Changes

Meda dhatu is the body component which indicates fat in general and adipose tissue in particular.<ref>Available from https://ayurvedanetworkbhu.com/physiological-issues-related-to-medo-dhatu-with-special-reference-to-obesity/ cited on 18/05/2020 </ref> Its important function is to oleate or lubricate (snehana). <ref>Available from http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref>(SAT-B.435)

Meda dhatu is the body component which indicates fat in general and adipose tissue in particular.<ref>Available from https://ayurvedanetworkbhu.com/physiological-issues-related-to-medo-dhatu-with-special-reference-to-obesity/ cited on 18/05/2020 </ref> Its important function is to oleate or lubricate (snehana). <ref>Available from http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref>(SAT-B.435)

It is present in two forms:

It is present in two forms:

1. Fixed or bounded form is observed as stored fats in adipocytes.  

#Fixed or bounded form is observed as stored fats in adipocytes.  

 

#The free form is observed as circulating lipids like lipoproteins or free fatty acids.<ref>Kishor Patwardhan, ‘Human Physiology in Ayurveda’, Published by Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi (2005) Page No.19</ref>  

2. The free form is observed as circulating lipids like lipoproteins or free fatty acids.<ref>Kishor Patwardhan, ‘Human Physiology in Ayurveda’, Published by Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi (2005) Page No.19</ref>  

{{Infobox

{{Infobox

|label2 = Authors

|label2 = Authors

|data2 = Deole Y.S.¹,Anagha S.¹,   

|data2 = Deole Y.S.,Anagha S.,   

|label3 = Reviewed by  

|label3 = Reviewed by  

|data3 = Basisht G.¹

|data3 = Basisht G.

|label4 = Affiliations

|label4 = Affiliations

|data4 = ¹[[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre]], I.P.G.T.& R.A., Jamnagar  

|data4 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre]], I.P.G.T.& R.A., Jamnagar  

|label5 = Correspondence email:

|label5 = Correspondence email:

|data5 = carakasamhita@gmail.com

|data5 = carakasamhita@gmail.com

|label6 = Date of first publication:

|label6 = Date of publication:

|data6 = June 4, 2020

|data6 = June 4, 2020

}}

}}

==Etymology, derivation and meanings:==

==Etymology, derivation and meanings==

The word meda is derived from Sanskrit root medas[meda-asun].  It means to lubricate or oleate or to provide unctuousness.  

The word "meda" is derived from Sanskrit root medas[meda-asun].  It means to lubricate or oleate or to provide unctuousness.  

The literary meanings of word meda are as follows:<ref>Sanskriti Jha and Srujan Jha. Amarkosha.</ref>  

The literary meanings of word meda are as follows:<ref>Sanskriti Jha and Srujan Jha. Amarkosha.</ref>  

Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899, [Cologne record ID = 167817] [Printed book page 832 , 3], https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.unikoeln.de/scans/MWScan/2014/web/webtc/indexcaller.php</ref>

Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899, [Cologne record ID = 167817] [Printed book page 832 , 3], https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.unikoeln.de/scans/MWScan/2014/web/webtc/indexcaller.php</ref>

==Panchabhautika constitution and properties: ==

==Panchabhautika constitution and properties==

 

Meda dhatu has dominance of [[prithvi]], [[jala]] and [[agni mahabhuta]].  

Meda dhatu has dominance of [[prithvi]], [[jala]] and [[agni mahabhuta]].  

It possesses properties like unctuousness (snigdha) and heaviness(guru).<ref>Bhavaprakasha, purva khanda, Garbhaprakarana 207</ref>

It possesses properties like unctuousness (snigdha) and heaviness(guru).<ref>Bhavaprakasha, purva khanda, Garbhaprakarana 207</ref>

==Formation and metabolism ==

 

=== Formation and metabolism ===

 

Meda dhatu is formed from the unctuous portion of [[mamsa dhatu]] by action of factors responsible for metabolism of meda(medadhatvagni).[Cha. Sa [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/29-30]

Meda dhatu is formed from the unctuous portion of [[mamsa dhatu]] by action of factors responsible for metabolism of meda(medadhatvagni).[Cha. Sa [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/29-30]

There are two forms of meda dhatu in body:

There are two forms of meda dhatu in body:

1. '''Structural component (poshyameda dhatu):''' It is the form,that is stored in the layer of meda(medodhara kala). It is also called fixed or stored fat(baddhamedas). This portion is located mainly in the omentum.This form is responsible for the nutrition of meda dhatu itself in case of starvation.  

1. '''Structural component (poshya meda dhatu):''' It is the form,that is stored in the layer of meda (medodhara kala). It is also called fixed or stored fat(baddha medas). This portion is located mainly in the omentum. This form is responsible for the nutrition of meda dhatu itself in case of starvation.  

