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Line 414: − a. Thrombocytopenia: ① Diminished or defective platelet production: aplastic anemia, marrow infiltration (carcinoma, leukemia, myelofibrosis, tuberculosis, etc), infections, drugs that act on platelet production (alcohol, thiazide diuretics).② Enhanced platelet destruction: idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, drug-induced, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. ③Sequestration of platelets: hypersplenism+ − b. Thrombocytosis: ① Primary: essential thrombocythemia.② Secondary: infections, injury, post-splenectomy chronic myelocytic leukemia, other myeloproliferative disorders (such as polycythemia vera)+ − c. Functional abnormalities of platelets: ① Congenital: thrombasthenia, giant platelet syndrome (Bernard-Soulier syndrome). ② Acquired: due to drugs, uremia, liver diseases, dysproteinemias+ − + − a. Congenital: hemophilia A (F VIII deficiency), hemophilia B (F IX deficiency),factor XI deficiency (formerly hemophilia C), hypothrombinogenemia, hypofibrinogenemia, von Willebrand’s disease, other coagulation factors deficiency, including deficiency of activatedprotein C inhibitor structural abnormalities − b. Acquired: Vitamin K deficiency, severe liver diseases, drugs (dicumarol), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) etc − IV. Hyperfibrinolysis+ − a. Primary: Congenital deficiency of α2 antiplasmin, clinical use of urokinase, liver diseases, liberation of tissue plasminogen activator into the circulation+ − b. Secondary: DIC + + + + + + − +
→II. Platelet abnormalities
===== II. Platelet abnormalities =====
===== II. Platelet abnormalities =====
#Thrombocytopenia: ① Diminished or defective platelet production: aplastic anemia, marrow infiltration (carcinoma, leukemia, myelofibrosis, tuberculosis, etc), infections, drugs that act on platelet production (alcohol, thiazide diuretics).② Enhanced platelet destruction: idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, drug-induced, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. ③Sequestration of platelets: hypersplenism
#Thrombocytosis: ① Primary: essential thrombocythemia.② Secondary: infections, injury, post-splenectomy chronic myelocytic leukemia, other myeloproliferative disorders (such as polycythemia vera)
#Functional abnormalities of platelets: ① Congenital: thrombasthenia, giant platelet syndrome (Bernard-Soulier syndrome). ② Acquired: due to drugs, uremia, liver diseases, dysproteinemias
III. Coagulation disorders due to coagulation factor deficiencies
===== III. Coagulation disorders due to coagulation factor deficiencies =====
#Congenital: hemophilia A (F VIII deficiency), hemophilia B (F IX deficiency),factor XI deficiency (formerly hemophilia C), hypothrombinogenemia, hypofibrinogenemia, von Willebrand’s disease, other coagulation factors deficiency, including deficiency of activatedprotein C inhibitor structural abnormalities
#Acquired: Vitamin K deficiency, severe liver diseases, drugs (dicumarol), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) etc
===== IV. Hyperfibrinolysis =====
#Primary: Congenital deficiency of α2 antiplasmin, clinical use of urokinase, liver diseases, liberation of tissue plasminogen activator into the circulation
#Secondary: DIC
==== Causes of Bleeding ====
When normal hemostatic mechanisms fail, major hemorrhage may follow minor trauma or may appear to arise spontaneously. Biomedicine observes spontaneous bleeding primarily from either the rectum or from the naso-pharyngeal cavity.
When normal hemostatic mechanisms fail, major hemorrhage may follow minor trauma or may appear to arise spontaneously. Biomedicine observes spontaneous bleeding primarily from either the rectum or from the naso-pharyngeal cavity.
A. Causes of bleeding from the mouth
===== A.Causes of bleeding from the mouth =====
i) Common causes of bleeding from the mouth include:
i) Common causes of bleeding from the mouth include: