Vipaka - Revision history

Agnivesha at 19:09, 23 February 2024

2024-02-23T19:09:29Z

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	\|label3 = Reviewers		\|label3 = Reviewers
	\|data3 = T. Saketh Ram<sup>3</sup>, Basisht G.<sup>4</sup>, Khandel S.K.<sup>5</sup>		\|data3 = T. Saketh Ram<sup>3</sup>, [[Gopal Basisht\|Basisht G.]]<sup>4</sup>, Khandel S.K.<sup>5</sup>

	\|label4 = Editor		\|label4 = Editor
	\|data4 = Deole Y.S.<sup>6</sup>		\|data4 = [[Yogesh Deole\|Deole Y.S.]]<sup>6</sup>

	\|label5 = Affiliations		\|label5 = Affiliations

Agnivesha at 14:28, 9 March 2023

2023-03-09T14:28:21Z

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	<~~div~~ style='text-align:justify;'>		<p style="text-align:justify;">The Sanskrit term ‘Vipaka’ (also spelled as vipaaka or vipAka) means specific transformation or effect after digestion of a substance. Detailed and in-depth description of the process of metabolism is the key component of [[Ayurveda]] physiology as well as pathology. Almost all the pathologies occurring in the human body are caused due to imbalance or malfunctioning of metabolism governed by the [[agni]]. Thus, it is of utmost importance for every physician to know the function of [[agni]] in detail. The process of metabolism is divided into two main components i.e. avasthapaka and vipaka. Avasthapaka is the general process of catabolism needed for all food and medicines ingested orally. It involves three stages viz. madhura (sweet), amla (sour) and katu (pungent) avasthapaka. Avasthapaka refers to a series of changes that food undergoes in the gut ([[koshtha]]). [[Agni]] is responsible for digestion and metabolism. In the first stage of digestion (madhura avasthapaka), the food in stomach ([[amashaya]]) undergoes primary transformation. In the second stage (amla avasthapaka), the food undergoes vigorous digestion in duodenum and small intestine (pachyamanashaya). Amlabhava develops under the action of the acid medium. In the third stage (katu avasthapaka), absorption of water and electrolytes occurs in the large intestine. The faeces are formed after maximum water absorption (pari pandita pakwasya). Odoriferous products with pungent gases are also released (vayusyatkatubhavatah). [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/9-11]
	The Sanskrit term ‘Vipaka’ (also spelled as vipaaka or vipAka) means specific transformation or effect after digestion of a substance. Detailed and in-depth description of the process of metabolism is the key component of [[Ayurveda]] physiology as well as pathology. Almost all the pathologies occurring in the human body are caused due to imbalance or malfunctioning of metabolism governed by the [[agni]]. Thus, it is of utmost importance for every physician to know the function of [[agni]] in detail. The process of metabolism is divided into two main components i.e. avasthapaka and vipaka. Avasthapaka is the general process of catabolism needed for all food and medicines ingested orally. It involves three stages viz. madhura (sweet), amla (sour) and katu (pungent) avasthapaka. Avasthapaka refers to a series of changes that food undergoes in the gut ([[koshtha]]). [[Agni]] is responsible for digestion and metabolism. In the first stage of digestion (madhura avasthapaka), the food in stomach ([[amashaya]]) undergoes primary transformation. In the second stage (amla avasthapaka), the food undergoes vigorous digestion in duodenum and small intestine (pachyamanashaya). Amlabhava develops under the action of the acid medium. In the third stage (katu avasthapaka), absorption of water and electrolytes occurs in the large intestine. The faeces are formed after maximum water absorption (pari pandita pakwasya). Odoriferous products with pungent gases are also released (vayusyatkatubhavatah). [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/9-11]		<br/>