2. '''Circulating component (poshakameda dhatu):''' This form is circulated with nutrient fluid or plasma ([[rasa dhatu]]) and blood([[rakta]]).  It is free and unbound (abaddhamedas). This provides lubrication and unctuousness wherever needed. This form is vitiated in the pathogenesis of obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes (prameha) [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 4/7]

2. '''Circulating component (poshaka meda dhatu):''' This form is circulated with nutrient fluid or plasma ([[rasa dhatu]]) and blood([[rakta]]).  It is free and unbound (abaddha medas). This provides lubrication and unctuousness wherever needed. This form is vitiated in the pathogenesis of obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes (prameha) [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 4/7]

===Metabolic by-products and waste products (Upadhatu and mala)===

===Metabolic by-products and waste products (Upadhatu and mala)===

During the process of metabolism and formation of meda dhatu, ligaments (snayu) are formed as the metabolic byproducts (upadhatu). [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/17].  Sweat and sebum are formed during this process as waste products (mala). [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/18].

During the process of metabolism and formation of meda dhatu, ligaments (snayu) are formed as the metabolic byproducts (upadhatu). [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/17].  Sweat and sebum are formed during this process as waste products (mala). [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/18].

===Quantity===

=== Quantity ===

The total quantity of medadhatu is two anjali (personified measurement unit). The quantity of vasa is three anjali (personified measurement unit). One Anjali is equal to the quantity that can be filled in a space formed from joining one’s palms together. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 7/15]

The total quantity of meda dhatu is two anjali (personified measurement unit). The quantity of vasa is three anjali (personified measurement unit). One anjali is equal to the quantity that can be filled in a space formed from joining one’s palms together. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 7/15]

===Time span===

=== Time span ===

The meda dhatu is formed on the 4th day from the nutrient fluid (ahara rasa). [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/20-21] However, Sushruta opines that the meda dhatu is formed in fifteen days (a time span of 9045 kala). [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 14/14]  

The meda dhatu is formed on the 4th day from the nutrient fluid (ahara rasa). [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/20-21] However, Sushruta opines that the meda dhatu is formed in fifteen days (a time span of 9045 kala). [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 14/14]  

===Characteristics of best quality of adipose tissue (medasara )===  

=== Characteristics of best quality of adipose tissue (meda sara )===  

The person endowed with best quality of meda dhatu has significant unctuousness specifically in complexion, voice, eyes, hair, skin hair, nails, teeth, lips, urine and feces. This indicates wealth, power, happiness, enjoyment, charity, simplicity and delicacy in dealings.[Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/106]

The person endowed with best quality of meda dhatu has significant unctuousness specifically in complexion, voice, eyes, hair, skin hair, nails, teeth, lips, urine and feces. This indicates wealth, power, happiness, enjoyment, charity, simplicity and delicacy in dealings.[Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/106]

=== Channels of transportation and transformation of meda dhatu (medovaha srotas)===

 

===Channels of transportation and transformation of meda dhatu (medovahasrotas):===

The channels of transportation and transformation of meda dhatu originate from the kidneys(vrikka) and omentum (vapavahana), [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/8]

The channels of transportation and transformation of meda dhatu originate from the kidneys(vrikka) and omentum (vapavahana), [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/8]

Sushruta opines that they originated from pelvic region(kati) and kidneys(vrikka).[Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 9/12].  

Sushruta opines that they originated from pelvic region(kati) and kidneys(vrikka).[Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 9/12].  

Vagbhata added mamsa dhatu to the origin with kidneys (vrikka).[Ashtanga SangrahaShariraSthana 6/26]

Vagbhata added mamsa dhatu to the origin with kidneys (vrikka).[Ashtanga Sangraha Sharira Sthana 6/26]

Considering the above opinions, the origin of meda dhatu can be considered in pelvic region, omentum and kidneys. The sites of origin are important for knowing the source of nourishment in diagnosis and treatment.  

Considering the above opinions, the origin of meda dhatu can be considered in pelvic region, omentum and kidneys. The sites of origin are important for knowing the source of nourishment in diagnosis and treatment.  

The following structures can be considered as components of the transportation and transformation system of meda dhatu.  

The following structures can be considered as components of the transportation and transformation system of meda dhatu.  

===Layer of meda dhatu (medodharakala):===

=== Layer of meda dhatu (medodhara kala)===

It is the layer of fat present in the abdominal cavity, small bones and long bones. In the abdominal cavity, it is present in the form of visceral fats.   

It is the layer of fat present in the abdominal cavity, small bones and long bones. In the abdominal cavity, it is present in the form of visceral fats.   

