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Now we shall expound the chapter "Arthedashmahamooliya" “The ten great vessels having their roots in the heart”. Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

Now we shall expound the chapter "Arthedashmahamooliya" (Ten great vessels arising from Heart and aspects of healthy life). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

=== Importance of ''hridaya'' (heart) ===

=== Importance of ''hridaya'' (heart) ===

It is the ''ojas'', located within the heart, that keeps all the beings content and alive. It is the essence in the fertilization and the essence of ''rasa'' in the embryo. It enters the heart during cardiogenesis, and its deficiency or loss leads to degeneration of the body. It is the seat of the essence of unctuous body fluids and vital life forces. Thus, the ''ojas'' is supremely important since it results in multiple benefits. [9-12]

It is the ''ojas'', located within the heart, that keeps all the beings content and alive. It is the essence in the fertilization and the essence of ''rasa'' in the embryo. It enters the heart during cardiogenesis, and its deficiency or loss leads to degeneration of the body. It is the seat of the essence of unctuous body fluids and vital life forces. Thus, the ''ojas'' is supremely important since it results in multiple benefits. [9-12]

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ध्मानाद्धमन्यः स्रवणात् स्रोतांसि सरणात्सिराः||१२||  

ध्मानाद्धमन्यः स्रवणात् स्रोतांसि सरणात्सिराः||१२||  

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=== The method of learning text of [[Ayurveda]] ===

==== The method of learning text of [[Ayurveda]] ====

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=== ''Prashnashtak'' (eight questions) ===

==== ''Prashnashtak'' (eight questions) ====

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Again, when the questions arise as to which among the four ''vedas– rk, sama, yajus'' and ''atharva'', should scholars of [[Ayurveda]] follow? What is ''Ayu''? Why is the body of knowledge called [[Ayurveda]]? What is the purpose of [[Ayurveda]]? Is it eternal or transient? What are its branches and how many are they? Who are eligible to study it and why should it be studied? (An ideal practitioner should be able to answer these questions in the manner mentioned in the following verse) [20]

Again, when the questions arise as to which among the four ''vedas– rk, sama, yajus'' and ''atharva'', should scholars of [[Ayurveda]] follow? What is ''Ayu''? Why is the body of knowledge called [[Ayurveda]]? What is the purpose of [[Ayurveda]]? Is it eternal or transient? What are its branches and how many are they? Who are eligible to study it and why should it be studied? (An ideal practitioner should be able to answer these questions in the manner mentioned in the following verse) [20]

=== Source of [[Ayurveda]] ===

==== Source of [[Ayurveda]] ====

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Out of the four ''vedas'' – ''rk, yajus, sama,'' and ''atharva'' - physicians owe their loyalty to the ''Atharva Veda'' because this deals with the treatment of diseases by resorting to various practices like sacrifices, prayers, and chants, charity, moral discipline, the atonement of sins, austere practices like fasts, etc. These are advocated for treatment as well as for living a healthy, long life. [21]

Out of the four ''vedas'' – ''rk, yajus, sama,'' and ''atharva'' - physicians owe their loyalty to the ''Atharva Veda'' because this deals with the treatment of diseases by resorting to various practices like sacrifices, prayers, and chants, charity, moral discipline, the atonement of sins, austere practices like fasts, etc. These are advocated for treatment as well as for living a healthy, long life. [21]

=== The meaning of Ayu ===

==== The meaning of Ayu ====

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After answering question on ''Veda'', ''Ayu'' is being described. ''Ayu'' means the ''anuvritti'' (continuity) of ''chetana'' (consciousness) i.e., ''chetananuvritti'', being alive (''jeevita''), bonding with the body (''anubandha'') and sustenance of life (''dhari''). [22]

After answering question on ''Veda'', ''Ayu'' is being described. ''Ayu'' means the ''anuvritti'' (continuity) of ''chetana'' (consciousness) i.e., ''chetananuvritti'', being alive (''jeevita''), bonding with the body (''anubandha'') and sustenance of life (''dhari''). [22]

=== Scope of [[Ayurveda]] ===

==== Scope of [[Ayurveda]] ====

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=== Characteristics of happy and healthy life ===

==== Characteristics of happy and healthy life ====

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=== Signs of decreasing life span ===

==== Signs of decreasing life span ====

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The decrease of lifespan is signaled by various abnormal changes in the sensory perception, in the objects of perception, in mind, in the intellect, and in movement. These signals help in predicting the death of an individual at a particular moment or time or day, after three days, five days, a week or ten days and after a fortnight, a month, six months or a year. ''Svabhava'' (return to the natural state), ''uparama'' of ''pravritti'' (cessation of all activities), ''marana'' (death), ''anityata'' (temporary state) ''nirodha'' (restriction in the continuation of life)- all these are synonymous with death. In the absence of such signs and symptoms, the life span is to be determined as unlimited from the prognostic point of view. In [[Ayurveda]], life span is determined by characteristics of natural constitution.[25]

