Aushadha - Revision history

Agnivesha at 09:12, 24 February 2024

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	\|data2 =Bhojani M.K.<sup>1</sup>,<br/>Rahul Anand<sup>1</sup>		\|data2 =Bhojani M.K.<sup>1</sup>,<br/>Rahul Anand<sup>1</sup>
	\|label3 = Reviewer		\|label3 = Reviewer
	\|data3 = Basisht G.<sup>2</sup>		\|data3 = [[Gopal Basisht\|Basisht G.]]<sup>2</sup>
	\|label4 = Editor		\|label4 = Editor
	\|data4 = Deole Y.S.<sup>3</sup>		\|data4 = [[Yogesh Deole\|Deole Y.S.]]<sup>3</sup>
	\|label5 = Affiliations		\|label5 = Affiliations
	\|data5 = <sup>1</sup> Department of Kriya Sharira, A.I.I.A., New Delhi, India, <br/><sup>2</sup> Rheumatologist, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.,<br/><sup>3</sup> Department of Kayachikitsa, G.J. Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India		\|data5 = <sup>1</sup> Department of Kriya Sharira, A.I.I.A., New Delhi, India, <br/><sup>2</sup> Rheumatologist, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.,<br/><sup>3</sup> Department of Kayachikitsa, G.J. Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India