Meda dhatu present in the long and big bones is known as marrow (majja).That present inside the small bones is termed as red marrow (saraktameda). The unctuous portion of mamsa dhatu transforms into fat and is known as muscle fat (vasa). [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/13]

Meda dhatu present in the long and big bones is known as marrow (majja).That present inside the small bones is termed as red marrow (sarakta meda). The unctuous portion of mamsa dhatu transforms into fat and is known as muscle fat (vasa). [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/13]

===Role of meda dhatu in embryonic development:===

===Role of meda dhatu in embryonic development===

During embryogenesis, veins (sira) and ligaments (snayu) are formed from the unctuous portion of meda dhatu. The veins are formed after mild action of factors responsible for metabolism([[agni]])that makes them elastic and smooth. Ligaments(snayu) are formed after the strong action of factors responsible for metabolism([[agni]]) that makes them hard. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/29-30]

During embryo-genesis, veins (sira) and ligaments (snayu) are formed from the unctuous portion of meda dhatu. The veins are formed after mild action of factors responsible for metabolism([[agni]])that makes them elastic and smooth. Ligaments(snayu) are formed after the strong action of factors responsible for metabolism([[agni]]) that makes them hard. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/29-30]

The kidneys (vrikka) are formed from the unification of the essence of blood tissue([[rakta dhatu]])and adipose tissue (meda dhatu).The testis(vrishana) are formed from the unification of the essence of adipose tissue (meda dhatu),muscle tissue ([[mamsa dhatu]]), blood tissue ([[rakta dhatu]]) and [[kapha dosha]]. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/31]

The kidneys (vrikka) are formed from the unification of the essence of blood tissue([[rakta dhatu]])and adipose tissue (meda dhatu).The testis(vrishana) are formed from the unification of the essence of adipose tissue (meda dhatu),muscle tissue ([[mamsa dhatu]]), blood tissue ([[rakta dhatu]]) and [[kapha dosha]]. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/31]

==Functions==

== Functions ==

Meda dhatu is responsible for functions of lubrication(sneha), sweating (sweda), stability (dridhatwam), and nourishment of bone tissue([[asthi]]pushti). [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/5]

Meda dhatu is responsible for functions of lubrication(sneha), sweating (sweda), stability (dridhatwam), and nourishment of bone tissue([[asthi]]pushti). [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/5]

==Importance in diagnosis: ==

== Importance in diagnosis ==

===Causes of vitiation===

===Causes of vitiation===

The channels of transportation and transformation of meda dhatu (medovahasrotas) are affected by the sedentary lifestyle including lack of physical exercise, daytime sleep, excessive consumption of fatty food, and alcoholic drinks. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/16]

The channels of transportation and transformation of meda dhatu (medovahasrotas) are affected by the sedentary lifestyle including lack of physical exercise, daytime sleep, excessive consumption of fatty food, and alcoholic drinks. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/16]

===Abnormal states===

=== Abnormal states ===

The increase or decrease in quality and/or quantity of meda dhatu can lead to various abnormal conditions. The states can be assessed by the following clinical features.

The increase or decrease in quality and/or quantity of meda dhatu can lead to various abnormal conditions. The states can be assessed by the following clinical features.

====Decrease of meda dhatu:====

==== Decrease of meda dhatu ====

Symptoms of decrease of meda dhatu are cracking sound in the joints, lassitude in eyes, exhaustion, decreased abdominal girth or thinning, splenomegaly, feeling of emptiness in joints. dryness and craving for fatty food and meat. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/66], [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/9]

Symptoms of decrease of meda dhatu are cracking sound in the joints, lassitude in eyes, exhaustion, decreased abdominal girth or thinning, splenomegaly, feeling of emptiness in joints. dryness and craving for fatty food and meat. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/66], [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/9]

====Increase of meda dhatu:====  

====Increase of meda dhatu====  

The increase in meda dhatu can be observed by unctuousness of body,increased abdominal girth (abdominal obesity), increased size of flanks,cough, dyspnoeaand bad body odour. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/14]

The increase in meda dhatu can be observed by unctuousness of body,increased abdominal girth (abdominal obesity), increased size of flanks,cough, dyspnoeaand bad body odour. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/14]

===Clinical features of vitiation:===

=== Clinical features of vitiation ===

   

   

• Premonitory symptoms of obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus (prameha)and signs of eight undesirable types of physical constitutions are observed due to vitiation of channels of transportation and transformation of meda dhatu. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/15]

*Premonitory symptoms of obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus (prameha)and signs of eight undesirable types of physical constitutions are observed due to vitiation of channels of transportation and transformation of meda dhatu. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/15]

• The premonitory symptoms of obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus (prameha) include excess sweating, body odor, flabbiness of the body, desire for constantly lying on the bed, sitting, sleeping and leading an easy life, a feeling as if the cardiac region is covered with extraneous material, exudation of excreta from eyes, tongue and ears, corpulence of the body, excessive growth of hair and nails, liking for cold things, dryness of throat and palate, sweet taste in the mouth, burning sensation in hands and legs and swarming of ants on the urine. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/13-14]

