Abstracts - Sutra Sthana - Revision history

Agnivesha at 11:03, 6 March 2023

2023-03-06T11:03:06Z

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			<p style='text-align:justify;'>The abstracts of all thirty chapters of [[ Sutra Sthana ]] are presented here for introductory knowledge about its chapters. For more knowledge, the readers can go to the individual chapters. </p>
	The abstracts of all thirty chapters of [[ Sutra Sthana ]] are presented here for introductory knowledge about its chapters. For more knowledge, the readers can go to the individual chapters.

	===Chapter 1. Fundamental principles for Longevity – [[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya]] ===		===Chapter 1. Fundamental principles for Longevity – [[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya]] ===

Agnivesha: /* Chapter 1. Fundamental principles for Longevity – Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya */

2022-08-17T08:44:42Z

Chapter 1. Fundamental principles for Longevity – Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya

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	===Chapter 1. Fundamental principles for Longevity – [[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya]] ===		===Chapter 1. Fundamental principles for Longevity – [[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya]] ===

	<div style="text-align:justify;">The title of Charak Samhita’s very first chapter, Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya, literally means the chapter on longevity. This is symbolic, because it implies that [[Ayurveda]] is not merely the science of life, but also a science of longevity. This chapter deliberates on the purpose of long life and health as the means of achieving the four primary instincts of human beings - virtue, wealth, gratification and emancipation (purushartha chatushtaya) – by way of explaining some of the basic tenets of [[Ayurveda]] and defining its scope. The chapter introduces fundamental principles of [[Ayurveda]], including its definition, objective, concept of three bodily (sharira) ~~doshas~~ and their qualities, and two mental (manasa) dosha and their treatment. The ~~samanya(similarity) and vishesha(dissimilarity) theory~~, pharmaco-therapeutic aspects, classification of drugs, list of herbs and other animal products useful in purification and pacification therapies are highlighted. Through these deliberations, this chapter essentially lays the foundation for building the body of knowledge on life sciences and healthcare that Charak Samhita is known for. </div>		<div style="text-align:justify;">
			The title of Charak Samhita’s very first chapter, Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya, literally means the chapter on longevity. This is symbolic, because it implies that [[Ayurveda]] is not merely the science of life, but also a science of longevity. This chapter deliberates on the purpose of long life and health as the means of achieving the four primary instincts of human beings - virtue, wealth, gratification and emancipation (purushartha chatushtaya) – by way of explaining some of the basic tenets of [[Ayurveda]] and defining its scope. The chapter introduces fundamental principles of [[Ayurveda]], including its definition, objective, concept of three bodily ([[sharira]]) [[dosha]] and their qualities, and two mental ([[manasa]]) [[dosha]] and their treatment. The [[Samanya Vishesha Theory]], pharmaco-therapeutic aspects, classification of drugs, list of herbs and other animal products useful in purification and pacification therapies are highlighted. Through these deliberations, this chapter essentially lays the foundation for building the body of knowledge on life sciences and healthcare that [[Charak Samhita]] is known for. </div>

	===Chapter 2. Dehusked Seeds of Apamarga and other medicines – [[Apamarga Tanduliya Adhyaya]] ===		===Chapter 2. Dehusked Seeds of Apamarga and other medicines – [[Apamarga Tanduliya Adhyaya]] ===

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2021-01-15T11:26:19Z

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Agnivesha at 12:56, 27 July 2020

2020-07-27T12:56:03Z

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			\|description=The abstracts of all thirty chapters of Sutra Sthana are presented here for introductory knowledge about its chapters
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	The abstracts of all thirty chapters of [[ Sutra Sthana ]] are presented here for introductory knowledge about its chapters. For more knowledge, the readers can go to the individual chapters.		The abstracts of all thirty chapters of [[ Sutra Sthana ]] are presented here for introductory knowledge about its chapters. For more knowledge, the readers can go to the individual chapters.

Agnivesha: Text replacement - "Ayurveda" to "Ayurveda"

2019-10-17T11:31:22Z

Text replacement - "Ayurveda" to "Ayurveda"

Agnivesha at 19:27, 24 August 2019

2019-08-24T19:27:31Z

Show changes

Agnivesha: /* Chapter 23. Over-nutrition, under-nutrition and its disorders - Santarpaniya Adhyaya */

2019-07-30T10:43:20Z

Chapter 23. Over-nutrition, under-nutrition and its disorders - Santarpaniya Adhyaya

