Trividha Roga Vishesha Vijnaniya Vimana - Revision history

Agnivesha: /* Three methods for knowledge of disease */

2025-04-05T06:13:52Z

Three methods for knowledge of disease

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	<div style="text-align:justify;">		<div style="text-align:justify;">
	Authoritative instructions are the teachings of ''apta'' (persons who are the most reliable). ''Apta'' are free from doubts, their memory is unimpaired, they know things in their entirety by determinate experience. They see things without any attachment or affection (''nishpriti'' and ''nirupatapa''). Because of these qualities, what they say is authentic. On the other hand, statements- true or false- made by intoxicated, mad, illiterate people and people with attachments are not to be considered as authoritative.		Authoritative instructions are the teachings of apta (persons who are the most reliable). Apta are free from doubts, their memory is unimpaired, they know things in their entirety by determinate experience. They see things without any attachment or affection (''nishpriti'' and ''nirupatapa''). Because of these qualities, what they say is authentic. On the other hand, statements- true or false- made by intoxicated, mad, illiterate people and people with attachments are not to be considered as authoritative.
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	''Pratyaksha'' or direct observation is that which is comprehensible by an individual through his own senses and mind.		[[Pratyaksha pramana\|Pratyaksha]] or direct observation is that which is comprehensible by an individual through his own senses and mind.

	''Anumana'' or inference is the indirect knowledge based on [[~~Apamarga Tanduliya Adhyaya#'''~~Yukti ~~Pramana and Yuktivyapashraya Chikitsa(Rational therapeutics)'''~~\|''Yukti'' i.e. reasoning, logic and experiments]]. [4]		[[Anumana pramana\|Anumana]] or inference is the indirect knowledge based on [[Yukti pramana\|Yukti i.e. reasoning, logic and experiments]]. [4]
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	First of all, one should examine the various aspects of diseases by employing all the three ''pramanas'' (i.e., the three methods of examination). Observations made on the nature of the disease thereafter are infallible. One cannot acquire authoritative knowledge about anything in all its aspects simply by examining it through a part of these “sources of knowledge”. Of all the sources of knowledge one should acquire knowledge in the beginning through authoritative instructions and, thereafter proceed to examine a thing through [[Pratyaksha pramana\|Pratyaksha]] (direct observations), and [[Anumana pramana\|Anumana]] (inference). What is to be examined by “direct observations” and inference unless something can be studied prima facie. Hence, all the three methods of examination are always to be used in the sequence viz. [[Aaptopadesha pramana\|aptopadesha]], [[Pratyaksha pramana\|Pratyaksha]]'' and [[Anumana pramana\|Anumana]]. In other words, it could be said that if a physician possesses the textual knowledge ([[Aaptopadesha pramana\|Aptopadesha]] ) then, for him, there are only two methods of examinations. [5]		First of all, one should examine the various aspects of diseases by employing all the three ''[[Pramana\|pramanas]]'' (i.e., the three methods of examination). Observations made on the nature of the disease thereafter are infallible. One cannot acquire authoritative knowledge about anything in all its aspects simply by examining it through a part of these “sources of knowledge”. Of all the sources of knowledge one should acquire knowledge in the beginning through authoritative instructions and, thereafter proceed to examine a thing through [[Pratyaksha pramana\|Pratyaksha]] (direct observations), and [[Anumana pramana\|Anumana]] (inference). What is to be examined by “direct observations” and inference unless something can be studied prima facie. Hence, all the three methods of examination are always to be used in the sequence viz. [[Aaptopadesha pramana\|aptopadesha]], [[Pratyaksha pramana\|Pratyaksha]]'' and'' [[Anumana pramana\|Anumana]]''.'' In other words, it could be said that if a physician possesses the textual knowledge ([[Aaptopadesha pramana\|Aptopadesha]] ) then, for him, there are only two methods of examinations.'' [5]''
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	Using the [[Aaptopadesha pramana\|aptopadesha]] method of examination, one acquires knowledge as described here using the following terms that wise men, or ''apta'', use to understand a disease:		Using the [[Aaptopadesha pramana\|aptopadesha]] method of examination, one acquires knowledge as described here using the following terms that wise men, or ''apta'', use to understand a disease:

	* ''Prakopanam'' : provoking factors, viz. process of the vitiation of the ''doshas''		* ''Prakopanam'' : provoking factors, viz. process of the vitiation of the [[Dosha\|doshas]]

	* ''Yoni'': Source of ''doshas''		* ''Yoni'': Source of [[Dosha\|doshas]]

