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Line 497: − + − Thus, there has been much research concerning dairy products, besides meat and other forms of complex proteins, which shows their excessive consumption in a very unfavourable . These types of food have multifold impact on the health of a person. These can change the gut flora leading to disorders of absorption, adversely affecting auto-immunity and production of antibodies. It has been shown by certain researchers that excess of meat and dairy products leads to immune-activation. Excess of meat also has certain enzymatic toxicity which can lead to insulin resistance –a basic pathology of obesity, heart disease and type II diabetes. − All the above types of food mentioned herein could explain 57% of the total structural variation in gut microbiota whereas changes in genetics accounted for no more than 12%. This indicates that diet plays a dominant role in shaping gut microbiota and changing key populations may transform healthy gut microbiota into a disease-inducing entity. For example, the western diet, which is high in sugar and fat, causes dysbiosis affecting both host GI tract metabolism and immune homeostasis. Dysbiosis is a very important term that can be helpful in explaining many pathologies mentioned in Ayurvedic literature. − Thus, an excessive meat/dairy based diet that has been explained by Charaka starts its dreadful effect from GI tract leading to metabolic disorders. This can be compared with the theory of agni elaborated by Ayurveda scholars and also explains how wrong food exerts its effect on immune system leading to inflammation at molecular level. Chronic inflammation changes the normal mechanism of body and leads to certain dreadful metabolic disorders. Thus, over and undernutrition both lead to certain metabolic diseases mediated through inflammation . − + + + + + + + − + + + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + + + + + + + + + + + − + +
→III. Categories of food leading to anabolism
==== III. Categories of food leading to anabolism ====
==== III. Categories of food leading to anabolism ====
''Gorasa'' (milk and milk products): Over the years, there have been many conflicting views in scientific journals and from nutritionists regarding dairy products and it is often difficult to conclude about their health benefits. Charaka has clearly mentioned in various texts, including this chapter and in Prameha Nidana, that excessive consumption of dairy products, meat, and carbohydrates may lead to many metabolic disorders. It may also create inflammation at a molecular level. Common allergens like casein and gluten create inflammation in the gut. Investigators have correlated higher levels of milk antibodies with rheumatoid arthritis (Arvikar, 2013). Studies suggest (Feskanich D. et al) that cow’s milk could be responsible for an irreversible inability to metabolize blood sugar, and could cause Type I and type II diabetes. This study also suggests that severe disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, heart attacks, multiple sclerosis, and osteoporosis could be attributed to diet rich in milk.
'''''Gorasa''''' (milk and milk products): Over the years, there have been many conflicting views in scientific journals and from nutritionists regarding dairy products and it is often difficult to conclude about their health benefits. Charaka has clearly mentioned in various texts, including this chapter and in [[Prameha Nidana]], that excessive consumption of dairy products, meat, and carbohydrates may lead to many metabolic disorders. It may also create inflammation at a molecular level. Common allergens like casein and gluten create inflammation in the gut. Investigators have correlated higher levels of milk antibodies with rheumatoid arthritis (Arvikar, 2013). Studies suggest (Feskanich D. et al) that cow’s milk could be responsible for an irreversible inability to metabolize blood sugar, and could cause Type I and type II diabetes. This study also suggests that severe disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, heart attacks, multiple sclerosis, and osteoporosis could be attributed to diet rich in milk.
IV. Effect of lifestyle on anabolism:
Thus, there has been much research concerning dairy products, besides meat and other forms of complex proteins, which shows their excessive consumption in a very unfavourable. These types of food have multifold impact on the health of a person. These can change the gut flora leading to disorders of absorption, adversely affecting auto-immunity and production of antibodies. It has been shown by certain researchers that excess of meat and dairy products leads to immune-activation. Excess of meat also has certain enzymatic toxicity which can lead to insulin resistance –a basic pathology of obesity, heart disease and type II diabetes.
All the above types of food mentioned herein could explain 57% of the total structural variation in gut microbiota whereas changes in genetics accounted for no more than 12%. This indicates that diet plays a dominant role in shaping gut microbiota and changing key populations may transform healthy gut microbiota into a disease-inducing entity. For example, the western diet, which is high in sugar and fat, causes dysbiosis affecting both host GI tract metabolism and immune homeostasis. Dysbiosis is a very important term that can be helpful in explaining many pathologies mentioned in Ayurvedic literature.
