Stanya - Revision history

Agnivesha at 10:15, 24 February 2024

2024-02-24T10:15:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:15, 24 February 2024
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	\|label2 = Authors		\|label2 = Authors
	\|data2 = Bhojani M. K. <sup>1</sup>, Joglekar Aishwarya <sup>2</sup>		\|data2 = Bhojani M. K.<sup>1</sup>, Joglekar Aishwarya<sup>2</sup>

	\|label3 = Reviewer		\|label3 = Reviewer
	\|data3 = Basisht G.<sup>3</sup>,		\|data3 = [[Gopal Basisht\|Basisht G.]]<sup>3</sup>,

	\|label4 = Editor		\|label4 = Editor
	\|data4 = Deole Y.S.<sup>4</sup>		\|data4 = [[Yogesh Deole\|Deole Y.S.]]<sup>4</sup>

	\|label5 = Affiliations		\|label5 = Affiliations

Agnivesha at 13:51, 24 October 2023

2023-10-24T13:51:36Z

Show changes

Agnivesha at 13:41, 24 October 2023

2023-10-24T13:41:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:41, 24 October 2023
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	\|-		\|-
	\|Protein		\|Protein
	\|1.2		\|style="text-align:center;" \|1.2
	\|3.5		\|style="text-align:center;" \|3.5
	\|4		\|style="text-align:center;" \|4
	\|3		\|style="text-align:center;" \|3
	\|3		\|style="text-align:center;" \|3
	\|-		\|-
	\|Fat		\|Fat
	\|4		\|style="text-align:center;" \|4
	\|4		\|style="text-align:center;" \|4
	\|7		\|style="text-align:center;" \|7
	\|1.5		\|style="text-align:center;" \|1.5
	\|3.5		\|style="text-align:center;" \|3.5
	\|-		\|-
	\|Carbohydrate		\|Carbohydrate

	(Lactose)		(Lactose)
	\|7		\|style="text-align:center;" \|7
	\|4		\|style="text-align:center;" \|4
	\|4		\|style="text-align:center;" \|4
	\|4		\|style="text-align:center;" \|4
	\|4		\|style="text-align:center;" \|4
	\|-		\|-
	\|Calories		\|Calories
	\|67		\|style="text-align:center;" \|67
	\|67		\|style="text-align:center;" \|67
	\|103		\|style="text-align:center;" \|103
	\|40		\|style="text-align:center;" \|40
	\|67		\|style="text-align:center;" \|67
	\|}		\|}
			<p style="text-align:justify;">Milk banks have now emerged as important source for the storage and dispensing of the donor breast milk to the infants who may stay devoid of mothers milk due to variable reasons. These are being established across the globe to meet the long term demand.<ref name="ref46"></ref> Extensive research is being carried out to promote the breast feeding and establishment of milk banks also supported by the organisations like UNICEF and WHO.<ref name="ref47"></ref> </p>

			== Weaning ==
			<p style="text-align:justify;">The breast milk is sole and sufficient source of nutrients from birth to about 6 months. Complimentary feeds are offered after 4-6 months of age. The solid food is introduced gradually to the infant after this period. Green banana , mashed vegetable, dal is initially introduced while eggs and meat is given after 9 months.</p>

			== Related Adhyaya ==
			<div style="column-count:2">
			* Yonivyapat Chikitsa Adhyaya [Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 30]
			* Grahani Dosha Chikitsa Adhyaya [Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 15]
			* Shareera Sankhya Shareera Adhyaya [Cha. Sa, Shareera Sthana 7]
			* Jaatisutriya Shareera Adhyaya [Cha. Sa, Shareera Sthana 8]
			* Doshadhatumalavriddhikshaya Vignyaniya Adhyaya [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15]
			* Balopacharniya Adhyaya [A.H. Uttar Tantra 1]
			* Balamaya Pratishedha Adhyaya [A.H. Uttar Tantra 2]
			* Balagraha Pratishedha Adhyaya, [A.H. Uttar Tantra 3]
			* Lehanadhyaya [Kashyap Samhita]
			* Ksheerotpatti Adhyaya [Kashyap Samhita]
			* Ksheerguna Vishesha Adhyaya [Kashyap Samhita]
			</div>