	Diet and drugs undergo some inevitable changes during digestion. This may not feel change in the taste of the ingested substance. The characters are modified by [[agni]] in such a way that the ingested foreign substance can be assimilated by the body. Even though some properties of the substance persist after digestion, the end outcome of the digestion is governed by the vipaka of the substance. This vipaka is ultimately governed by the [[agni]] of the individual. Thus, vipaka can be predicted only by logical inference after observing the action on various components of the body.		Diet and drugs undergo some inevitable changes during digestion. This may not feel change in the taste of the ingested substance. The characters are modified by [[agni]] in such a way that the ingested foreign substance can be assimilated by the body. Even though some properties of the substance persist after digestion, the end outcome of the digestion is governed by the vipaka of the substance. This vipaka is ultimately governed by the [[agni]] of the individual. Thus, vipaka can be predicted only by logical inference after observing the action on various components of the body.
			<br/>
	Vipaka mainly starts in stomach and duodenum (grahani), and is responsible for the ultimate effect of the food or medicine ingested. The effect in the time of avasthapaka is momentary and confined to the region of the process, while the effect of vipaka can be seen on the whole body. The concept of 'vipaka’ holds significant importance in ayurvedic approach of metabolism as well as pharmaco-therapeutics. Vipaka is one of the components of rasa panchaka i.e. pharmacodynamic attributes of the drug. Thus, comprehensive knowledge of vipaka is essential to attain excellence in preservation of health and management of diseases through [[Ayurveda]].		Vipaka mainly starts in stomach and duodenum (grahani), and is responsible for the ultimate effect of the food or medicine ingested. The effect in the time of avasthapaka is momentary and confined to the region of the process, while the effect of vipaka can be seen on the whole body. The concept of 'vipaka’ holds significant importance in ayurvedic approach of metabolism as well as pharmaco-therapeutics. Vipaka is one of the components of rasa panchaka i.e. pharmacodynamic attributes of the drug. Thus, comprehensive knowledge of vipaka is essential to attain excellence in preservation of health and management of diseases through [[Ayurveda]].
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Agnivesha at 09:59, 11 October 2022

2022-10-11T09:59:37Z

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	\|title=Vipaka		\|title=Vipaka
	\|titlemode=append		\|titlemode=append
	\|keywords=carakasamhitaonline, charak samhita, caraka samhita, ayurved, Vipaka, Vipaka in ayurveda, Indian System of medicine		\|keywords=carakasamhitaonline, charak samhita, caraka samhita, ayurved, Vipaka, Vipaka in ayurveda, Indian System of medicine, post digestive effect, pharmacology, ayurveda, deole y.s., basisht g.,Bhojani M.K., Joshi Sumedh, dravyaguna, what is vipaka, what is effect after digestion, herb, properties,
	\|description=Vipaka means post digestive effect		\|description=Vipaka means post digestive effect
	\|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg		\|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
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	{{Infobox		{{Infobox

	\|title = ~~Vipaka~~		\|title = Contributors

	\|label1 = Section/Chapter/topic		\|label1 = Section/Chapter/topic

Agnivesha: /* Assessment of vipaka (vipakaupalabdhi hetu) */

2022-10-11T05:41:10Z

Assessment of vipaka (vipakaupalabdhi hetu)

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	==Assessment of vipaka (~~vipakaupalabdhi~~ hetu)==		==Assessment of vipaka (vipaka upalabdhi hetu)==

	Vipaka can be determined by the action of the [[dravya]] on the body. Prediction of the vipaka is always confined to the logical inference obtained after examining the effects on the whole body. The ingested substance undergoes complete process of digestion and exhibits particular action on [[dosha]], [[dhatu]] and [[mala]], which can infer vipaka.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/59-60] Perception of vipaka is done through increased or decreased states of [[dosha]]s in the body. [A.S.Sutra Sthana 17]<ref name=Sangraha/>		Vipaka can be determined by the action of the [[dravya]] on the body. Prediction of the vipaka is always confined to the logical inference obtained after examining the effects on the whole body. The ingested substance undergoes complete process of digestion and exhibits particular action on [[dosha]], [[dhatu]] and [[mala]], which can infer vipaka.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/59-60] Perception of vipaka is done through increased or decreased states of [[dosha]]s in the body. [A.S.Sutra Sthana 17]<ref name=Sangraha/>

