Varnasvariyam Indriyam Adhyaya - Revision history

Agnivesha at 09:47, 23 February 2024

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	\|data7 = Babu S.P.		\|data7 = Babu S.P.
	\|label8 = Editors		\|label8 = Editors
	\|data8 = Khandel S.K., Babu S.P., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.		\|data8 = Khandel S.K., Babu S.P., [[Yogesh Deole\|Deole Y.S.]], [[Gopal Basisht\|Basisht G.]]
	\|label9 = Year of publication		\|label9 = Year of publication
	\|data9 = 2020		\|data9 = 2020

Agnivesha at 14:14, 9 March 2023

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	<big>'''[[Indriya Sthana]] Chapter 1.Fatal signs in complexion and voice'''</big>		<big>'''[[Indriya Sthana]] Chapter 1.Fatal signs in complexion and voice'''</big>
	{{Infobox		{{Infobox
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	<big>'''Abstract'''</big>		<big>'''Abstract'''</big>
	<~~div~~ style="text-align:justify;">		<p style="text-align:justify;">The chapter [[Varnasvariyam Indriyam Adhyaya]] is about [[arishta]] [[lakshana]] (near death signs) perceived by auditory and visual senses. [[Swara]] (Voice) is an audible feature, whereas color and complexion are visual features. Sudden change in frequency, rhythm, resonance, tone, the pitch of voice and complexion of the body is indicative of serious pathology of the body. The characteristic features of [[arishta]] are described in the chapter.
	The chapter [[Varnasvariyam Indriyam Adhyaya]] is about [[arishta]] [[lakshana]] (near death signs) perceived by auditory and visual senses. [[Swara]] (Voice) is an audible feature, whereas color and complexion are visual features. Sudden change in frequency, rhythm, resonance, tone, the pitch of voice and complexion of the body is indicative of serious pathology of the body. The characteristic features of [[arishta]] are described in the chapter.		<br/>

	'''Keywords''': [[arishta]], fatal signs, near death signs, change in voice, change in complexion.		'''Keywords''': [[arishta]], fatal signs, near death signs, change in voice, change in complexion.
			</p>
	</~~div~~>

	==Introduction ==		==Introduction ==

Agnivesha at 06:23, 20 September 2022

2022-09-20T06:23:56Z

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	\|title=Varnasvariyam Indriyam Adhyaya		\|title=Varnasvariyam Indriyam Adhyaya

Eganeesh: /* Observations of abnormal voice and relevant morbidities */

2021-09-23T19:46:39Z

Observations of abnormal voice and relevant morbidities

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	'''Acknowledgement:''' The contributors acknowledge support of Dr. M. Prasad and Dr.G.Kshama for providing tables from their published article referred in this chapter.		'''Acknowledgement:''' The contributors acknowledge support of Dr. M. Prasad and Dr.G.Kshama for providing tables from their published article referred in this chapter.

			<big>'''[[Special:ContactMe\|Send us your suggestions and feedback on this page.]]'''</big>