Agnivesha at 12:48, 6 March 2023

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	<p style='text-align:justify;'>Aushadha means medicine or drug. It is used for the preservation of [[health]] and the treatment of [[Vyadhi\|diseases]]. Aushadha is used for regaining [[Health\|health]], and its appropriate use is as beneficial as nector, whereas inappropriate use makes it a poison.<ref>Satyapala, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Vidyotini of Kashyap Samhita, Khila Sthana; Bheshajyopakramaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 3, Verse 4. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2015; 363.</ref> The aushadha may be used either in combination or as a single drug. In the context of using a single aushadha, a description of agrya prakarana (superior aushadha) with 152 entities is found in [[Charak Samhita New Edition\|Charak Samhita]] [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40] and 155 entities in Ashtanga sangraha.<ref>Tripathi R.D., (1 st ed.). Commentary Saroj on Astanga Sangrah of Vridhavagabhata, Sutra Sthana; Agryasangraha Adhyaya: Chapter 13, Verse 3. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2015; 269-271.</ref> Ashtanga Hridaya described 55 entities.<ref>Murthy K.R.S., editor, (8th ed.). Vagbhata’s Ashtanga Hridayam, Uttar Tantra: Vajikaranavidhi Adhyaya: Chapter 40, Verse 48-58. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, 2011; 420.</ref> [A. Hr. Uttar Tantra 40/48-58] Aushadha is among the four aspects of the healthcare system with the physician, attendant, and patient. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 9/3] All [[Dravya\|dravya]] in the world are derived from [[Pancha mahabhuta\|five mahabhutas]] ([[Prithvi mahabhuta\|prithvi]], [[Jala mahabhuta\|apa]], [[agni\|agni]], [[Vayu mahabhuta\|vayu]] and [[Akasha mahabhuta\|akasha]]). The [[Sharira\|sharira]] is a constitution of [[Pancha mahabhuta\|panchamahabhuta]] in variable proportion. Any imbalance in this proportion can alter homeostasis and cause disorders. [[Dravya\|Dravya]] of a particular panchamahabhautika composition is required to normalize the composition of [[Pancha mahabhuta\|panchamahabhuta]] in [[Sharira\|sharira]]. For example, if a [[Vyadhi\|disease]] originated due to insufficiency of [[Jala mahabhuta\|apa mahabhuta]], then [[Dravya\|dravya]] rich in [[Jala mahabhuta\|apa mahabhuta]] is administered to patient to increase the quantity of [[Jala mahabhuta\|apa mahabhuta]] back to normal. Since all [[Dravya\|dravyas]] have a specific panchamahabhautika constitution, they can be used to establish normal homeostasis of [[Pancha mahabhuta\|panchamahabhutas]] of [[Sharira\|sharira]] and treat [[Vyadhi\|disease]]. Since [[Aushadhi\|aushadhi]] too is a [[Dravya\|dravya]] and similarly treats the [[Vyadhi\|disease]], thus all the [[Dravya\|dravyas]] are [[Aushadhi\|aushadhi]]<ref>Shastri A D, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Ayurveda Tattva Sandipika of Ambikadutta Shastri on Sushruta Samhita, Sutra Sthana; Dravyavisheshavigyaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 41, Verse 9. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2015; 199.</ref> [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 26/12] [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 41/9] Effectively managing a [[Vyadhi\|disease]] requires correct identification, dosage and time of administration of aushadha. Selection of the right aushadha requires understanding its mode of action. To prevent the untoward effects of aushadha, it’s essential to know that the aushadha are patient-specific, location-specific, and season specific. Examination of aushadha must not be missed prior to its use. This chapter describes various aspects of aushadha. </p>		<p style='text-align:justify;'>Aushadha means medicine or drug. It is used for the preservation of [[health]] and the treatment of [[Vyadhi\|diseases]]. Aushadha is used for regaining [[Health\|health]], and its appropriate use is as beneficial as nector, whereas inappropriate use makes it a poison.<ref>Satyapala, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Vidyotini of Kashyap Samhita, Khila Sthana; Bheshajyopakramaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 3, Verse 4. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2015; 363.</ref> The aushadha may be used either in combination or as a single drug. In the context of using a single aushadha, a description of agrya prakarana (superior aushadha) with 152 entities is found in [[Charak Samhita New Edition\|Charak Samhita]] [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40] and 155 entities in Ashtanga sangraha.<ref>Tripathi R.D., (1 st ed.). Commentary Saroj on Astanga Sangrah of Vridhavagabhata, Sutra Sthana; Agryasangraha Adhyaya: Chapter 13, Verse 3. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2015; 269-271.</ref> Ashtanga Hridaya described 55 entities.<ref>Murthy K.R.S., editor, (8th ed.). Vagbhata’s Ashtanga Hridayam, Uttar Tantra: Vajikaranavidhi Adhyaya: Chapter 40, Verse 48-58. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, 2011; 420.</ref> [A. Hr. Uttar Tantra 40/48-58] Aushadha is among the four aspects of the healthcare system with the physician, attendant, and patient. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 9/3] All [[Dravya\|dravya]] in the world are derived from [[Pancha mahabhuta\|five mahabhutas]] ([[Prithvi mahabhuta\|prithvi]], [[Jala mahabhuta\|apa]], [[agni\|agni]], [[Vayu mahabhuta\|vayu]] and [[Akasha mahabhuta\|akasha]]). The [[Sharira\|sharira]] is a constitution of [[Pancha mahabhuta\|panchamahabhuta]] in variable proportion. Any imbalance in this proportion can alter homeostasis and cause disorders. <br/>[[Dravya\|Dravya]] of a particular panchamahabhautika composition is required to normalize the composition of [[Pancha mahabhuta\|panchamahabhuta]] in [[Sharira\|sharira]]. For example, if a [[Vyadhi\|disease]] originated due to insufficiency of [[Jala mahabhuta\|apa mahabhuta]], then [[Dravya\|dravya]] rich in [[Jala mahabhuta\|apa mahabhuta]] is administered to patient to increase the quantity of [[Jala mahabhuta\|apa mahabhuta]] back to normal. Since all [[Dravya\|dravyas]] have a specific panchamahabhautika constitution, they can be used to establish normal homeostasis of [[Pancha mahabhuta\|panchamahabhutas]] of [[Sharira\|sharira]] and treat [[Vyadhi\|disease]]. Since [[Aushadhi\|aushadhi]] too is a [[Dravya\|dravya]] and similarly treats the [[Vyadhi\|disease]], thus all the [[Dravya\|dravyas]] are [[Aushadhi\|aushadhi]]<ref>Shastri A D, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Ayurveda Tattva Sandipika of Ambikadutta Shastri on Sushruta Samhita, Sutra Sthana; Dravyavisheshavigyaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 41, Verse 9. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2015; 199.</ref> [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 26/12] [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 41/9] Effectively managing a [[Vyadhi\|disease]] requires correct identification, dosage and time of administration of aushadha. Selection of the right aushadha requires understanding its mode of action. To prevent the untoward effects of aushadha, it’s essential to know that the aushadha are patient-specific, location-specific, and season specific. Examination of aushadha must not be missed prior to its use. This chapter describes various aspects of aushadha. </p>

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Agnivesha at 12:47, 6 March 2023

