Purvarupeeya - Revision history

Agnivesha: Redirected page to Purvarupeeyam Indriyam Adhyaya

2020-05-30T11:13:50Z

Redirected page to Purvarupeeyam Indriyam Adhyaya

Agnivesha at 09:27, 29 May 2020

2020-05-29T09:27:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:27, 29 May 2020
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	\|title=Purvarupeeya		\|title=Purvarupeeya
	\|titlemode=append		\|titlemode=append
	\|keywords=Prodromal symptoms, dream, prognosis, disease, death		\|keywords=Prodromal symptoms, dream, prognosis, disease, death, ayurveda, charak samhita
	\|description=Indriya Sthana Chapter 5. Predicting prognosis of diseases by prodromal symptoms		\|description=Indriya Sthana Chapter 5. Predicting prognosis of diseases by prodromal symptoms
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	Research studies are needed to prove that dreams can be used as markers of prognosis. Some studies have been conducted in this regard but we cannot make strong conclusion on basis of their results. In a few studies it has been shown that hormone levels affect dreams. One of the studies states that cortisol plays an important role in controlling the state of memory systems during sleep. High levels of cortisol, as are observed late at night and, typically in the context of REM sleep, disrupt normal hippocampal → neocortical communication, thereby interfering with forms of memory consolidation dependent upon this communication. At the same time, the content of dreams is also affected.<ref>Jessica D. Payne, Lynn Nadel, Sleep, dreams, and memory consolidation: The role of the stress hormone cortisol, Learning Memory 2004 November; 11(6): 671–678. </ref> In neurological and psychological diseases dream disturbances are often seen but few other diseases have also been found to affect dreams. Patients with sleep apnea are reported to have intense nightmares.<ref>J. F. Pagel, Carol Kwiatkowski, The Nightmares of Sleep Apnea: Nightmare Frequency Declines with Increasing Apnea Hypopnea Index, J Clin Sleep Med. 2010 February 15; 6(1): 69–73. </ref> Abnormal dreams have also been reported in diseases like Relapsing fever,<ref>Harrison’s-Principles of Internal Medicine-17th edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, , Chapter 165. </ref> Cardiac ischemia<ref>Harrison’s-Principles of Internal Medicine-17th edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, , Chapter 28. </ref> etc. Certain drugs also affect dreams e.g. Anti malarial drug has shown to alter dream types.<ref>Harrison’s-Principles of Internal Medicine-17th edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, , Chapter 203. </ref> This proves that at times diseases certainly affect dreams but intense research studies are needed to actually establish this fact on scientific grounds.		Research studies are needed to prove that dreams can be used as markers of prognosis. Some studies have been conducted in this regard but we cannot make strong conclusion on basis of their results. In a few studies it has been shown that hormone levels affect dreams. One of the studies states that cortisol plays an important role in controlling the state of memory systems during sleep. High levels of cortisol, as are observed late at night and, typically in the context of REM sleep, disrupt normal hippocampal → neocortical communication, thereby interfering with forms of memory consolidation dependent upon this communication. At the same time, the content of dreams is also affected.<ref>Jessica D. Payne, Lynn Nadel, Sleep, dreams, and memory consolidation: The role of the stress hormone cortisol, Learning Memory 2004 November; 11(6): 671–678. </ref> In neurological and psychological diseases dream disturbances are often seen but few other diseases have also been found to affect dreams. Patients with sleep apnea are reported to have intense nightmares.<ref>J. F. Pagel, Carol Kwiatkowski, The Nightmares of Sleep Apnea: Nightmare Frequency Declines with Increasing Apnea Hypopnea Index, J Clin Sleep Med. 2010 February 15; 6(1): 69–73. </ref> Abnormal dreams have also been reported in diseases like Relapsing fever,<ref>Harrison’s-Principles of Internal Medicine-17th edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, , Chapter 165. </ref> Cardiac ischemia<ref>Harrison’s-Principles of Internal Medicine-17th edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, , Chapter 28. </ref> etc. Certain drugs also affect dreams e.g. Anti malarial drug has shown to alter dream types.<ref>Harrison’s-Principles of Internal Medicine-17th edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, , Chapter 203. </ref> This proves that at times diseases certainly affect dreams but intense research studies are needed to actually establish this fact on scientific grounds.
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	===Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation===		==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==
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	We shall ~~now~~ expound the chapter of ~~premonitory~~ symptoms ~~related to signs of death~~.		Now we shall expound the chapter "Purvarupeeya"(Predicting prognosis of diseases by prodromal symptoms).Thus said Lord Atreya.[1-2]
	Thus ~~spoke lord~~ Atreya.[1-2]

	==== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Jwara'' leading to death ====		Note: This chapter deals with of premonitory symptoms related to signs of death.

			=== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Jwara'' leading to death ===
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	If all prodromal symptoms of ''jwara'' manifests in severe degree, the person will die. If prodromal symptoms of any other disease also appear in the same way as described above, death of the patient is certain. [3-5]		If all prodromal symptoms of ''jwara'' manifests in severe degree, the person will die. If prodromal symptoms of any other disease also appear in the same way as described above, death of the patient is certain. [3-5]
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	==== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Rajayakshma'' leading to death ====		=== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Rajayakshma'' leading to death ===
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	A person who in his dreams takes alcohol with demons and who is dragged by a dog leaves his life getting affected with severe fever. [6-9]		A person who in his dreams takes alcohol with demons and who is dragged by a dog leaves his life getting affected with severe fever. [6-9]
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	==== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Raktapitta'' leading to death ====		=== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Raktapitta'' leading to death ===
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	In his dream, the man who sees himself adorned with red garlands, clad in red clothes, anointed with red dye and dragged by a continuously laughing woman will succumb to severe bleeding disorders. [10-11]		In his dream, the man who sees himself adorned with red garlands, clad in red clothes, anointed with red dye and dragged by a continuously laughing woman will succumb to severe bleeding disorders. [10-11]
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	==== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Gulma'' leading to death ====		=== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Gulma'' leading to death ===
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	A person, who in his dreams sees hard and thorny creepers grown on his chest and then gets afflicted by ''gulma'', is surely going to die soon. [12-13]		A person, who in his dreams sees hard and thorny creepers grown on his chest and then gets afflicted by ''gulma'', is surely going to die soon. [12-13]
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	==== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Kushtha'' leading to death ====		=== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Kushtha'' leading to death ===
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	In his dream, a man who sees himself naked, anointed with ghee, offering the oblations without the fire being lit, who has lotuses grown on his chest, will be taken away by death as afflicted by skin diseases.[14-15]		In his dream, a man who sees himself naked, anointed with ghee, offering the oblations without the fire being lit, who has lotuses grown on his chest, will be taken away by death as afflicted by skin diseases.[14-15]
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	==== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Prameha'' leading to death ====		=== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Prameha'' leading to death ===
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	One who sees in his dreams, drinking various kinds of oily substances with Chandalas becomes affected by ''prameha'' and will die. [16-17]		One who sees in his dreams, drinking various kinds of oily substances with Chandalas becomes affected by ''prameha'' and will die. [16-17]

	==== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Unmada'' and ''Apasmara'' leading to death ====		=== Incurable prodromal signs of ''Unmada'' and ''Apasmara'' leading to death ===
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	If a healthy man sees such dreams, his life becomes doubtful, rarely does he escape. [27-40]		If a healthy man sees such dreams, his life becomes doubtful, rarely does he escape. [27-40]
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	==== Dreams ====		=== Dreams ===
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	It should be known that if a person having seen an inauspicious dream, sees without waking up another dream that is auspicious and of beneficial form just afterwards, he meets with good results. [44-46]		It should be known that if a person having seen an inauspicious dream, sees without waking up another dream that is auspicious and of beneficial form just afterwards, he meets with good results. [44-46]

	==== Summary ====		=== Summary ===
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	*Significance of dreams in prodromal symptoms and fatal consequences have been described which need further study and research. All the three ''doshas'' should be excessively vitiated and should involve ''Manovaha Srotas'', i.e. channels associated with mind for producing such kind of dreams.		*Significance of dreams in prodromal symptoms and fatal consequences have been described which need further study and research. All the three ''doshas'' should be excessively vitiated and should involve ''Manovaha Srotas'', i.e. channels associated with mind for producing such kind of dreams.

	==~~= ''~~Vidhi Vimarsha~~'' /~~ Applied Inferences===		== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==

	*In present era we do not predict prognosis by prodromal symptoms except in few cases as prodromal symptoms are not exactly known in most of the diseases. Due to ambiguity, prodromal symptoms are not considered reliable and this might be the reason they are not given importance in disease diagnosis and prognosis. [Verse No.3-5]		*In present era we do not predict prognosis by prodromal symptoms except in few cases as prodromal symptoms are not exactly known in most of the diseases. Due to ambiguity, prodromal symptoms are not considered reliable and this might be the reason they are not given importance in disease diagnosis and prognosis. [Verse No.3-5]
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	*It is difficult to predict dream consequences on the basis of time or order in which they were seen. Researches are needed to scientifically prove the validity of such dream prediction. [Verse No.44-46]		*It is difficult to predict dream consequences on the basis of time or order in which they were seen. Researches are needed to scientifically prove the validity of such dream prediction. [Verse No.44-46]
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	=== References ===		== References ==

	<references/>		<references/>

Agnivesha: Text replacement - "=== Introduction ===" to "== Introduction =="

2020-05-29T09:19:29Z

Text replacement - "=== Introduction ===" to "== Introduction =="

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	}}		}}
	=== Introduction ===		== Introduction ==
	<div style="text-align:justify;">		<div style="text-align:justify;">
	In this chapter prodromal symptoms and dreams related to poor prognosis of diseases- fatality are described. In the first verse, Charak has emphasized that he will describe both common and special prodromal symptoms. This indicates that while there may be some prodromata which result out of normal pathogenesis, some are unusual and unexpected. In the next verse it has been said that if all prodromal symptoms are manifesting and are severe in nature then such a condition will be fatal. This principle is applicable to all other diseases also. Prodromal symptoms of ''kushta'' and ''prameha'' suggest that complications manifest before cardinal symptoms of the disease appear. If body metabolism in any disease is altered severely during latent phase of disease and complications are appearing before manifestation of full-fledged disease then such condition will be difficult to cure. Example of ''gulma'' suggests that there are certain diseases which are incurable in nature and prodromal symptoms related to such clinical conditions will always be precursors of imminent death. It is commonly seen that any person who is emaciated and have low immunity and strength, when affected by disease, has fatal consequences due to less resistance. This fact is explained with the example of ''shosha''. Another important aspect regarding disease prognosis is that, if a person is continuously partaking causative factors or is in constant exposure to the causative factors, body will be unable to fight disease properly and thus there will be less chances of recovery from the disease. This point is also mentioned while describing prognosis of ''shosha''.		In this chapter prodromal symptoms and dreams related to poor prognosis of diseases- fatality are described. In the first verse, Charak has emphasized that he will describe both common and special prodromal symptoms. This indicates that while there may be some prodromata which result out of normal pathogenesis, some are unusual and unexpected. In the next verse it has been said that if all prodromal symptoms are manifesting and are severe in nature then such a condition will be fatal. This principle is applicable to all other diseases also. Prodromal symptoms of ''kushta'' and ''prameha'' suggest that complications manifest before cardinal symptoms of the disease appear. If body metabolism in any disease is altered severely during latent phase of disease and complications are appearing before manifestation of full-fledged disease then such condition will be difficult to cure. Example of ''gulma'' suggests that there are certain diseases which are incurable in nature and prodromal symptoms related to such clinical conditions will always be precursors of imminent death. It is commonly seen that any person who is emaciated and have low immunity and strength, when affected by disease, has fatal consequences due to less resistance. This fact is explained with the example of ''shosha''. Another important aspect regarding disease prognosis is that, if a person is continuously partaking causative factors or is in constant exposure to the causative factors, body will be unable to fight disease properly and thus there will be less chances of recovery from the disease. This point is also mentioned while describing prognosis of ''shosha''.

Agnivesha: Text replacement - "=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' / Fundamental Principles===" to "== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) =="

2020-05-27T12:20:26Z

Text replacement - "=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' / Fundamental Principles===" to "== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) =="

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	A physician who is conversant with those premonitory symptoms which are associated with such terrible dreams never starts the treatment for incurable diseases out of his ignorance.[47]		A physician who is conversant with those premonitory symptoms which are associated with such terrible dreams never starts the treatment for incurable diseases out of his ignorance.[47]

	==~~= ''~~Tattva Vimarsha~~'' /~~ Fundamental Principles===		== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==
	<div style="text-align:justify;">		<div style="text-align:justify;">
	*Important principle regarding disease prognosis states that “if all premonitory symptoms of a disease are fully manifested in severe form then it indicates poor prognosis”. [Verse No.3-5]		*Important principle regarding disease prognosis states that “if all premonitory symptoms of a disease are fully manifested in severe form then it indicates poor prognosis”. [Verse No.3-5]