*The premonitory symptoms of obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus (prameha) include excess sweating, body odor, flabbiness of the body, desire for constantly lying on the bed, sitting, sleeping and leading an easy life, a feeling as if the cardiac region is covered with extraneous material, exudation of excreta from eyes, tongue and ears, corpulence of the body, excessive growth of hair and nails, liking for cold things, dryness of throat and palate, sweet taste in the mouth, burning sensation in hands and legs and swarming of ants on the urine. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/13-14]

• The signs of eight undesirable physical constitutions include too tall, too short, too hairy, hairless, too dark, too light (complexion), too obese and too lean body statures. [Cha, Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/3]

*The signs of eight undesirable physical constitutions include too tall, too short, too hairy, hairless, too dark, too light (complexion), too obese and too lean body statures. [Cha, Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/3]

• When there is injury to channels of transportation and transformation of meda dhatu(medovahasrotas), the symptoms like excessive sweating, unctuousness of body, dryness of the palate, thick or hard swelling and severe thirst are observed. [Su. Sa.Sharira Sthana 9/12]

*When there is injury to channels of transportation and transformation of meda dhatu(medovahasrotas), the symptoms like excessive sweating, unctuousness of body, dryness of the palate, thick or hard swelling and severe thirst are observed. [Su. Sa.Sharira Sthana 9/12]

===Role of meda dhatu as vitiated factor in diseases:===

=== Role of meda dhatu as vitiated factor in diseases ===

Meda dhatu is involved in the pathogenesis of the following diseases:

Meda dhatu is involved in the pathogenesis of the following diseases:

• Obstinate urinary diseases including diabetes (Prameha)[Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 4/8]

*Obstinate urinary diseases including diabetes (Prameha)[Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 4/8]

 

*vitiligo (Shwitra) [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/174]

• vitiligo (Shwitra) [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/174]

*swelling (Shotha) [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/94]

 

• swelling (Shotha) [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/94]

== Importance of concept in the preservation of health and prevention ==

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

==Importance of concept in the preservation of health and prevention: ==

Meda dhatu provides unctuousness to all body components. Unctuousness is the essential property of the essence of all seven [[dhatu]] ([[ojas]]). It is related to vitality and immunity of the body. [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/31] The unctuous portion (sneha) carries functions like lubrication, providing moisture, smoothening, unction, fluidity, and ooziness. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 22/11] These are important in various physiological processes and functions of the body.

Meda dhatu provides unctuousness to all body components. Unctuousness is the essential property of the essence of all seven [[dhatu]] ([[ojas]]). It is related to vitality and immunity of the body. [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/31] The unctuous portion (sneha) carries functions like lubrication, providing moisture, smoothening, unction, fluidity, and ooziness. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 22/11] These are important in various physiological processes and functions of the body.

==Management: ==

==Management ==

 

*Nourishing therapy (brimhana) and oleation therapy (snehana) are indicated in conditions of decrease of meda dhatu. Drying therapy (rukshana)and scraping therapy (lekhana) are indicated in conditions of increase in meda dhatu. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]22]

• Nourishing therapy (brimhana) and oleation therapy (snehana) are indicated in conditions of decrease of meda dhatu. Drying therapy (rukshana)and scraping therapy (lekhana) are indicated in conditions of increase in meda dhatu. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]22]

The management of diseases due to vitiation of medadhatu includes following measures: [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/21-22]

The management of diseases due to vitiation of medadhatu includes following measures: [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/21-22]

• Food and drinks that alleviate vata dosha and reduce kapha dosha and meda dhatu (fat),  

 

*In conventional physiology, the concept of meda dhatu is perceived in view of adipose tissue, fats, and lipids. <ref>Vandana Verma, Sonam Agrawal, & Sangeeta Gehlot. (2020). Exploration of Ayurveda blueprint on clinical physiology of Meda (adipose tissue) and Majja Dhatu (bone marrow) in context to obesity. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11(1), 358-367. https://doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1830</ref> Fat is found primarily as a continuous layer or as a deposition on membranes such as mesenteries or greater omentum. It is usually found around kidneys helping to hold them in place around the intestine and furrows of the heart. Fat is found in marrows of long bones also.<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996. Third edition.pg.346</ref>

• Therapeutic enema processed with drugs of sharply acting, dry and hot properties,

=== Origin and formation ===

 

 

 

 

 

 

===Origin and formation:===

   

   

Adipose tissue is a loose connective tissue including adipocytes, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and some immune cells.<ref>Available from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Adipose_Tissue_Development cited on 18/05/2020</ref>

Adipose tissue is a loose connective tissue including adipocytes, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and some immune cells.<ref>Available from https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Adipose_Tissue_Development cited on 18/05/2020</ref>

Adipocytes, or lipocytes or fat cells, primarily compose adipose tissue and store fat as energy.<ref>Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Enikolopov GN, Mintz A, Delbono O (August 2013). "Role of pericytes in skeletal muscle regeneration and fat accumulation". Stem Cells and Development. 22 (16): 2298–314. doi:10.1089/scd.2012.0647. PMC 3730538. PMID 23517218</ref>  Adipocytes are derived from mesenchymal stem cells through adipogenesis.  