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	<~~div~~ style='text-align:justify;'>Aushadha means medicine or drug. It is used for the preservation of [[health]] and the treatment of [[Vyadhi\|diseases]]. Aushadha is used for regaining [[Health\|health]], and its appropriate use is as beneficial as nector, whereas inappropriate use makes it a poison.<ref>Satyapala, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Vidyotini of Kashyap Samhita, Khila Sthana; Bheshajyopakramaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 3, Verse 4. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2015; 363.</ref> The aushadha may be used either in combination or as a single drug. In the context of using a single aushadha, a description of agrya prakarana (superior aushadha) with 152 entities is found in [[Charak Samhita New Edition\|Charak Samhita]] [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40] and 155 entities in Ashtanga sangraha.<ref>Tripathi R.D., (1 st ed.). Commentary Saroj on Astanga Sangrah of Vridhavagabhata, Sutra Sthana; Agryasangraha Adhyaya: Chapter 13, Verse 3. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2015; 269-271.</ref> Ashtanga Hridaya described 55 entities.<ref>Murthy K.R.S., editor, (8th ed.). Vagbhata’s Ashtanga Hridayam, Uttar Tantra: Vajikaranavidhi Adhyaya: Chapter 40, Verse 48-58. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, 2011; 420.</ref> [A. Hr. Uttar Tantra 40/48-58] Aushadha is among the four aspects of the healthcare system with the physician, attendant, and patient. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 9/3] All [[Dravya\|dravya]] in the world are derived from [[Pancha mahabhuta\|five mahabhutas]] ([[Prithvi mahabhuta\|prithvi]], [[Jala mahabhuta\|apa]], [[agni\|agni]], [[Vayu mahabhuta\|vayu]] and [[Akasha mahabhuta\|akasha]]). The [[Sharira\|sharira]] is a constitution of [[Pancha mahabhuta\|panchamahabhuta]] in variable proportion. Any imbalance in this proportion can alter homeostasis and cause disorders. [[Dravya\|Dravya]] of a particular panchamahabhautika composition is required to normalize the composition of [[Pancha mahabhuta\|panchamahabhuta]] in [[Sharira\|sharira]]. For example, if a [[Vyadhi\|disease]] originated due to insufficiency of [[Jala mahabhuta\|apa mahabhuta]], then [[Dravya\|dravya]] rich in [[Jala mahabhuta\|apa mahabhuta]] is administered to patient to increase the quantity of [[Jala mahabhuta\|apa mahabhuta]] back to normal. Since all [[Dravya\|dravyas]] have a specific panchamahabhautika constitution, they can be used to establish normal homeostasis of [[Pancha mahabhuta\|panchamahabhutas]] of [[Sharira\|sharira]] and treat [[Vyadhi\|disease]]. Since [[Aushadhi\|aushadhi]] too is a [[Dravya\|dravya]] and similarly treats the [[Vyadhi\|disease]], thus all the [[Dravya\|dravyas]] are [[Aushadhi\|aushadhi]]<ref>Shastri A D, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Ayurveda Tattva Sandipika of Ambikadutta Shastri on Sushruta Samhita, Sutra Sthana; Dravyavisheshavigyaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 41, Verse 9. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2015; 199.</ref> [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 26/12] [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 41/9] Effectively managing a [[Vyadhi\|disease]] requires correct identification, dosage and time of administration of aushadha. Selection of the right aushadha requires understanding its mode of action. To prevent the untoward effects of aushadha, it’s essential to know that the aushadha are patient-specific, location-specific, and season specific. Examination of aushadha must not be missed prior to its use. This chapter describes various aspects of aushadha. </~~div~~>		<p style='text-align:justify;'>Aushadha means medicine or drug. It is used for the preservation of [[health]] and the treatment of [[Vyadhi\|diseases]]. Aushadha is used for regaining [[Health\|health]], and its appropriate use is as beneficial as nector, whereas inappropriate use makes it a poison.<ref>Satyapala, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Vidyotini of Kashyap Samhita, Khila Sthana; Bheshajyopakramaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 3, Verse 4. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2015; 363.</ref> The aushadha may be used either in combination or as a single drug. In the context of using a single aushadha, a description of agrya prakarana (superior aushadha) with 152 entities is found in [[Charak Samhita New Edition\|Charak Samhita]] [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40] and 155 entities in Ashtanga sangraha.<ref>Tripathi R.D., (1 st ed.). Commentary Saroj on Astanga Sangrah of Vridhavagabhata, Sutra Sthana; Agryasangraha Adhyaya: Chapter 13, Verse 3. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2015; 269-271.</ref> Ashtanga Hridaya described 55 entities.<ref>Murthy K.R.S., editor, (8th ed.). Vagbhata’s Ashtanga Hridayam, Uttar Tantra: Vajikaranavidhi Adhyaya: Chapter 40, Verse 48-58. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, 2011; 420.</ref> [A. Hr. Uttar Tantra 40/48-58] Aushadha is among the four aspects of the healthcare system with the physician, attendant, and patient. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 9/3] All [[Dravya\|dravya]] in the world are derived from [[Pancha mahabhuta\|five mahabhutas]] ([[Prithvi mahabhuta\|prithvi]], [[Jala mahabhuta\|apa]], [[agni\|agni]], [[Vayu mahabhuta\|vayu]] and [[Akasha mahabhuta\|akasha]]). The [[Sharira\|sharira]] is a constitution of [[Pancha mahabhuta\|panchamahabhuta]] in variable proportion. Any imbalance in this proportion can alter homeostasis and cause disorders. [[Dravya\|Dravya]] of a particular panchamahabhautika composition is required to normalize the composition of [[Pancha mahabhuta\|panchamahabhuta]] in [[Sharira\|sharira]]. For example, if a [[Vyadhi\|disease]] originated due to insufficiency of [[Jala mahabhuta\|apa mahabhuta]], then [[Dravya\|dravya]] rich in [[Jala mahabhuta\|apa mahabhuta]] is administered to patient to increase the quantity of [[Jala mahabhuta\|apa mahabhuta]] back to normal. Since all [[Dravya\|dravyas]] have a specific panchamahabhautika constitution, they can be used to establish normal homeostasis of [[Pancha mahabhuta\|panchamahabhutas]] of [[Sharira\|sharira]] and treat [[Vyadhi\|disease]]. Since [[Aushadhi\|aushadhi]] too is a [[Dravya\|dravya]] and similarly treats the [[Vyadhi\|disease]], thus all the [[Dravya\|dravyas]] are [[Aushadhi\|aushadhi]]<ref>Shastri A D, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Ayurveda Tattva Sandipika of Ambikadutta Shastri on Sushruta Samhita, Sutra Sthana; Dravyavisheshavigyaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 41, Verse 9. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2015; 199.</ref> [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 26/12] [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 41/9] Effectively managing a [[Vyadhi\|disease]] requires correct identification, dosage and time of administration of aushadha. Selection of the right aushadha requires understanding its mode of action. To prevent the untoward effects of aushadha, it’s essential to know that the aushadha are patient-specific, location-specific, and season specific. Examination of aushadha must not be missed prior to its use. This chapter describes various aspects of aushadha. </p>

