Guna - Revision history

Agnivesha at 19:02, 23 February 2024

2024-02-23T19:02:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:02, 23 February 2024
Line 19:		Line 19:

	\|label2 = Authors		\|label2 = Authors
	\|data2 =Deole Y.S.,Aneesh E.G.		\|data2 = [[Yogesh Deole\|Deole Y.S.]], Aneesh E.G.

	\|label3 = Reviewed by		\|label3 = Reviewed by
	\|data3 = Basisht G.		\|data3 = [[Gopal Basisht\|Basisht G.]]

	\|label4 = Affiliations		\|label4 = Affiliations

Agnivesha at 16:55, 6 March 2023

2023-03-06T16:55:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:55, 6 March 2023
Line 9:		Line 9:
	\|type=article		\|type=article
	}}		}}
			<p style="text-align:justify;">The word ‘guna’ literally means attribute, property [SAT-A.125],<ref name=namstp>Available from http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat accessed on 10/07/2020</ref> quality, peculiarity, virtue, merit or excellence. It also represents a single thread or strand of a cord or twine.<ref>Monier-Williams, Monier-Williams Sanskrit- English Dictionary, 1st edition; Oxford University Press, guna, Page 357.</ref> This article deals with the guna which represents quality or property. </p>

	The word ‘guna’ literally means attribute, property [SAT-A.125],<ref name=namstp>Available from http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat accessed on 10/07/2020</ref> quality, peculiarity, virtue, merit or excellence. It also represents a single thread or strand of a cord or twine.<ref>Monier-Williams, Monier-Williams Sanskrit- English Dictionary, 1st edition; Oxford University Press, guna, Page 357.</ref> This article deals with the guna which represents quality or property.

	{{Infobox		{{Infobox

Agnivesha at 07:24, 20 September 2022

2022-09-20T07:24:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:24, 20 September 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
			{{CiteButton}}
	{{#seo:		{{#seo:
	\|title=Guna		\|title=Guna

Agnivesha at 09:09, 26 August 2022

2022-08-26T09:09:42Z

Eganeesh: /* Physical properties (sharira guna) */

2022-06-27T10:06:10Z

Physical properties (sharira guna)

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:06, 27 June 2022
Line 61:		Line 61:
	===Physical properties (sharira guna)===		===Physical properties (sharira guna)===

	There are twenty physical properties which form ten pairs with their opposites. Each property has a specific fundamental constitution. The property shows biological effects through medium of a substance. The properties (guna) have inseparable concomitance (samavaya) with substance. Following table shows details about fundamental constitution, biological effects of each property with their applications in treatment.		There are twenty physical properties which form ten pairs with their opposites. Each property has a specific fundamental constitution. The property shows biological effects through medium of a substance. The properties (guna) have inseparable concomitance ([[samavaya]]) with substance. Following table shows details about fundamental constitution, biological effects of each property with their applications in treatment.

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
Line 111:		Line 111:

	Cold(sheeta), hot (ushna), unctuous (snigdha), dry (ruksha), non-slimy (vishada), slimy (pichchila), heavy (guru), light (laghu), soft (mridu) and sharp (tikshna) show specific capacity for specific functions,hence they are also termed as ‘active properties’ (karmanyaguna) [Rasavaisheshika].<ref>P.V.Sharma, Dravyaguna-vijnana Vol 1. Varanasi: Chaukhambhabharati academy;2006. Section 2,chapter 1 Guna;p.152.</ref>		Cold(sheeta), hot (ushna), unctuous (snigdha), dry (ruksha), non-slimy (vishada), slimy (pichchila), heavy (guru), light (laghu), soft (mridu) and sharp (tikshna) show specific capacity for specific functions,hence they are also termed as ‘active properties’ (karmanyaguna) [Rasavaisheshika].<ref>P.V.Sharma, Dravyaguna-vijnana Vol 1. Varanasi: Chaukhambhabharati academy;2006. Section 2,chapter 1 Guna;p.152.</ref>

