Kapha dosha - Revision history

Agnivesha at 19:18, 23 February 2024

2024-02-23T19:18:42Z

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	\|data2 = Bhojani M. K. <sup>1</sup>,<br/>Tanwar Ankur Kumar <sup>1</sup>		\|data2 = Bhojani M. K. <sup>1</sup>,<br/>Tanwar Ankur Kumar <sup>1</sup>
	\|label3 = Reviewer		\|label3 = Reviewer
	\|data3 = Basisht G.<sup>2</sup>,		\|data3 = [[Gopal Basisht\|Basisht G.]]<sup>2</sup>,
	\|label4 = Editor		\|label4 = Editor
	\|data4 = Deole Y.S.<sup>3</sup>		\|data4 = [[Yogesh Deole\|Deole Y.S.]]<sup>3</sup>
	\|label5 = Affiliations		\|label5 = Affiliations
	\|data5 = <sup>1</sup> Department of Sharir Kriya, All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi, India <br/><sup>2</sup> Rheumatologist, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A. <br/><sup>3</sup>Department of Kayachikitsa, G.J.Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India		\|data5 = <sup>1</sup> Department of Sharir Kriya, All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi, India <br/><sup>2</sup> Rheumatologist, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A. <br/><sup>3</sup>Department of Kayachikitsa, G.J.Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India

Agnivesha: /* Acquired factors: */

2023-07-03T05:51:57Z

Acquired factors:

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	=== Acquired factors: ===		=== Acquired factors: ===
	<div style='text-align:justify;'>Acquired factors are those which increase and aggravate kapha dosha other than natural factors. These are avoidable and used in clinical practice by applying the concept of [[Samanya Vishesha Theory\|samanya vishesha siddhanta]]. These factors are as follows: [Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/23-24]<ref name="ref3"/> [A.Hr. Nidana Sthana 1/17-18]<ref name="ref8"/>		<div style='text-align:justify;'>Acquired factors are those which increase and aggravate kapha dosha other than natural factors. These are avoidable and used in clinical practice by applying the concept of [[Samanya Vishesha Theory\|samanya vishesha siddhanta]]. These factors are as follows: [Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/23-24]<ref name="ref3"/> [A.Hr. Nidana Sthana 1/17-18]<ref name="ref8"/>
	<ul><li style="font-weight:bold">Diet([[Dravya\|dravya]]) and properties of diet: <span style="font-weight:normal">Food with [[Madhura\|sweet(madhura)]], [[Amla\|sour(amla)]] and [[Lavana\|salt(lavana)]] taste, heavy-to-digest food, slimy, unctuous food articles and excessive intake of water cause kapha vitiation.</span></li>		<ul><li style="font-weight:bold">Diet ([[Dravya\|dravya]]) and properties of diet: <span style="font-weight:normal">Food with [[Madhura\|sweet(madhura)]], [[Amla\|sour(amla)]] and [[Lavana\|salt(lavana)]] taste, heavy-to-digest food, slimy, unctuous food articles and excessive intake of water cause kapha vitiation. The common examples of these foods are pickles, sour fruits, curd, dairy sweets, freeze cold items, milk products, oily and deep fried food items.</span> </li>
	<li style="font-weight:bold">Lifestyle and other activities: <span style="font-weight:normal">Daytime sleep (diwaswapna), lack of exercise(~~avyayama~~), drinking water at night(nisha ambupana), mixing wholesome and unwholesome together (samashana) and over eating before digestion of previous meals(adhyashana), etc. [Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/23-24]<ref name="ref3"/> </span></li>		<li style="font-weight:bold">Lifestyle and other activities: <span style="font-weight:normal">Daytime sleep (diwaswapna), lack of exercise (a[[vyayama]]), drinking water at night(nisha ambupana), mixing wholesome and unwholesome together (samashana) and over eating before digestion of previous meals (adhyashana), etc. [Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/23-24]<ref name="ref3"/> </span></li>
	<li style="font-weight:bold">Emotional and behavior factors: <span style="font-weight:normal">pleasure(harsha). </span></li></ul></div>		<li style="font-weight:bold">Emotional and behavior factors: <span style="font-weight:normal">pleasure (harsha), procrastination, laziness, excess sleep, lack of mental activities. </span></li></ul></div>