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:43, 30 July 2019
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	The twenty-eighth chapter of [[Sutra Sthana]] – [[Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]] - describes the principles of digestion and metabolism. The formation of tissue elements and byproducts during this process are explained in detail. Food is emphasized as the causative factor for preservation of health and occurrence of diseases. Apart from food, factors like habitat, season, combination, potency and excess consumption affecting the status of immunity and disease in the body have also been discussed here. The chapter explains why some people are healthy even after consuming unwholesome food articles while others suffer from diseases even after following wholesome food habits. This chapter also talks of diseases caused to vitiation of various tissue elements and factors responsible for the movement of ''dosha'' from ''koshtha'' (gut) to ''shakha'' (periphery). These factors are important for disease management.		The twenty-eighth chapter of [[Sutra Sthana]] – [[Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]] - describes the principles of digestion and metabolism. The formation of tissue elements and byproducts during this process are explained in detail. Food is emphasized as the causative factor for preservation of health and occurrence of diseases. Apart from food, factors like habitat, season, combination, potency and excess consumption affecting the status of immunity and disease in the body have also been discussed here. The chapter explains why some people are healthy even after consuming unwholesome food articles while others suffer from diseases even after following wholesome food habits. This chapter also talks of diseases caused to vitiation of various tissue elements and factors responsible for the movement of ''dosha'' from ''koshtha'' (gut) to ''shakha'' (periphery). These factors are important for disease management.
	</div>		</div>
	=== Chapter 29. The Ten Seats of Life Forces - [[ Dashapranayataneeya Adhyaya ]]===		=== Chapter 29. The Ten Seats of Life Forces - [[ Dashapranayataneeya Adhyaya ]] ===
	<div style="text-align:justify;">		<div style="text-align:justify;">
	As the name suggests, the twenty-ninth chapter of the [[Sutra Sthana]] provides a brief description of the ten vital locations of life forces. The characteristics to define and distinguish between the qualified physician and the quack are detailed further. The qualified physician is said to be a “companion of the life forces” (''pranabhisara'') that dwell in the body, especially in the ten seats specified above. On the other hand, the quack is said to be a companion of diseases (''roganamabhisara''). In the process of enumerating the characteristics of the qualified physician, this chapter also gives a succinct summary of the entire [[Sutra Sthana]], implying that it represents the core subjects and skills a physician needs to acquire. The behavior of the quack is then portrayed vividly, and the chapter concludes with an express warning to the patients to never fall prey to the quack. It is also made clear that the responsibility of licensing the qualified physicians and censuring the quacks rests with the King and the State.		As the name suggests, the twenty-ninth chapter of the [[Sutra Sthana]] provides a brief description of the ten vital locations of life forces. The characteristics to define and distinguish between the qualified physician and the quack are detailed further. The qualified physician is said to be a “companion of the life forces” (''pranabhisara'') that dwell in the body, especially in the ten seats specified above. On the other hand, the quack is said to be a companion of diseases (''roganamabhisara''). In the process of enumerating the characteristics of the qualified physician, this chapter also gives a succinct summary of the entire [[Sutra Sthana]], implying that it represents the core subjects and skills a physician needs to acquire. The behavior of the quack is then portrayed vividly, and the chapter concludes with an express warning to the patients to never fall prey to the quack. It is also made clear that the responsibility of licensing the qualified physicians and censuring the quacks rests with the King and the State.

Agnivesha: /* Chapter 23. Over-nutrition, under-nutrition and its disorders - Santarpaniya Adhyaya */

2019-07-30T10:42:00Z

Chapter 23. Over-nutrition, under-nutrition and its disorders - Santarpaniya Adhyaya

Agnivesha: /* Chapter 18.Three Types of Swellings and other conditions - Trishothiya Adhyaya = */

2019-07-30T10:39:17Z

Chapter 18.Three Types of Swellings and other conditions - Trishothiya Adhyaya =

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	This is the first chapter of Roga Chatushka(tetrad on disease information) dealing with description related to diseases of the trimarma (three vital organs – the head, heart, and the urinary bladder (basti)). The etiopathogenesis of these diseases is detailed. Various diseases are caused due to permutations and combinations of dosha imbalances. The chapter describes signs of depletion of dhatu and mala. It also highlights the disorders of oja as well as madhumeha (diabetes mellitus), and carbuncles produced as its complications. This chapter also describes various types of dosha gati (movements of dosha). The comprehensive information about principles of basic Ayurvedic pathology is included in the chapter.		This is the first chapter of Roga Chatushka(tetrad on disease information) dealing with description related to diseases of the trimarma (three vital organs – the head, heart, and the urinary bladder (basti)). The etiopathogenesis of these diseases is detailed. Various diseases are caused due to permutations and combinations of dosha imbalances. The chapter describes signs of depletion of dhatu and mala. It also highlights the disorders of oja as well as madhumeha (diabetes mellitus), and carbuncles produced as its complications. This chapter also describes various types of dosha gati (movements of dosha). The comprehensive information about principles of basic Ayurvedic pathology is included in the chapter.
	</div>		</div>
	=== Chapter 18.Three Types of Swellings and other conditions - [[Trishothiya Adhyaya]] ====		=== Chapter 18.Three Types of Swellings and other conditions - [[Trishothiya Adhyaya]] ===
	<div style="text-align:justify;">		<div style="text-align:justify;">
	The preceding chapter (Kiyanta Shiraseeya) provided details on diseases of the vital organs with signs of swellings. This Trishothiya Adhyaya of Roga Chatushka (tetrad on diseases) describes various kinds of swellings/distension as well as causative factors for endogenous and exogenous swellings/distensions, their locations in the body and their modes of treatment. Further,the pathophysiology of various diseases along with their specific diagnostic criteria have been described in the chapter.		The preceding chapter (Kiyanta Shiraseeya) provided details on diseases of the vital organs with signs of swellings. This Trishothiya Adhyaya of Roga Chatushka (tetrad on diseases) describes various kinds of swellings/distension as well as causative factors for endogenous and exogenous swellings/distensions, their locations in the body and their modes of treatment. Further,the pathophysiology of various diseases along with their specific diagnostic criteria have been described in the chapter.
	</div>		</div>