	=== General properties (samanya guna) ===		=== General properties (samanya guna) ===

Eganeesh: /* Importance in treatment */

2022-06-27T10:04:10Z

Importance in treatment

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:04, 27 June 2022
Line 327:		Line 327:
	===Importance in treatment===		===Importance in treatment===

	In treatment, the depleted levels of body components are increased by administration of dietary and medicinal substances (dravya) having similar properties (guna) and effects (karma). Similarly, the increased levels are lessened by administration of those having opposite properties. Thus, the equilibrium is maintained. [Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 6/9]		In treatment, the depleted levels of body components are increased by administration of dietary and medicinal substances ([[dravya]]) having similar properties (guna) and effects ([[karma]]). Similarly, the increased levels are lessened by administration of those having opposite properties. Thus, the equilibrium is maintained. [Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 6/9]

	Diseases are caused due to abnormality in [[dosha]]. The skillful use of medicines, diet and regimens having opposite qualities of causative or abnormal [[dosha]] helps to cure the disease. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/62] The diseases caused due to aggravated [[vata]][[dosha]] can be treated with regimens having hot (ushna) and oily (snigdha)properties. Regimen with cold (sheeta), soft (mridu) and slimy (pichchila) properties pacifies [[pitta]][[dosha]]. Regimen with sharp (tikshna), dry (ruksha) and non-slimy (vishada)properties reduce [[kapha]][[dosha]].[Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana.41/11] The physician must know properties of the herbs. Usage of herbs without knowing its complete properties can cause harmful effects. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/125]		Diseases are caused due to abnormality in [[dosha]]. The skillful use of medicines, diet and regimens having opposite qualities of causative or abnormal [[dosha]] helps to cure the disease. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/62] The diseases caused due to aggravated [[vata]][[dosha]] can be treated with regimens having hot (ushna) and oily (snigdha)properties. Regimen with cold (sheeta), soft (mridu) and slimy (pichchila) properties pacifies [[pitta]][[dosha]]. Regimen with sharp (tikshna), dry (ruksha) and non-slimy (vishada)properties reduce [[kapha]][[dosha]].[Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana.41/11] The physician must know properties of the herbs. Usage of herbs without knowing its complete properties can cause harmful effects. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/125]

Eganeesh: /* Importance in prevention */

2022-06-27T10:02:21Z

Importance in prevention

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:02, 27 June 2022
Line 307:		Line 307:
	=== Importance in prevention ===		=== Importance in prevention ===

	Heaviness and lightness in relation to digestibility of food items is considered to decide appropriate quantity of food and preserve the equilibrium state of digestion and metabolism (agni). [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/6]		Heaviness and lightness in relation to digestibility of food items is considered to decide appropriate quantity of food and preserve the equilibrium state of digestion and metabolism ([[agni]]). [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/6]

	In order to preserve health, one shall follow the diet and regimens opposite to the qualities of the habitat and causative factors of the diseases prevalent in that region. E.g. if the person belongs to marshy area, which is predominant in oiliness (sneha), heaviness (gaurava) etc. properties, then he shall follow the diet possessing the properties dryness, lightness etc. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 6/50]		In order to preserve health, one shall follow the diet and regimens opposite to the qualities of the habitat and causative factors of the diseases prevalent in that region. E.g. if the person belongs to marshy area, which is predominant in oiliness (sneha), heaviness (gaurava) etc. properties, then he shall follow the diet possessing the properties dryness, lightness etc. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 6/50]

Eganeesh: /* Definition */

2022-06-25T07:17:26Z

Definition

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:17, 25 June 2022
Line 45:		Line 45:
	==Definition==		==Definition==

	Guna is the inseparable concomitance (samavaya) with the substance but is devoid of any action (nishcheshta).[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/51] The action is always presented through medium of a substance (dravya).		Guna is the inseparable concomitance ([[samavaya]]) with the substance but is devoid of any action (nishcheshta).[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/51] The action is always presented through medium of a substance ([[dravya]]).