Thus, an excessive meat/dairy based diet that has been explained by Charaka starts its dreadful effect from GI tract leading to metabolic disorders. This can be compared with the theory of agni elaborated by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda] scholars and also explains how wrong food exerts its effect on immune system leading to inflammation at molecular level. Chronic inflammation changes the normal mechanism of body and leads to certain dreadful metabolic disorders. Thus, over and undernutrition both lead to certain metabolic diseases mediated through inflammation.
==== IV. Effect of lifestyle on anabolism ====
Charaka not only explains the adverse effects of bad eating but also explains the ill effects of sedentary behaviour which are the leading cause of metabolic disorders. He explains that those averse to physical or mental activities (exercises), those who are habituated to sleeping during the day and always having the tendency to lying down will end up suffering from various metabolic disorders. Modern researchers have proved this too. Sedentary behaviour refers to low-energy activities that involve energy expenditure (at the level of 1.0–1.5 metabolic equivalent units (METs)), and include activities such as lying down, sitting, etc. Individuals could be spending a significant part of their waking hours in sedentary activities.
Charaka not only explains the adverse effects of bad eating but also explains the ill effects of sedentary behaviour which are the leading cause of metabolic disorders. He explains that those averse to physical or mental activities (exercises), those who are habituated to sleeping during the day and always having the tendency to lying down will end up suffering from various metabolic disorders. Modern researchers have proved this too. Sedentary behaviour refers to low-energy activities that involve energy expenditure (at the level of 1.0–1.5 metabolic equivalent units (METs)), and include activities such as lying down, sitting, etc. Individuals could be spending a significant part of their waking hours in sedentary activities.
Per studies by Lee et al (2001), the association between sedentary behaviour and metabolic health could, to some extent, explain the association between sedentary time and metabolic syndrome.
Per studies by Lee et al (2001), the association between sedentary behaviour and metabolic health could, to some extent, explain the association between sedentary time and metabolic syndrome.
Bedrest studies, though not sufficiently researched in humans, indicate that there is an increased sedentary behavior associated with a range of deleterious metabolic effects.
Bedrest studies, though not sufficiently researched in humans, indicate that there is an increased sedentary behavior associated with a range of deleterious metabolic effects.
It can be noted from the above enlisted disorders that kapha dosha, rasa, rakta, mamsa and meda dhatu are vitiated in santarpaniya diseases. Therefore, the treatment protocol shall be designed keeping these factors in mind.
Pramehapidaka: This can be compared with diabetic carbuncle which is a complication of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. It is localized infective gangrene of the skin and subcutaneous tissues caused by infection. The predisposing factor is diabetes. In diabetic carbuncle, infection is at hair follicle with severe pain and there is involvement of fibrous strand along with sub-cutaneous tissues. A multi-locular lesion is seen which may give rise to ulcerating carbuncle. In this lesion, gangrenous process can occur which may be due to thrombosis of the lesion.
It can be noted from the above enlisted disorders that ''kapha dosha, rasa, rakta, mamsa'' and ''meda dhatu'' are vitiated in ''santarpaniya'' diseases. Therefore, the treatment protocol shall be designed keeping these factors in mind.
It is interesting to note that pramehapidaka, skin disorders, pandu (anaemia), urinary problems (which can be referred to as renal problems) and arochaka (anorexia) are all complications of metabolic disorders. These diseases must not be taken as swatantra (independent) pathological entities but are to be seen in the light of metabolic disorders.
Kandu can be compared with urticaria, characterized by skin eruptions which are reddish and itchy in nature and are of mild intensity and increased by exposure to cold breeze. It is also manifested as a symptom of other diseases. In this context of santarpanajanya vyadhi, we have seen previously that certain foods have effect on immune system. Kandu is a peculiar indication of severe hyperglycemia as well. Due to dehydration, neuritis and micro angiopathy these types of symptoms can be developed. These are more seen in chronic uncontrolled diabetes patients.