	=== Chapter 19. Numerical Classification of Diseases - [[Ashtodariya Adhyaya]] ===		=== Chapter 19. Numerical Classification of Diseases - [[Ashtodariya Adhyaya]] ===
	<div style="text-align:justify;">		<div style="text-align:justify;">

Agnivesha at 10:37, 30 July 2019

2019-07-30T10:37:05Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 11:31, 17 October 2019
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	===Chapter 1. Fundamental principles for Longevity – [[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya]] ===		===Chapter 1. Fundamental principles for Longevity – [[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya]] ===

	<div style="text-align:justify;">The title of Charak Samhita’s very first chapter, Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya, literally means the chapter on longevity. This is symbolic, because it implies that Ayurveda is not merely the science of life, but also a science of longevity. This chapter deliberates on the purpose of long life and health as the means of achieving the four primary instincts of human beings - virtue, wealth, gratification and emancipation (purushartha chatushtaya) – by way of explaining some of the basic tenets of Ayurveda and defining its scope. The chapter introduces fundamental principles of Ayurveda, including its definition, objective, concept of three bodily (sharira) doshas and their qualities, and two mental (manasa) dosha and their treatment. The samanya(similarity) and vishesha(dissimilarity) theory, pharmaco-therapeutic aspects, classification of drugs, list of herbs and other animal products useful in purification and pacification therapies are highlighted. Through these deliberations, this chapter essentially lays the foundation for building the body of knowledge on life sciences and healthcare that Charak Samhita is known for. </div>		<div style="text-align:justify;">The title of Charak Samhita’s very first chapter, Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya, literally means the chapter on longevity. This is symbolic, because it implies that [[Ayurveda]] is not merely the science of life, but also a science of longevity. This chapter deliberates on the purpose of long life and health as the means of achieving the four primary instincts of human beings - virtue, wealth, gratification and emancipation (purushartha chatushtaya) – by way of explaining some of the basic tenets of [[Ayurveda]] and defining its scope. The chapter introduces fundamental principles of [[Ayurveda]], including its definition, objective, concept of three bodily (sharira) doshas and their qualities, and two mental (manasa) dosha and their treatment. The samanya(similarity) and vishesha(dissimilarity) theory, pharmaco-therapeutic aspects, classification of drugs, list of herbs and other animal products useful in purification and pacification therapies are highlighted. Through these deliberations, this chapter essentially lays the foundation for building the body of knowledge on life sciences and healthcare that Charak Samhita is known for. </div>

	===Chapter 2. Dehusked Seeds of Apamarga and other medicines – [[Apamarga Tanduliya Adhyaya]] ===		===Chapter 2. Dehusked Seeds of Apamarga and other medicines – [[Apamarga Tanduliya Adhyaya]] ===
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	===Chapter 4. The Classification of Six Hundred Types of Evacuatives – [[Shadvirechanashatashritiya Adhyaya]] ===		===Chapter 4. The Classification of Six Hundred Types of Evacuatives – [[Shadvirechanashatashritiya Adhyaya]] ===

	<div style="text-align:justify;">This chapter provides comprehensive information about herbs and their classification by their specific activity and utility, medicinal preparations for evacuation (or evacuatives), and specific therapeutic regimen such as cleansing regimen (samshodhana) and pacification regimen (samshamana). Ayurveda emphasizes upon removing body impurities, like metabolic waste products, toxins, and undigested foods from various tissues and organs before treating any disease or applying measures for preservation, protection, and rejuvenation of health. There are six hundred preparations used for cleansing the body by therapeutic emesis (vamana) and therapeutic purgation (virechana), five hundred herbs, and fifty groups of herbs with similar activity profile (mahakashaya) used in their preparations. A physician should have complete knowledge of special/selective actions of various preparations meant for removal of impurities from the body. Each of the fifty mahakashaya comprises ten herbs. This chapter also describes six types of plant-based evacuatives (virechana ashraya), their basic sources as per taste (five kashaya yoni), and five medicinal forms like juice, paste, decoction, cold effusion and hot effusion. </div>		<div style="text-align:justify;">This chapter provides comprehensive information about herbs and their classification by their specific activity and utility, medicinal preparations for evacuation (or evacuatives), and specific therapeutic regimen such as cleansing regimen (samshodhana) and pacification regimen (samshamana). [[Ayurveda]] emphasizes upon removing body impurities, like metabolic waste products, toxins, and undigested foods from various tissues and organs before treating any disease or applying measures for preservation, protection, and rejuvenation of health. There are six hundred preparations used for cleansing the body by therapeutic emesis (vamana) and therapeutic purgation (virechana), five hundred herbs, and fifty groups of herbs with similar activity profile (mahakashaya) used in their preparations. A physician should have complete knowledge of special/selective actions of various preparations meant for removal of impurities from the body. Each of the fifty mahakashaya comprises ten herbs. This chapter also describes six types of plant-based evacuatives (virechana ashraya), their basic sources as per taste (five kashaya yoni), and five medicinal forms like juice, paste, decoction, cold effusion and hot effusion. </div>