	== References ==		== References ==

Eganeesh at 20:03, 16 July 2021

2021-07-16T20:03:31Z

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	==Introduction ==		==Introduction ==
	<div style="text-align:justify;">		<div style="text-align:justify;">
	Charak has placed [[Indriya Sthana]] (section about near death signs) before [[Chikitsa Sthana]] (section about the treatment of diseases) possibly, to guide physician when not to treat a patient. In this chapter of [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Varnasvariyam Indriyam Adhyaya]], Charak mentions near death signs and symptoms that can be directly observed by visual and other faculties. This chapter also describes ''prakriti'', the natural disposition of an individual, and ''vikriti'', or abnormalities , since such knowledge helps in discerning any sign of ''vikriti'' in a "healthy" individual. Three types of morbid conditions are observed namely, ''lakshana nimitta'', caused by bodily marks, ''lakshya nimitta'', caused by etiological factors which disturb the health, and ''nimitta anuroopa vikriti'', a break down for no apparent reason resembling etiological factors. The chapter describes various near death signs with changes in color, the complexion of body parts and voice.		Charak has placed [[Indriya Sthana]] (section about near death signs) before [[Chikitsa Sthana]] (section about the treatment of diseases) possibly, to guide physician when not to treat a patient. In this chapter of [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Varnasvariyam Indriyam Adhyaya]], Charak mentions near death signs and symptoms that can be directly observed by visual and other faculties. This chapter also describes ''[[prakriti]]'', the natural disposition of an individual, and ''vikriti'', or abnormalities , since such knowledge helps in discerning any sign of ''vikriti'' in a "healthy" individual. Three types of morbid conditions are observed namely, ''lakshana nimitta'', caused by bodily marks, ''lakshya nimitta'', caused by etiological factors which disturb the health, and ''nimitta anuroopa vikriti'', a break down for no apparent reason resembling etiological factors. The chapter describes various near death signs with changes in color, the complexion of body parts and voice.
	</div>		</div>
	==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==		==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==
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	Now we shall expound the chapter "Varnasvariyam Indriyam" (Fatal signs in complexion and voice). Thus said Lord Atreya.[1-2]		Now we shall expound the chapter "Varnasvariyam Indriyam" (Fatal signs in complexion and voice). Thus said Lord Atreya.[1-2]

	Note: This chapter deals with normal and abnormal color, complexion and voice in a person which especially relies on two "indriya" –visual and auditory faculty.		Note: This chapter deals with normal and abnormal color, complexion and voice in a person which especially relies on two "[[indriya]]" –visual and auditory faculty.

	=== Factors for assessment of residual span of life ===		=== Factors for assessment of residual span of life ===
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	</div></div>		</div></div>
	<div style="text-align:justify;">		<div style="text-align:justify;">
	The natural constitution of a person depends upon ''Jati'' (origin as per social structure), ''Kula'' (race), ''Desha'' (place), ''Kala'' (time and season), ''Vaya'' (age), ''Pratyatmaniyata'' (individual habits and habitat). The different variations seen in persons are based upon their origin as per social structure, race, place of living, season, age and individual habits.[5]		The natural constitution of a person depends upon ''Jati'' (origin as per social structure), ''Kula'' (race), ''Desha'' (place), ''[[Kala]]'' (time and season), ''Vaya'' (age), ''Pratyatmaniyata'' (individual habits and habitat). The different variations seen in persons are based upon their origin as per social structure, race, place of living, season, age and individual habits.[5]
	</div>		</div>

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	Appearance of abnormal complexion in the entire or half of the body of the individual without any significant reason can be due to abnormal peripheral circulation. Oxygenation can affect the complexion. In deep vein thrombosis (DVT) alteration in pigmentation is well appreciated.		Appearance of abnormal complexion in the entire or half of the body of the individual without any significant reason can be due to abnormal peripheral circulation. Oxygenation can affect the complexion. In deep vein thrombosis (DVT) alteration in pigmentation is well appreciated.

	When both the lips become bluish like ripe fruits of ''jambu'', this is a clear indication of death. As per modern science this condition is similar to central cyanosis. It is directly due to ''Vata Pratilomata'' (reverse direction of ''Vata'') in different organs. The main [[srotas]] involved are ''Rasavaha srotas'' and ''Raktavaha Srotas.''		When both the lips become bluish like ripe fruits of ''jambu'', this is a clear indication of death. As per modern science this condition is similar to central cyanosis. It is directly due to ''[[Vata]] Pratilomata'' (reverse direction of ''[[Vata]]'') in different organs. The main [[srotas]] involved are ''Rasavaha srotas'' and ''Raktavaha Srotas.''