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Agnivesha: minor spellings

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minor spellings

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Agnivesha: /* Contemporary approach: */

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Contemporary approach:

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	== Contemporary approach: ==		== Contemporary approach: ==
	<div style='text-align:justify;'>'''Pharmacovigilence in Ayurveda:'''<br/>Considering the global aclaimation of ayurveda aushadha, the need of pharmacovigilence in Ayurveda seems imperative. A common myth exists in the society that herbal medicines do not have any side effects. This leads to large scale consumption of Ayurveda aushadha without consultation of Ayurved practitioner and its ill effects are often observed. Adverse drug reactions are sometimes reported in ayurveda which may be due to administration of unwholesome drugs or drug overdose. Drug to drug interaction may occur, if aushadha combinations without the consultation of authorised ayurveda practitioner is consumed. Contamination, adulteration or poor quality drugs may compromise the safety of patients. Based on WHO guidelines, regarding the safety of herbal drugs, Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govermment of India established National Pharmacovigilence Programme for Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani drugs in 2008-09 at Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, India.</br>The Ministry of AYUSH has introduced new Central Sector scheme for promoting pharmaovigilence in Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homeopathy drugs. Prime objective of the scheme is to develop the culture of documenting adverse effects and undertake safety monitoring in Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani drugs and surveillance of misleading advertisements appearing in the print and electronic media. All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi has been designated as National Pharmacovigilance Centre.</div>		<div style='text-align:justify;'>'''Pharmacovigilence in [[Ayurveda\|Ayurveda]]:'''<br/>Considering the global aclaimation of [[Ayurveda\|ayurveda]] aushadha, the need of pharmacovigilence in [[Ayurveda\|Ayurveda]] seems imperative. A common myth exists in the society that herbal medicines do not have any side effects. This leads to large scale consumption of [[Ayurveda\|Ayurveda]] aushadha without consultation of Ayurved practitioner and its ill effects are often observed. Adverse drug reactions are sometimes reported in [[Ayurveda\|ayurveda]] which may be due to administration of unwholesome drugs or drug overdose. Drug to drug interaction may occur, if aushadha combinations without the consultation of authorised [[Ayurveda\|ayurveda]] practitioner is consumed. Contamination, adulteration or poor quality drugs may compromise the safety of patients. Based on WHO guidelines, regarding the safety of herbal drugs, Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govermment of India established National Pharmacovigilence Programme for [[Ayurveda\|Ayurveda]], Siddha and Unani drugs in 2008-09 at Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, India.</br>The Ministry of AYUSH has introduced new Central Sector scheme for promoting pharmaovigilence in Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homeopathy drugs. Prime objective of the scheme is to develop the culture of documenting adverse effects and undertake safety monitoring in [[Ayurveda\|Ayurveda]], Siddha and Unani drugs and surveillance of misleading advertisements appearing in the print and electronic media. All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi has been designated as National Pharmacovigilance Centre.</div>