	==Contextual meanings==		==Contextual meanings==

Eganeesh at 11:14, 15 June 2022

2022-06-15T11:14:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:14, 15 June 2022
Line 31:		Line 31:
	\|data5 = carakasamhita@gmail.com		\|data5 = carakasamhita@gmail.com

	\|label6 = Date of first publication:		\|label6 = Publisher
	\|~~data6~~ = July13, 2020		\|data6 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre]], I.T.R.A., Jamnagar, India
	\|~~label7~~ = DOI
	\|~~data7~~ = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.023 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.023]		\|label7 = Date of first publication:
			\|data7 = July13, 2020
			\|label8 = DOI
			\|data8 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.023 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.023]
	}}		}}
	==Etymology and derivation==		==Etymology and derivation==

Agnivesha: /* More information */

2022-06-10T10:09:44Z

More information

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:09, 10 June 2022
Line 414:		Line 414:
	#Sunny C Patil (2014), Fundamental and applied aspect of yukti as pariksha and guna in Ayurveda, Department of basic principles, IPGT&RA Jamnagar		#Sunny C Patil (2014), Fundamental and applied aspect of yukti as pariksha and guna in Ayurveda, Department of basic principles, IPGT&RA Jamnagar

	==~~More information~~==		==Related Chapters==

	[[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya]]		[[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya]], [[Atreyabhadrakapyiya Adhyaya]], [[Ayurveda]], [[Kaarya Kaarana Siddhanta]], [[Samanya Vishesha Siddhanta]], [[Dravya]], [[Padartha]], [[Karma]], [[Disha]],[[Samavaya]],[[Abhava]]

	[[Atreyabhadrakapyiya Adhyaya]]

	==List of references==		==List of references==

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:09, 26 August 2022
Line 2:		Line 2:
	\|title=Guna		\|title=Guna
	\|titlemode=append		\|titlemode=append
	\|keywords=Guna,Guna meaning,Guna in ayurveda,Guna Importance in diagnosis,guna Importance in treatment,guna Importance in prevention,guna Types,41 guna,		\|keywords=Guna,Guna meaning,Guna in ayurveda, Guna Importance in diagnosis, guna Importance in treatment, guna Importance in prevention, guna Types,41 guna, properties, qualities, virtues, pecularities, charak samhita, ayurveda, indian systems of medicine, ancient medical system, healthcare, Deole Y.S., Gopal Basisht
	\|description=This article deals with the guna which represents quality or property		\|description=This article deals with the guna which represents quality or property
	\|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg		\|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
Line 119:		Line 119:
	! Serial No !! General property !! Effect and assessment !! Example		! Serial No !! General property !! Effect and assessment !! Example
	\|-		\|-
	\| \| 1 \|\| Superiority/Dominance (paratva) \|\| It shows superiority or excellence of some substance over other. Dominance of a principle is also assessed \|\| Amalaki (Phyllanthus emblica) is superior anti-ageing (vayasthapana)drug over other [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]; Dominance of [[dosha]] in fundamental constitution ([[prakriti]]) and disease.		\| \| 1 \|\| Superiority/Dominance (paratva) \|\| It shows superiority or excellence of some substance over other. Dominance of a principle is also assessed \|\| Amalaki (Phyllanthus emblica) is superior anti-ageing (vayasthapana)drug over other [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]; Dominance of [[dosha]] in fundamental constitution ([[prakriti]]) and [[disease]].
	\|-		\|-
	\| \| 2 \|\| Inferiority/dormant (aparatva) \|\| It shows the substance with inferior or dormant quality \|\| Sheep’s milk is inferior in quality for health in comparison to other varieties of milk.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]		\| \| 2 \|\| Inferiority/dormant (aparatva) \|\| It shows the substance with inferior or dormant quality \|\| Sheep’s milk is inferior in quality for health in comparison to other varieties of milk.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]
Line 165:		Line 165:
	=== Fundamental universal properties (Mahaguna) ===		=== Fundamental universal properties (Mahaguna) ===