	<big>'''[[Special:ContactMe\|Send us your suggestions and feedback on this page.]]'''</big>		<big>'''[[Special:ContactMe\|Send us your suggestions and feedback on this page.]]'''</big>

Agnivesha: /* Treatment of low breast milk output */

2023-10-24T13:36:24Z

Treatment of low breast milk output

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:36, 24 October 2023
Line 433:		Line 433:
	== Treatment of low breast milk output ==		== Treatment of low breast milk output ==
	<p style="text-align:justify;">In case of low breast milk output , the drugs like Chlorpromazine or Metoclopramide are prescribed along with dietary and psychological advice for the mother. In case of sick or preterm infants the breast milk is expressed manualy or pump and fed by cup, spoon or tube. It can be preserved at room temperature for 6 hours and in refrigerator for 24 hours at 4-8 degree Celsius without contamination. <br/>The artificial feeding can involve use of whole fresh milk (buffalo, cow), skimmed milk, toned milk, powdered milk (whole milk powder/skim milk powder/humanised milk powder), modified milk powder (animal fat is substituted with vegetable fats, fortified with iron and vitamins), soyabean milk. <br/The nutritional comparison of milks can be explained as followed<ref name="ref45"/>(Table No.5)></p>		<p style="text-align:justify;">In case of low breast milk output , the drugs like Chlorpromazine or Metoclopramide are prescribed along with dietary and psychological advice for the mother. In case of sick or preterm infants the breast milk is expressed manualy or pump and fed by cup, spoon or tube. It can be preserved at room temperature for 6 hours and in refrigerator for 24 hours at 4-8 degree Celsius without contamination. <br/>The artificial feeding can involve use of whole fresh milk (buffalo, cow), skimmed milk, toned milk, powdered milk (whole milk powder/skim milk powder/humanised milk powder), modified milk powder (animal fat is substituted with vegetable fats, fortified with iron and vitamins), soyabean milk. <br/The nutritional comparison of milks can be explained as followed<ref name="ref45"/>(Table No.5)></p>
			{\| class="wikitable"
			\|+'''Table No. 5 Nutritional comparison of milk'''
			!'''Milk (per 100ml)'''
			!'''Human'''
			!'''Cow'''
			!'''Buffalo'''
			!'''Double toned'''
			!'''Toned'''

			'''(Buffalo)'''
			\|-
			\|Protein
			\|1.2
			\|3.5
			\|4
			\|3
			\|3
			\|-
			\|Fat
			\|4
			\|4
			\|7
			\|1.5
			\|3.5
			\|-
			\|Carbohydrate

			(Lactose)
			\|7
			\|4
			\|4
			\|4
			\|4
			\|-
			\|Calories
			\|67
			\|67
			\|103
			\|40
			\|67
			\|}

Agnivesha: /* Contradictions to breast milk feeding- */

2023-10-24T13:35:02Z

Contradictions to breast milk feeding-

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:35, 24 October 2023
Line 428:		Line 428:

	=== Contradictions to breast milk feeding<ref name="ref45"></ref>- ===		=== Contradictions to breast milk feeding<ref name="ref45"></ref>- ===
	<ol type="a" style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">)Temporary – <span style="font-weight:normal">Fissuring or crackling of nipples, mastitis, acute illness of mother</span></li>		<ol type="a" style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">Temporary – <span style="font-weight:normal">Fissuring or crackling of nipples, mastitis, acute illness of mother</span></li>
	<li style="font-weight:bold">Permanent- <span style="font-weight:normal">Galactosaemia, poor nutrition, debility, postpartum psychosis, breast abscess, HIV or Hepatitis B infected mothers (chance of infection transmission upto 25%)</span></li></ol>		<li style="font-weight:bold">Permanent- <span style="font-weight:normal">Galactosaemia, poor nutrition, debility, postpartum psychosis, breast abscess, HIV or Hepatitis B infected mothers (chance of infection transmission upto 25%)</span></li></ol>

Agnivesha: /* Contemporary approach */

2023-10-24T13:34:36Z

Contemporary approach

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:34, 24 October 2023
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	\| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3" \|3.13		\| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3" \|3.13
	\|}		\|}

			=== Contradictions to breast milk feeding<ref name="ref45"></ref>- ===
			<ol type="a" style="text-align:justify;"><li style="font-weight:bold">)Temporary – <span style="font-weight:normal">Fissuring or crackling of nipples, mastitis, acute illness of mother</span></li>
			<li style="font-weight:bold">Permanent- <span style="font-weight:normal">Galactosaemia, poor nutrition, debility, postpartum psychosis, breast abscess, HIV or Hepatitis B infected mothers (chance of infection transmission upto 25%)</span></li></ol>

			== Treatment of low breast milk output ==
			<p style="text-align:justify;">In case of low breast milk output , the drugs like Chlorpromazine or Metoclopramide are prescribed along with dietary and psychological advice for the mother. In case of sick or preterm infants the breast milk is expressed manualy or pump and fed by cup, spoon or tube. It can be preserved at room temperature for 6 hours and in refrigerator for 24 hours at 4-8 degree Celsius without contamination. <br/>The artificial feeding can involve use of whole fresh milk (buffalo, cow), skimmed milk, toned milk, powdered milk (whole milk powder/skim milk powder/humanised milk powder), modified milk powder (animal fat is substituted with vegetable fats, fortified with iron and vitamins), soyabean milk. <br/The nutritional comparison of milks can be explained as followed<ref name="ref45"/>(Table No.5)></p>

Agnivesha: /* Composition of Breast Milk */

2023-10-24T13:27:23Z

Composition of Breast Milk

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:27, 24 October 2023
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	\|-		\|-
	\| colspan="3" \|Total Fats (g/L)		\| colspan="3" \|Total Fats (g/L)
	\|30		\|style="text-align:center;" \| 30
	\|35		\|style="text-align:center;" \| 35
	\|45		\|style="text-align:center;" \| 45
	\|-		\|-
	\|Total Protein (g/L)		\|Total Protein (g/L)
	\| colspan="2" \|23		\| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" \|23
	\|16		\|style="text-align:center;" \| 16
	\| colspan="2" \|11		\| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" \|11
	\|-		\|-
	\|Lactose (g/L)		\|Lactose (g/L)
	\| colspan="2" \|57		\| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" \|57
	\|64		\|style="text-align:center;" \| 64
	\| colspan="2" \|71		\| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" \|71
	\|-		\|-
	\|Total Solids (g/L)		\|Total Solids (g/L)
	\| colspan="2" \|128		\|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" \|128
	\|133		\|style="text-align:center;" \| 133
	\| colspan="2" \|130		\| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" \|130
	\|-		\|-
	\|Calorific value (MJ/L)		\|Calorific value (MJ/L)
	\|2.81		\|style="text-align:center;" \| 2.81
	\|3.08		\|style="text-align:center;" \| 3.08
	\| colspan="3" \|3.13		\| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3" \|3.13
	\|}		\|}

Agnivesha at 13:24, 24 October 2023

2023-10-24T13:24:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:24, 24 October 2023
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	=== Composition of Breast Milk ===		=== Composition of Breast Milk ===
	<p style="text-align:justify;">Human milk forms the primary source of nutrition for infants. It contains about 88.5% of water and 11.5% of solids. The breast milk secreted before parturition and in initial post natal period is termed as colostrum at rate of 40ml a day. It also contains lactose, lactalabumin, iron, Vitamin A and D and minerals. It also contains several antibodies (Immunoglobulins- IgA), phagocytes, macrophages important for the protection of infants from microbial attack.<ref name="ref43"></ref> The colostrum contains low fat content but more protein. During the 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> weeks after birth there is change in composition of breast milk where it becomes rich in fats and sugars and its calorific value also increases. This is termed as transitional milk. By the time baby is 3 weeks old, the milk attains mature composition making it high in fats, sugars, essential amino acids, is iso-osmotic with plasma with high calorific value.<ref name="ref44"></ref> The composition of human breast milk can be expressed in table as given below (Table No. 4)-</p>		<p style="text-align:justify;">Human milk forms the primary source of nutrition for infants. It contains about 88.5% of water and 11.5% of solids. The breast milk secreted before parturition and in initial post natal period is termed as colostrum at rate of 40ml a day. It also contains lactose, lactalabumin, iron, Vitamin A and D and minerals. It also contains several antibodies (Immunoglobulins- IgA), phagocytes, macrophages important for the protection of infants from microbial attack.<ref name="ref43"></ref> The colostrum contains low fat content but more protein. During the 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> weeks after birth there is change in composition of breast milk where it becomes rich in fats and sugars and its calorific value also increases. This is termed as transitional milk. By the time baby is 3 weeks old, the milk attains mature composition making it high in fats, sugars, essential amino acids, is iso-osmotic with plasma with high calorific value.<ref name="ref44"></ref> The composition of human breast milk can be expressed in table as given below (Table No. 4)-</p>
			{\| class="wikitable"
			\|+'''Table No. 4 Composition of breast milk'''
			! colspan="3" \|'''Breast milk content'''
			!'''Colostrum'''
			!'''Transitional milk'''
			!'''Mature Milk'''
			\|-
			\| colspan="3" \|Total Fats (g/L)
			\|30
			\|35
			\|45
			\|-
			\|Total Protein (g/L)
			\| colspan="2" \|23
			\|16
			\| colspan="2" \|11
			\|-
			\|Lactose (g/L)
			\| colspan="2" \|57
			\|64
			\| colspan="2" \|71
			\|-
			\|Total Solids (g/L)
			\| colspan="2" \|128
			\|133
			\| colspan="2" \|130
			\|-
			\|Calorific value (MJ/L)
			\|2.81
			\|3.08
			\| colspan="3" \|3.13
			\|}

Agnivesha at 13:22, 24 October 2023

2023-10-24T13:22:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:22, 24 October 2023
Line 372:		Line 372:
	<li>In the article, Breastfeeding assessment protocol: An integrated approach<ref name="ref28"></ref> the authors have extensively described the breast feeding protocol and assessment to ensure the health of newborn and lactating mothers. This can also be used as reference for further studies.</li>		<li>In the article, Breastfeeding assessment protocol: An integrated approach<ref name="ref28"></ref> the authors have extensively described the breast feeding protocol and assessment to ensure the health of newborn and lactating mothers. This can also be used as reference for further studies.</li>
	<li>In the study, An Ayurvedic Review on Phakka Roga w.s.r. To Rickets in children<ref name="ref29"></ref> the detail analysis of Phakka Roga as a consequence of Stanya Dushti leading to nutritional deficiency like rickets is done in the present article.</li></ol>		<li>In the study, An Ayurvedic Review on Phakka Roga w.s.r. To Rickets in children<ref name="ref29"></ref> the detail analysis of Phakka Roga as a consequence of Stanya Dushti leading to nutritional deficiency like rickets is done in the present article.</li></ol>

			== Herbal drugs for nourishment of stanya ==
			<ol style="text-align:justify;"><li>Many herbal galactogogues have like Shatavari (Wild Asparagus) and Ashwagandha (Withanina) are extensively studied in contemporary sciences as well. Various systematic reviews are done to generate bulk data regarding the same.<ref name="ref30"></ref><ref name="ref31"></ref></li>
			<li>Similarly extensive studies have been done on the evaluation of the galactogue potential of single herb like Musta (Cyperus rotundus)etc. Preclinical study entitled as “The Evaluation of a lactogenic activity of an aqueous extract of Cyperus rotundus Linn”<ref name="ref32"></ref> revealed that the the aqueous extract of Cyperus rotundus can stimulate milk production in the female rats. </li>
			<li>The article, The Potential of Medicinal Plants as Galactagogue in Indonesia: A Review from Medical Perspective the ethnobotanical review galactagogue effect and breast milk promoting effect of different herbs native to Indonesia is elaborated.<ref name="ref33"></ref></li>
			<li>The study “ Botanical galactogogues: nutritional values and therapeutic potentials” focuses on the nutritional and therapeutic effect of selective herbal plants from the family like Verbenaceae, Bignoniaceae, Sapindaceae, Amaranthaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Bombacaceae, Sapindaceae, and Asteraceae.<ref name="ref34"></ref></li></ol>

