasons on our bodily functions cannot be neglected.
The word ''drakshambu'' is different from the juice of grapes. Grape juice is a direct extraction of the fruits through compression. But for grape water, dry grapes are to be soaked in water over night, thoroughly squeezed and filtered. The difference between them is that the first one is more concentrated and the latter is more diluted.
The word ''drakshambu'' is different from the juice of grapes. Grape juice is a direct extraction of the fruits through compression. But for grape water, dry grapes are to be soaked in water over night, thoroughly squeezed and filtered. The difference between them is that the first one is more concentrated and the latter is more diluted.
=== Contraindication of purgation therapy and seasons affecting its efficacy ===
Purgation therapy is not indicated during winter season due to the likely development of intestinal spasm because of the cold wave. Even then, in case of emergency or in a particular disease where ''kapha'' is causing problem or obstructing the lower parts of the colon, this purgation therapy is indicated. The powders mixed together can be ground well with hot water, so that the actual compound acts upon the system with ease.
Purgation therapy is not indicated during winter season due to the likely development of intestinal spasm because of the cold wave. Even then, in case of emergency or in a particular disease where ''kapha'' is causing problem or obstructing the lower parts of the colon, this purgation therapy is indicated. The powders mixed together can be ground well with hot water, so that the actual compound acts upon the system with ease.
These two preparations (Verse 72-73) are also fermented liquids like the preparations mentioned in verses 69-71. They are easily absorbable, palatable, fast acting and can be stored for a longer period of time. The first one is ''sauviraka'' which is prepared with dehusked barley and boiled. The second one is prepared with unhusked barley in the powder form and not boiled. These two preparations are equally effective and are suggested for those patients who are habituated to alcoholic beverages.
These two preparations (Verse 72-73) are also fermented liquids like the preparations mentioned in verses 69-71. They are easily absorbable, palatable, fast acting and can be stored for a longer period of time. The first one is ''sauviraka'' which is prepared with dehusked barley and boiled. The second one is prepared with unhusked barley in the powder form and not boiled. These two preparations are equally effective and are suggested for those patients who are habituated to alcoholic beverages.
=== Enhancing palatability of formulation ===
Here, ten preparations, utilizing the powdered root of ''trivrita'' are suggested. Their names and method of preparations are described in Kalpa 1:26.
Here, ten preparations, utilizing the powdered root of ''trivrita'' are suggested. Their names and method of preparations are described in Kalpa 1:26.
A common phenomenon that occurs after administration of purgative drugs is that, quite often, the patient develops nausea or vomiting sensation. If he vomits, the drug consumed becomes useless and can’t be given once again the same day. The reason is that many of such drugs are either bitter or aversive. So, the palatability of the preparation is to be maintained inspite of all the precautions, if he develops nausea, it is to be averted following certain methods which are pleasing to the mind.
A common phenomenon that occurs after administration of purgative drugs is that, quite often, the patient develops nausea or vomiting sensation. If he vomits, the drug consumed becomes useless and can’t be given once again the same day. The reason is that many of such drugs are either bitter or aversive. So, the palatability of the preparation is to be maintained inspite of all the precautions, if he develops nausea, it is to be averted following certain methods which are pleasing to the mind.
== References ==
#Kohli KR, Nipanukar SU, Kadbahane KP. A comprehensive review on Trivruta (Operculina turpethum) International journal of Pharma and biosciences, 2010: 1(4) 443-52
#Kohli KR, Nipanukar SU, Kadbahane KP. A comprehensive review on Trivruta (Operculina turpethum) International journal of Pharma and biosciences, 2010: 1(4) 443-52
#Chunnekar, KC, Hota SP. Plants of Bhavaprakasha, Pub. National academy of [[Ayurveda]], New Delhi, 1999.
#Chunnekar, KC, Hota SP. Plants of Bhavaprakasha, Pub. National academy of [[Ayurveda]], New Delhi, 1999.
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