Adipocytes, or lipocytes or fat cells, primarily compose adipose tissue and store fat as energy.<ref>Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Enikolopov GN, Mintz A, Delbono O (August 2013). "Role of pericytes in skeletal muscle regeneration and fat accumulation". Stem Cells and Development. 22 (16): 2298–314. doi:10.1089/scd.2012.0647. PMC 3730538. PMID 23517218</ref>  Adipocytes are derived from mesenchymal stem cells through adipogenesis.  

There are two types of adipose tissue, white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), which are also known as white and brown fat, respectively, and comprise two types of fat cells.<ref name=abc>Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipocyte#cite_note-Birbrair_2298%E2%80%932314-1</ref>

There are two types of adipose tissue, white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), which are also known as white and brown fat, respectively, and comprise two types of fat cells.<ref name=abc>Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipocyte#cite_note-Birbrair_2298%E2%80%932314-1</ref> The WAT carries out functions of storage of fat, whereas BAT is involved in thermogenesis.  

 

The WAT carries out functions of storage of fat, whereas BAT is involved in thermogenesis.  

The third but poorly understood marrowfat cells (unilocular cells) are also derived from mesenchymal stem cells.  These cells expand in states of low bone density but additionally expands in the setting of obesity.<ref>Styner M, Pagnotti GM, McGrath C, Wu X, Sen B, Uzer G, Xie Z, Zong X, Styner MA, Rubin CT, Rubin J (August 2017). "Exercise Decreases Marrow Adipose Tissue Through ß-Oxidation in Obese Running Mice". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 32 (8): 1692–1702. doi:10.1002/jbmr.3159. PMC 5550355. PMID 28436105</ref>

The third but poorly understood marrow fat cells (unilocular cells) are also derived from mesenchymal stem cells.  These cells expand in states of low bone density but additionally expands in the setting of obesity.<ref>Styner M, Pagnotti GM, McGrath C, Wu X, Sen B, Uzer G, Xie Z, Zong X, Styner MA, Rubin CT, Rubin J (August 2017). "Exercise Decreases Marrow Adipose Tissue Through ß-Oxidation in Obese Running Mice". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 32 (8): 1692–1702. doi:10.1002/jbmr.3159. PMC 5550355. PMID 28436105</ref>

   

   

• '''Embryonic development:'''

=== Embryonic development ===

Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into adipocytes, connective tissue, muscle, or bone. The fibroblast are preadipocytes that can differentiate to form adipocytes.  Connective tissues are originated from mesoderm during embryogenesis. The development of adipose tissue starts in 14th week of gestation in buccal pad.6

Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into adipocytes, connective tissue, muscle, or bone. The fibroblast are preadipocytes that can differentiate to form adipocytes.  Connective tissues are originated from mesoderm during embryogenesis. The development of adipose tissue starts in 14th week of gestation in buccal pad.6

• '''Quantity and measurement:'''

=== Quantity and measurement ===

   

   

The total weight of fat in an average human adult measures about 13.5 kg. There are 30 billion fat cells. In case of excess weight gain, the fat cells show a fourfold increase in size before dividing and increasing the absolute number of fat cells present.<ref>Robert P (2001). Fat: fighting the obesity epidemic. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. pp. 68. ISBN 978-0-19-511853-7</ref>

The total weight of fat in an average human adult measures about 13.5 kg. There are 30 billion fat cells. In case of excess weight gain, the fat cells show a fourfold increase in size before dividing and increasing the absolute number of fat cells present.<ref>Robert P (2001). Fat: fighting the obesity epidemic. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. pp. 68. ISBN 978-0-19-511853-7</ref>

• '''Functions:'''

=== Functions ===

'''Storage of fat:'''

==== Storage of fat ====

   

   

The fat is stored in the body for energy in case of starvation. The white fat cells store fat in a semi-liquid state. It is composed primarily of triglycerides and cholesteryl ester. White fat cells secrete many proteins acting as adipokines such as resistin, adiponectin, leptin and apelin.<ref>KAvailable from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipocyte#cite_note-:0-3 cited on 18/05/2020</ref>

The fat is stored in the body for energy in case of starvation. The white fat cells store fat in a semi-liquid state. It is composed primarily of triglycerides and cholesteryl ester. White fat cells secrete many proteins acting as adipokines such as resistin, adiponectin, leptin and apelin.<ref>KAvailable from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipocyte#cite_note-:0-3 cited on 18/05/2020</ref>

'''Generation of heat:'''

==== Generation of heat ====

The brown color in the brown fat cells comes from the large quantity of mitochondria. Therefore, the brown fat, also known as "baby fat," is used to generate heat.<ref name=abc/>

The brown color in the brown fat cells comes from the large quantity of mitochondria. Therefore, the brown fat, also known as "baby fat," is used to generate heat.<ref name=abc/>

'''Adaptation:'''

==== Adaptation ====

The fat cells tend to increase in size to store more fat in case needed. This expansion of fat mass leads to obesity.

