Charak Samhita - User contributions [en]

Herbs details

2026-07-08T07:24:31Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Guduchi]]
# [[Ashwagandha]]
# [[Shunthi]]
# [[Maricha]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
! Sr. No. !! Sanskrit Name !! Synonyms !! Botanical Name
|-
| 1 || [[Bibhitaki|Aksha]]|| [[Bibhitaki|Bibhitaki, kaliphala, Bhutavasa, Kalidruma]]|| '''[[Bibhitaki|Terminalia bellirica Roxb]]'''
|-
| 2 || Aguru || Agaru, loha, krimija, rajarha || '''Aquilaria agallocha Roxb'''
|-
| 3 || Agnimantha || Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vai jayanti || '''Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.'''
|-
| 4 || Ankola || Ankoda, Deerghakeela, Nikochaka, Tamraphala, Gupta Sneha || '''Alangium lamarkii Thw., (Alangium salviifolium)'''
|-
| 5 || Ajamoda || Karavi, Deepyaka, Shikhimoda || '''Apium graveolens'''
|-
| 6 || Atasi || uma, picchila, devi, medagandha, madotkata, kshuma, hemavati,masruna || '''Linum usitatissimum Linn.'''
|-
| 7 || Atibala || rishyaprokta, kankatika,Balika, Vatyapushpy, Bhuribala || '''Abutilon indicum. (Link)'''
|-
| 8 || Ativisha || shrungi, virupa, pittadivallabha, shwetvaca, visha, madri || '''Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.'''
|-
| 9 || Aparajita || Shanhapushpi,Girikarnika, Visnukranta,Sephanda || '''Clitoria ternatea L.'''
|-
| 10 || Apamarga || Shikhari,durgraha, adhashalya, karmanjri, pratyakpushpi || '''Achyranthes aspera Linn.'''
|-
| 11 || Ambashtaki || laghu patha,Uttanaparni, prachina,varatikta, Aviddhakarni,kuchelika || '''Cissampelos pareira Linn'''
|-
| 12 || Amlikakanda || || '''Dioscorea oppositifolia L.'''
|-
| 13 || Arimeda || Irimeda, Vidkhadira || '''Acacia leucophloea Willd.'''
|-
| 14 || Arka || Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna || '''Calotropis gigantea'''
|-
| 15 || Arjaka || Barbari,Sheta tulasi || '''Ocimum gratissimum L.'''
|-
| 16 || Arjuna || Indradru,Nadisarja,Dhavala,Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, || '''Terminalia Arjuna'''
|-
| 17 || Avakpushpi || || '''Trichodesma indicum'''
|-
| 18 || Ashoka || Madhupushpa,Raktapallavaka, Hemapushpa, Pindipushpa, Nata, Pallavadru, || '''Saraca indica Linn.'''
|-
| 19 || Ashmantaka || Yugmapatra, yaalapatraka, kanchini || '''Bauhinia racemosa. Lam.'''
|-
| 20 || [[Ashwagandha]]|| [[Ashwagandha|Balada, kamarupini, vajini,Gandhapatri]]|| '''[[Ashwagandha|Withania somnifera]]'''
|-
| 21 || Aswattha || pippala, shrivriksha, sevya,bodhidru, pavitraka,krishnavasa || '''Ficus religiosa L.'''
|-
| 22 || Asana || Beejaka, Vijayasara || '''Bridelia Montana Wall., Pterocarpus marsupium'''
|-
| 23 || Akhuparni || vriddhadaru, akhukarni, shubhashreni, krushika, dravanti || '''Ipomoea reniformis Chois.'''
|-
| 24 || Adhaki || Tuvari, Shanapushpika, Kalavrunta || '''Cajanus indicus Spreng'''
|-
| 25 || Atmagupta || Kapikachu, kapiloma, swayamgupta,Markati || '''Mucuna pruriens D.C.'''
|-
| 26 || [[Amalaki]]|| [[Amalaki|Dhatri, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Vayastha,vayasya]]|| '''[[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica L./ Emblica officinalis]]'''
|-
| 27 || Amra || Madhuphala, Madhuli, Madhavadruma, Sahakara, parapushta || '''Manjifera indica L.'''
|-
| 28 || Ikshu || Asipatra, Bhurirasa, Dirghacchada, Gudamula, Trnarasa || '''Saccharum officinarum L.'''