Agnivesha at 07:25, 20 September 2022

2022-09-20T07:25:24Z

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Agnivesha at 08:27, 16 August 2022

2022-08-16T08:27:46Z

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Eganeesh: /* Current researches */

2022-07-30T10:54:59Z

Current researches

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	#Anagha Vishwas Ranade, Amey Shirolkar, and Sharad Daulatrao Pawar have given different insight to concept of vipaka by explaining it on the basis of gut microbiota. It says, the holistic mechanism of gut microbiota coincides to some extent, with the doctrines of [[Ayurveda]] in the context of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.<ref>Ranade AV, Shirolkar A, Pawar SD. Gut microbiota: One of the new frontiers for elucidating fundamentals of Vipaka in Ayurveda. Ayu. 2019 Apr-Jun;40(2):75-78. doi: 10.4103/ayu.AYU_210_18. Epub 2020 Mar 20. PMID: 32398906; PMCID: PMC7210818.</ref>		#Anagha Vishwas Ranade, Amey Shirolkar, and Sharad Daulatrao Pawar have given different insight to concept of vipaka by explaining it on the basis of gut microbiota. It says, the holistic mechanism of gut microbiota coincides to some extent, with the doctrines of [[Ayurveda]] in the context of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.<ref>Ranade AV, Shirolkar A, Pawar SD. Gut microbiota: One of the new frontiers for elucidating fundamentals of Vipaka in Ayurveda. Ayu. 2019 Apr-Jun;40(2):75-78. doi: 10.4103/ayu.AYU_210_18. Epub 2020 Mar 20. PMID: 32398906; PMCID: PMC7210818.</ref>
	#Chakrapany Sharma and Chandan Singh have put forth a review to interpret [[Ayurveda]] theory of vipaka v/s pharmacokinetics. They have concluded that, the term vipaka in [[Ayurveda]] covers a broad area that is not limited up to the metabolism, only. All kinds of [[agni]] (jatharagni, dhatvagni and bhootagni) works one by one on ingested diet or drug. This helps to liberate the molecular substance from the chemical structure of ingested diet or drug, assimilate and absorbs in body at the site of action.<ref>Sharma, C. and Singh, C., 2015. Interpretation Of Ayurveda Theory of “Vipaka” V/S Pharmacokinetics: A Review. WJPR, 2015, Volume 4, Issue 5, 935-946</ref>		#Chakrapany Sharma and Chandan Singh have put forth a review to interpret [[Ayurveda]] theory of vipaka v/s pharmacokinetics. They have concluded that, the term vipaka in [[Ayurveda]] covers a broad area that is not limited up to the metabolism, only. All kinds of [[agni]] (jatharagni, dhatvagni and bhootagni) works one by one on ingested diet or drug. This helps to liberate the molecular substance from the chemical structure of ingested diet or drug, assimilate and absorbs in body at the site of action.<ref>Sharma, C. and Singh, C., 2015. Interpretation Of Ayurveda Theory of “Vipaka” V/S Pharmacokinetics: A Review. WJPR, 2015, Volume 4, Issue 5, 935-946</ref>
	#Bidhan Mahajon, Ravi Shankar B., Remadevi R. conducted an experimental study for assessment of ‘vipaka’ (metabolism) of a new medicinal plant, Flemingia strobilifera of family Fabaceae. They have studied various parameters like body weight, faecal output, urine output, water intake etc. and concluded that the drug has katu vipaka.		#Bidhan Mahajon, Ravi Shankar B., Remadevi R. conducted an experimental study for assessment of ‘vipaka’ (metabolism) of a new medicinal plant, Flemingia strobilifera of family Fabaceae. They have studied various parameters like body weight, faecal output, urine output, water intake etc. and concluded that the drug has katu vipaka.<ref name=Bidhan/>
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Eganeesh: /* Assessment of vipaka */