	===Chapter 5. The proper quantity of food and daily regimen for preserving health –[[Matrashiteeya Adhyaya]]===		===Chapter 5. The proper quantity of food and daily regimen for preserving health –[[Matrashiteeya Adhyaya]]===
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	===Chapter 12.The merits and demerits of Vata – [[Vatakalakaliya Adhyaya]]===		===Chapter 12.The merits and demerits of Vata – [[Vatakalakaliya Adhyaya]]===

	<div style="text-align:justify;">This last chapter of the Nirdesha Chatushka is based on the findings of an assembly of expert practitioners of Ayurveda, headed by Atreya, that analyzed the normal and abnormal functions of tridosha. Among the three doshas, the vata dosha is discussed in more detail, considering its supremacy as the initiator of all functions in the body. In the environment, Vata is also responsible for many weather conditions like extreme heat, extreme rain or extreme cold. The important normal and abnormal functions of Vata in environment are also mentioned in this chapter. Consequently, brief descriptions of pitta and kapha dosha’s normal and abnormal functions have been provided. </div>		<div style="text-align:justify;">This last chapter of the Nirdesha Chatushka is based on the findings of an assembly of expert practitioners of [[Ayurveda]], headed by Atreya, that analyzed the normal and abnormal functions of tridosha. Among the three doshas, the vata dosha is discussed in more detail, considering its supremacy as the initiator of all functions in the body. In the environment, Vata is also responsible for many weather conditions like extreme heat, extreme rain or extreme cold. The important normal and abnormal functions of Vata in environment are also mentioned in this chapter. Consequently, brief descriptions of pitta and kapha dosha’s normal and abnormal functions have been provided. </div>

	===Chapter 13. Oleation therapies – [[Snehadhyaya]] ===		===Chapter 13. Oleation therapies – [[Snehadhyaya]] ===
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	===Chapter 14. Sudation Therapies – [[Swedadhyaya]]===		===Chapter 14. Sudation Therapies – [[Swedadhyaya]]===

	<div style="text-align:justify;">This chapter deals with sudation (Swedana) therapy, essentially followed after oleation therapy. Swedana (sudation) is a process in which the individual is subjected to therapeutic sweating. It is considered an essential prerequisite to Panchakarma (purification therapy involving five procedures) in Ayurveda. Swedana is intended to remove excessive vata and kapha dosha and is contraindicated in pitta disorders. The extent and intensity of swedana depends upon various factors such as physical strength, severity of dosha, season, site, age etc. There are specific indications and contraindications for swedana karma and the optimal signs should be strictly followed for the procedure. There are many agents to induce sweating which can be broadly divided into sagni sweda (sweating induced with the help of fire) and niragni sweda (induced without using fire). Bolus fomentation, steam fomentation, tub fomentation and poultice fomentation are some of the very common types of swedana procedures. There are thirteen varieties of fomentations (prevalent in the olden days) that involve direct usage of heat derived from fire, and ten methods without fire. Swedana is an effective therapeutic method in Ayurveda and is the focus of study in this chapter. </div>		<div style="text-align:justify;">This chapter deals with sudation (Swedana) therapy, essentially followed after oleation therapy. Swedana (sudation) is a process in which the individual is subjected to therapeutic sweating. It is considered an essential prerequisite to Panchakarma (purification therapy involving five procedures) in [[Ayurveda]]. Swedana is intended to remove excessive vata and kapha dosha and is contraindicated in pitta disorders. The extent and intensity of swedana depends upon various factors such as physical strength, severity of dosha, season, site, age etc. There are specific indications and contraindications for swedana karma and the optimal signs should be strictly followed for the procedure. There are many agents to induce sweating which can be broadly divided into sagni sweda (sweating induced with the help of fire) and niragni sweda (induced without using fire). Bolus fomentation, steam fomentation, tub fomentation and poultice fomentation are some of the very common types of swedana procedures. There are thirteen varieties of fomentations (prevalent in the olden days) that involve direct usage of heat derived from fire, and ten methods without fire. Swedana is an effective therapeutic method in [[Ayurveda]] and is the focus of study in this chapter. </div>

	===Chapter 15. Guidelines for Hospital Management and Purification Treatment- [[Upakalpaniya Adhyaya]] ===		===Chapter 15. Guidelines for Hospital Management and Purification Treatment- [[Upakalpaniya Adhyaya]] ===
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	===Chapter 24. Characteristics of Shonita (Blood), its vitiation and disorders – [[Vidhishonitiya Adhyaya]] ===		===Chapter 24. Characteristics of Shonita (Blood), its vitiation and disorders – [[Vidhishonitiya Adhyaya]] ===