The decrease of lifespan is signaled by various abnormal changes in the sensory perception, in the objects of perception, in mind, in the intellect, and in movement. These signals help in predicting the death of an individual at a particular moment or time or day, after three days, five days, a week or ten days and after a fortnight, a month, six months or a year. ''Svabhava'' (return to the natural state), ''uparama'' of ''pravritti'' (cessation of all activities), ''marana'' (death), ''anityata'' (temporary state) ''nirodha'' (restriction in the continuation of life)- all these are synonymous with death. In the absence of such signs and symptoms, the life span is to be determined as unlimited from the prognostic point of view. In [[Ayurveda]], life span is determined by characteristics of natural constitution.[25]

=== Objectives of [[Ayurveda]] ===

==== Objectives of [[Ayurveda]] ====

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=== Eternal qualities of  [[Ayurveda]] ===

==== Eternal qualities of  [[Ayurveda]] ====

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=== Eight branches of [[Ayurveda]] ===

==== Eight branches of [[Ayurveda]] ====

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[[Ayurveda]] has eight branches viz., 1. Internal Medicine, 2. The science is of diseases specific to the supra-clavicular region, i.e., Otorhinolaryngology (ENT) + Ophthalmology 3. Surgery, 4. Toxicology, 5. Psychiatry 6. Pediatrics, 7. The science of rejuvenation and 8. The science of sexual medicine. [28]

[[Ayurveda]] has eight branches viz., 1. Internal Medicine, 2. The science is of diseases specific to the supra-clavicular region, i.e., Otorhinolaryngology (ENT) + Ophthalmology 3. Surgery, 4. Toxicology, 5. Psychiatry 6. Pediatrics, 7. The science of rejuvenation and 8. The science of sexual medicine. [28]

=== Learners of [[Ayurveda]] and their objectives ===

==== Learners of [[Ayurveda]] and their objectives ====

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=== Eight segments to be learned in [[Ayurveda]] ===

==== Eight segments to be learned in [[Ayurveda]] ====

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Along these lines the query should be dealt by quoting the text, interpreting it and explanation of its various aspects. [30]

Along these lines the query should be dealt by quoting the text, interpreting it and explanation of its various aspects. [30]

=== Classical text and its object ===

==== Classical text and its object ====

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''Shakha, Vidya, Sutra, Jnana, Shastra, Lakshana,'' and ''Tantra'' are synonyms of [[Ayurveda]]. The purpose of this science has been explained in its definition. Various topics discussed in this science are Anatomy-Physiology, Dietetics, Etiology, Disease, Treatment for attainment of health, Chronobiology, Physicians, Therapies, and Procedures. These are ten aspects that will be explained in this treatise. [31-32]

''Shakha, Vidya, Sutra, Jnana, Shastra, Lakshana,'' and ''Tantra'' are synonyms of [[Ayurveda]]. The purpose of this science has been explained in its definition. Various topics discussed in this science are Anatomy-Physiology, Dietetics, Etiology, Disease, Treatment for attainment of health, Chronobiology, Physicians, Therapies, and Procedures. These are ten aspects that will be explained in this treatise. [31-32]

=== Sections and their objects ===

==== Sections and their objects ====

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The following are the eight sections that form [[Charak Samhita]]:-

The following are the eight sections that form [[Charak Samhita]]:-

#''Shloka Sthana'' (or [[Sutra Sthana]]) or the section on general principles having thirty chapters;  

# Shloka Sthana (or [[Sutra Sthana]]) or the section on general principles having thirty chapters;  

#[[Nidana Sthana]] or the section on diagnosis of diseases having eight chapters;  

#[[Nidana Sthana]] or the section on diagnosis of diseases having eight chapters;  

#[[Vimana Sthana]] or the section on specific determination of drugs etc., having eight chapters;  

#[[Vimana Sthana]] or the section on specific determination of drugs etc., having eight chapters;  

Thus it can be said that ''Sutra''(''shloka'') and ''Chikitsa''(''aushadha'') sections have thirty chapters each, ''Indriya''(''arishta''), ''Kalpa''(''vikalpa'') and ''Siddhi'' sections have twelve chapters each, and ''Nidana, Vimana,'' and ''Sharira''(''ashraya'') sections have eight chapters each. This is the entire treatise. [34]