'''''Pramehapidaka''''': This can be compared with diabetic carbuncle which is a complication of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. It is localized infective gangrene of the skin and subcutaneous tissues caused by infection. The predisposing factor is diabetes. In diabetic carbuncle, infection is at hair follicle with severe pain and there is involvement of fibrous strand along with sub-cutaneous tissues. A multi-locular lesion is seen which may give rise to ulcerating carbuncle. In this lesion, gangrenous process can occur which may be due to thrombosis of the lesion.
Kotha as explained is a decay of tissues due to certain conditions. In the context of santarpanajanya vyadhi, decay usually is seen in diabetic patients caused mostly due to microangiopathy. Involvement of the blood vessels by atherosclerosis leading to ischemia is a significant factor in diabetic foot. Lower extremity peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is the most common factor associated with limb ulceration, gangrene, impaired wound healing and ultimately amputation. It mainly occurs due to blood flow changes, occlusive changes, micro angiopathy, and hematological changes. There is marked change in the flow of blood in peripheral vessels. The microcirculation is regulated by neural factors, local reflexes and vasoactive mediators. The initial haemodynamic changes will be increased flow and pressure of capillary blood . As the disease progresses, autoregulation is lost and haemodynamic stress results. It could also be due to increased calcification of vessels or AV shunting or hyperosmolarity of blood. It is well documented by high ankle brachial ratio and also Doppler studies. Occlusive changes occur in more than 50% of diabetics having the disease for more than 10 – 15 years . It mainly affects arteries below profunda femoris and is characterized by multiple segment involvement. The tibial & peroneal arteries between the knee and the ankle are primarily affected. Dorsalis pedis artery and foot vessels are usually spared. Patients with diabetes have diminished ability to establish collateral circulation especially in arteries around knee. This disease is more prevalent & accelerated with diabetes mellitus.
Pandu (anemia): It means pallor and is seen in metabolic disorders. Charaka has explained it as a disease as well as complication of other disorders. Pandu that has been mentioned in santarpanajanya diseases chapter is kapha dominant where the causes are elaborated in verses 3 and 4. Two of the most common causes of anemia are due to abnormalities in iron homeostasis: iron-deficiency anemia and anemia of inflammation also known as anemia of chronic disease. The anemia caused due to inflammation is elaborated in this context. It is very interesting to know metabolic disorders like obesity and some complication of diabetes like diabetic nephropathy also lead to pallor and iron deficiency. Along with anaemia, renal parameters also get deranged which may lead to abdominal symptoms like nausea and vomiting, so the word arochaka is used here adjoining to mutrakruchhra (urinary disorder). In the latter stages of diabetic or hypertensive nephropathy urinary complaints like oligouria or anuria can occur. If it remains untreated due anaemia and congestion in heart, edema starts developing which has been called as shopha.
It is interesting to note that ''pramehapidaka'', skin disorders, ''pandu'' (anaemia), urinary problems (which can be referred to as renal problems) and ''arochaka'' (anorexia) are all complications of metabolic disorders. These diseases must not be taken as ''swatantra'' (independent) pathological entities but are to be seen in the light of metabolic disorders.
Amaja vyadhi: Ama is referred to an intermediate bio product of cellular metabolism leading to number of metabolic disorders. Generation of ama is thought to start with mal digestion or indigestion of food substances when taken in excess which begins in the stomach. It is a very important factor playing a pivotal role in the genesis of any disease. It is clearly stated that there is no disorder devoid of ama. So all the anabolic disorders where ama is considered as cause are supposed to be under the category of ama vyadhis.
When we think simply about the urinary complaints related with diabetes and obesity, urinary incontinence is prominent symptom, which is dominantly seen in obese women and men, which can be called as stress incontinence. So the word mutrakkruchra in this context of santarpanajanya vyadhis is to be taken as a complication of diabetic and hypertensive nepheropathy.
''Kandu'' can be compared with urticaria, characterized by skin eruptions which are reddish and itchy in nature and are of mild intensity and increased by exposure to cold breeze. It is also manifested as a symptom of other diseases. In this context of ''santarpanajanya vyadhi'', we have seen previously that certain foods have effect on immune system. ''Kandu'' is a peculiar indication of severe hyperglycemia as well. Due to dehydration, neuritis and micro angiopathy these types of symptoms can be developed. These are more seen in chronic uncontrolled diabetes patients.