	=== Abnormal voices ===		=== Abnormal voices ===
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	\| 11 \|\| Behavioral conduct (achara) \|\| Behavior and symptom identification scale (BASIS), Client adjustment rating scale, Social behavior assessment schedule, Social maladjustment schedule etc;		\| 11 \|\| Behavioral conduct (achara) \|\| Behavior and symptom identification scale (BASIS), Client adjustment rating scale, Social behavior assessment schedule, Social maladjustment schedule etc;
	\|-		\|-
	\| 12 \|\| Memory ([[~~smruti~~]]) \|\| Addenbrookes cognitive assessment - Revised (ACE-R), Abbreviated mental test score (AMTS), General practitioner assessment of cognition (GPCOG), Memory impairment screen (MIS), Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA), PGI memory scale, Test your memory (TYM) etc;		\| 12 \|\| Memory ([[smriti]]) \|\| Addenbrookes cognitive assessment - Revised (ACE-R), Abbreviated mental test score (AMTS), General practitioner assessment of cognition (GPCOG), Memory impairment screen (MIS), Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA), PGI memory scale, Test your memory (TYM) etc;
	\|-		\|-
	\| 13 \|\| Built (akruti) \|\| Anthropometric measurements like height, weight, circumference, skin fold thickness and several other measurements;		\| 13 \|\| Built (akruti) \|\| Anthropometric measurements like height, weight, circumference, skin fold thickness and several other measurements;

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	\|keywords=arishta, fatal signs, near death signs, change in voice, change in complexion, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.		\|keywords=arishta, fatal signs, near death signs, change in voice, change in complexion, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.
	\|description=Indriya Sthana Chapter 1.Fatal signs in complexion and voice		\|description=Indriya Sthana Chapter 1.Fatal signs in complexion and voice
	\|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com~~/mediawiki-1.32.1~~/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg		\|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
	\|image_alt=charak samhita		\|image_alt=charak samhita
	\|type=article		\|type=article

Basishtgopal at 20:32, 21 October 2020

2020-10-21T20:32:55Z

Agnivesha at 12:33, 9 October 2020

2020-10-09T12:33:05Z

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	\|label7 = Reviewer		\|label7 = Reviewer
	\|data7 = Babu S.P.		\|data7 = Babu S.P.
	\|label8 = ~~Editor~~		\|label8 = Editors
	\|data8 = Khandel S.K., Babu S.P.		\|data8 = Khandel S.K., Babu S.P., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
	\|label9 = ~~Date~~ of publication		\|label9 = Year of publication
	\|data9 = ~~December 17, 2018~~		\|data9 = 2020
	\|label10 = ~~DOI~~		\|label10 = Publisher
	\|data10 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.002 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.002]		\|data10 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
	~~\|header3 =~~		\|label11 = DOI
			\|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.002 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.002]
	}}		}}
	<big>'''Abstract'''</big>		<big>'''Abstract'''</big>

Agnivesha at 10:19, 5 October 2020

2020-10-05T10:19:13Z

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	~~===~~ Acknowledgement ~~===~~		'''Acknowledgement:''' The contributors acknowledge support of Dr. M. Prasad and Dr.G.Kshama for providing tables from their published article referred in this chapter.

	The contributors acknowledge support of Dr. M. Prasad and Dr.G.Kshama for providing tables from their published article referred in this chapter.

	== References ==		== References ==

Agnivesha at 07:48, 5 October 2020

2020-10-05T07:48:07Z

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-==References==
+=== Observations of abnormal voice and relevant morbidities ===
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	If half of the face there is blue, blackish, coppery or tawny color and the color of the remaining half is otherwise. Manifestation of unctuousness in one half of the face and roughness in the other half is inauspicious.		If half of the face there is blue, blackish, coppery or tawny color and the color of the remaining half is otherwise. Manifestation of unctuousness in one half of the face and roughness in the other half is inauspicious.