2022-07-30T10:54:23Z

Assessment of vipaka

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	==Assessment of vipaka==		==Assessment of vipaka==

	Vipaka of any [[dravya]] shows its effect on [[dosha]], [[dhatu]] ([[shukra]] in specific) and [[mala]] (urine and faeces specifically). Though it is difficult to assess the effect of [[dravya]] on any [[dosha]], the effect on [[mutra]] (urine output) , [[purisha]] (faecal output and consistency) and effect on [[shukra]] (sperm count) can be assessed in experimental models. Several studies have done on experimental models to assess vipaka of an extrapharmcopoeal drug, Flemingia strobilifera (L).W.T.Aiton<ref>Bidhan Mahajon, Ravi Shankar B, Remadevi R (2014), Assessment of vipaka (metabolism) of a new medicinal plant in animal model, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(11): 427–434</ref> and to compare vipaka of some samana and vichitra pratyayarabdha dravya.<ref>Jadoun Anuruchi, Solanki S K, Ashok B K, Dwivedi R R (2012), Pharmacological study to assess the vipaka of certain Samana & Vichitra Pratyayarabdha drugs in albino rats, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 1(11), 620–628</ref> Parameters like body weight, food consumption, water intake, fresh and dry faecal output and food conversion ratio were assessed and statistical analysis was done to evaluate the effect of the [[dravya]]. In the chosen dose and duration of pharmacological study selected samana and vichitra pratyayarabdha drugs showed apparent impact on [[koshtha]] related parameters as per their vipakas (post digestive effects) although the observed results are non-significant. Further studies are needed to design perfect pharmacological model for assessment of vipaka of a new or unknown [[dravya]].		Vipaka of any [[dravya]] shows its effect on [[dosha]], [[dhatu]] ([[shukra]] in specific) and [[mala]] (urine and faeces specifically). Though it is difficult to assess the effect of [[dravya]] on any [[dosha]], the effect on [[mutra]] (urine output) , [[purisha]] (faecal output and consistency) and effect on [[shukra]] (sperm count) can be assessed in experimental models. Several studies have done on experimental models to assess vipaka of an extrapharmcopoeal drug, Flemingia strobilifera (L).W.T.Aiton<ref name=Bidhan>Bidhan Mahajon, Ravi Shankar B, Remadevi R (2014), Assessment of vipaka (metabolism) of a new medicinal plant in animal model, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 3(11): 427–434</ref> and to compare vipaka of some samana and vichitra pratyayarabdha dravya.<ref>Jadoun Anuruchi, Solanki S K, Ashok B K, Dwivedi R R (2012), Pharmacological study to assess the vipaka of certain Samana & Vichitra Pratyayarabdha drugs in albino rats, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 1(11), 620–628</ref> Parameters like body weight, food consumption, water intake, fresh and dry faecal output and food conversion ratio were assessed and statistical analysis was done to evaluate the effect of the [[dravya]]. In the chosen dose and duration of pharmacological study selected samana and vichitra pratyayarabdha drugs showed apparent impact on [[koshtha]] related parameters as per their vipakas (post digestive effects) although the observed results are non-significant. Further studies are needed to design perfect pharmacological model for assessment of vipaka of a new or unknown [[dravya]].

	==Contemporary approach towards vipaka==		==Contemporary approach towards vipaka==

Eganeesh: /* Importance of vipaka */

2022-07-30T10:46:43Z

Importance of vipaka

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	Vipaka plays significant role in pharmacotherapy used in [[Ayurveda]]. It is explained that substances work according to the potential of their vipaka. Though, ginger ([[shunthi]]) is pungent in taste, it does not vitiate [[pitta dosha]] due to its madhura vipaka. It is therefore a generalized theory that when all pharmacodynamic attributes of the [[dravya]] have comparable/similar potential, the vipaka always dominates the [[rasa]].		Vipaka plays significant role in pharmacotherapy used in [[Ayurveda]]. It is explained that substances work according to the potential of their vipaka. Though, ginger ([[shunthi]]) is pungent in taste, it does not vitiate [[pitta dosha]] due to its madhura vipaka. It is therefore a generalized theory that when all pharmacodynamic attributes of the [[dravya]] have comparable/similar potential, the vipaka always dominates the [[rasa]].