Thus it can be said that ''Sutra''(''shloka'') and ''Chikitsa''(''aushadha'') sections have thirty chapters each, ''Indriya''(''arishta''), ''Kalpa''(''vikalpa'') and ''Siddhi'' sections have twelve chapters each, and ''Nidana, Vimana,'' and ''Sharira''(''ashraya'') sections have eight chapters each. This is the entire treatise. [34]

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स्वे स्वे स्थाने यथास्वं च स्थानार्थ उपदेक्ष्यते|  

स्वे स्वे स्थाने यथास्वं च स्थानार्थ उपदेक्ष्यते|  

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पृच्छा तन्त्राद्यथाम्नायं विधिना प्रश्न उच्यते|  

पृच्छा तन्त्राद्यथाम्नायं विधिना प्रश्न उच्यते|  

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सन्ति पाल्लविकोत्पाताः  सङ्क्षोभं जनयन्ति ये|  

सन्ति पाल्लविकोत्पाताः  सङ्क्षोभं जनयन्ति ये|  

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समग्रं दुःखमायत्तमविज्ञाने द्वयाश्रयम्|  

समग्रं दुःखमायत्तमविज्ञाने द्वयाश्रयम्|  

There are a few compelling similarities between ancient Greek medical literature and [[Ayurveda]].  However, ‘which school of medicine borrowed these ideas from whom?' - Has been an unresolved mystery. Some of the ideas that are significantly common to these two systems are humorism, the mechanism of blood formation, breathing, and circulation. One of the points that are widely debated in this context is the supremacy of brain versus the supremacy of heart. It looks like Hippocrates, Aristotle, Erasistratus and Galen had this confusion over the exact functions of the heart and the brain. They ascribed to the heart the functions such as perception of the sensations, motor control, intellect, emotions, etc. The above verse may be read with this background in mind. <ref name=ref1>Patwardhan K. The history of the discovery of blood circulation: unrecognized contributions of [[Ayurveda]] masters. Adv Physiol Educ. 2012 Jun;36(2):77-82. doi: 10.1152/advan.00123.2011.  </ref> Another explanation could, however, be that these vital entities are functionally dependent on the heart, though not exactly located there.

There are a few compelling similarities between ancient Greek medical literature and [[Ayurveda]].  However, ‘which school of medicine borrowed these ideas from whom?' - Has been an unresolved mystery. Some of the ideas that are significantly common to these two systems are humorism, the mechanism of blood formation, breathing, and circulation. One of the points that are widely debated in this context is the supremacy of brain versus the supremacy of heart. It looks like Hippocrates, Aristotle, Erasistratus and Galen had this confusion over the exact functions of the heart and the brain. They ascribed to the heart the functions such as perception of the sensations, motor control, intellect, emotions, etc. The above verse may be read with this background in mind. <ref name=ref1>Patwardhan K. The history of the discovery of blood circulation: unrecognized contributions of [[Ayurveda]] masters. Adv Physiol Educ. 2012 Jun;36(2):77-82. doi: 10.1152/advan.00123.2011.  </ref> Another explanation could, however, be that these vital entities are functionally dependent on the heart, though not exactly located there.

The functions of the brain are in fact well-documented in Ashtaṅga Hṛdaya, in the context of ''prāṇa vāyu'', whose anatomical location is ''mūrdhā'' (head). Vāgbhaṭa in this context explains the functions of ''prāṇa vāyu'' to be the control of higher mental activities, heart, respiration, swallowing, spitting, belching, sneezing and other sensory modalities. Even in Bhela Saṃhitā, the location of mind has been documented to be in the head.  (Verse 3, 4)

The functions of the brain are in fact well-documented in Ashtaṅga Hṛdaya, in the context of ''prāṇa vāyu'', whose anatomical location is ''murdha'' (head). Vāgbhaṭa in this context explains the functions of ''prāṇa vāyu'' to be the control of higher mental activities, heart, respiration, swallowing, spitting, belching, sneezing and other sensory modalities. Even in Bhela Samhita, the location of mind has been documented to be in the head.  (Verse 3, 4)

The detailed information on different kinds of blood vessels, functions of the heart, and physiology of circulation can be found in a published review paper titled “The history of the discovery of blood circulation: unrecognized contributions of [[Ayurveda]] masters." ¬¬<ref name=ref1/> (Verse 12)

The detailed information on different kinds of blood vessels, functions of the heart, and physiology of circulation can be found in a published review paper titled “The history of the discovery of blood circulation: unrecognized contributions of [[Ayurveda]] masters." ¬¬<ref name=ref1/> (Verse 12)