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Agnivesha: /* Current researches */

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Current researches

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:43, 19 December 2022
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	== Current researches ==		== Current researches ==
	<ol style='text-align:justify;'>		<ol style='text-align:justify;'>
	<li style="font-weight: bold;">An emphasis on agrya aushadhi in Ashtanga Hridaya<ref>Keerthana J, Hegde PL, Javagal V. An emphasis on agrya aushadhi w.s.r to astanga hridaya. Int J Health Sci Res. 2019; 9(6):323-326.</ref><br/><span style="font-weight: normal;">Importance of use of single aushadh (ekala dravya prayoga) is highlighted in Ayurveda. In agrya prakarana (list of best medicines), most of the single dravya are mentioned. Agrya dravya is the initial step of drug selection, and in a dilemma, one can incorporate its utility without doubt. The number of agrya mentioned in ashtang hridaya is less when compared to other classics. These dravya are sufficient enough to cure most of the diseases. It also helps practitioners to select the drug, keeping in view of disease condition, the strength of the person, and the availability of drugs.</span></li>		<li style="font-weight: bold;">An emphasis on agrya aushadhi in Ashtanga Hridaya<ref>Keerthana J, Hegde PL, Javagal V. An emphasis on agrya aushadhi w.s.r to astanga hridaya. Int J Health Sci Res. 2019; 9(6):323-326.</ref><br/><span style="font-weight: normal;">Importance of use of single aushadh (ekala dravya prayoga) is highlighted in [[Ayurveda\|Ayurveda]]. In agrya prakarana (list of best medicines), most of the single [[Dravya\|dravya]] are mentioned. Agrya dravya is the initial step of drug selection, and in a dilemma, one can incorporate its utility without doubt. The number of agrya mentioned in ashtang hridaya is less when compared to other classics. These dravya are sufficient enough to cure most of the [[Vyadhi\|diseases]]. It also helps practitioners to select the drug, keeping in view of [[Vyadhi\|disease]] condition, the strength of the person, and the availability of drugs.</span></li>
	<li style="font-weight: bold;">Review on route of drug administration in Ayurveda<ref>Review on Route of Drug Administration in Ayurveda. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 20/21; 7(11): 8181-8188.</ref><br/><span style="font-weight: normal;">The route of drug administration is selected for its better and quick absorption. Different routes of administration will have different sites of action. To treat and prevent ophthalmic diseases, medicines are given in eyes. It will have direct interaction of drug with the target site. Different procedures are being explained to administer the drug through the eyes (akshi marga), like seka (ocular therapy by streaming), ashchyotana (eye drops), pindi (fastening medicinal bolus to the eyes), bidalaka (application of medicated paste on the outer part of eyes) , tarpana (therapeutic retention of medicated liquids over the eyes), putapaka (installation of medicated juices in the eyes), anjana (collyrium). Likewise, different routes of administration are utilized for better efficacy. Per rectal administration, therapeutic enema (basti), and nasal therapy (nasya) are the most utilized routes for different diseases.</span></li>		<li style="font-weight: bold;">Review on route of drug administration in [[Ayurveda\|Ayurveda]]<ref>Review on Route of Drug Administration in Ayurveda. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 20/21; 7(11): 8181-8188.</ref><br/><span style="font-weight: normal;">The route of drug administration is selected for its better and quick absorption. Different routes of administration will have different sites of action. To treat and prevent ophthalmic [[Vyadhi\|diseases]], medicines are given in eyes. It will have direct interaction of drug with the target site. Different procedures are being explained to administer the drug through the eyes (akshi marga), like seka (ocular therapy by streaming), ashchyotana (eye drops), pindi (fastening medicinal bolus to the eyes), bidalaka (application of medicated paste on the outer part of eyes) , tarpana (therapeutic retention of medicated liquids over the eyes), putapaka (installation of medicated juices in the eyes), [[Anjana\|anjana (collyrium)]]. Likewise, different routes of administration are utilized for better efficacy. Per rectal administration, therapeutic [[Basti\|enema (basti)]], and [[Nasya\|nasal therapy (nasya)]] are the most utilized routes for different [[Vyadhi\|diseases]].</span></li>
	<li style="font-weight: bold;">Logistics of time of administration of drugs in Ayurveda<ref>Logistics of Time of Administration of Drugs in Ayurveda. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2021; 10(3): 418-427.</ref><br/><span style="font-weight: normal;">Aushadha sevan kala (time of drug administration) is considered an essential tool in the ayurvedic treatment protocol. The potency of medicine increases when it is administered at the right time. The first, second, and third parts of age, day, night, and stages of digestion of food are dominated by kapha, pitta, and vata, respectively. Also various agni in body vary chronologically in day and life. Less dose of medicine is required if it is given at a proper time.</span></li>		<li style="font-weight: bold;">Logistics of time of administration of drugs in [[Ayurveda\|Ayurveda]]<ref>Logistics of Time of Administration of Drugs in Ayurveda. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2021; 10(3): 418-427.</ref><br/><span style="font-weight: normal;">Aushadha sevan kala (time of drug administration) is considered an essential tool in the ayurvedic treatment protocol. The potency of medicine increases when it is administered at the right time. The first, second, and third parts of age, day, night, and stages of digestion of food are dominated by [[Kapha dosha\|kapha]], [[Pitta\|pitta]], and [[Vata dosha\|vata]], respectively. Also various [[Agni\|agni]] in [[Sharira\|body]] vary chronologically in day and life. Less dose of medicine is required if it is given at a proper time.</span></li>
	</ol>		</ol>

