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=== Abstract ===

=== Abstract ===

The Ashtauninditiyam is the first chapter of the Yojana Chatushka (tetrad on management protocol) within the Sutra Sthana. It deals with the interrelationships of diseases and drugs that depend upon the physical constitution of an individual. This chapter talks about eight undesirable physical constitutions that require special attention during any course of treatment and then focuses on features that are extreme and undesirable - morbid obesity and extreme emaciation. The reader of this chapter would expect to learn about these two conditions, their causative factors, signs and symptoms, and ways of effective management. A special emphasis has also been given to the merits of sleep, qualities or characteristics that define a “good sleep” and the demerits of sleep related disorders.  

The Ashtauninditiyam is the first chapter of the ''Yojana Chatushka'' (tetrad on management protocol) within the [[Sutra Sthana]]. It deals with the interrelationships of diseases and drugs that depend upon the physical constitution of an individual. This chapter talks about eight undesirable physical constitutions that require special attention during any course of treatment and then focuses on features that are extreme and undesirable - morbid obesity and extreme emaciation. The reader of this chapter would expect to learn about these two conditions, their causative factors, signs and symptoms, and ways of effective management. A special emphasis has also been given to the merits of sleep, qualities or characteristics that define a “good sleep” and the demerits of sleep related disorders.  

Key Words: Atisthaulya, Atikarshya, Genetic Disorders, Endocrine Disorders, Sleep/Nidra, Insomnia/Anidra

 

'''Keywords''': ''Atisthaulya, Atikarshya,'' Genetic Disorders, Endocrine Disorders, Sleep(''Nidra''), Insomnia(''Anidra'')

=== Introduction ===

=== Introduction ===

Charaka has laid down the foundation of genetic/hereditary and endocrinal disorders in relation to four pairs of opposing (and undesirable) physical characteristics- height (too tall, too short), body hair (too hairy, hairless), complexion (too dark, too light), and body mass (too obese, too lean). Among these, atisthula (morbid obesity) is the most undesirable characteristic because it is associated with several life-threatening complications including diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery diseases, joint disorders, skin disorders, anorectal problems, etc. This chapter focuses on the features of a healthy physical constitution of a person, definitions of sleep, as well as key concepts associated with disease management such as etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, prognosis, and management of atisthula. Some key etiological factors of atisthula include dietary and lifestyle indicators (e.g., sedentary habit and high-calorie diet), and genetic and hereditary factors. This chapter also describes the pathogenesis of atisthula in detail, involving rasa (plasma) and meda (adipose tissue) as important dushyas (affected tissues). Modern medicine has acknowledged the role of meda (adipose tissue) as a principal dushya, with  obesity and dyslipidemia regarded as the main components of the basic matrix of this disease and its related disorders.   The recent concept of “metabolic syndrome” was already recognized in Ayurveda. Biomedical science points that overweight individuals experience greatly elevated morbidity and mortality from various ailments including cardiovascular diseases.     

 

Charaka has laid down the foundation of genetic/hereditary and endocrinal disorders in relation to four pairs of opposing (and undesirable) physical characteristics- height (too tall, too short), body hair (too hairy, hairless), complexion (too dark, too light), and body mass (too obese, too lean). Among these, ''atisthula'' (morbid obesity) is the most undesirable characteristic because it is associated with several life-threatening complications including diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery diseases, joint disorders, skin disorders, anorectal problems, etc. This chapter focuses on the features of a healthy physical constitution of a person, definitions of sleep, as well as key concepts associated with disease management such as etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, prognosis, and management of ''atisthula''. Some key etiological factors of ''atisthula'' include dietary and lifestyle indicators (e.g., sedentary habit and high-calorie diet), and genetic and hereditary factors. This chapter also describes the pathogenesis of ''atisthula'' in detail, involving ''rasa'' (plasma) and ''meda'' (adipose tissue) as important ''dushyas'' (affected tissues). Modern medicine has acknowledged the role of ''meda'' (adipose tissue) as a principal ''dushya'', with  obesity and dyslipidemia regarded as the main components of the basic matrix of this disease and its related disorders. The recent concept of “metabolic syndrome” was already recognized in . Biomedical science points that overweight individuals experience greatly elevated morbidity and mortality from various ailments including cardiovascular diseases.     

Obesity research is focused on preventive measures and management of complications like prediabetes, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, stroke, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmia/sudden death.  In the modern world, obesity has emerged as a serious health issue in both developed and developing nations and is recognized as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century. In 2008 the WHO estimated that globally, at least 500 million adults (or approximately 1 in 10 adults) are obese, with higher rates among women than men. Obesity is the reason for about 80% of type 2 diabetes, about 70% of cardiovascular diseases, and 42% of breast and colon cancers today. In the past two decades, the number of overweight children and adolescents has doubled.  The rate of obesity also increases with age at least up to 50 or 60 years old. Once considered a problem specific to only high-income countries, obesity has acquired pandemic proportions and is affecting people globally     

Obesity research is focused on preventive measures and management of complications like prediabetes, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, stroke, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmia/sudden death.  In the modern world, obesity has emerged as a serious health issue in both developed and developing nations and is recognized as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century. In 2008 the WHO estimated that globally, at least 500 million adults (or approximately 1 in 10 adults) are obese, with higher rates among women than men. Obesity is the reason for about 80% of type 2 diabetes, about 70% of cardiovascular diseases, and 42% of breast and colon cancers today. In the past two decades, the number of overweight children and adolescents has doubled.  The rate of obesity also increases with age at least up to 50 or 60 years old. Once considered a problem specific to only high-income countries, obesity has acquired pandemic proportions and is affecting people globally     

Any course of treatment for obesity suggested by modern medical practitioners primarily includes dietary changes and physical exercise followed by anti-obesity drugs that help reduce appetite or inhibit fat absorption. In severe cases, various invasive and non-invasive surgical procedures could be prescribed - such as partial gastrectomy, gastric bypass, banding, gastric balloons, etc.  However, Ayurveda’s approach to weight management is very different in that it does not recommend pills or surgeries for inducing drastic weight-loss. Instead, Ayurveda advocates dietary restrictions according to the Prakriti (predisposition or temperament of the patient), moderate exercise, practice of yogasanas and pranayama, besides certain ayurvedic medications and bio-purificatory measures for its management   

Any course of treatment for obesity suggested by modern medical practitioners primarily includes dietary changes and physical exercise followed by anti-obesity drugs that help reduce appetite or inhibit fat absorption. In severe cases, various invasive and non-invasive surgical procedures could be prescribed - such as partial gastrectomy, gastric bypass, banding, gastric balloons, etc.  However, Ayurveda’s approach to weight management is very different in that it does not recommend pills or surgeries for inducing drastic weight-loss. Instead, Ayurveda advocates dietary restrictions according to the Prakriti (predisposition or temperament of the patient), moderate exercise, practice of yogasanas and pranayama, besides certain ayurvedic medications and bio-purificatory measures for its management