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''Vakyaprashamsa'' (syntactical excellence) is that where the statement is free from deficiency (''anyunam'') and superfluity (''anadhikam''), is meaningful (''arthavat''), devoid of deprivation of meaning (''anaparthaka'') and incongruity (''aviruddham'') and comprehensible (''adhigatapadartham''). Further there is no room for any question. Such statement is commended. [55]

''Vakyaprashamsa'' (syntactical excellence) is that where the statement is free from deficiency (''anyunam'') and superfluity (''anadhikam''), is meaningful (''arthavat''), devoid of deprivation of meaning (''anaparthaka'') and incongruity (''aviruddham'') and comprehensible (''adhigatapadartham''). Further there is no room for any question. Such statement is commended. [55]

===== 35. Chchala (knavery) =====

===== 35. ''Chhala'' (knavery) =====

अथच्छलं- छलंनामपरिशठमर्थाभासमनर्थकंवाग्वस्तुमात्रमेव| तद्द्विविधं- वाक्छलं, सामान्यच्छलंच| तत्रवाक्छलंनामयथा- कश्चिद्ब्रूयात्- नवतन्त्रोऽयंभिषगिति, अथभिषग्ब्रूयात्- नाहंनवतन्त्रएकतन्त्रोऽहमिति; परोब्रूयात्- नाहंब्रवीमिनवतन्त्राणितवेति, अपितुनवाभ्यस्तंतेतन्त्रमिति; भिषक्ब्रूयात्- नमयानवाभ्यस्तंतन्त्रम्, अनेकधाऽभ्यस्तंमयातन्त्रमिति; एतद्वाक्छलम्| सामान्यच्छलंनामयथा- व्याधिप्रशमनायौषधमित्युक्ते, परोब्रूयात्- सत्सत्प्रशमनायेतिकिंनुभवानाह; सन्हिरोगः, सदौषधं; यदिचसत्सत्प्रशमनायभवति, तत्रसत्कासः, सत्क्षयः, सत्सामान्यात्कासस्तेक्षयप्रशमनायभविष्यतीति|  

अथच्छलं- छलंनामपरिशठमर्थाभासमनर्थकंवाग्वस्तुमात्रमेव| तद्द्विविधं- वाक्छलं, सामान्यच्छलंच| तत्रवाक्छलंनामयथा- कश्चिद्ब्रूयात्- नवतन्त्रोऽयंभिषगिति, अथभिषग्ब्रूयात्- नाहंनवतन्त्रएकतन्त्रोऽहमिति; परोब्रूयात्- नाहंब्रवीमिनवतन्त्राणितवेति, अपितुनवाभ्यस्तंतेतन्त्रमिति; भिषक्ब्रूयात्- नमयानवाभ्यस्तंतन्त्रम्, अनेकधाऽभ्यस्तंमयातन्त्रमिति; एतद्वाक्छलम्| सामान्यच्छलंनामयथा- व्याधिप्रशमनायौषधमित्युक्ते, परोब्रूयात्- सत्सत्प्रशमनायेतिकिंनुभवानाह; सन्हिरोगः, सदौषधं; यदिचसत्सत्प्रशमनायभवति, तत्रसत्कासः, सत्क्षयः, सत्सामान्यात्कासस्तेक्षयप्रशमनायभविष्यतीति|  