	== Clinical aspects ==		== Clinical aspects ==

Agnivesha at 17:37, 6 March 2023

2023-03-06T17:37:14Z

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	\|type=article		\|type=article
	}}		}}
	<~~div~~ style='text-align:justify;'>Kapha dosha controls [[Sharira\|body]] fluids and maintains the structural cohesion of the organism. It is one of the three [[Dosha\|dosha]]. It is responsible for cohesiveness, unctuousness, lubricity, stability, and immunity. Kapha dosha has dominance of [[Prithvi mahabhuta\|prithvi]] and [[Jala mahabhuta\|jala mahabhuta]].[Code:SAT-B.414]<ref name="ref1">National AYUSH Morbidity and Standardized Terminologies Electronic Portal by Ministry of AYUSH Available on http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/Ayurveda</ref> The concept of kapha is the foundation for growth, preservation, and anabolism theories.</~~div~~>		<p style="text-align:justify;">Kapha dosha controls [[Sharira\|body]] fluids and maintains the structural cohesion of the organism. It is one of the three [[Dosha\|dosha]]. It is responsible for cohesiveness, unctuousness, lubricity, stability, and immunity. Kapha dosha has dominance of [[Prithvi mahabhuta\|prithvi]] and [[Jala mahabhuta\|jala mahabhuta]].[Code:SAT-B.414]<ref name="ref1">National AYUSH Morbidity and Standardized Terminologies Electronic Portal by Ministry of AYUSH Available on http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/Ayurveda</ref> The concept of kapha is the foundation for growth, preservation, and anabolism theories.</p>
	{{Infobox		{{Infobox
	\|title = Contributors		\|title = Contributors

Agnivesha at 11:00, 30 December 2022

2022-12-30T11:00:37Z

Show changes

Agnivesha: corrected spellings etc

2022-12-30T05:49:05Z

corrected spellings etc

Show changes

Agnivesha: /* Hypo functioning of kapha (kshayalakshana): */

2022-12-29T11:21:40Z

Hypo functioning of kapha (kshayalakshana):

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	<li>Nausea (hrillasa) </li></ul></div>		<li>Nausea (hrillasa) </li></ul></div>

	=== ~~Hypo functioning~~ of kapha (~~kshayalakshana~~): ===		=== Hypofunctioning of kapha (kshaya lakshana): ===
	<div style='text-align:justify;'>When kaphadosha levels in the [[Sharira\|body]] are declining, the [[Sharira\|body]] exhibits various signs and symptoms as described below:[Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana15/7]<ref name="ref3"/>, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana11/16]<ref name="ref8"/>, [A.S. Sutra Sthana19/8]<ref name="ref5"/>		<div style='text-align:justify;'>When kaphadosha levels in the [[Sharira\|body]] are declining, the [[Sharira\|body]] exhibits various signs and symptoms as described below:[Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana15/7]<ref name="ref3"/>, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana11/16]<ref name="ref8"/>, [A.S. Sutra Sthana19/8]<ref name="ref5"/>
	<ul><li>Dryness (rukshata)</li>		<ul><li>Dryness (rukshata)</li>

Agnivesha: /* 13.2.1Hyperfunctioning of kapha(vridhilakshana): */

2022-12-29T11:21:17Z

13.2.1Hyperfunctioning of kapha(vridhilakshana):

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	<div style='text-align:justify;'>Dosha continues to exist in three states: hypofunction (kshaya), hyperfunction (vriddhi), and normal physiological state (sama). [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana17/110] Increase and reduction in [[Dosha\|dosha]] functioning ([[Karma\|karma]]) can be used to understand [[Dosha\|dosha]] increase and decline in the [[Sharira\|body]]. [[Dosha\|Dosha]], when increased, produce their respective features in excess; when decreased, cut off their functions, and when in the normal state, perform their normal functions.</div>		<div style='text-align:justify;'>Dosha continues to exist in three states: hypofunction (kshaya), hyperfunction (vriddhi), and normal physiological state (sama). [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana17/110] Increase and reduction in [[Dosha\|dosha]] functioning ([[Karma\|karma]]) can be used to understand [[Dosha\|dosha]] increase and decline in the [[Sharira\|body]]. [[Dosha\|Dosha]], when increased, produce their respective features in excess; when decreased, cut off their functions, and when in the normal state, perform their normal functions.</div>