|-
| 29 || Ikshuraka || Kokilaksha? || '''Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson'''
|-
| 30 || Ingudi || Higupatra, Tapasadruma,Angaravruksha,Pootikantaka || '''Balanites roxburghii Plauch., (Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn) Del.)'''
|-
| 31 || Itkada || Utkata, Vanajayanti || '''Sesbania aculeate Pers.'''
|-
| 32 || Ucchadaka || Uttingana? || '''Blepharis edulis Pers.'''
|-
| 33 || Udumbara || || '''Ficus glomerata Roxb., ( Ficus racemosa)'''
|-
| 34 || Upodika || || '''Basella rubra L.'''
|-
| 35 || Eraka || || '''Typha elephantine Roxb.'''
|-
| 36 || Ervaru || || '''Cucumis utilissimus L.'''
|-
| 37 || Eranda || || '''Ricinus communis L.'''
|-
| 38 || Katutumbi || || '''Lagenaria Vulgaris Ser.'''
|-
| 39 || Katuphala || || '''Hibiscus abelmoschus L.'''
|-
| 40 || Kandakari || || '''Solanum xanthocarpum Sche.'''
|-
| 41 || Kadamba || || '''Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.'''
|-
| 42 || Kadara || || '''Acacia Senegal Willd.'''
|-
| 43 || Kapittha || || '''Feronia elephantanum Correa.'''
|-
| 44 || Karamarda || || '''Carissa carandas L.'''
|-
| 45 || Karavira || || '''Nerium odorum Soland'''
|-
| 46 || Karira || || '''Copparis aphylla Roth'''
|-
| 47 || Karanja || || '''Pongamia glabra Vent.'''
|-
| 48 || Karkatashrungi || || '''Rhuus succedanea L.'''
|-
| 49 || Karkandhu || || '''Zizyphus nummularia W.C.'''
|-
| 50 || Karpura || || '''Dryobalanops aromatic Goertn.'''
|-
| 51 || Kalaya || || '''Lathyrus sativus L.'''
|-
| 52 || Kasheruka || || '''Seirpus kysoor R.'''
|-
| 53 || Kakamachi || || '''Solanum nigrum L.'''
|-
| 54 || Karavellika || || '''Momordica charantia L.'''
|-
| 55 || Karpasa || || '''Gossypium herbacum L.'''
|-
| 56 || Kalanusariva || || '''Ichnocarpus frutenscens Br.'''
|-
| 57 || Kashmari || || '''Gmelina arborea L.'''
|-
| 58 || Kasamarda || || '''Cassia occidentalis L.'''
|-
| 59 || Kiratatikta || || '''Swertia chirata Ham.'''
|-
| 60 || Kutaja || || '''Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.'''
|-
| 61 || Kutumbaka || || '''Leucas linifolia Spreng.'''
|-
| 62 || Kumarajeeva || || '''Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.'''
|-
| 63 || Kumbhi || || '''Careya arborea R.'''
|-
| 64 || Kurandaka || || '''Barleria prionitis L.'''
|-
| 65 || Kusumbha || || '''Carathmus tinctoricus L.'''
|-
| 66 || Kovidara || || '''Bauhinia variegate L.'''
|-
| 67 || Koshataki || || '''Luffa acutangula varamara Clerke'''
|-
| 68 || Koshamra || || '''Scheleichera trijuga Willd.'''
|-
| 69 || Kumkuma || || '''Crocus sativus L.'''
|-
| 70 || Khadira || || '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
|-
| 71 || Guggulu || || '''Balsamodendron mukul Hook.'''
|-
| 72 || Gunja || || '''Abrus precatorius L.'''
|-
| 73 || Guduchi || || '''Tinospora cordifolia Miers.'''
|-
| 74 || Gokshuraka || || '''Tribulus terrestris L.'''
|-
| 75 || Gojihwa || || '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''
|-
| 76 || Chakramarda || || '''Cassia tora L.'''
|-
| 77 || Chanchu || || '''Corchorus oilitorius L.'''
|-
| 78 || Chandana || || '''Santalum album L.'''
|-
| 79 || Charmakasha || || '''Acacia concinna D.C.'''
|-
| 80 || Charngeri || || '''Oxalis corniculata L.'''
|-
| 81 || Chitraka || || '''Plumbago zeylanica L.'''
|-
| 82 || Chirabilva || || '''Holoptelia integrifolia Planch.'''
|-
| 83 || Chirmata || || '''Cucumis melo L.'''
|-
| 84 || Chilli || || '''Chenopodium album L.'''
|-
| 85 || Choraka || || '''Agelica glauca Edgew.'''
|-
| 86 || jambu || || '''Eugenia jambos Lamk.'''
|-
| 87 || jaya || || '''Sesbania egyptica Pers.'''
|-
| 88 || jalapippali || || '''Lippia nodiflora Rich.'''
|-
| 89 || Jati || || '''Myristica fragrens Houtt.'''
|-
| 90 || Jingini || || '''Odina wodier Roxb.'''
|-
| 91 || Jeeraka || || '''Cuminum cyminum L.'''
|-
| 92 || Jyotishmati || || '''Celestrus paniculata Willd.'''
|-
| 93 || Tamala || || '''Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.'''
|-
| 94 || Tintidika || || '''Tamarindus indica L.'''
|-
| 95 || Tinduka || || '''Diospyros embryopteris Pers.'''
|-
| 96 || Tila || || '''Sesamum indicum L.'''
|-
| 97 || Tilaparni || || '''Gynandropis pentaphylla D.C'''
|-
| 98 || Tumburu || || '''Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.'''
|-
| 99 || Tuda || || '''Morus indica L.'''
|-
| 100 || Trivrut || || '''Ipomea turpethum Br.'''
|-
| 101 || Dadima || || '''Punica granatum L.'''
|-
| 102 || Daruharidra || || '''Berberis aristata D.C'''
|-
| 103 || Dipyaka || || '''Carum copticum Benth.'''
|-
| 104 || Dugdhika || || '''Euphorbia pilulifera L.'''
|-
| 105 || Duralabha || || '''Fagonia Arabica L.'''
|-
| 106 || Durva || || '''Cynodon dactylon Pers.'''
|-
| 107 || Draksha || || '''Vitis vinifera L.'''
|-
| 108 || Dhanvana || || '''Grewia tiliefolia Vahl.'''
|-
| 109 || Dhava || || '''Anogeisssus latifolia Wall.'''
|-
| 110 || Dhataki || || '''Woodfordia floribunda Slisb.'''
|-
| 111 || Dhanyaka || || '''Coriandrum sativum'''
|-
| 112 || Nanditaka || || '''Ficus retusa L.'''
|-
| 113 || Nalika || || '''Onosma echioides L.'''
|-
| 114 || Naranga || || '''Citrus aurantium L.'''
|-
| 115 || Nadi || || '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
|-
| 116 || Nimba || || '''Melia azadirachta L.'''
|-
| 117 || Nirgundi || || '''Vitex negundo L.'''
|-
| 118 || Nilika || || '''Indigofera tinctoria L.'''
|-
| 119 || Nyagrodha || || '''Ficus bengalensis L.'''
|-
| 120 || Patola || || '''Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.'''
|-
| 121 || Patra || || '''Cinnamomum iners Reinw.'''
|-
| 122 || Padmaka || || '''Prunus puddum Roxb.'''
|-
| 123 || Parushaka || || '''Grewia asiatica L.'''
|-
| 124 || Parpataka || || '''Rangia repens Nees.'''
|-
| 125 || Paravata || || '''Psidium guyava L.'''
|-
| 126 || Pashanabheda || || '''Saxifraga lingulata Wall.'''
|-
| 127 || Pippali || || '''Piper longum L.'''
|-
| 128 || Pilu || || '''Salvadora persica L.'''
|-
| 129 || Punarnava || || '''Berhavia repens L.'''
|-
| 130 || Prasarani || || '''Pederia fetida L.'''
|-
| 131 || Prachinamalaka || || '''Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.'''
|-
| 132 || Piyala || || '''Aglaia roxburghiana Miq.'''
|-
| 133 || Plaksha || || '''Ficus tsiela Roxb.'''
|-
| 134 || Phenila || || '''Sapindus trifoliatus L.'''
|-
| 135 || Bakula || || '''Mimusops elengi L.'''
|-
| 136 || Badara || || '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''
|-
| 137 || Bilwa || || '''Aegle marmelos Corr.'''
|-
| 138 || Bijaka || || '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''
|-
| 139 || Bijapuraka || || '''Citrus medica L.'''
|-
| 140 || Bruhati || || '''Solanum indicum L.'''
|-
| 141 || Brahmi || || '''Herpestis monniera Benth.'''
|-
| 142 || Bhavya || || '''Dillenia indica L.'''
|-
| 143 || Bhrigaraja || || '''Eclipta alba Hassk.'''
|-
| 144 || Mandukaparni || || '''Hydrocotyle asiatica L.'''
|-
| 145 || Madana || || '''Randia dumatorum Lam.'''
|-
| 146 || Madhuka || || '''Bassia latifolia Roxb.'''
|-
| 147 || [[Maricha]]|| || '''Piper nigrum L.'''
|-
| 148 || Mamsi || || '''Nardostachys jatamansi D.C'''
|-
| 149 || Mudga || || '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''
|-
| 150 || Musta || || '''Cyperus rotundus L.'''
|-
| 151 || Murva || || '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''
|-
| 152 || Mulaka || || '''Raphanus sativus L.'''
|-
| 153 || Yava || || '''Hordeum vulgarae L.'''
|-
| 154 || Yavasaka || || '''Alhagi maumorum Desv.'''
|-
| 155 || Raktotpala || || '''Nymphoea lotus L.'''
|-
| 156 || Rajakshavaka || || '''Doemia extensa Br.'''
|-
| 157 || Rajamasha || || '''Vigna catiang Endl.'''
|-
| 158 || Rajadana || || '''Mimusops hexandra Roxb.'''
|-
| 159 || Rasna || || '''Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.'''
|-
| 160 || Ruha || || '''Loranthus falcatus L.'''
|-
| 161 || Rohini || || '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''
|-
| 162 || Lashuna || || '''Allium sativum L.'''
|-
| 163 || Likucha || || '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''
|-
| 164 || Lonika || || '''Portulaca oleracea L.'''
|-
| 165 || Lodhra || || '''Symplocos recemosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 166 || Vacha || || '''Acorus calamus L.'''
|-
| 167 || Vanjula || || '''Salix tetrasperma Roxb.'''
|-
| 168 || Varuna || || '''Cratoeva religiosa Forst.'''
|-
| 169 || Vatama || || '''Prunus amygdalus Baill.'''
|-
| 170 || Vartaka || || '''Solanum melongena L.'''
|-
| 171 || Vasa || || '''Adhatoda vasica Nees.'''
|-
| 172 || Vikankata || || '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''
|-
| 173 || Vidanga || || '''Embelia ribes Burn.'''
|-
| 174 || Vidari || || '''Ipomea digitata L.'''
|-
| 175 || Shankhapushpi || || '''Evolvulus alsinoides L.'''
|-
| 176 || Shana || || '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''
|-
| 177 || Shanapushpi || || '''Crotalaria verrucosa L.'''
|-
| 178 || Shatapushpa || || '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
|-
| 179 || Shatavari || || '''Asparagus racemosus Willd.'''
|-
| 180 || Shami || || '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''
|-
| 181 || Shallaki || || '''Boswellia serrate Roxb.'''
|-
| 182 || Shaliparni || || '''Desmodium gangeticum D.C.'''
|-
| 183 || Shalmali || || '''Bambox malabarica D.C.'''
|-
| 184 || Shimshapa || || '''Dalbergia sisso Roxb.'''
|-
| 185 || Shigru || || '''Moringa pterygosperma Goertn.'''
|-
| 186 || Shirisha || || '''Albezzia lebbeck Benth.'''
|-
| 187 || [[Shunthi|Shringavera]] [[Shunthi|(Shunthi/Aardraka)]]|| || '''Zingiber officinale Rose.'''
|-
| 188 || Shringataka || || '''Trapa bispinosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 189 || Saptaparna || || '''Alstonia scholaris R. Br.'''
|-
| 190 || Sarja || || '''Shorea robusta'''
|-
| 191 || Sarshapa || || '''Brassica campestris L.'''
|-
| 192 || Sariva || || '''Hemmidesmus indicus Br.'''
|-
| 193 || Sudha || || '''Euphorbia nerifolia L.'''
|-
| 194 || Surasa || || '''Ocimum sanctum L.'''
|-
| 195 || Somaraji || || '''Proralea corylifolia L.'''
|-
| 196 || Hamsapadi || || '''Adjantum lunulatum Burm.'''
|-
| 197 || Hapusha || || '''Juniperus communis L.'''
|-
| 198 || Hastidanti || || '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
|-
| 199 || Haridraka || || '''Adina cordifolia Hook.'''
|-
| 200 || Hemadugdha || || '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
|}

Herbs details

2026-07-08T07:22:27Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Guduchi]]
# [[Ashwagandha]]
# [[Shunthi]]
[[Shunthi|Shringavera]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
! Sr. No. !! Sanskrit Name !! Synonyms !! Botanical Name
|-
| 1 || [[Bibhitaki|Aksha]]|| [[Bibhitaki|Bibhitaki, kaliphala, Bhutavasa, Kalidruma]]|| '''[[Bibhitaki|Terminalia bellirica Roxb]]'''
|-
| 2 || Aguru || Agaru, loha, krimija, rajarha || '''Aquilaria agallocha Roxb'''
|-
| 3 || Agnimantha || Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vai jayanti || '''Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.'''
|-
| 4 || Ankola || Ankoda, Deerghakeela, Nikochaka, Tamraphala, Gupta Sneha || '''Alangium lamarkii Thw., (Alangium salviifolium)'''
|-
| 5 || Ajamoda || Karavi, Deepyaka, Shikhimoda || '''Apium graveolens'''
|-
| 6 || Atasi || uma, picchila, devi, medagandha, madotkata, kshuma, hemavati,masruna || '''Linum usitatissimum Linn.'''
|-
| 7 || Atibala || rishyaprokta, kankatika,Balika, Vatyapushpy, Bhuribala || '''Abutilon indicum. (Link)'''
|-
| 8 || Ativisha || shrungi, virupa, pittadivallabha, shwetvaca, visha, madri || '''Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.'''
|-
| 9 || Aparajita || Shanhapushpi,Girikarnika, Visnukranta,Sephanda || '''Clitoria ternatea L.'''
|-
| 10 || Apamarga || Shikhari,durgraha, adhashalya, karmanjri, pratyakpushpi || '''Achyranthes aspera Linn.'''
|-
| 11 || Ambashtaki || laghu patha,Uttanaparni, prachina,varatikta, Aviddhakarni,kuchelika || '''Cissampelos pareira Linn'''
|-
| 12 || Amlikakanda || || '''Dioscorea oppositifolia L.'''
|-
| 13 || Arimeda || Irimeda, Vidkhadira || '''Acacia leucophloea Willd.'''
|-
| 14 || Arka || Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna || '''Calotropis gigantea'''
|-
| 15 || Arjaka || Barbari,Sheta tulasi || '''Ocimum gratissimum L.'''
|-
| 16 || Arjuna || Indradru,Nadisarja,Dhavala,Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, || '''Terminalia Arjuna'''
|-
| 17 || Avakpushpi || || '''Trichodesma indicum'''
|-
| 18 || Ashoka || Madhupushpa,Raktapallavaka, Hemapushpa, Pindipushpa, Nata, Pallavadru, || '''Saraca indica Linn.'''
|-
| 19 || Ashmantaka || Yugmapatra, yaalapatraka, kanchini || '''Bauhinia racemosa. Lam.'''
|-
| 20 || [[Ashwagandha]]|| [[Ashwagandha|Balada, kamarupini, vajini,Gandhapatri]]|| '''[[Ashwagandha|Withania somnifera]]'''
|-
| 21 || Aswattha || pippala, shrivriksha, sevya,bodhidru, pavitraka,krishnavasa || '''Ficus religiosa L.'''
|-
| 22 || Asana || Beejaka, Vijayasara || '''Bridelia Montana Wall., Pterocarpus marsupium'''
|-
| 23 || Akhuparni || vriddhadaru, akhukarni, shubhashreni, krushika, dravanti || '''Ipomoea reniformis Chois.'''
|-
| 24 || Adhaki || Tuvari, Shanapushpika, Kalavrunta || '''Cajanus indicus Spreng'''
|-
| 25 || Atmagupta || Kapikachu, kapiloma, swayamgupta,Markati || '''Mucuna pruriens D.C.'''
|-
| 26 || [[Amalaki]]|| [[Amalaki|Dhatri, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Vayastha,vayasya]]|| '''[[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica L./ Emblica officinalis]]'''
|-
| 27 || Amra || Madhuphala, Madhuli, Madhavadruma, Sahakara, parapushta || '''Manjifera indica L.'''
|-
| 28 || Ikshu || Asipatra, Bhurirasa, Dirghacchada, Gudamula, Trnarasa || '''Saccharum officinarum L.'''
|-
| 29 || Ikshuraka || Kokilaksha? || '''Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson'''
|-
| 30 || Ingudi || Higupatra, Tapasadruma,Angaravruksha,Pootikantaka || '''Balanites roxburghii Plauch., (Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn) Del.)'''