	<div style="text-align:justify;">Blood is important for maintaining vitality of individual. It is also the most influential factor in patho-physiology of any disease as it carries vitiated dosha leading to disease. This chapter focuses on rakta dhatu (blood tissue), delineating the characteristic features of pure blood as well as the factors influencing the formation of blood. Pure blood (Shuddha rakta) is formed by following proper dietary habits as described in Ayurveda. Therefore, characteristics of pure blood, the causative factors for vitiation of blood, dosha specific features of vitiated blood, their treatment and procedure of bloodletting are described in this chapter. Since blood plays an important role in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases, a description of ailments such as mada (intoxication/confusion), murchha (syncope), and sanyasa (coma), their pathology and courses of treatment, and mind’s role in the pathogenesis of some of these diseases have also been provided. </div>		<div style="text-align:justify;">Blood is important for maintaining vitality of individual. It is also the most influential factor in patho-physiology of any disease as it carries vitiated dosha leading to disease. This chapter focuses on rakta dhatu (blood tissue), delineating the characteristic features of pure blood as well as the factors influencing the formation of blood. Pure blood (Shuddha rakta) is formed by following proper dietary habits as described in [[Ayurveda]]. Therefore, characteristics of pure blood, the causative factors for vitiation of blood, dosha specific features of vitiated blood, their treatment and procedure of bloodletting are described in this chapter. Since blood plays an important role in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases, a description of ailments such as mada (intoxication/confusion), murchha (syncope), and sanyasa (coma), their pathology and courses of treatment, and mind’s role in the pathogenesis of some of these diseases have also been provided. </div>

	===Chapter 25. Origin of Human Beings and the best things for life – [[Yajjah Purushiya Adhyaya]] ===		===Chapter 25. Origin of Human Beings and the best things for life – [[Yajjah Purushiya Adhyaya]] ===

	<div style="text-align:justify;">This chapter, the first within the annapana chatushka (tetrad of guidelines on food and beverages), is based on the findings of a congregation of ancient Ayurveda practitioners and sages, assembled to understand the origin of Purusha (conscious/sentient being) and causes of diseases that afflict the purusha. Different theories to understand various aspects that influence the purusha are postulated, such as those of atma (spirit), mana (mind), rasa (nutrient fluid), shad dhatu (six elements), matru-pitru(parents), karma (past deeds), swabhava (nature), Prajapati (creator), and Kala (time). After considering all these postulations, it is concluded that the same factors that are responsible for the origin of humans are responsible for diseases too. The wholesome diet is responsible for proper growth and development of holistic human being, while the unwholesome diet for diseases. The most commonly applicable wholesome (and unwholesome) diet is discussed with examples. A specific collection called agrya samgraha (collection of definitive and first choice of medication or treatment) is introduced. In all, one hundred fifty-six drugs and therapies have been enumerated in this chapter. Also ingredients used in 84 naturally fermented preparations named ‘asava’ that help in strengthening the patient’s mind, body and digestive power (agni) are listed. </div>		<div style="text-align:justify;">This chapter, the first within the annapana chatushka (tetrad of guidelines on food and beverages), is based on the findings of a congregation of ancient [[Ayurveda]] practitioners and sages, assembled to understand the origin of Purusha (conscious/sentient being) and causes of diseases that afflict the purusha. Different theories to understand various aspects that influence the purusha are postulated, such as those of atma (spirit), mana (mind), rasa (nutrient fluid), shad dhatu (six elements), matru-pitru(parents), karma (past deeds), swabhava (nature), Prajapati (creator), and Kala (time). After considering all these postulations, it is concluded that the same factors that are responsible for the origin of humans are responsible for diseases too. The wholesome diet is responsible for proper growth and development of holistic human being, while the unwholesome diet for diseases. The most commonly applicable wholesome (and unwholesome) diet is discussed with examples. A specific collection called agrya samgraha (collection of definitive and first choice of medication or treatment) is introduced. In all, one hundred fifty-six drugs and therapies have been enumerated in this chapter. Also ingredients used in 84 naturally fermented preparations named ‘asava’ that help in strengthening the patient’s mind, body and digestive power (agni) are listed. </div>

	===Chapter 26. Pharmacological principles of wholesome and unwholesome diet – [[Atreyabhadrakapyiya Adhyaya]] ===		===Chapter 26. Pharmacological principles of wholesome and unwholesome diet – [[Atreyabhadrakapyiya Adhyaya]] ===
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	===Chapter 30. The Ten great vessels arising from Heart and aspects of healthy life – [[Arthedashmahamooliya Adhyaya]] ===		===Chapter 30. The Ten great vessels arising from Heart and aspects of healthy life – [[Arthedashmahamooliya Adhyaya]] ===