एतत्सामान्यच्छलम्||५६||  

एतत्सामान्यच्छलम्||५६||  

atha cchalaṁ- chalaṁ nāma pariśaṭhamarthābhāsamanarthakaṁ vāgvastumātramēva| taddvividhaṁ- vākchalaṁ, sāmānyacchalaṁ ca| tatra vākchalaṁ nāma yathā- kaścidbrūyāt- navatantrō'yaṁ bhiṣagiti, atha bhiṣag brūyāt- nāhaṁ navatantra ēkatantrō'hamiti; parō brūyāt- nāhaṁ bravīmi nava tantrāṇi tavēti, api tu navābhyastaṁ tē tantramiti; bhiṣak brūyāt- na mayā navābhyastaṁ tantram, anēkadhā'bhyastaṁ mayā tantramiti; ētadvākchalam| sāmānyacchalaṁ nāma yathā- vyādhipraśamanāyauṣadhamityuktē, parō brūyāt- sat satpraśamanāyēti kiṁ nu bhavānāha; san hi rōgaḥ, sadauṣadhaṁ; yadi ca sat satpraśamanāya bhavati, tatra sat kāsaḥ, sat kṣayaḥ, satsāmānyāt kāsastē kṣayapraśamanāya bhaviṣyatīti| ētat sāmānyacchalam||56||  

atha chhalaṁ- chalaṁ nāma pariśaṭhamarthābhāsamanarthakaṁ vāgvastumātramēva| taddvividhaṁ- vākchalaṁ, sāmānyacchalaṁ ca| tatra vākchalaṁ nāma yathā- kaścidbrūyāt- navatantrō'yaṁ bhiṣagiti, atha bhiṣag brūyāt- nāhaṁ navatantra ēkatantrō'hamiti; parō brūyāt- nāhaṁ bravīmi nava tantrāṇi tavēti, api tu navābhyastaṁ tē tantramiti; bhiṣak brūyāt- na mayā navābhyastaṁ tantram, anēkadhā'bhyastaṁ mayā tantramiti; ētadvākchalam| sāmānyacchalaṁ nāma yathā- vyādhipraśamanāyauṣadhamityuktē, parō brūyāt- sat satpraśamanāyēti kiṁ nu bhavānāha; san hi rōgaḥ, sadauṣadhaṁ; yadi ca sat satpraśamanāya bhavati, tatra sat kāsaḥ, sat kṣayaḥ, satsāmānyāt kāsastē kṣayapraśamanāya bhaviṣyatīti| ētat sāmānyacchalam||56||  

atha cchalaM- chalaM nAma parishaThamarthAbhAsamanarthakaM vAgvastumAtrameva|  

atha cchalaM- chalaM nAma parishaThamarthAbhAsamanarthakaM vAgvastumAtrameva|  

etat sAmAnyacchalam||56||

etat sAmAnyacchalam||56||

Chchala is only a jugglery of words in which the words are used knavishly, with apparent meaning or without meaning. This is of two types – vakchchalam and samanyacchala.  

''Chhala'' is only a jugglery of words in which the words are used knavishly, with apparent meaning or without meaning. This is of two types – ''vakchchalam'' and ''samanyachhala.''

Vakchchala (verbal knavery), such as – if somebody says – this physician is ‘navatantra’, then the physician retorts – I have not studied nine texts but only one tantra. Opponent if replies that I do not mean you have read nine tantra but you are new in this field. On this the physician says – I have not practised the text nine times but many times. This is verbal knavery.  

''Vakchhala'' (verbal knavery), such as – if somebody says – this physician is ''navatantra'', then the physician retorts – I have not studied nine texts but only one ''tantra''. Opponent if replies that I do not mean you have read nine ''tantra'' but you are new in this field. On this the physician says – I have not practiced the text nine times but many times. This is verbal knavery.  

Samanya chchala (knavery in general), such as – when somebody says – medicament is for alleviating the disease. The other says – how do you say the existent is for alleviating the existent because disease is existent and also the medicament, if the existent is capable of alleviating the existent, then both cough and wasting being existent, cough may be able to alleviate wasting. This is a knavery in general. [56]

 

''Samanya chhala'' (knavery in general), such as – when somebody says – medicament is for alleviating the disease. The other says – how do you say the existent is for alleviating the existent because disease is existent and also the medicament, if the existent is capable of alleviating the existent, then both cough and wasting being existent, cough may be able to alleviate wasting. This is a knavery in general. [56]

===== 36. Ahetu (fallacious reason) =====

===== 36. Ahetu (fallacious reason) =====