	The appearance of swelling in one-half of the face and emaciation in the other half. Spontaneous appearance of various types of ''tila'' (black mole), ''piplu'' (port wine mark),''vyanga'' (freckles), and ''raji'' (spots like mustard) in the face of the patient.		The appearance of swelling in one-half of the face and emaciation in the other half. Spontaneous appearance of various types of ''tila'' (black mole), ''piplu'' (port wine mark),''vyanga'' (freckles), and ''raji'' (spots like mustard) on the face of the patient.

	The appearance of flowers like spots in nails and teeth and sticky and powdery substance over the teeth is an indicator of death. Discoloration of lips, legs, heels, eyes, urine, stool and nails of the patient are indicators of diminished strength.		The appearance of flowers like spots in nails and teeth and sticky and powdery substance over the teeth is an indicator of death. Discoloration of lips, legs, heels, eyes, urine, stool and nails of the patient are indicators of diminished strength.
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	<div style="text-align:justify;">		<div style="text-align:justify;">
	*The prognosis of disease leading to death can be predicted by keen observation of complexion, color of body parts and voice. [3]		*The prognosis of disease leading to death can be predicted by keen observation of complexion, color of body parts and voice. [3]
	*The natural constitution of a person depends upon ''Jati'' (caste), ''Kula'' (race), ''Desha'' (place), ''Kala'' (time and season), ''Vaya'' (age), ''Pratyatmaniyata'' (individual habits and habitat). The different variations seen in persons are based upon their caste, race, ~~palce~~ of living, season, age and individual habits. [5]		*The natural constitution of a person depends upon ''Jati'' (caste), ''Kula'' (race), ''Desha'' (place), ''Kala'' (time and season), ''Vaya'' (age), ''Pratyatmaniyata'' (individual habits and habitat). The different variations seen in persons are based upon their caste, race, place of living, season, age and individual habits. [5]
	*The complexion is a tool to assess malaise, cheerfulness, dryness and unctuousness in body i.e. the circulatory and metabolic state of body. [9]		*The complexion is a tool to assess malaise, cheerfulness, dryness and unctuousness in body i.e. the circulatory and metabolic state of body. [9]

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	=== Assessment of various prognostic factors ===		=== Assessment of various prognostic factors ===

	Various assessment scales and tools can be applied for objective assessment of the factors described in the chapter. The following tables ~~depicts~~ probable tools and scales of assessment.<ref name= "Mamidi P.">Mamidi P., Gupta K. Varna Swareeyam of Charaka Indriya Sthana - An Explorative Study, Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2019; 7(5): 152-175</ref> These parameters can be applied for clinical assessment of relevant ~~factor~~. There is a wide scope for research on implementing these practices to predict prognosis and life span of individual. Furthermore, each of these ~~factor~~ is elaborated in forthcoming chapters of this section ([[Indriya Sthana]]).		Various assessment scales and tools can be applied for objective assessment of the factors described in the chapter. The following tables depict probable tools and scales of assessment.<ref name= "Mamidi P.">Mamidi P., Gupta K. Varna Swareeyam of Charaka Indriya Sthana - An Explorative Study, Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2019; 7(5): 152-175</ref> These parameters can be applied for clinical assessment of relevant factors. There is a wide scope for research on implementing these practices to predict prognosis and life span of individual. Furthermore, each of these factors is elaborated in forthcoming chapters of this section ([[Indriya Sthana]]).