	<div style="text-align:justify;">The last chapter emphasizes some of the fundamental principles of life, health and disease. The chapter begins with a description of the heart and ten great vessels attached to it and talks about several aspects of vital importance such as shira, dhamani, srotas, ojas, etc. The salient features of good Ayurvedic practitioner, complete definition of Ayu and Ayurveda are provided in this chapter. The specific characteristics of quality of life are described in this chapter under the heading of hitayu(beneficial life). Further non-beneficial, happy and unhappy kinds of life have also been described in the chapter. The most important objective of Ayurveda about preservation of health of the healthy and pacification of diseases in the patients is highlighted in this chapter. The structure of treatise, its sections, means to study and understand are narrated. At last, a comprehensive list of all chapters in this entire treatise has been provided. </div>		<div style="text-align:justify;">The last chapter emphasizes some of the fundamental principles of life, health and disease. The chapter begins with a description of the heart and ten great vessels attached to it and talks about several aspects of vital importance such as shira, dhamani, srotas, ojas, etc. The salient features of good Ayurvedic practitioner, complete definition of Ayu and [[Ayurveda]] are provided in this chapter. The specific characteristics of quality of life are described in this chapter under the heading of hitayu(beneficial life). Further non-beneficial, happy and unhappy kinds of life have also been described in the chapter. The most important objective of [[Ayurveda]] about preservation of health of the healthy and pacification of diseases in the patients is highlighted in this chapter. The structure of treatise, its sections, means to study and understand are narrated. At last, a comprehensive list of all chapters in this entire treatise has been provided. </div>