	=== ~~13.2.1Hyperfunctioning~~ of kapha(~~vridhilakshana~~): ===		=== Hyperfunctioning of kapha (vriddhi lakshana) ===
	<div style='text-align:justify;'>When kapha levels increase, the [[Sharira\|body]] exhibits various signs and symptoms as below: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/13]<ref name="ref3"/>, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 11/7-8]<ref name="ref8"/>, [A.S. Sutra Sthana 19/5]<ref name="ref5"/>:		<div style='text-align:justify;'>When kapha levels increase, the [[Sharira\|body]] exhibits various signs and symptoms as below: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/13]<ref name="ref3"/>, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 11/7-8]<ref name="ref8"/>, [A.S. Sutra Sthana 19/5]<ref name="ref5"/>:
	<ul><li>Whitish coloration of skin(shaukalaya) </li>		<ul><li>Whitish coloration of skin(shaukalaya) </li>

Agnivesha: /* Current researches */

2022-12-28T16:09:56Z

Current researches

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	== Current researches ==		== Current researches ==
	<ul style='text-align:justify;'><li style="font-weight:bold">Vasantikavamana (therapeutic emesis in spring season) - A preventive measure for diseases of kapha origin: <span style="font-weight:normal">The study was conducted on 69 volunteers/patients who followed ~~classical vamana~~ therapy.The therapeutic emesis (vamana)is confirmed to be safe in the study that was specifically conducted at ~~vasantritu~~. The general wellness of the volunteers and patients was also seen to have improved.<ref name="ref23">Bhatted S, Shukla VD, Thakar A, Bhatt NN. A study on Vasantika Vamana (therapeutic emesis in spring season) - A preventive measure for diseases of Kapha origin. Ayu. 2011 Apr;32(2):181-6.</ref></span></li>		<ul style='text-align:justify;'><li style="font-weight:bold">Vasantikavamana (therapeutic [[Vamana\|emesis]] in [[Vasanta\|spring]] season) - A preventive measure for [[Vyadhi\|diseases]] of kapha origin: <span style="font-weight:normal">The study was conducted on 69 volunteers/patients who followed classical [[Vamana\|vamana]] therapy. The therapeutic [[Vamana\|emesis (vamana)]] is confirmed to be safe in the study that was specifically conducted at [[Vasanta\|vasant]] [[Ritu\|ritu]]. The general wellness of the volunteers and patients was also seen to have improved.<ref name="ref23">Bhatted S, Shukla VD, Thakar A, Bhatt NN. A study on Vasantika Vamana (therapeutic emesis in spring season) - A preventive measure for diseases of Kapha origin. Ayu. 2011 Apr;32(2):181-6.</ref></span></li>
	<li style="font-weight:bold">Development of a reliable Dosha self-assessment questionnaire: <span style="font-weight:normal">The goal of this study was to create a valid Dosha self-assessment questionnaire with features appropriate for use in clinical research. The basis for developing 108 Dosha-specific test items with a 7-point Likert scale was a review of existing questionnaires and translations of classic Ayurvedic texts, along with an analysis of item-total correlations and ANOVAs by Dosha for 735 responses to a 37-item ipsative questionnaire from an Ayurveda company. From this, a 39-item quiz (13 for each Dosha) was eventually created. This study shows that it is possible to reliably quantify the three dosha for most clinical investigations.<ref name="ref24">Edwards MT, Streiner DL. Development of a reliable Dosha self-assessment questionnaire. Explore (NY). 2022 Sep-Oct;18(5):573-578.</ref></span></li>		<li style="font-weight:bold">Development of a reliable [[Dosha\|Dosha]] self-assessment questionnaire: <span style="font-weight:normal">The goal of this study was to create a valid [[Dosha\|Dosha]] self-assessment questionnaire with features appropriate for use in clinical research. The basis for developing 108 Dosha-specific test items with a 7-point Likert scale was a review of existing questionnaires and translations of classic Ayurvedic texts, along with an analysis of item-total correlations and ANOVAs by [[Dosha\|Dosha]] for 735 responses to a 37-item ipsative questionnaire from an [[Ayurveda\|Ayurveda]] company. From this, a 39-item quiz (13 for each [[Dosha\|Dosha]]) was eventually created. This study shows that it is possible to reliably quantify the three [[Dosha\|dosha]] for most clinical investigations.<ref name="ref24">Edwards MT, Streiner DL. Development of a reliable Dosha self-assessment questionnaire. Explore (NY). 2022 Sep-Oct;18(5):573-578.</ref></span></li>