The fat cells tend to increase in size to store more fat in case needed. This expansion of fat mass leads to obesity.

'''Investigations:'''

=== Investigations ===

The levels of meda dhatu can be investigated through various assessment parameters like:  

The levels of meda dhatu can be investigated through various assessment parameters like:  

1. Body mass index

#Body mass index

=== Role of adipocytes in causing obesity and diabetes ===

 

 

 

 

'''Role of adipocytes in causing obesity and diabetes:'''

   

   

From the above description, it is clear that meda dhatu is responsible for obesity (sthaulya)due to excess nourishment. The vitiation of channels of transportation and transformation of meda dhatu(medavahasrotasa) leads to obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes(prameha).

From the above description, it is clear that meda dhatu is responsible for obesity (sthaulya)due to excess nourishment. The vitiation of channels of transportation and transformation of meda dhatu(medavahasrotasa) leads to obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes(prameha).

   

   

This pathophysiology can be linked as follows:  

This patho-physiology can be linked as follows:  

Excess nutrition leads to the expansion of fat mass and an increase in the size of adipocytes (hypertrophy).<ref>Bluher M (June 2009). "Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity". Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes. 117 (6): 241–50. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1192044. PMID 19358089</ref>  This leads to obesity. In the fat cells of obese individuals, there is increased production of metabolism modulators, such as glycerol, hormones, macrophage stimulating chemokines, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to the development of insulin resistance.<ref>Kahn SE, Hull RL, Utzschneider KM (December 2006). "Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes". Nature. 444 (7121): 840-6. doi:10.1038/nature05482. PMID 17167471</ref> Insulin plays a major role in fat production in adipocytes, synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and stimulating lipogenesis. It also plays a role in the uptake of glucose by muscles.<ref>Kahn BB, Flier JS (August 2000). "Obesity and insulin resistance". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 106 (4): 473–81. doi:10.1172/JCI10842. PMC 380258. PMID 10953022</ref>  The malfunctioning of insulin in turn leads to diabetes.

Excess nutrition leads to the expansion of fat mass and an increase in the size of adipocytes (hypertrophy).<ref>Bluher M (June 2009). "Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity". Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes. 117 (6): 241–50. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1192044. PMID 19358089</ref>  This leads to obesity. In the fat cells of obese individuals, there is increased production of metabolism modulators, such as glycerol, hormones, macrophage stimulating chemokines, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to the development of insulin resistance.<ref>Kahn SE, Hull RL, Utzschneider KM (December 2006). "Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes". Nature. 444 (7121): 840-6. doi:10.1038/nature05482. PMID 17167471</ref> Insulin plays a major role in fat production in adipocytes, synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and stimulating lipogenesis. It also plays a role in the uptake of glucose by muscles.<ref>Kahn BB, Flier JS (August 2000). "Obesity and insulin resistance". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 106 (4): 473–81. doi:10.1172/JCI10842. PMC 380258. PMID 10953022</ref>  The malfunctioning of insulin in turn leads to diabetes.

==Current researches: ==

== Current researches ==

An observational study assessing the qualities of excellence of medadhatu(sarata) in 60 individuals showed significantly positive relationship with values of lipids. The data showed that persons showing excellent qualities of meda dhatu have normal to high values of HDL (high-density lipoproteins), comparatively low values of LDL (low-density lipoproteins), and serum cholesterol.<ref>Najneen M. Bhaldar et al,An Observational Study of Medadhatu Sarata w.s.r. to Lipid Profile, International Journal of Research & Review , Vol.5; Issue: 10; October 2018</ref>  

An observational study assessing the qualities of excellence of medadhatu(sarata) in 60 individuals showed significantly positive relationship with values of lipids. The data showed that persons showing excellent qualities of meda dhatu have normal to high values of HDL (high-density lipoproteins), comparatively low values of LDL (low-density lipoproteins), and serum cholesterol.<ref>Najneen M. Bhaldar et al,An Observational Study of Medadhatu Sarata w.s.r. to Lipid Profile, International Journal of Research & Review , Vol.5; Issue: 10; October 2018</ref>  

Hyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia are two other disorders related to meda dhatu.  

Hyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia are two other disorders related to meda dhatu.  