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	[[Santarpaniya Adhyaya]] is the third chapter in the ''Yojana Chatushka'' (tetrad on management protocol). Sequenced after the chapter on Ayurvedic therapeutics, this chapter lists diseases caused due to ''Santarpana'' (overnutrition) and ''apatarpana'' (undernutrition) and their management through nutraceutical food supplements and medicaments. The chapter also contains a comprehensive list of commonly available list of herbs used for ''Santarpaniya'' diseases, such as ''triphala, aragwadha,'' etc.		[[Santarpaniya Adhyaya]] is the third chapter in the ''Yojana Chatushka'' (tetrad on management protocol). Sequenced after the chapter on Ayurvedic therapeutics, this chapter lists diseases caused due to ''Santarpana'' (overnutrition) and ''apatarpana'' (undernutrition) and their management through nutraceutical food supplements and medicaments. The chapter also contains a comprehensive list of commonly available list of herbs used for ''Santarpaniya'' diseases, such as ''triphala, aragwadha,'' etc.
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	=== Chapter 24. Characteristics of Shonita (Blood), its vitiation and disorders - [[ Vidhishonitiya Adhyaya ]]		=== Chapter 24. Characteristics of Shonita (Blood), its vitiation and disorders - [[ Vidhishonitiya Adhyaya ]] ===
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	This chapter focuses on ''rakta dhatu'' (blood tissue), delineating the characteristic features of pure blood as well as the factors influencing the formation of blood. ''Shuddha rakta'' (pure blood) is formed by following proper dietary habits as described in Ayurveda. Therefore, characteristics of pure blood, the causative factors for vitiation of blood, ''dosha'' specific features of vitiated blood, their treatment and procedure of bloodletting are described in this chapter. Since blood plays an important role in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases, a description of ailments such as ''mada'' (intoxication/confusion), ''murchha'' (syncope), and ''sanyasa'' (coma), their pathology and courses of treatment, and mind’s role in the pathogenesis of some of these diseases have also been provided.		This chapter focuses on ''rakta dhatu'' (blood tissue), delineating the characteristic features of pure blood as well as the factors influencing the formation of blood. ''Shuddha rakta'' (pure blood) is formed by following proper dietary habits as described in Ayurveda. Therefore, characteristics of pure blood, the causative factors for vitiation of blood, ''dosha'' specific features of vitiated blood, their treatment and procedure of bloodletting are described in this chapter. Since blood plays an important role in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases, a description of ailments such as ''mada'' (intoxication/confusion), ''murchha'' (syncope), and ''sanyasa'' (coma), their pathology and courses of treatment, and mind’s role in the pathogenesis of some of these diseases have also been provided.
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	=== Chapter 25. Origin of Human Beings and the best things for life - [[Yajjah Purushiya Adhyaya]]		=== Chapter 25. Origin of Human Beings and the best things for life - [[Yajjah Purushiya Adhyaya]] ===
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	This chapter, the first within the ''annapana chatushka'' (tetrad of guidelines on diet and beverages), is based on the findings of a congregation of ancient Ayurveda practitioners and sages, assembled to understand the origin of ''Purusha'' (conscious/sentient being) and causes of diseases that afflict the ''purusha''. Different theories to understand various aspects that influence the ''purusha'' were postulated, such as those of ''atma'' (spirit), ''mana'' (mind), ''rasa, shad dhatu'' (six elements), ''matru-pitru'' (parents), ''karma'' (past deeds), ''swabhava'' (nature), ''Prajapati'' (creator), and ''Kala'' (time). After considering all these postulations, Lord Punarvasu Atreya concluded that the same factors that are responsible for the origin of humans are responsible for diseases too. The most commonly applicable wholesome (and unwholesome) diet is discussed with examples. A specific concept called ''agrya samgraha'' (definitive and first choice of medication or treatment) is introduced. In all, one hundred fifty-six drugs and therapies have been enumerated in this chapter. Also listed are 84 ingredients used in alcoholic preparations that help in strengthening the patient’s mind, body and digestive power (''agni'').		This chapter, the first within the ''annapana chatushka'' (tetrad of guidelines on diet and beverages), is based on the findings of a congregation of ancient Ayurveda practitioners and sages, assembled to understand the origin of ''Purusha'' (conscious/sentient being) and causes of diseases that afflict the ''purusha''. Different theories to understand various aspects that influence the ''purusha'' were postulated, such as those of ''atma'' (spirit), ''mana'' (mind), ''rasa, shad dhatu'' (six elements), ''matru-pitru'' (parents), ''karma'' (past deeds), ''swabhava'' (nature), ''Prajapati'' (creator), and ''Kala'' (time). After considering all these postulations, Lord Punarvasu Atreya concluded that the same factors that are responsible for the origin of humans are responsible for diseases too. The most commonly applicable wholesome (and unwholesome) diet is discussed with examples. A specific concept called ''agrya samgraha'' (definitive and first choice of medication or treatment) is introduced. In all, one hundred fifty-six drugs and therapies have been enumerated in this chapter. Also listed are 84 ingredients used in alcoholic preparations that help in strengthening the patient’s mind, body and digestive power (''agni'').
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	=== Chapter 26. Pharmacological principles of wholesome and unwholesome diet - [[Atreyabhadrakapyiya Adhyaya]]		=== Chapter 26. Pharmacological principles of wholesome and unwholesome diet - [[Atreyabhadrakapyiya Adhyaya]] ===
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	The significance of wholesome (''hita, pathya'') and unwholesome (''ahita, apathya'') foods was dealt with in the previous chapter ([[Yajjah Purushiya]]). In this chapter named after Lord Atreya and a renowned sage Bhadrakapya, certain concepts and pharmacological principles explain the workings of ''hita'' and ''ahita ahara/dravyas''. The sages, in the company of other learned exponents (''acharyas''), assembled to discuss the "correlation between ''rasa'' (taste) and diet (''ahara'')," the gist of which is discussed here. Principles of Ayurvedic pharmacology like ''rasa'' (taste), ''veerya'' (potency), ''guna'' (quality), ''vipaka'' (metabolite) and ''prabhava'' (specific principle) are discussed to understand the mechanism of action of drugs. Certain food articles and their combination are incompatible to the body and lead to disease due to their antagonistic properties. These are categorized under ''viruddha''. This concept is described in details in the present chapter.		The significance of wholesome (''hita, pathya'') and unwholesome (''ahita, apathya'') foods was dealt with in the previous chapter ([[Yajjah Purushiya]]). In this chapter named after Lord Atreya and a renowned sage Bhadrakapya, certain concepts and pharmacological principles explain the workings of ''hita'' and ''ahita ahara/dravyas''. The sages, in the company of other learned exponents (''acharyas''), assembled to discuss the "correlation between ''rasa'' (taste) and diet (''ahara'')," the gist of which is discussed here. Principles of Ayurvedic pharmacology like ''rasa'' (taste), ''veerya'' (potency), ''guna'' (quality), ''vipaka'' (metabolite) and ''prabhava'' (specific principle) are discussed to understand the mechanism of action of drugs. Certain food articles and their combination are incompatible to the body and lead to disease due to their antagonistic properties. These are categorized under ''viruddha''. This concept is described in details in the present chapter.