	* ''Uthanam'': onset of a disease		* ''Uthanam'': onset of a disease
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	* ''Updravam'': Complications		* ''Updravam'': Complications

	* ''Vriddhi sthana kshayam'' (Increased, decreased, balanced): Whether ''~~dosha~~, ~~dhatu~~'' and ''mala'' are increased, decreased, or in balance		* ''Vriddhi sthana kshayam'' (Increased, decreased, balanced): Whether [[dosha]]'','' [[dhatu]] and mala are increased, decreased, or in balance

	* ''Udarakam'': Prognosis		* ''Udarakam'': Prognosis
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	* ''Nivritti'': Contraindication		* ''Nivritti'': Contraindication

	Using the above framework, one could gather all the knowledge necessary of a disease [6]		Using the above framework, one could gather all the knowledge necessary of a [[Vyadhi\|disease]]. [6]

	=== Knowledge by direct perception ===		=== Knowledge by direct perception ===

Agnivesha at 05:44, 5 April 2025

2025-04-05T05:44:43Z

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	<p style="text-align:justify;">This chapter deals with three methods of clinical examinations useful for understanding specific characteristics of diseases. These three methods are [[aptopadesha]] (authoritative instructions), [[Pratyaksha pramana\|pratyaksha]] (direct observation) and [[Anumana pramana\|anumana]] (inference). These methods play a pivotal role not only in the diagnosis of a disease, but also in understanding whatever is knowable. In the beginning, one should faithfully go through the available authoritative literature available in that field of study. As per the guidelines of the literature, the physician should then proceed to perceive the direct observations, by his own senses. Many aspects of an ailment which are not perceivable by senses can be inferred by logic based on scriptures and by consulting experts. In this chapter, a set of assessment criteria has been provided for each method including pointers that help in determining what is to be examined by which method, how should something be examined, and what is to be inferred and on what basis, along with the authoritative sources of knowledge. </br>		<p style="text-align:justify;">This chapter deals with three methods of clinical examinations useful for understanding specific characteristics of diseases. These three methods are [[aptopadesha]] (authoritative instructions), [[Pratyaksha pramana\|pratyaksha]] (direct observation) and [[Anumana pramana\|anumana]] (inference). These methods play a pivotal role not only in the diagnosis of a disease, but also in understanding whatever is knowable. In the beginning, one should faithfully go through the available authoritative literature available in that field of study. As per the guidelines of the literature, the physician should then proceed to perceive the direct observations, by his own senses. Many aspects of an ailment which are not perceivable by senses can be inferred by logic based on scriptures and by consulting experts. In this chapter, a set of assessment criteria has been provided for each method including pointers that help in determining what is to be examined by which method, how should something be examined, and what is to be inferred and on what basis, along with the authoritative sources of knowledge. </br>

	'''Keywords''': [[Aptopadesha]],[[Pratyaksha pramana\|Pratyaksha]],[[Anumana pramana\|Anumana]], Diagnosis, Authoritative instructions, Direct observations, inference, examination methods and tools.		'''Keywords''': [[Aptopadesha]], [[Pratyaksha pramana\|Pratyaksha]], [[Anumana pramana\|Anumana]], [[Pramana]], Diagnosis, Authoritative instructions, Direct observations, inference, examination methods and tools.
	</p>		</p>

Agnivesha at 05:38, 5 April 2025

2025-04-05T05:38:26Z

Show changes

Agnivesha at 05:15, 5 April 2025

2025-04-05T05:15:14Z

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	<big>'''Abstract'''</big>		<big>'''Abstract'''</big>
	<p style="text-align:justify;">This chapter deals with three methods of clinical examinations useful for understanding specific characteristics of diseases. These three methods are aptopadesha (authoritative instructions), pratyaksha (direct observation) and anumana (inference). These methods play a pivotal role not only in the diagnosis of a disease, but also in understanding whatever is knowable. In the beginning, one should faithfully go through the available authoritative literature available in that field of study. As per the guidelines of the literature, the physician should then proceed to perceive the direct observations, by his own senses. Many aspects of an ailment which are not perceivable by senses can be inferred by logic based on scriptures and by consulting experts. In this chapter, a set of assessment criteria has been provided for each method including pointers that help in determining what is to be examined by which method, how should something be examined, and what is to be inferred and on what basis, along with the authoritative sources of knowledge. </br>		<p style="text-align:justify;">This chapter deals with three methods of clinical examinations useful for understanding specific characteristics of diseases. These three methods are [[aptopadesha]] (authoritative instructions), [[Pratyaksha pramana\|pratyaksha]] (direct observation) and [[Anumana pramana\|anumana]] (inference). These methods play a pivotal role not only in the diagnosis of a disease, but also in understanding whatever is knowable. In the beginning, one should faithfully go through the available authoritative literature available in that field of study. As per the guidelines of the literature, the physician should then proceed to perceive the direct observations, by his own senses. Many aspects of an ailment which are not perceivable by senses can be inferred by logic based on scriptures and by consulting experts. In this chapter, a set of assessment criteria has been provided for each method including pointers that help in determining what is to be examined by which method, how should something be examined, and what is to be inferred and on what basis, along with the authoritative sources of knowledge. </br>

	'''Keywords''': ''~~Aptopadesha~~, Pratyaksha, Anumana,'' Diagnosis, Authoritative instructions, Direct observations, inference, examination methods and tools.		'''Keywords''': [[Aptopadesha]]'','' [[Pratyaksha pramana\|Pratyaksha]]'','' [[Anumana pramana\|Anumana]]'','' Diagnosis, Authoritative instructions, Direct observations, inference, examination methods and tools.
	</p>		</p>

	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==
	<div style="text-align:justify;">		<div style="text-align:justify;">
	[[Ayurveda]] has emphasized the importance, need and application of examination, and has stressed that even truth should be examined first and only then should be accepted. In [[Sutra Sthana]], Chapter 11, four methods of examination of all existing and non-existing subjects of knowledge to be examined have been given.[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/17]. These four specific methods of examination are ''aptopadesha'' (knowledge from authoritative person and scriptures), ''pratyaksha'' (direct observation), ''anumana'' (inference) and ''yukti'' (logic based interpretation). For clinical examination of a patient, ''yukti pramana'' is included in ''anumana'' because inference should be included in ''tarka'' (logic) and ''yukti'' [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 4/3-4]. The author did not feel the need for ''yukti'' to be done separately in clinical experiment, therefore three-fold (''trividha'') method of examination has been described.		[[Ayurveda]] has emphasized the importance, need and application of examination, and has stressed that even truth should be examined first and only then should be accepted. In [[Sutra Sthana]], Chapter 11, four methods of examination of all existing and non-existing subjects of knowledge to be examined have been given.[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/17] These four specific methods of examination are [[aptopadesha]] (knowledge from authoritative person and scriptures), ''pratyaksha'' (direct observation), ''anumana'' (inference) and [[Yukti pramana\|yukti]] (logic based interpretation). For clinical examination of a patient, [[yukti pramana]] is included in ''anumana'' because inference should be included in ''tarka'' (logic) and ''yukti'' [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 4/3-4]. The author did not feel the need for ''yukti'' to be done separately in clinical experiment, therefore three-fold (''trividha'') method of examination has been described.

	There are, however, limitations to these tools because all the three examinations should be applied, though sequentially (described later in the chapter), since one cannot rely completely on any one of these examinations. A wise physician should use all three tools together for a thorough assessment of the disease and then reach the final diagnosis. A physician who understands and exercises such practice does not commit any mistake in the treatment of the patients. [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 4/11]		There are, however, limitations to these tools because all the three examinations should be applied, though sequentially (described later in the chapter), since one cannot rely completely on any one of these examinations. A wise physician should use all three tools together for a thorough assessment of the disease and then reach the final diagnosis. A physician who understands and exercises such practice does not commit any mistake in the treatment of the patients. [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 4/11]

Agnivesha at 08:12, 23 February 2024

2024-02-23T08:12:10Z

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	\|data7 = Paliwal M., Sapra U.		\|data7 = Paliwal M., Sapra U.
	\|label8 = Editors		\|label8 = Editors
	\|data8 = Pol A., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.		\|data8 = Pol A., [[Yogesh Deole\|Deole Y.S.]], [[Gopal Basisht\|Basisht G.]]
	\|label9 = Year of publication		\|label9 = Year of publication
	\|data9 = 2020		\|data9 = 2020