1.Upadhyay Vashudev J (2001) : Medo-Dhatvagni ka SthaulyaRogakeSandharbhameinSaidhantikaevamPrayogikaAdhyayana, Department of Basic Principles, IPGT&RA,Jamnagar

1. Upadhyay Vashudev J (2001) : Medo-Dhatvagni ka SthaulyaRogakeSandharbhameinSaidhantikaevamPrayogikaAdhyayana, Department of Basic Principles, IPGT&RA,Jamnagar

2.Savjani Rekha T (2001) :A clinical study on the management of Sthaulya by Pancha-Tikta and Lekhana-Basti, Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar

2.Savjani Rekha T (2001) :A clinical study on the management of Sthaulya by Pancha-Tikta and Lekhana-Basti, Department of Kayachikitsa, I.P.G.T. & R. A., Jamnagar

3.BuchakeAnand(2002) :An assessment of the activities of RookshaGunaw.s.r. to Sthaulya, Department of Dravyaguna, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar

3.BuchakeAnand(2002) :An assessment of the activities of RookshaGunaw.s.r. to Sthaulya, Department of Dravyaguna, I.P.G.T. & R. A., Jamnagar

4. Parmar Sheetal (2002): The role of Virechana and Triphaladi Ghana-Vati in the management of Madhumeha (Diabetes mellitus), Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar

4. Parmar Sheetal (2002): The role of Virechana and Triphaladi Ghana-Vati in the management of Madhumeha (Diabetes mellitus), Department of Kayachikitsa, I.P.G.T. & R. A., Jamnagar

5. GujarathiRitesh A ( 2004) : Conceptual and applied aspects of HrasaHetur-Visheshascha in the context of Sthaulya, Department of Basic Principles, IPGT&RA,Jamnagar.

5. GujarathiRitesh A ( 2004) : Conceptual and applied aspects of HrasaHetur-Visheshascha in the context of Sthaulya, Department of Basic Principles, IPGT&RA,Jamnagar.

6. Talathi Sameer (2005) : A study of Saptaparna (Alstoniascholaris) w.s.r. to Sthaulyahara Karma, Department of Dravyaguna, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar.

6. Talathi Sameer (2005) : A study of Saptaparna (Alstoniascholaris) w.s.r. to Sthaulyahara Karma, Department of Dravyaguna, I.P.G.T. & R. A., Jamnagar.

 

 

8.Umesh Kumar Sapra (2007) : A Clinical Study Of Hyperlipidaemia And The Effect Of Panchatikta Ghana In Its Management-A Double Blind Study, Department of Kayachikitsa, I.P.G.T. & R. A., Jamnagar.

7.Dyuti Dave (2006) : Further Clinical Studies In The Management Of Madhumeha With MedoghnaRasayanaVati, Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar.

9.Jyoti Kumari (2007) :A Comparative Clinical Study Of NyagrodhadiGhanavati And Virechana Karma In The Management Of Madhumeha (Diabetes mellitus), Department of Kayachikitsa, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Jamnagar.

8.Umesh Kumar Sapra (2007) : A Clinical Study Of Hyperlipidaemia And The Effct Of Panchatikta Ghana In Its Management-A Double Blind Study, Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar.

10.Amit Kumar Singh (2007): A comparative study of Vidangadichurna and some indigenous drug in the management of sthaulya (obesity), Department of Kayachikitsa, I.P.G.T. & R. A., Jamnagar.

9.Jyoti Kumari (2007) :A Comparative Clinical Study Of NyagrodhadiGhanavati And Virechana Karma In The Management Of Madhumeha (Diabetes mellitus), Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar.

11. Shweta M Khanapurkar (2008) :Comparative Study of the Efficacy of Triphaladi Vati and Shilajitwadi Vati in the Management of Prameha (DM), Department of Kayachikitsa, Akhandanand Ayurveda College, Ahmedabad.

10.Amit Kumar Singh (2007): A comparative study of Vidangadichurna and some indigenous drug in the management of sthaulya (obesity), Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar.

12.Anoop K (2010) :Pharmaco-Therapeutical Evaluation of Anti-Hyperlipidaemic Activity of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) W.S.R. to Sthaulya,Department of Dravyaguna, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Jamnagar.

11. Shweta M Khanapurkar (2008) :Comparative Study of the Efficacy of TriphaladiVati and ShilajitwadiVati in the Management of Prameha (DM), Department of Kayachikitsa, Akhandanand Ayurveda College, Ahmedabad.

13. Yogesh K Patil (2010) : A Comparative Study of Nyagrodhadi Vati and Gokshuradi Guggulu in the Management of Madhumeha W.S.R. to Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Kayachikitsa, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Jamnagar.

12.Anoop K (2010) :Pharmaco-Therapeutical Evaluation of Anti-Hyperlipidaemic Activity of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) W.S.R. to Sthaulya,Department of Dravyaguna, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar.

14.Falguni S Patel (2010) :A Clinical Study of Tryushnadhya Lauha Vati in the Management of Sthaulya w.s.r. to Obesity, Department of Kayachikitsa, I.P.G.T. & R. A., Jamnagar.

13. Yogesh K Patil (2010) : A Comparative Study of NyagrodhadiVati and GokshuradiGuggulu in the Management of Madhumeha W.S.R. to Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar.

15.Manjiri S Ghorpade (2011) : A Comparative Study of Vatsakadi Ghana Vati and Mamajjaka Ghana Vati in the management of Madhumehaw.s.r. to Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Kayachikitsa, I.P.G.T. & R. A., Jamnagar.