	These three are produced from the material nature during primitive evolutionary process of the Universe (prakriti). These are also termed as primary attributes of mind.[SAT-A.126]<ref name=namstp />		These three are produced from the material nature during primitive evolutionary process of the Universe ([[prakriti]]). These are also termed as primary attributes of mind.[SAT-A.126]<ref name=namstp />

	# Sattva guna: It means goodness. It is purest quality of mind which is responsible for knowledge, enlightenment and happiness. It is the quality of balance, harmony, goodness, purity, universalism, holism, construction, creativity, positivity, peacefulness, and virtue.<ref>Alter, Joseph S., Yoga in modern India, 2004 Princeton University Press, p 55Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87aaccessed on 10/07/2020</ref>		# [[Sattva]] guna: It means goodness. It is purest quality of mind which is responsible for knowledge, enlightenment and happiness. It is the quality of balance, harmony, goodness, purity, universalism, holism, construction, creativity, positivity, peacefulness, and virtue.<ref>Alter, Joseph S., Yoga in modern India, 2004 Princeton University Press, p 55Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87aaccessed on 10/07/2020</ref>
	# Rajas guna: It means passion. This is responsible for all deeds(karma), desires and sorrows. It is the quality of passion, activity, neither good nor bad and sometimes either, self-centeredness, egoism, individualization, drivenness, movement, and dynamism.<ref name=Feur>Feuerstein, Georg The Shambhala Encyclopedia of Yoga, Shambhala Publications, 1997 Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87aaccessed on 10/07/2020</ref>		# [[Rajas]] guna: It means passion. This is responsible for all deeds([[karma]]), desires and sorrows. It is the quality of passion, activity, neither good nor bad and sometimes either, self-centeredness, egoism, individualization, drivenness, movement, and dynamism.<ref name=Feur>Feuerstein, Georg The Shambhala Encyclopedia of Yoga, Shambhala Publications, 1997 Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87aaccessed on 10/07/2020</ref>
	# Tamas guna: It means ignorance. This is responsible for laziness and delusions. It is the quality of imbalance, disorder, chaos, anxiety, impurity, destruction, delusion, negativity, dullness or inactivity, apathy, inertia or lethargy, violence, viciousness, and ignorance.<ref name=Feur />		# [[Tamas]] guna: It means ignorance. This is responsible for laziness and delusions. It is the quality of imbalance, disorder, chaos, anxiety, impurity, destruction, delusion, negativity, dullness or inactivity, apathy, inertia or lethargy, violence, viciousness, and ignorance.<ref name=Feur />

	In human beings, these are represented in psychological plane as purest quality, initiator and regulator of all activities respectively. Sattva is pure form of mind, while rajas and tamas are causative factors for psychiatric disorders.[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/57] These three guna connect soul ([[atma]]) with physical body. The eternal living entity ([[atma]]) is conditioned by these three modes of goodness, passion and ignorance.<ref>Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Bhagavad-Gita As it is. Chapter 14.6. 2008. Bhaktivedanta book trust. Pg 607 </ref> Salvation (moksha) is attained after freedom from all these properties.		In human beings, these are represented in psychological plane as purest quality, initiator and regulator of all activities respectively. Sattva is pure form of [[mind]], while [[rajas]] and [[tamas]] are causative factors for psychiatric disorders.[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/57] These three guna connect soul ([[atma]]) with physical body. The eternal living entity ([[atma]]) is conditioned by these three modes of goodness, passion and ignorance.<ref>Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Bhagavad-Gita As it is. Chapter 14.6. 2008. Bhaktivedanta book trust. Pg 607 </ref> Salvation (moksha) is attained after freedom from all these properties.