			== Clinical Studies considering the aspects of stanya ==
			<ol style="text-align:justify;"><li>The article “Clinical Study on Plant Galactagogue Worldwide in Promoting Women’s Lactation: a Scoping Review<ref name="ref35"></ref>”, is a systematic review on the different herbs analysed for their clinical galactagogic activity.</li>
			<li>The article, A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial for Evaluation of Galactogogue Activity of Asparagus racemosus Willd.<ref name="ref36"></ref> is a randomized double-blind clinical trial evaluates galactogogue effect of Shatavari in 60 lactating mothers by evaluating their prolactin hormone level during the study.</li>
			<li>The article, Stanyakshya (insufficient lactation) and its management by an Ayurveda formulation: A case report<ref name="ref37"></ref> mentions the positive effect Kwath prepared with Shatapushpa, Dhanyaka, Jeeraka, Methi used traditionally in Rajasthan which was administered in women with insufficient lactation. This intervention showed encouraging results. </li>
			<li>In the research study, To Evaluate the efficacy of Aahara –Vihara on Stanya Kshaya in Healthy Female Volunteers of different Deha Prakriti<ref name="ref38"></ref> the effect of dietary and lifestyle intervention on Stanya Kshaya is explored. The study included the dietary interventions in women of Stanya Kshaya. Most of the women were of Vata-Kapha Prakriti and dietary interventions showed benefit in their condition.</li>
			<li>The efficacy of different Gana mentioned in the management of Stanya Kshaya is also assessed clinically. For instance, the article, Haridradi Gana Kwatha in the Management of Stanya Kshaya w.s.r To Hypogalactia - A Clinical Study<ref name="ref39"></ref> depicted that the Haridradi Gana kwatha has promising results in the management of all the parameters of Stanya Kshaya. </li>
			<li>The study entitled. A Comparative study of Madhuk Churna with Vidarikanda Churna in the management of Stanyakshaya<ref name="ref40"></ref> showed encouraging results in management of Stanya Kshaya. The authors have compiled the different Stanyajanana herbs in Bhavaprakash Nighantu</li>
			<li>The article, Role of Stanyashchotan (topical application of Breast milk) in Opthalmia Neonatorum - a case study<ref name="ref41"></ref> discusses the pharmacological effect of topical application of Stanya in condition of Opthalmia Neonatarum leading to significant relief in symptoms.</li></ol>

			== Contemporary approach ==
			=== Physiology of Lactation- ===
			<p style="text-align:justify;">The initial growth of mammary glands starts with thelarche at puberty while the duct system and glandular tissue develops for the production of milk just before gestation under the influence of hormones estrogen and progesterone. Prolactin is necessary for milk secretion and proliferarion of epithelial cells of mammary alveoli. Thus the physiological aspects related to initiation of milk secretion (lactogenesis) and maintenance of milk secretion (galactopoiesis) is dependant on hormones via hypothalamo-pituitary axis. Milk ejection is dependant on suckling by the infant and is a neuro-endocrine reflex initiated via the oxytocin.<ref name="ref42"></ref></p>

			=== Composition of Breast Milk ===
			<p style="text-align:justify;">Human milk forms the primary source of nutrition for infants. It contains about 88.5% of water and 11.5% of solids. The breast milk secreted before parturition and in initial post natal period is termed as colostrum at rate of 40ml a day. It also contains lactose, lactalabumin, iron, Vitamin A and D and minerals. It also contains several antibodies (Immunoglobulins- IgA), phagocytes, macrophages important for the protection of infants from microbial attack.<ref name="ref43"></ref> The colostrum contains low fat content but more protein. During the 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> weeks after birth there is change in composition of breast milk where it becomes rich in fats and sugars and its calorific value also increases. This is termed as transitional milk. By the time baby is 3 weeks old, the milk attains mature composition making it high in fats, sugars, essential amino acids, is iso-osmotic with plasma with high calorific value.<ref name="ref44"></ref> The composition of human breast milk can be expressed in table as given below (Table No. 4)-</p>

Agnivesha at 14:55, 23 October 2023

2023-10-23T14:55:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:55, 23 October 2023
Line 351:		Line 351:

	== Concept of dhatri or wet nurse ==		== Concept of dhatri or wet nurse ==
	Breast feeding is started as soon as lactation starts or at least within the 3 to 4 days of post-natal period. [Su. Sa. Shareera Sthana 10/14] Dhatri or wet nurse feeds the infant in case of the inability of breast feeding by the mother. The dhatri should be in the state of optimum health and conduct in order to provide best nutrition to the baby. This can be understood as the application of concept of formula feed or breast milk storage or obtaining the same from the milk banks to ensure the nutrition of child. According to Sushruta, the dhatri must be of sama varna (of same ethnicity), madhyama pramana (medium built), madhya vaya (middle aged), aroga (disease free), sheelavati (with good character), achapala (not impatient), alolupa (satisfied), akrisha (not too thin), asthula (not too fat), avyanga (not having any disability), avyasani (devoid of any addictions), prasanna ksheera (breast milk is not vitiated), vatsala (caring and loving), jeevatvatsa (whose infant is alive). [Su. Sa. Shareera Sthana 10/25, Cha. Sa. Shareera Sthana 8/52] Ashtang Hridaya advises two dhatri or nursing mothers. [A. H. Uttar Tantra 1/15-16] Sushruta mentions to commence the breast feeding from right breast first after proper mantroccharana (chanting of mantra). [Su. Sa. Shareera Sthana 10/25-27]		<p style="text-align:justify;">Breast feeding is started as soon as lactation starts or at least within the 3 to 4 days of post-natal period. [Su. Sa. Shareera Sthana 10/14] Dhatri or wet nurse feeds the infant in case of the inability of breast feeding by the mother. The dhatri should be in the state of optimum health and conduct in order to provide best nutrition to the baby. This can be understood as the application of concept of formula feed or breast milk storage or obtaining the same from the milk banks to ensure the nutrition of child. According to Sushruta, the dhatri must be of sama varna (of same ethnicity), madhyama pramana (medium built), madhya vaya (middle aged), aroga (disease free), sheelavati (with good character), achapala (not impatient), alolupa (satisfied), akrisha (not too thin), asthula (not too fat), avyanga (not having any disability), avyasani (devoid of any addictions), prasanna ksheera (breast milk is not vitiated), vatsala (caring and loving), jeevatvatsa (whose infant is alive). [Su. Sa. Shareera Sthana 10/25, Cha. Sa. Shareera Sthana 8/52] Ashtang Hridaya advises two dhatri or nursing mothers. [A. H. Uttar Tantra 1/15-16] Sushruta mentions to commence the breast feeding from right breast first after proper mantroccharana (chanting of mantra). [Su. Sa. Shareera Sthana 10/25-27] <br/>Weaning is explained to be done between 6 months to 1 year of age mostly after the appearance of teeth in the infant. Annaprashana vidhi (introduction to food) is indicated at this stage for the introduction of complementary feeds. [Su. Sa. Shareera Sthana 10/35] Various dietary options in the form of modaka, lehana (lickables) are mentioned for the purpose of annaprashana. Here the sequential increase in food quantity (kramatyaga vidhi) and weaning should be followed. Ayurveda modalities can be followed to promote the process of complementary feeds and supplementary nutrition during the weaning period.</p>



			== Research on use of stanya as a therapeutic agent in disorders of adult population ==
			<p style="text-align:justify;">Ayurveda has also explored the pharmacological activity?? of stanya in systemic conditions related to the adult population. Stanya has activities lik jeevana (vitalizer), brihana (nourishing), satmya (wholesome), snehana (unctuous) and leads to alleviation of vata- pitta dosha. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 27/224, A.H. Sutra Sthana 5/26] There is description regarding the use of stanya for the purpose of nasya (nasal instillation), tarpana, seka or aschyotana (eye drop instillation) in the diseases of eye. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 27/223] It is indicated in the management of raktapitta vyadhi, [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 27/222] hikka [Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 17/131] for the purpose of nasal instillation and oral consumption; pittaja abhishyanda for purpose of anjana [Su. Sa. Uttar Tantra 10/9], in conditions like abhighata (injury to the organs). (A.H. Sutra Sthana 5/26) </p>