14Falguni S Patel (2010) :A Clinical Study of TryushnadhyaLauhaVati in the Management of Sthaulyaw.s.r. to Obesity, Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar.

16.Kanwar S Singh(2011) : Study on Apathyanimittaja Prameha (Type 2 Diabetes) and its Management with Saptarangyadi Ghana vati (A Clinico-Experimental study), Department of Kayachikitsa, I.P.G.T. & R. A., Jamnagar.

15.Manjiri S Ghorpade (2011) : A Comparative Study of Vatsakadi Ghana Vati and Mamajjaka Ghana Vati in the management of Madhumehaw.s.r. to Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar.

17.Shivam Joshi (2013) :A Comparative clinical study of AsanadiGhanavati and GomutraHaritakiVati in KaphaMedoMargavaranaw.s.r. to Dyslipidemia, Department of Kayachikitsa, I.P.G.T. & R. A., Jamnagar.

16.Kanwar S Singh(2011) : Study on ApathyanimittajaPrameha (Type 2 Diabetes) and its Management with SaptarangyadiGhanvati (A Clinico-Experimental study), Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar.

18.Ankush Gunjal (2013) : A Clinico-experimental Study on Triphaladi Granules in Apathya Nimittaja Prameha (Type 2 Diabetes mellitus), Department of Kayachikitsa, I.P.G.T. & R. A., Jamnagar.

17.Shivam Joshi (2013) :A Comparative clinical study of AsanadiGhanavati and GomutraHaritakiVati in KaphaMedoMargavaranaw.s.r. to Dyslipidemia, Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar.

19.Chitra Devi Sharma (2013) : Comparative Study of Asanadi yoga Vati and Shilajitwadi Vati in the management of Madhumeha w.s.r. to Diabetes mellitus, Department of Kayachikitsa, I.P.G.T. & R. A., Jamnagar.

18.Ankush Gunjal (2013) : A Clinico-experimental Study on Triphaladi Granules in ApathyaNimittajaPrameha (Type 2 Diabetes mellitus), Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar.

20.MalivadShila (2014) : A Comparative Study of Vidangadi Lauh and Triphaladi Vati in the Management of Madhumeha with special reference to Diabetes Mellitus (Type II), Department of Kayachikitsa, I.P.G.T. & R. A., Jamnagar.

19.Chitra Devi Sharma (2013) : Comparative Study of AsanadiyogaVati and ShilajitwadiVati in the management of Madhumehaw.s.r. to Diabetes mellitus, Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar.

21.Jatin M Vyas (2014) : A Comparative Study of Bilvadi Panchmool Ghana vati and Navaka Guggulu in the Management of Sthaulya with special reference to Obesity, Department of Kayachikitsa ,I.P.G.T. & R. A., Jamnagar.

20.MalivadShila (2014) : A Comparative Study of VidangadiLauh and TriphaladiVati in the Management of Madhumeha with special reference to Diabetes Mellitus (Type II), Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar.

22. PadharBharatkumarChhaganbhai(2014) :A Comparative Clinical Study of Tryoshnadi guggulu and Lasuna in Management of Dyslipidemia, Department of Kayachikitsa, I.P.G.T. & R. A., Jamnagar.

21.Jatin M Vyas (2014) : A Comparative Study of BilvadiPanchmoolGhanvati and NavakGuggulu in the Management of Sthaulya with special reference to Obesity, Department of Kayachikitsa ,IPGT &RA, Jamnagar.

23. Bhushan Bhav Ram Prakash Niranjan (2014) : Management of Apathyanimittaja Prameha (Type 2 Diabetes mellitus) with Mayaphala (Quercus infectoria Olivier) A Clinio-experimental Study, Department of Kayachikitsa, I.P.G.T. & R. A., Jamnagar

[[ Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]], [[Snehadhyaya]], [[Langhanabrimhaniya Adhyaya]], [[Ashtauninditiya Adhyaya]], [[Santarpaniya Adhyaya]]  

[[ Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]], [[Snehadhyaya]], [[Langhanabrimhaniya Adhyaya]], [[Ashtauninditiya Adhyaya]], [[Santarpaniya Adhyaya]]  

[[ Grahani Chikitsa]] ,[[Prameha Nidana]] ,[[ Prameha Chikitsa]]

[[ Grahani Chikitsa]],[[Prameha Nidana]],[[Prameha Chikitsa]]

 

==External links  ==

==External links  ==

[[Adipocyte]], [[fat cells]]

[[Adipocyte]], [[fat cells]]

=== Abbreviations ===

=== Abbreviations ===

*SAT = Standard Ayurveda Terminology  

*SAT = Standard Ayurveda Terminology  

*Cha. = Charak  

*Cha. = Charak  

*Sa. = Samhita

*Sa. = Samhita

==References:==

==References==