Agnivesha at 10:18, 30 December 2019

2019-12-30T10:18:25Z

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Agnivesha at 09:33, 8 November 2019

2019-11-08T09:33:50Z

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 === Introduction ===
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Agnivesha: Text replacement - "Ayurveda" to "Ayurveda"

2019-10-17T10:48:10Z

Text replacement - "Ayurveda" to "Ayurveda"

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	Biomarkers are recent advancements can be the answer to above problem as we do not need to wait for disease manifestation and can predict prognosis by seeing values of biomarkers related to that disease. In 2001, a consensus panel at the National Institutes of Health defined the term biomarker as ‘a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention or other health care intervention’.<ref>Torres-Bugarín O, Zavala-Cerna MG, Nava A, Flores-García A, Ramos-Ibarra ML. Potential Uses, Limitations, and Basic Procedures of Micronuclei and Nuclear Abnormalities in Buccal Cells. Disease Markers. 2014;2014:956835. </ref> Biomarker defined as alteration in the constituents of tissues or body fluids provide a powerful approach to understanding the spectrum of chronic disease with application in at least 5 areas like screening, diagnosis, prognostics, prediction of disease recurrence and therapeutic monitoring.<ref>Pradeep Sahu et al, Biomarkers: An Emerging Tool for Diagnosis of a Disease and Drug Development, Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2011; Vol. 1: Issue 1, Pg 09-16 </ref> The biomarker is either produced by the diseased organ (e.g., tumor) or by the body in response to disease. Before diagnosis, markers could be used for screening and risk assessment. Tumor classification, stage and sometimes grade are generally used to assess prognosis. Researches in the field of biomarkers may give us chance to know prognosis of disease in early stage.		Biomarkers are recent advancements can be the answer to above problem as we do not need to wait for disease manifestation and can predict prognosis by seeing values of biomarkers related to that disease. In 2001, a consensus panel at the National Institutes of Health defined the term biomarker as ‘a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention or other health care intervention’.<ref>Torres-Bugarín O, Zavala-Cerna MG, Nava A, Flores-García A, Ramos-Ibarra ML. Potential Uses, Limitations, and Basic Procedures of Micronuclei and Nuclear Abnormalities in Buccal Cells. Disease Markers. 2014;2014:956835. </ref> Biomarker defined as alteration in the constituents of tissues or body fluids provide a powerful approach to understanding the spectrum of chronic disease with application in at least 5 areas like screening, diagnosis, prognostics, prediction of disease recurrence and therapeutic monitoring.<ref>Pradeep Sahu et al, Biomarkers: An Emerging Tool for Diagnosis of a Disease and Drug Development, Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2011; Vol. 1: Issue 1, Pg 09-16 </ref> The biomarker is either produced by the diseased organ (e.g., tumor) or by the body in response to disease. Before diagnosis, markers could be used for screening and risk assessment. Tumor classification, stage and sometimes grade are generally used to assess prognosis. Researches in the field of biomarkers may give us chance to know prognosis of disease in early stage.

	Another important aspect mentioned in this chapter is concept of dreams. The descriptions related to dreams are found abundantly in the ancient oriental classics, specifically the Atharvaveda, Upanishadas, Puranas, Darshanas and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda]. The description of the ''doshika'' dreams of the Atharvaveda is similar to that in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda]. Dreams are mentioned while describing ''purvarupa'', ''rupa'' and ''arishta lakshanas''.<ref>Sonali S. Tendulkar and R. R. Dwivedi, ‘Swapna’ in the Indian classics: Mythology or science?,Ayu. 2010 Apr-Jun; 31(2): 170–174. </ref> Sushruta states that sex of the unborn child can be predicted and Vagbhata says that ''doshika prakriti'' can be known by the help of dreams.		Another important aspect mentioned in this chapter is concept of dreams. The descriptions related to dreams are found abundantly in the ancient oriental classics, specifically the Atharvaveda, Upanishadas, Puranas, Darshanas and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/[[Ayurveda]] [[Ayurveda]]]. The description of the ''doshika'' dreams of the Atharvaveda is similar to that in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/[[Ayurveda]] [[Ayurveda]]]. Dreams are mentioned while describing ''purvarupa'', ''rupa'' and ''arishta lakshanas''.<ref>Sonali S. Tendulkar and R. R. Dwivedi, ‘Swapna’ in the Indian classics: Mythology or science?,Ayu. 2010 Apr-Jun; 31(2): 170–174. </ref> Sushruta states that sex of the unborn child can be predicted and Vagbhata says that ''doshika prakriti'' can be known by the help of dreams.