Kushtha – There are many skin diseases which are related to anabolism. Anabolism leads to discoloration and hyper pigmentation of skin. Majority of obese people show severe hyper pigmentation, which is called as acanthosis nigricans. Simple acne can also be the result of santarpanajanya vyadhis. Some of the studies had reported, how caloric restriction can change sebum composition. Another study linked acne to the consumption of milk.
Klaibya: A person who is unable to have proper sexual intercourse either due to erectile dysfunction or early ejaculation is termed as klaibya in Ayurveda. Klaibya is described in detail in Chikitsa sthana (Chikitsa 30/155) and is mentioned as a complication of either obesity, diabetes or hypertension. While elaborating the properties of lashuna (garlic) Charaka has explained that lashuna is important herb in cardiac disorders as well and is useful in klaibya. Looking at its properties on micro vessels, garlic is proven to be a herb which regulates nitric oxide synthesis in the arteries and keeps the lumen of the arteries dilated. Per studies, in cases of hypertensive erectile dysfunction in rats, it has been observed that nitric oxide synthesis in penile artery is lowered . Garlic has positive impact on regulating nitric oxide synthesis.
''Kotha'', as explained, is a decay of tissues due to certain conditions. In the context of ''santarpanajanya vyadhi'', decay usually is seen in diabetic patients caused mostly due to microangiopathy. Involvement of the blood vessels by atherosclerosis leading to ischemia is a significant factor in diabetic foot. Lower extremity peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is the most common factor associated with limb ulceration, gangrene, impaired wound healing and ultimately amputation. It mainly occurs due to blood flow changes, occlusive changes, micro angiopathy, and hematological changes. There is marked change in the flow of blood in peripheral vessels. The microcirculation is regulated by neural factors, local reflexes and vasoactive mediators. The initial haemodynamic changes will be increased flow and pressure of capillary blood . As the disease progresses, autoregulation is lost and haemodynamic stress results. It could also be due to increased calcification of vessels or AV shunting or hyperosmolarity of blood. It is well documented by high ankle brachial ratio and also Doppler studies. Occlusive changes occur in more than 50% of diabetics having the disease for more than 10 – 15 years. It mainly affects arteries below profunda femoris and is characterized by multiple segment involvement. The tibial & peroneal arteries between the knee and the ankle are primarily affected. Dorsalis pedis artery and foot vessels are usually spared. Patients with diabetes have diminished ability to establish collateral circulation especially in arteries around knee. This disease is more prevalent & accelerated with diabetes mellitus.
Pandu (anemia): It means pallor and is seen in metabolic disorders. Charaka has explained it as a disease as well as complication of other disorders. Pandu that has been mentioned in santarpanajanya diseases chapter is kapha dominant where the causes are elaborated in verses 3 and 4. Two of the most common causes of anemia are due to abnormalities in iron homeostasis: iron-deficiency anemia and anemia of inflammation also known as anemia of chronic disease. The anemia caused due to inflammation is elaborated in this context. It is very interesting to know metabolic disorders like obesity and some complication of diabetes like diabetic nephropathy also lead to pallor and iron deficiency. Along with anaemia, renal parameters also get deranged which may lead to abdominal symptoms like nausea and vomiting, so the word ''arochaka'' is used here adjoining to ''mutrakruchhra'' (urinary disorder). In the latter stages of diabetic or hypertensive nephropathy urinary complaints like oligouria or anuria can occur. If it remains untreated due anaemia and congestion in heart, edema starts developing which has been called as ''shopha''.
''Amaja vyadhi'': ''Ama'' is referred to an intermediate bio product of cellular metabolism leading to number of metabolic disorders. Generation of ''ama'' is thought to start with mal digestion or indigestion of food substances when taken in excess which begins in the stomach. It is a very important factor playing a pivotal role in the genesis of any disease. It is clearly stated that there is no disorder devoid of ''ama''. So all the anabolic disorders where ''ama'' is considered as cause are supposed to be under the category of ''ama vyadhis''.