Agnivesha at 07:18, 9 March 2023

2023-03-09T07:18:44Z

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	<big>'''Vimana Sthana Chapter 4. Three methods for knowledge of disease '''</big>		<big>'''Vimana Sthana Chapter 4. Three methods for knowledge of disease '''</big>
	{{Infobox		{{Infobox
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	}}		}}
	<big>'''Abstract'''</big>		<big>'''Abstract'''</big>
			<p style="text-align:justify;">This chapter deals with three methods of clinical examinations useful for understanding specific characteristics of diseases. These three methods are aptopadesha (authoritative instructions), pratyaksha (direct observation) and anumana (inference). These methods play a pivotal role not only in the diagnosis of a disease, but also in understanding whatever is knowable. In the beginning, one should faithfully go through the available authoritative literature available in that field of study. As per the guidelines of the literature, the physician should then proceed to perceive the direct observations, by his own senses. Many aspects of an ailment which are not perceivable by senses can be inferred by logic based on scriptures and by consulting experts. In this chapter, a set of assessment criteria has been provided for each method including pointers that help in determining what is to be examined by which method, how should something be examined, and what is to be inferred and on what basis, along with the authoritative sources of knowledge. </br>
	<~~div~~ style="text-align:justify;">This chapter deals with three methods of clinical examinations useful for understanding specific characteristics of diseases. These three methods are aptopadesha (authoritative instructions), pratyaksha (direct observation) and anumana (inference). These methods play a pivotal role not only in the diagnosis of a disease, but also in understanding whatever is knowable. In the beginning, one should faithfully go through the available authoritative literature available in that field of study. As per the guidelines of the literature, the physician should then proceed to perceive the direct observations, by his own senses. Many aspects of an ailment which are not perceivable by senses can be inferred by logic based on scriptures and by consulting experts. In this chapter, a set of assessment criteria has been provided for each method including pointers that help in determining what is to be examined by which method, how should something be examined, and what is to be inferred and on what basis, along with the authoritative sources of knowledge. </~~div~~>

	'''Keywords''': ''Aptopadesha, Pratyaksha, Anumana,'' Diagnosis, Authoritative instructions, Direct observations, inference, examination methods and tools.		'''Keywords''': ''Aptopadesha, Pratyaksha, Anumana,'' Diagnosis, Authoritative instructions, Direct observations, inference, examination methods and tools.
	</~~div~~>		</p>

	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==

Agnivesha: /* Knowledge by inference */

2022-10-18T05:44:50Z

Knowledge by inference

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	* ''Rajah sangena'' - attachments by involvement		* ''Rajah sangena'' - attachments by involvement

	* ''Moham avigyanena''- ~~ignorance, has no skills, without occupation, remains idol.~~		* ''Moham avigyanena''- confused state by lack of proper knowledge

	* ''Krodham abhidrohena''- anger by choosing measures for revenge		* ''Krodham abhidrohena''- anger by choosing measures for revenge

	* ''Shokam dainyena''- grief by ~~poverty of thinking~~		* ''Shokam dainyena''- grief by pity appearance

	* ''Harsham aamoden''- pleasure by way of celebrations.		* ''Harsham aamoden''- pleasure by way of celebrations.

Agnivesha at 06:08, 20 September 2022

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	\|title=Trividha Roga Vishesha Vijnaniya Vimana		\|title=Trividha Roga Vishesha Vijnaniya Vimana

Eganeesh: /* Further reading */

2021-09-23T12:59:59Z

Anaghas: /* Updates from Ayurveda texts */

2021-07-19T11:01:51Z

Updates from Ayurveda texts

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	In other texts of Ayurveda, various references of one type, two types, three types, four types, six types, eight types, ten types, eleven types, and twelve types of examination of the patient are described. Some important are as given below:		In other texts of Ayurveda, various references of one type, two types, three types, four types, six types, eight types, ten types, eleven types, and twelve types of examination of the patient are described. Some important are as given below:
	i)In Sushruta samhita,three fold like inspection(darshana), palpation (sparshana) and interrogation (prashana) are described. Six fold examination (5 sense (indriya) and interrogation (prashana pareeksha)) is also described.		i)In Sushruta samhita,three fold like inspection(darshana), palpation (sparshana) and interrogation (prashana) are described. Six fold examination (5 sense ([[indriya]]) and interrogation (prashana pareeksha)) is also described.
	ii)Yogaratnakar text describes eight fold examination viz. pulse(nadi), bowel habit/stool examination (mala), urine examination (mutra), tongue (jihwa), sound (shabda), touch (sparsha), sight (drik) and features (akriti). This is widely used in general examination of the patient.		ii)Yogaratnakar text describes eight fold examination viz. pulse(nadi), bowel habit/stool examination ([[mala]]), urine examination ([[mutra]]), tongue (jihwa), sound (shabda), touch (sparsha), sight (drik) and features (akriti). This is widely used in general examination of the patient.

	=== Contemporary methods ===		=== Contemporary methods ===

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