	<li style="font-weight:bold">Dosha as a predictor of sleep quality: <span style="font-weight:normal">The present study was conducted on 995 people to see if there was any association between dosha and sleep since sleep is a result of increased kapha using standardized questionnaires. The findings imply that the dosha can affect both the duration and quality of sleep. The results of the study showed that kapha scores strongly predicted both the length of daytime naps in minutes [p<0.05] and daytime somnolence [p<0.05], with higher kapha scores being related to longer daytime naps.<ref name="ref25">Telles S, Pathak S, Kumar A, Mishra P, Balkrishna A. Ayurvedic doshas as predictors of sleep quality. Med Sci Monit. 2015 May 17;21:1421-7.</ref></span></li>		<li style="font-weight:bold">Dosha as a predictor of [[Nidra\|sleep]] quality: <span style="font-weight:normal">The present study was conducted on 995 people to see if there was any association between [[Dosha\|dosha]] and [[Nidra\|sleep]] since [[Nidra\|sleep]] is a result of increased kapha using standardized questionnaires. The findings imply that the [[Dosha\|dosha]] can affect both the duration and quality of [[Nidra\|sleep]]. The results of the study showed that kapha scores strongly predicted both the length of daytime naps in minutes [p<0.05] and daytime somnolence [p<0.05], with higher kapha scores being related to longer daytime naps.<ref name="ref25">Telles S, Pathak S, Kumar A, Mishra P, Balkrishna A. Ayurvedic doshas as predictors of sleep quality. Med Sci Monit. 2015 May 17;21:1421-7.</ref></span></li>
	<li style="font-weight:bold">Heart rate variability analysis in the assessment ~~of dosha imbalance~~: <span style="font-weight:normal">Total 42 individuals' heart rate variability (HRV) spectrum data were gathered for this study in order to compare it to the clinical evaluation of dosha imbalance. A preliminary investigation to evaluate the diagnostic agreement between the clinical approach and HRV analysis in the assessment of gross dosha imbalance found significant concordance, as shown by the Kappa value of 0.78. The current study highlights the need for more research to confirm the HRV's usefulness in evaluating complicated dosha imbalances and other factors like dhatu imbalance.<ref name="ref26">Ram Manohar P, Sorokin O, Chacko J, Nampoothiri V. An exploratory clinical study to determine the utility of heart rate variability analysis in the assessment of dosha imbalance. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2018 Apr-Jun;9(2):126-130.</ref></span></li></ul>		<li style="font-weight:bold">Heart rate variability analysis in the assessment of [[Dosha\|dosha]] imbalance: <span style="font-weight:normal">Total 42 individuals' heart rate variability (HRV) spectrum data were gathered for this study in order to compare it to the clinical evaluation of [[Dosha\|dosha]] imbalance. A preliminary investigation to evaluate the diagnostic agreement between the clinical approach and HRV analysis in the assessment of gross [[Dosha\|dosha]] imbalance found significant concordance, as shown by the Kappa value of 0.78. The current study highlights the need for more research to confirm the HRV's usefulness in evaluating complicated [[Dosha\|dosha]] imbalances and other factors like dhatu imbalance.<ref name="ref26">Ram Manohar P, Sorokin O, Chacko J, Nampoothiri V. An exploratory clinical study to determine the utility of heart rate variability analysis in the assessment of dosha imbalance. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2018 Apr-Jun;9(2):126-130.</ref></span></li></ul>