	Subject of dreams is dealt in very scientific manner. According to Charak, dreams occur when person is in relatively wakeful state. This has been proved now by the researches that dreams mainly occur in the rapid-eye movement (REM) stage of sleep—when brain activity is high and resembles that of being awake. In the late 19th century, psychotherapist Sigmund Freud developed a theory that the content of dreams is driven by unconscious wish fulfillment. Freud called dreams the "royal road to the unconscious”.<ref>Jeannette Y. Wick; Guido R. Zann, Drugs and Dreams, J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2002;42:385-390. </ref> To Freud, no dream was of entertainment value, they all held important meanings. Dreams reflect the dreamer’s mental, emotional, and physical state. This fact is well established in this chapter while describing classification of dreams. Dreams are based on our day to day interactions and so are classified as dreams seen, heard, felt etc. Two of the seven types, one which predict prognosis and one which is due to vitiation of ''doshas'' are said to have fatal consequences.		Subject of dreams is dealt in very scientific manner. According to Charak, dreams occur when person is in relatively wakeful state. This has been proved now by the researches that dreams mainly occur in the rapid-eye movement (REM) stage of sleep—when brain activity is high and resembles that of being awake. In the late 19th century, psychotherapist Sigmund Freud developed a theory that the content of dreams is driven by unconscious wish fulfillment. Freud called dreams the "royal road to the unconscious”.<ref>Jeannette Y. Wick; Guido R. Zann, Drugs and Dreams, J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2002;42:385-390. </ref> To Freud, no dream was of entertainment value, they all held important meanings. Dreams reflect the dreamer’s mental, emotional, and physical state. This fact is well established in this chapter while describing classification of dreams. Dreams are based on our day to day interactions and so are classified as dreams seen, heard, felt etc. Two of the seven types, one which predict prognosis and one which is due to vitiation of ''doshas'' are said to have fatal consequences.

Agnivesha at 21:45, 11 October 2019

2019-10-11T21:45:11Z

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	A physician who is conversant with those premonitory symptoms which are associated with such terrible dreams never starts the treatment for incurable diseases out of his ignorance.[47]		A physician who is conversant with those premonitory symptoms which are associated with such terrible dreams never starts the treatment for incurable diseases out of his ignorance.[47]

	=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' ===		=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' / Fundamental Principles===
	<div style="text-align:justify;">		<div style="text-align:justify;">
	*Important principle regarding disease prognosis states that “if all premonitory symptoms of a disease are fully manifested in severe form then it indicates poor prognosis”. [Verse No.3-5]		*Important principle regarding disease prognosis states that “if all premonitory symptoms of a disease are fully manifested in severe form then it indicates poor prognosis”. [Verse No.3-5]
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	*Significance of dreams in prodromal symptoms and fatal consequences have been described which need further study and research. All the three ''doshas'' should be excessively vitiated and should involve ''Manovaha Srotas'', i.e. channels associated with mind for producing such kind of dreams.		*Significance of dreams in prodromal symptoms and fatal consequences have been described which need further study and research. All the three ''doshas'' should be excessively vitiated and should involve ''Manovaha Srotas'', i.e. channels associated with mind for producing such kind of dreams.

	=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' ===		=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' / Applied Inferences===

	*In present era we do not predict prognosis by prodromal symptoms except in few cases as prodromal symptoms are not exactly known in most of the diseases. Due to ambiguity, prodromal symptoms are not considered reliable and this might be the reason they are not given importance in disease diagnosis and prognosis. [Verse No.3-5]		*In present era we do not predict prognosis by prodromal symptoms except in few cases as prodromal symptoms are not exactly known in most of the diseases. Due to ambiguity, prodromal symptoms are not considered reliable and this might be the reason they are not given importance in disease diagnosis and prognosis. [Verse No.3-5]

Pallavmishra at 02:48, 6 March 2019

2019-03-06T02:48:59Z

Agnivesha: Protected "Purvarupeeya" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite)) [cascading]

2019-02-19T06:50:01Z

Protected "Purvarupeeya" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite)) [cascading]

← Older revision	Revision as of 06:50, 19 February 2019
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