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	\| 8 \|\| Interest (bhakti) \|\| The mood, interest and pleasure questionnaire (MIPQ), Strong interest inventory test etc;		\| 8 \|\| Interest (bhakti) \|\| The mood, interest and pleasure questionnaire (MIPQ), Strong interest inventory test etc;
	\|-		\|-
	\| 9 \|\| purity or cleanliness (shaucham) \|\| Hygiene ~~behaviour~~ scale (HBS), Hand washing ~~behaviour~~ scale Terms of planned ~~behaviour~~ model, Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale (Y-BOCS), Cleaning and Hygiene scale etc;		\| 9 \|\| purity or cleanliness (shaucham) \|\| Hygiene behavior scale (HBS), Hand washing behavior scale Terms of planned behavior model, Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale (Y-BOCS), Cleaning and Hygiene scale etc;
	\|-		\|-
	\| 10 \|\| Modesty (sheelam) \|\| Philadelphia geriatric centre morale scales, The big five personality test (BFPT), The traits personality questionnaire 5 (TPQue5), Rorschach ink blot technique, Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory, Eysenck personality inventory, Maudsley personality questionnaire etc;		\| 10 \|\| Modesty (sheelam) \|\| Philadelphia geriatric centre morale scales, The big five personality test (BFPT), The traits personality questionnaire 5 (TPQue5), Rorschach ink blot technique, Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory, Eysenck personality inventory, Maudsley personality questionnaire etc;
	\|-		\|-
	\| 11 \|\| Behavioral conduct (achara) \|\| Behavior and symptom identification scale (BASIS), Client adjustment rating scale, Social ~~behaviour~~ assessment schedule, Social maladjustment schedule etc;		\| 11 \|\| Behavioral conduct (achara) \|\| Behavior and symptom identification scale (BASIS), Client adjustment rating scale, Social behavior assessment schedule, Social maladjustment schedule etc;
	\|-		\|-
	\| 12 \|\| Memory ([[smruti]]) \|\| Addenbrookes cognitive assessment - Revised (ACE-R), Abbreviated mental test score (AMTS), General practitioner assessment of cognition (GPCOG), Memory impairment screen (MIS), Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA), PGI memory scale, Test your memory (TYM) etc;		\| 12 \|\| Memory ([[smruti]]) \|\| Addenbrookes cognitive assessment - Revised (ACE-R), Abbreviated mental test score (AMTS), General practitioner assessment of cognition (GPCOG), Memory impairment screen (MIS), Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA), PGI memory scale, Test your memory (TYM) etc;
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	\| \|Discoloration of whole body [ Cha.Sa. [[Indriya Sthana]] 1/9]\|\| Cyanosis; Melasma; Addison’s disease; Post-inflammatory hyper pigmentation; Cutaneous amyloidosis; Acanthosis nigricans; Wilson’s disease; Purpura; Fungal infections in immunocompromised patients; Jaundice; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Pallor; Hypomelanosis or hypopigmentation; Vitiligo;		\| \|Discoloration of whole body [ Cha.Sa. [[Indriya Sthana]] 1/9]\|\| Cyanosis; Melasma; Addison’s disease; Post-inflammatory hyper pigmentation; Cutaneous amyloidosis; Acanthosis nigricans; Wilson’s disease; Purpura; Fungal infections in immunocompromised patients; Jaundice; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Pallor; Hypomelanosis or hypopigmentation; Vitiligo;
	\|-		\|-
	\| \|Discoloration of right half of body [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/10]\|\| Harlequin ~~colour~~ change;		\| \|Discoloration of right half of body [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/10]\|\| Harlequin color change;
	\|-		\|-
	\| \|Discoloration of upper half of body [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/10]\|\| Differential cyanosis; Reverse differential cyanosis; Spinal cord injury (SCI); Paraplegia;		\| \|Discoloration of upper half of body [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/10]\|\| Differential cyanosis; Reverse differential cyanosis; Spinal cord injury (SCI); Paraplegia;
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	\| \|Unilateral facial discoloration [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/10] \|\| Unilateral facial flushing in Harlequin syndrome; Horner’s syndrome; Parry-Romberg syndrome;		\| \|Unilateral facial discoloration [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/10] \|\| Unilateral facial flushing in Harlequin syndrome; Horner’s syndrome; Parry-Romberg syndrome;