	== Theses done ==		== Theses done ==

Agnivesha: /* Future area of research */

2022-12-28T16:02:20Z

Future area of research

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	== Future area of research ==		== Future area of research ==
	<div style='text-align:justify;'>The critical area of research isthe preparation of a validated and standardized questionnaire for assessingthe different states of kapha, like depletion(kshaya), increase (vriddhi), and normalcy. Guna-based assessment of ~~kaphais~~ needed. Evaluation of muscle and joints in various musculoskeletal disorders through modern scientific tools like MRI(magnetic resonance imaging), fMRI(functional -MRI), PET(Positron emission tomography) Scan,etc. may help in understanding normal and abnormal functioning ~~ofkapha~~. Assessment of kapha state in various physiological phases of life like pregnancy, lactation, childhood, old age, high altitude, space, deep sea through subjective and objective methods.Assessment through application of molecular biology, proteomics, genomics, microbiome, and metabolomicsis needed.The application of ~~kaphain~~ peripheral physiology, ergonomics, and biomechanics may become future research of interest. </div>		<div style='text-align:justify;'>The critical area of research isthe preparation of a validated and standardized questionnaire for assessingthe different states of kapha, like depletion(kshaya), increase (vriddhi), and normalcy. [[Guna\|Guna]]-based assessment of kapha is needed. Evaluation of muscle and joints in various musculoskeletal disorders through modern scientific tools like MRI(magnetic resonance imaging), fMRI(functional -MRI), PET(Positron emission tomography) Scan, etc. may help in understanding normal and abnormal functioning of kapha. Assessment of kapha state in various physiological phases of life like pregnancy, lactation, childhood, old age, high altitude, space, deep sea through subjective and objective methods. Assessment through application of molecular biology, proteomics, genomics, microbiome, and metabolomicsis needed. The application of kapha in peripheral physiology, ergonomics, and biomechanics may become future research of interest. </div>

	== Current researches ==		== Current researches ==

Agnivesha: /* Treatment */

2022-12-28T16:00:21Z

Treatment

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:00, 28 December 2022
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	== Treatment ==		== Treatment ==
	<div style='text-align:justify;'>The principle of similarities and dissimilarity (samanya- visheshasiddhanta) is applied in treatment. Rasa (taste) and diet, that decrease kapha (shamaka) and aggravate kapha (prakopa), to treat and/or prevent disease are included in management. Lifestyle and behavior to manage the levels of kapha dosha are included. Therapeutic emesis (vamana) is the best intervention indicated for vitiated kapha. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/19] [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 25/40] [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/48]<ref name="ref9"/> <br/>Honey (madhu) and oil(tail) is helpful for the vitiated kapha dosha. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 25/40] <br/>The herbs with pungent, bitter, astringent, hot, and penetrating qualities are used in single or combination along with therapies like swedana (sudation therapy), nasya (nasal therapy), exercise, etc. These are helpful in the treatment of kapha disorders. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/19] [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/46]<ref name="ref9"/>		<div style='text-align:justify;'>The principle of similarities and dissimilarity ([[Samanya Vishesha Theory\|samanya- visheshasiddhanta]]) is applied in treatment. [[Rasa\|Rasa]] (taste) and diet, that decrease kapha (shamaka) and aggravate kapha ([[Prakopa\|prakopa]]), to treat and/or prevent [[Vyadhi\|disease]] are included in management. Lifestyle and behavior to manage the levels of kapha dosha are included. Therapeutic [[Vamana\|emesis (vamana)]] is the best intervention indicated for vitiated kapha. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/19] [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 25/40] [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/48]<ref name="ref9"/> <br/>Honey (madhu) and oil(tail) is helpful for the vitiated kapha dosha. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 25/40] <br/>The herbs with [[Katu\|pungent]], [[Tikta\|bitter]], [[Kashaya\|astringent]], hot, and penetrating qualities are used in single or combination along with therapies like [[Swedana\|swedana]] (sudation therapy), [[Nasya\|nasya]] (nasal therapy), exercise, etc. These are helpful in the treatment of kapha disorders. [Cha.Sa. Sutra Sthana 20/19] [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/46]<ref name="ref9"/>
	<br/>'''Dietary modification:''' Three tastes (rasa) that help in controlling the vitiated kapha are – pungent (katu), bitter(tikta), and astringent (kashaya). Ingestion of food having dry, hot properties and in less quantity is useful for kapha dosha management. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/66] [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 13/10-12]<ref name="ref8"/>		<br/>'''Dietary modification:''' Three tastes ([[Rasa\|rasa]]) that help in controlling the vitiated kapha are – [[Katu\|pungent (katu)]], [[Tikta\|bitter(tikta)]], and [[Kashaya\|astringent (kashaya)]]. Ingestion of food having dry, hot properties and in less quantity is useful for kapha dosha management. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 1/66] [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 13/10-12]<ref name="ref8"/>
	<br/>'''Lifetsytle modification:''' Less sleep, dry massage of body, fasting, mouth gargles, exercise of different types, desire for sex. [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 13/10-12]<ref name="ref8"/> </div>		<br/>'''Lifetsytle modification:''' Less sleep, dry massage of [[Sharira\|body]], fasting, mouth gargles, exercise of different types, desire for sex. [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 13/10-12]<ref name="ref8"/> </div>

	== Future area of research ==		== Future area of research ==