			== Recent advances on the research data available on concept of stanya ==
			<p style="text-align:justify;">Researches on experimental studies exploring the galactagogic activities of various ayurveda herbs are observed. Few clinical trials measuring the galactogogue activity were also obtained. Findings of some of these articles can be summarized as below –</p>
			=== Studies focusing on the physiological and pathological aspects considering the stanya ===
			<ol style="text-align:justify;"><li>In the article , “Noxious Alterations in Human Milk: An Ayurveda Perspective<ref name="ref17"></ref>” is related with the understanding of causes of vitiation of human milk, its effect on composition of human and to critically analyse the effect of consumption of vitiated milk on the infant.</li>
			<li>Breast milk as an etiological factor in infantile disorders – An observational study<ref name="ref18"></ref> The breastmilk from 100 mothers with infants in age group of 1-6 months was collected and subjected to organoleptic and laboratory tests to identify the type of stanya sushti.</li>
			<li>In the article, ‘Understanding the Concept of Stanya and its Need in Context to Breastfeeding’<ref name="ref19"></ref>, the authors have underlined the importance of breast feeding in context to concept of Stanya in Ayurveda.</li>
			<li>The article, The Concept Of Stanya Apanayana (Weaning)<ref name="ref20"></ref> focuses on the concept of Stanya apanayana i.e. weaning according to the classical texts in detail. </li>
			<li>The observational study entitled, Biochemical Analysis Of Stanya & Its Correlation With Rasa-Sarata<ref name="ref21"></ref>, the lipid profile along with the Rasa Saarata of lactating mothers was assessed in the present study showing strong positive correlation between the Stanya and Rasa Saarata.</li>
			<li>The article An ayurvedic perspective of hypoprolactenemia: Stanyakshaya<ref name="ref22"></ref> explores the concept of Stanya Kshaya in Ayurveda in perspective of hypoprolactenemia. </li>
			<li>The study, Stanyajanan drugs in Bhavprakasha Nighantu - a review Article<ref name="ref23"></ref> the understanding of stanya physiology in light of contemporary medical science is explained in detail in the article.</li>
			<li>The author has compared the condition of ksheeralasaka with cow milk allergy and implications it can pose upon the health and wellbeing of child in the article entitled, Ksheeralasaka Vis-À-Vis Cow’s Milk Allergy: A Critical Review<ref name="ref24"></ref></li>
			<li>The article, A scientific understanding of mammary gland and physiology of lactation in Ayurveda<ref name="ref25"></ref> the physiology of lactation is widely explained. </li>
			<li>In the article , Explication on tissue nutrition in prenatal and postnatal life: An Ayurveda perspective<ref name="ref26"></ref> the authors have beautifully elaborated the nutrition related metabolism mentioned during the intrauterine and postnatal life of infant. </li>
			<li>In the article, Concept of Dhatri (wet nurse) in perspective of Ayurveda w.r.t. Babylonian Code of Hammurabi<ref name="ref27"></ref> the historical aspects regarding the tradition of wet nurse and ethical considerations are discussed. The study states that the concepts of wet nurse is as old as the proofs Babylon code.</li>
			<li>In the article, Breastfeeding assessment protocol: An integrated approach<ref name="ref28"></ref> the authors have extensively described the breast feeding protocol and assessment to ensure the health of newborn and lactating mothers. This can also be used as reference for further studies.</li>
			<li>In the study, An Ayurvedic Review on Phakka Roga w.s.r. To Rickets in children<ref name="ref29"></ref> the detail analysis of Phakka Roga as a consequence of Stanya Dushti leading to nutritional deficiency like rickets is done in the present article.</li></ol>