Agnivesha: /* Importance of concept */

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Importance of concept

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	== Importance of concept ==		== Importance of concept ==
	<ul><li>Administration of aushadha of the opposite quality of aggravated dosha brings success in treatment.<ref>Tripathi R.D., (1 st ed.). Commentary Saroj on Astanga Sangrah of Vridhavagabhata, Sutra Sthana; Bheshajavacharaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 23, Verse 3. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2015; 422-423.</ref> Thus it is important to learn the qualities of aushadha.</li>		<ul><li>Administration of aushadha of the opposite quality of aggravated dosha brings success in treatment.<ref>Tripathi R.D., (1 st ed.). Commentary Saroj on Astanga Sangrah of Vridhavagabhata, Sutra Sthana; Bheshajavacharaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 23, Verse 3. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2015; 422-423.</ref> Thus it is important to learn the qualities of aushadha.</li>
	<li>Aushadhi is a non-invasive tool to treat diseases. The knowledge of aushadha helps physicians cure, delay, or prevent disease; ease symptoms; or help diagnose illnesses. Importance of the concept of aushadha can be understood by the fact that almost all systems of medicine around the world contain a branch dedicated to the knowledge of aushadha. For example, dravyaguna, rasa shastra and bhaishajya kalpana in Ayurveda, Pharmacology in allopathy, Ilmul Advia in Unani, etc.</li>		<li>Aushadhi is a non-invasive tool to treat [[Vyadhi\|diseases]]. The knowledge of aushadha helps physicians cure, delay, or prevent [[Vyadhi\|disease]]; ease symptoms; or help diagnose illnesses. Importance of the concept of aushadha can be understood by the fact that almost all systems of medicine around the world contain a branch dedicated to the knowledge of aushadha. For example, dravyaguna, rasa shastra and bhaishajya kalpana in [[Ayurveda\|Ayurveda]], Pharmacology in allopathy, Ilmul Advia in Unani, etc.</li>
	<li>Concept of aushadhi helps understand the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, half life, potency, synergistic, antagonistic, side-effects and other concerned effects of aushadi.</li>		<li>Concept of aushadhi helps understand the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, half life, potency, synergistic, antagonistic, side-effects and other concerned effects of aushadi.</li>
	</ul>		</ul>