	Vipaka is very important among all other pharmacodynamic properties of [[dravya]] because the results of taking diet or medicine depend on correct or incorrect digestion. [[Agni]] plays crucial role in digestion and vipaka. The desired/undesirable actions of the [[dravya]]s directly/indirectly depend on the vipaka of the [[dravya]]s. Vipaka of any [[dravya]] depend on the inherent properties of the [[dravya]]s as well as condition of [[agni]] of the consumer. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/63] Plumbago zeylanica([[chitraka]]), if digested properly, causes agnideepana (desired action of stimulation of digestion). While if not digested properly, it causes constipation (undesirable action). Similarly, properly digested Piper longum ([[pippali]]) enhances [[shukra]] (desired effect), while improper digestion leads to excessive formation of [[kleda]] (untoward effect of moisture).		Vipaka is very important among all other pharmacodynamic properties of [[dravya]] because the results of taking diet or medicine depend on correct or incorrect digestion. [[Agni]] plays crucial role in digestion and vipaka. The desired/undesirable actions of the [[dravya]]s directly/indirectly depend on the vipaka of the [[dravya]]s. Vipaka of any [[dravya]] depend on the inherent properties of the [[dravya]]s as well as condition of [[agni]] of the consumer. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/63] Plumbago zeylanica ([[chitraka]]), if digested properly, causes agnideepana (desired action of stimulation of digestion). While if not digested properly, it causes constipation (undesirable action). Similarly, properly digested Piper longum ([[pippali]]) enhances [[shukra]] (desired effect), while improper digestion leads to excessive formation of [[kleda]] (untoward effect of moisture).

	Vipaka is also important because the aggravation and improvement of the [[dosha]]s as well as the accumulation of [[dhatu]] in the body directly depends on the vipaka. A well digested diet or medicine is beneficial, while the same if poorly digested causes various diseases. Therefore, it can be inferred that vipaka is one of the most important factors among all the attributes of [[dravya]].		Vipaka is also important because the aggravation and improvement of the [[dosha]]s as well as the accumulation of [[dhatu]] in the body directly depends on the vipaka. A well digested diet or medicine is beneficial, while the same if poorly digested causes various diseases. Therefore, it can be inferred that vipaka is one of the most important factors among all the attributes of [[dravya]].

	==Current researches==		==Current researches==

Eganeesh: /* Exceptions */

2022-07-30T10:45:05Z

Exceptions

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	==Exceptions==		==Exceptions==

	It is a general rule that sweet ([[madhura]]), salty ([[lavana]]) [[rasa]] herbs have madhura vipaka; sour ([[amla]]) [[rasa]] have amla and remaining all [[rasa]]s give katu vipaka. However, some herbs are exceptions to this. ~~ginger~~ ([[shunthi]]) is pungent in taste, but shows madhura vipaka. Such herbs and dietary substances are indicated by the concept called ‘vichitra pratyarabdha dravya’, that have certain property specifications.		It is a general rule that sweet ([[madhura]]), salty ([[lavana]]) [[rasa]] herbs have madhura vipaka; sour ([[amla]]) [[rasa]] have amla and remaining all [[rasa]]s give katu vipaka. However, some herbs are exceptions to this. Ginger ([[shunthi]]) is pungent in taste, but shows madhura vipaka. Such herbs and dietary substances are indicated by the concept called ‘vichitra pratyarabdha dravya’, that have certain property specifications.

	==Importance of vipaka==		==Importance of vipaka==