When we think simply about the urinary complaints related with diabetes and obesity, urinary incontinence is prominent symptom, which is dominantly seen in obese women and men, which can be called as stress incontinence. So the word ''mutrakkrichra'' in this context of ''santarpanajanya vyadhis'' is to be taken as a complication of diabetic and hypertensive nepheropathy.
''Kushtha'': There are many skin diseases which are related to anabolism. Anabolism leads to discoloration and hyperpigmentation of skin. Majority of obese people show severe hyperpigmentation, which is called as acanthosis nigricans. Simple acne can also be the result of santarpanajanya vyadhis. Some of the studies had reported, how caloric restriction can change sebum composition. Another study linked acne to the consumption of milk.
''Klaibya'': A person who is unable to have proper sexual intercourse either due to erectile dysfunction or early ejaculation is termed as ''klaibya'' in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda].''Klaibya'' is described in detail in [[Chikitsa Sthana]] (Chikitsa 30/155) and is mentioned as a complication of either obesity, diabetes or hypertension. While elaborating the properties of ''lashuna'' (garlic) Charaka has explained that ''lashuna'' is important herb in cardiac disorders as well and is useful in ''klaibya''. Looking at its properties on microvessels, ''garlic'' is proven to be a herb which regulates nitric oxide synthesis in the arteries and keeps the lumen of the arteries dilated. Per studies, in cases of hypertensive erectile dysfunction in rats, it has been observed that nitric oxide synthesis in penile artery is lowered. Garlic has positive impact on regulating nitric oxide synthesis.
The direct effect of obesity on increaded risk of erectile dysfunction is well researched, and is often attributable to hormonal imbalance, endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance.
The direct effect of obesity on increaded risk of erectile dysfunction is well researched, and is often attributable to hormonal imbalance, endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance.
Gurugatrata: Guru is heavy and gatra is body, and gurugatratra means a feeling of heaviness in the body. This condition can be due to excess fat deposition, or may be due peripheral odema developing due to certain cardiac and renal complications. In the initial stage tissues show inflammatory changes at molecular level and later develop symptoms of gurugatrata.
''Gurugatrata'': ''Guru'' is heavy and gatra is body, and gurugatratra means a feeling of heaviness in the body. This condition can be due to excess fat deposition, or may be due peripheral odema developing due to certain cardiac and renal complications. In the initial stage tissues show inflammatory changes at molecular level and later develop symptoms of gurugatrata.
Aalasya, lethargy or lassitude at the somatic as well as psychological level signifies a feeling of lethargy along with hesitancy or weariness of body or mind from strain, oppressive climate, etc. It is mainly caused due to psychological factors that show through one’s sensory and motor organs. It is a primary stage of the major complications like tandra and moha. It could also be a condition symptomatic of diabetic and hypertensive cerebral encephelopathy. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia or hypertension in patients may lead to number of complications. These are all pre coma or coma conditions where all the sensory organs stop responding and a specific word, Lepa, is used to denote some form of “covering” that the sensory organs are covered with that makes them stop responding and lose orientation. Not only the sensory organs, but all the body channels from where not only the blood and sensation, but also the chemical signalling of the cells also gets disturbed and patients land into tandra, buddhi moha and prameelaka.
Aalasya, lethargy or lassitude at the somatic as well as psychological level signifies a feeling of lethargy along with hesitancy or weariness of body or mind from strain, oppressive climate, etc. It is mainly caused due to psychological factors that show through one’s sensory and motor organs. It is a primary stage of the major complications like tandra and moha. It could also be a condition symptomatic of diabetic and hypertensive cerebral encephelopathy. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia or hypertension in patients may lead to number of complications. These are all pre coma or coma conditions where all the sensory organs stop responding and a specific word, Lepa, is used to denote some form of “covering” that the sensory organs are covered with that makes them stop responding and lose orientation. Not only the sensory organs, but all the body channels from where not only the blood and sensation, but also the chemical signalling of the cells also gets disturbed and patients land into tandra, buddhi moha and prameelaka.
Tandra is an abnormal condition characterized by drowsiness.
Tandra is an abnormal condition characterized by drowsiness.