Agnivesha: /* Synergistic and antagonistic effect of aushadha */

2022-12-19T19:31:25Z

Synergistic and antagonistic effect of aushadha

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	=== Synergistic and antagonistic effect of aushadha ===		=== Synergistic and antagonistic effect of aushadha ===
	<div style='text-align:justify;'>The action of aushadha may either increase or decrease when used in combination with other aushadha. It may show a synergistic effect with combined positive interactions with other ingredients. Their combined effect is greater than the sum of the effects seen when each aushadha is given alone. A synergism can be observed in the combination of ''Momordica charantia'' (Bitter guard) and conventional hypoglycaemic drugs. ''Momordica charantia'' extract when clinically co-administered with 50% of the full clinical doses of allopathic or conventional drugs, metformin and glibenclamide, greater hypoglycemic (decreased serum glucose) effect was observed in patients as compared to full clinical doses of metformin or glibenclamide alone thereby exhibiting additive and synergy effects.</br>On the contrary, the aushadha may also show an antagonistic effect in which one aushadha decreases or nullifies the action of other aushadha. For example, in the formulation lashuna ksheerapaka, lashuna (Allium sativum) is processed in milk. The milk acts antagonistically on the sharp effects (teekshna guna) of lashuna.<ref>Shobha Hiremath, G. (2000). A textbook of bhaishjya kalpana. Panchavidha Kalpana (pp. 110). Bengaluru, India: IBH Prakashana.</ref></div>		<div style='text-align:justify;'>The action of aushadha may either increase or decrease when used in combination with other aushadha. It may show a synergistic effect with combined positive interactions with other ingredients. Their combined effect is greater than the sum of the effects seen when each aushadha is given alone. A synergism can be observed in the combination of ''Momordica charantia'' (Bitter guard) and conventional hypoglycaemic drugs. ''Momordica charantia'' extract when clinically co-administered with 50% of the full clinical doses of allopathic or conventional drugs, metformin and glibenclamide, greater hypoglycemic (decreased serum glucose) effect was observed in patients as compared to full clinical doses of metformin or glibenclamide alone thereby exhibiting additive and synergy effects.</br>On the contrary, the aushadha may also show an antagonistic effect in which one aushadha decreases or nullifies the action of other aushadha. For example, in the formulation lashuna ksheerapaka, lashuna (Allium sativum) is processed in milk. The milk acts antagonistically on the sharp effects (teekshna [[Guna\|guna]]) of [[Lashuna\|lashuna]].<ref>Shobha Hiremath, G. (2000). A textbook of bhaishjya kalpana. Panchavidha Kalpana (pp. 110). Bengaluru, India: IBH Prakashana.</ref></div>

	== Importance of concept ==		== Importance of concept ==

Agnivesha at 19:10, 19 December 2022

2022-12-19T19:10:03Z

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Agnivesha at 15:36, 16 December 2022