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	=== Chapter 27. Classification and Regimen of food and beverages - [[ Annapanavidhi Adhyaya ]]		=== Chapter 27. Classification and Regimen of food and beverages - [[ Annapanavidhi Adhyaya ]] ===
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	The characteristics of edibles and beverages have been classified into twelve categories by type: cereals, pulses, meat, green vegetables, fruits, green herbs, alcoholic beverages, water, milk and milk products, sweet products including honey, prepared items, and ''ahara upayogi'' (useful foods). Since food is considered in Ayurveda to be the source of life as well as diseases, this chapter is dedicated to a discussion on various dietary preparations, including post-prandial drinks and their characteristics. The chapter encompasses various principles of digestion of food and beverages according to its habitat, age, part used, processing method, its mixture. ''Agni'' (digestive capacity) of an individual is important for processing the food properly and achieving the desirable effects.		The characteristics of edibles and beverages have been classified into twelve categories by type: cereals, pulses, meat, green vegetables, fruits, green herbs, alcoholic beverages, water, milk and milk products, sweet products including honey, prepared items, and ''ahara upayogi'' (useful foods). Since food is considered in Ayurveda to be the source of life as well as diseases, this chapter is dedicated to a discussion on various dietary preparations, including post-prandial drinks and their characteristics. The chapter encompasses various principles of digestion of food and beverages according to its habitat, age, part used, processing method, its mixture. ''Agni'' (digestive capacity) of an individual is important for processing the food properly and achieving the desirable effects.
	</div>		</div>
	=== Chapter 28. Sequential Effects of food and beverages - [[ Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya ]]		=== Chapter 28. Sequential Effects of food and beverages - [[ Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya ]]===
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	The twenty-eighth chapter of [[Sutra Sthana]] – [[Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]] - describes the principles of digestion and metabolism. The formation of tissue elements and byproducts during this process are explained in detail. Food is emphasized as the causative factor for preservation of health and occurrence of diseases. Apart from food, factors like habitat, season, combination, potency and excess consumption affecting the status of immunity and disease in the body have also been discussed here. The chapter explains why some people are healthy even after consuming unwholesome food articles while others suffer from diseases even after following wholesome food habits. This chapter also talks of diseases caused to vitiation of various tissue elements and factors responsible for the movement of ''dosha'' from ''koshtha'' (gut) to ''shakha'' (periphery). These factors are important for disease management.		The twenty-eighth chapter of [[Sutra Sthana]] – [[Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]] - describes the principles of digestion and metabolism. The formation of tissue elements and byproducts during this process are explained in detail. Food is emphasized as the causative factor for preservation of health and occurrence of diseases. Apart from food, factors like habitat, season, combination, potency and excess consumption affecting the status of immunity and disease in the body have also been discussed here. The chapter explains why some people are healthy even after consuming unwholesome food articles while others suffer from diseases even after following wholesome food habits. This chapter also talks of diseases caused to vitiation of various tissue elements and factors responsible for the movement of ''dosha'' from ''koshtha'' (gut) to ''shakha'' (periphery). These factors are important for disease management.
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	=== Chapter 29. The Ten Seats of Life Forces - [[ Dashapranayataneeya Adhyaya ]]		=== Chapter 29. The Ten Seats of Life Forces - [[ Dashapranayataneeya Adhyaya ]]===
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	As the name suggests, the twenty-ninth chapter of the [[Sutra Sthana]] provides a brief description of the ten vital locations of life forces. The characteristics to define and distinguish between the qualified physician and the quack are detailed further. The qualified physician is said to be a “companion of the life forces” (''pranabhisara'') that dwell in the body, especially in the ten seats specified above. On the other hand, the quack is said to be a companion of diseases (''roganamabhisara''). In the process of enumerating the characteristics of the qualified physician, this chapter also gives a succinct summary of the entire [[Sutra Sthana]], implying that it represents the core subjects and skills a physician needs to acquire. The behavior of the quack is then portrayed vividly, and the chapter concludes with an express warning to the patients to never fall prey to the quack. It is also made clear that the responsibility of licensing the qualified physicians and censuring the quacks rests with the King and the State.		As the name suggests, the twenty-ninth chapter of the [[Sutra Sthana]] provides a brief description of the ten vital locations of life forces. The characteristics to define and distinguish between the qualified physician and the quack are detailed further. The qualified physician is said to be a “companion of the life forces” (''pranabhisara'') that dwell in the body, especially in the ten seats specified above. On the other hand, the quack is said to be a companion of diseases (''roganamabhisara''). In the process of enumerating the characteristics of the qualified physician, this chapter also gives a succinct summary of the entire [[Sutra Sthana]], implying that it represents the core subjects and skills a physician needs to acquire. The behavior of the quack is then portrayed vividly, and the chapter concludes with an express warning to the patients to never fall prey to the quack. It is also made clear that the responsibility of licensing the qualified physicians and censuring the quacks rests with the King and the State.
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	=== Chapter 30. The Ten great vessels arising from Heart and aspects of healthy life - [[ Arthedashmahamooliya Adhyaya ]] ===		=== Chapter 30. The Ten great vessels arising from Heart and aspects of healthy life - [[ Arthedashmahamooliya Adhyaya ]] ===
	<div style="text-align:justify;">		<div style="text-align:justify;">
	The last chapter of [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Arthedashmahamooliya Adhyaya]], emphasizes some of the fundamental principles of life, health, and disease. Though the chapter begins with a description of the heart and ten great vessels attached to it and talks about several aspects of vital importance such as ''shira, dhamani, srotas, ojas,'' etc., the salient features of a good Ayurvedic practitioner, and goes on to providing a complete definition of ''Ayu'' and Ayurveda. Beneficial, non-beneficial, happy and unhappy kinds of life have also been described in the chapter. In the end, an entire table of contents of this treatise has been provided.		The last chapter of [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Arthedashmahamooliya Adhyaya]], emphasizes some of the fundamental principles of life, health, and disease. Though the chapter begins with a description of the heart and ten great vessels attached to it and talks about several aspects of vital importance such as ''shira, dhamani, srotas, ojas,'' etc., the salient features of a good Ayurvedic practitioner, and goes on to providing a complete definition of ''Ayu'' and Ayurveda. Beneficial, non-beneficial, happy and unhappy kinds of life have also been described in the chapter. In the end, an entire table of contents of this treatise has been provided.
	</div>		</div>