	\|-		\|-
	\| \|Unilateral numbness or ~~hyperesthecia~~ in body [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/10] \|\| Hemiplegia or ~~hemiparesisi~~; Paraplegia or paraparesis; Diplegia; HSP (Hereditary spastic paraplegia); CMV (cytomegalovirus) polyradiculopathy; SCI; Myelopathies;		\| \|Unilateral numbness or hyperesthesia in body [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/10] \|\| Hemiplegia or hemiparesis; Paraplegia or paraparesis; Diplegia; HSP (Hereditary spastic paraplegia); CMV (cytomegalovirus) polyradiculopathy; SCI; Myelopathies;
	\|-		\|-
	\|\|Unilateral numbness or hyperesthecia on face [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/10] \|\| DAN (Diabetic autonomic neuropathy); Anhidrosis & Hyperhidrosis; SCI; Cervical spine pathology; Unilateral facial seborrhoea in Ramsay-Hunt syndrome & Facial paralysis;		\|\|Unilateral numbness or hyperesthecia on face [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/10] \|\| DAN (Diabetic autonomic neuropathy); Anhidrosis & Hyperhidrosis; SCI; Cervical spine pathology; Unilateral facial seborrhoea in Ramsay-Hunt syndrome & Facial paralysis;
	\|-		\|-
	\| \|Unilateral unctuousness or dryness in body [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/10] \|\| Paraplegia; SCI; Myelopathy;		\| \|Unilateral unctuousness or dryness of body [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/10] \|\| Paraplegia; SCI; Myelopathy;
	\|-		\|-
	\| \|Appearance of moles, freckles, ~~pinples~~ on body [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/11] \|\| Basal cell carcinoma; Squamous cell carcinoma; Scleroderma; SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus); Inflammatory & Infectious dermatoses; Sturge-Weber syndrome; Fungal & Viral skin infections; Melanocytic nevi; Hyper pigmentations; Carcinoid syndrome;		\| \|Appearance of moles, freckles, pimples on body [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/11] \|\| Basal cell carcinoma; Squamous cell carcinoma; Scleroderma; SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus); Inflammatory & Infectious dermatoses; Sturge-Weber syndrome; Fungal & Viral skin infections; Melanocytic nevi; Hyper pigmentations; Carcinoid syndrome;
	\|-		\|-
	\| \|Abnormal discoloration of nails, eyes, face, urine, stools, hands, legs, lips etc. [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/12] \|\| Cyanosis; Melanonychia; Acroperniosis; Chemosis; Jaundice; Panda eye; Iris nevi; Horner’s syndrome; Melanoma; Alkaptonuria; Black water fever; Biliary obstruction; Upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding; Peripheral vascular disease (PVD); Acrocyanosis; Raynaud’s phenomenon; Mottling at end-of-life stages;		\| \|Abnormal discoloration of nails, eyes, face, urine, stools, hands, legs, lips etc. [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/12] \|\| Cyanosis; Melanonychia; Acroperniosis; Chemosis; Jaundice; Panda eye; Iris nevi; Horner’s syndrome; Melanoma; Alkaptonuria; Black water fever; Biliary obstruction; Upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding; Peripheral vascular disease (PVD); Acrocyanosis; Raynaud’s phenomenon; Mottling at end-of-life stages;
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	! Abnormal voice!! Relevant disease or pathology		! Abnormal voice!! Relevant disease or pathology
	\|-		\|-
	\| \| Hoarseness or ~~raspyness~~ like a sheep [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/14] \|\| Due to structural changes of vocal cords (Acute or chronic laryngitis, Polyps etc);		\| \| Hoarseness or raspiness like a sheep [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/14] \|\| Due to structural changes of vocal cords (Acute or chronic laryngitis, Polyps etc);
	\|-		\|-
	\| \| Feeble [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/14] \|\| Aphonic palilalia; Hypophonia; Paresis of vocal cords; LMN (lower motor neuron) lesions;		\| \| Feeble [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 1/14] \|\| Aphonic palilalia; Hypophonia; Paresis of vocal cords; LMN (lower motor neuron) lesions;