	====Relation with [[mahabhuta]] and [[dosha]]====		====Relation with [[mahabhuta]] and [[dosha]]====
Line 177:		Line 177:
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|-		\|-
	! Universal property !! Fundamental element (mahabhuta) !! Cause and effect		! Universal property !! Fundamental element ([[mahabhuta]]) !! Cause and effect
	\|-		\|-
	\| \| Sattva \|\| [[Akasha]] \|\| Enlightenment (prakashakatva)		\| \| Sattva \|\| [[Akasha]] \|\| Enlightenment (prakashakatva)
Line 194:		Line 194:
	====Relation with [[dosha]]====		====Relation with [[dosha]]====

	The physical (sharira) and psychological (manas) planes are inter-connected to each other. Sattva guna in psychological plane is related to [[pitta]] [[dosha]]; rajas is related to [[vata]][[dosha]] and tamas is related with [[kapha]][[dosha]]. Accordingly, the physical and psychological activities are regulated.		The physical ([[sharira]]) and psychological ([[manas]]) planes are inter-connected to each other. [[Sattva]] guna in psychological plane is related to [[pitta]] [[dosha]]; rajas is related to [[vata]][[dosha]] and tamas is related with [[kapha]][[dosha]]. Accordingly, the physical and psychological activities are regulated.

	== Properties of constituents of human being ==		== Properties of constituents of human being ==
Line 255:		Line 255:
	\|-		\|-
	\|}		\|}
	The body components show actions according to their properties. These properties are considered while treating abnormal states.<ref>Nanal R.M. Sapta dhatu and ~~shariraguna~~ (Marathi). In MadhujivanaShariraGunaVisheshanka (1993). Nanal Publications.pg.88-91. </ref>		The body components show actions according to their properties. These properties are considered while treating abnormal states.<ref>Nanal R.M. Sapta dhatu and sharira guna (Marathi). In MadhujivanaShariraGunaVisheshanka (1993). Nanal Publications.pg.88-91. </ref>

	== Relation of properties and active constituents of substances ==		== Relation of properties and active constituents of substances ==
Line 261:		Line 261:
	=== Properties and tastes ===		=== Properties and tastes ===

	The substances with specific tastes (rasa) possess variable degrees of properties as below:		The substances with specific tastes ([[rasa]]) possess variable degrees of properties as below:
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|-		\|-
Line 283:		Line 283:
	These are rationally applied in treatment.		These are rationally applied in treatment.

	=== Potency (veerya) ===		=== Potency ([[veerya]]) ===

	The potency of a substance depends on the property it possesses. All substances are divided into two main categories viz. hot (ushna) and cold (sheeta) based upon their potency. [A.H.Sutra Sthana 1/17]		The potency of a substance depends on the property it possesses. All substances are divided into two main categories viz. hot (ushna) and cold (sheeta) based upon their potency. [A.H.Sutra Sthana 1/17]
Line 303:		Line 303:
	== Importance of knowledge of guna ==		== Importance of knowledge of guna ==

	Knowledge of guna is essential in every field to define standards. The actions or effects of each substance are caused due to its properties (guna) due to inseparable concomitance.[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/50] The knowledge about property of an object is possible through analyzing its actions only.[Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 46/514] Guna is the only principle which explains the drug activity. This is to be assessed objectively through action of that drug. The taste, potency and post digestion effect (vipaka) are the different expressions of guna only.<ref>~~KarraNishteswar~~, Importance of guna amongst rasapanchaka. IAMJ [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2020 May 05]; Available from:http://www.iamj.in/posts/images/upload/IAMJ_01.05.01.pdf</ref>		Knowledge of guna is essential in every field to define standards. The actions or effects of each substance are caused due to its properties (guna) due to inseparable concomitance.[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/50] The knowledge about property of an object is possible through analyzing its actions only.[Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 46/514] Guna is the only principle which explains the drug activity. This is to be assessed objectively through action of that drug. The taste, potency and post digestion effect (vipaka) are the different expressions of guna only.<ref>Karra Nishteswar, Importance of guna amongst rasapanchaka. IAMJ [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2020 May 05]; Available from:http://www.iamj.in/posts/images/upload/IAMJ_01.05.01.pdf</ref>

	=== Importance in prevention ===		=== Importance in prevention ===