2022-12-16T15:36:31Z

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	\|title=Aushadha		\|title=Aushadha
	\|titlemode=append		\|titlemode=append
	\|keywords=carakasamhitaonline, charak samhita, caraka samhita, ayurved, Aushadha, Aushadha in ayurveda, Bhojani M.K., Basisht G., Deole Y.S., Chikitsita, Vyadhihara, Pathya, Sadhana, Prayaschitta, Prashamana, Prakritisthapana, Hita, Bheshaja, administration of aushadha, aushadha dose, Examination of aushadha		\|keywords=carakasamhitaonline, charak samhita, caraka samhita, ayurved, Aushadha, medicine, drug, Aushadha in ayurveda, Bhojani M.K., Basisht G., Deole Y.S., Chikitsita, Vyadhihara, Pathya, Sadhana, Prayaschitta, Prashamana, Prakritisthapana, Hita, Bheshaja, administration of aushadha, aushadha dose, Examination of aushadha
	\|description=Aushadha means medicine or drug. It is used for the preservation of health and the treatment of diseases.		\|description=Aushadha means medicine or drug. It is used for the preservation of health and the treatment of diseases.
	\|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg		\|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
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	\|type=article		\|type=article
	}}		}}
	<div style='text-align:justify;'>Aushadha means medicine or drug. It is used for the preservation of health and the treatment of diseases. Aushadha is used for regaining health, and its appropriate use is as beneficial as nector, whereas inappropriate use makes it a poison.<ref>Satyapala, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Vidyotini of Kashyap Samhita, Khila Sthana; Bheshajyopakramaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 3, Verse 4. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2015; 363.</ref> The aushadha may be used either in combination or as a single drug. In the context of using a single aushadha, a description of agrya prakarana (superior aushadha) with 152 entities is found in Charak Samhita [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 25/40] and 155 entitites in Ashtanga sangraha.<ref>Tripathi R.D., (1 st ed.). Commentary Saroj on Astanga Sangrah of Vridhavagabhata, Sutra Sthana; Agryasangraha Adhyaya: Chapter 13, Verse 3. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2015; 269-271.</ref> Ashtanga Hridaya described 55 entities.<ref>Murthy K.R.S., editor, (8th ed.). Vagbhata’s Ashtanga Hridayam, Uttar Tantra: Vajikaranavidhi Adhyaya: Chapter 40, Verse 48-58. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, 2011; 420.</ref> [A. Hri. Uttar Tantra 40/48-58] Aushadha is among the four aspects of the healthcare system with the physician, attendant, and patient. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 9/3] All dravya in the world are derived from five mahabhutas (prithvi, apa, agni, vayu and akasha). The sharira is a constitution of panchamahabhuta in variable proportion. Any imbalance in this proportion can alter homeostasis and cause disorders. Dravya of a particular panchamahabhautika composition is required to normalize the composition of panchamahabhuta in sharira. For example, if a disease originated due to insufficiency of apa mahabhuta, then dravya rich in apa mahabhuta is administered to patient to increase the quantity of apa mahabhuta back to normal. Since all dravyas have a specific panchamahabhautika constitution, they can be used to establish normal homeostasis of panchamahabhutas of sharira and treat disease. Since aushadhi too is a dravya and similarly treats the disease, thus all the dravyas are aushadhi<ref>Shastri A D, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Ayurveda Tattva Sandipika of Ambikadutta Shastri on Sushruta Samhita, Sutra Sthana; Dravyavisheshavigyaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 41, Verse 9. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2015; 199.</ref> [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/12] [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 41/9] Effectively managing a disease requires correct identification, dosage and time of administration of aushadha. Selection of the right aushadha requires understanding its mode of action. To prevent the untoward effects of aushadha, it’s essential to know that the aushadha are patient-specific, location-specific, and season specific. Examination of aushadha must not be missed prior to its use. This chapter describes various aspects of aushadha. </div>		<div style='text-align:justify;'>Aushadha means medicine or drug. It is used for the preservation of health and the treatment of [[Vyadhi\|diseases]]. Aushadha is used for regaining [[Health\|health]], and its appropriate use is as beneficial as nector, whereas inappropriate use makes it a poison.<ref>Satyapala, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Vidyotini of Kashyap Samhita, Khila Sthana; Bheshajyopakramaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 3, Verse 4. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2015; 363.</ref> The aushadha may be used either in combination or as a single drug. In the context of using a single aushadha, a description of agrya prakarana (superior aushadha) with 152 entities is found in [[Charak Samhita New Edition\|Charak Samhita]] [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 25/40] and 155 entitites in Ashtanga sangraha.<ref>Tripathi R.D., (1 st ed.). Commentary Saroj on Astanga Sangrah of Vridhavagabhata, Sutra Sthana; Agryasangraha Adhyaya: Chapter 13, Verse 3. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2015; 269-271.</ref> Ashtanga Hridaya described 55 entities.<ref>Murthy K.R.S., editor, (8th ed.). Vagbhata’s Ashtanga Hridayam, Uttar Tantra: Vajikaranavidhi Adhyaya: Chapter 40, Verse 48-58. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy, 2011; 420.</ref> [A. Hri. Uttar Tantra 40/48-58] Aushadha is among the four aspects of the healthcare system with the physician, attendant, and patient. [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 9/3] All [[Dravya\|dravya]] in the world are derived from [[Pancha mahabhuta\|five mahabhutas]] ([[Prithvi mahabhuta\|prithvi]], [[Jala mahabhuta\|apa]], [[agni\|agni]], [[Vayu mahabhuta\|vayu]] and [[Akasha mahabhuta\|akasha]]). The sharira is a constitution of panchamahabhuta in variable proportion. Any imbalance in this proportion can alter homeostasis and cause disorders. Dravya of a particular panchamahabhautika composition is required to normalize the composition of panchamahabhuta in sharira. For example, if a disease originated due to insufficiency of apa mahabhuta, then dravya rich in apa mahabhuta is administered to patient to increase the quantity of apa mahabhuta back to normal. Since all dravyas have a specific panchamahabhautika constitution, they can be used to establish normal homeostasis of panchamahabhutas of sharira and treat disease. Since aushadhi too is a dravya and similarly treats the disease, thus all the dravyas are aushadhi<ref>Shastri A D, editor, (1st ed.). Commentary Ayurveda Tattva Sandipika of Ambikadutta Shastri on Sushruta Samhita, Sutra Sthana; Dravyavisheshavigyaniya Adhyaya: Chapter 41, Verse 9. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 2015; 199.</ref> [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/12] [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 41/9] Effectively managing a disease requires correct identification, dosage and time of administration of aushadha. Selection of the right aushadha requires understanding its mode of action. To prevent the untoward effects of aushadha, it’s essential to know that the aushadha are patient-specific, location-specific, and season specific. Examination of aushadha must not be missed prior to its use. This chapter describes various aspects of aushadha. </div>

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