|-
| 31 || Itkada || Utkata, Vanajayanti || '''Sesbania aculeate Pers.'''
|-
| 32 || Ucchadaka || Uttingana? || '''Blepharis edulis Pers.'''
|-
| 33 || Udumbara || || '''Ficus glomerata Roxb., ( Ficus racemosa)'''
|-
| 34 || Upodika || || '''Basella rubra L.'''
|-
| 35 || Eraka || || '''Typha elephantine Roxb.'''
|-
| 36 || Ervaru || || '''Cucumis utilissimus L.'''
|-
| 37 || Eranda || || '''Ricinus communis L.'''
|-
| 38 || Katutumbi || || '''Lagenaria Vulgaris Ser.'''
|-
| 39 || Katuphala || || '''Hibiscus abelmoschus L.'''
|-
| 40 || Kandakari || || '''Solanum xanthocarpum Sche.'''
|-
| 41 || Kadamba || || '''Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.'''
|-
| 42 || Kadara || || '''Acacia Senegal Willd.'''
|-
| 43 || Kapittha || || '''Feronia elephantanum Correa.'''
|-
| 44 || Karamarda || || '''Carissa carandas L.'''
|-
| 45 || Karavira || || '''Nerium odorum Soland'''
|-
| 46 || Karira || || '''Copparis aphylla Roth'''
|-
| 47 || Karanja || || '''Pongamia glabra Vent.'''
|-
| 48 || Karkatashrungi || || '''Rhuus succedanea L.'''
|-
| 49 || Karkandhu || || '''Zizyphus nummularia W.C.'''
|-
| 50 || Karpura || || '''Dryobalanops aromatic Goertn.'''
|-
| 51 || Kalaya || || '''Lathyrus sativus L.'''
|-
| 52 || Kasheruka || || '''Seirpus kysoor R.'''
|-
| 53 || Kakamachi || || '''Solanum nigrum L.'''
|-
| 54 || Karavellika || || '''Momordica charantia L.'''
|-
| 55 || Karpasa || || '''Gossypium herbacum L.'''
|-
| 56 || Kalanusariva || || '''Ichnocarpus frutenscens Br.'''
|-
| 57 || Kashmari || || '''Gmelina arborea L.'''
|-
| 58 || Kasamarda || || '''Cassia occidentalis L.'''
|-
| 59 || Kiratatikta || || '''Swertia chirata Ham.'''
|-
| 60 || Kutaja || || '''Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.'''
|-
| 61 || Kutumbaka || || '''Leucas linifolia Spreng.'''
|-
| 62 || Kumarajeeva || || '''Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.'''
|-
| 63 || Kumbhi || || '''Careya arborea R.'''
|-
| 64 || Kurandaka || || '''Barleria prionitis L.'''
|-
| 65 || Kusumbha || || '''Carathmus tinctoricus L.'''
|-
| 66 || Kovidara || || '''Bauhinia variegate L.'''
|-
| 67 || Koshataki || || '''Luffa acutangula varamara Clerke'''
|-
| 68 || Koshamra || || '''Scheleichera trijuga Willd.'''
|-
| 69 || Kumkuma || || '''Crocus sativus L.'''
|-
| 70 || Khadira || || '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
|-
| 71 || Guggulu || || '''Balsamodendron mukul Hook.'''
|-
| 72 || Gunja || || '''Abrus precatorius L.'''
|-
| 73 || Guduchi || || '''Tinospora cordifolia Miers.'''
|-
| 74 || Gokshuraka || || '''Tribulus terrestris L.'''
|-
| 75 || Gojihwa || || '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''
|-
| 76 || Chakramarda || || '''Cassia tora L.'''
|-
| 77 || Chanchu || || '''Corchorus oilitorius L.'''
|-
| 78 || Chandana || || '''Santalum album L.'''
|-
| 79 || Charmakasha || || '''Acacia concinna D.C.'''
|-
| 80 || Charngeri || || '''Oxalis corniculata L.'''
|-
| 81 || Chitraka || || '''Plumbago zeylanica L.'''
|-
| 82 || Chirabilva || || '''Holoptelia integrifolia Planch.'''
|-
| 83 || Chirmata || || '''Cucumis melo L.'''
|-
| 84 || Chilli || || '''Chenopodium album L.'''
|-
| 85 || Choraka || || '''Agelica glauca Edgew.'''
|-
| 86 || jambu || || '''Eugenia jambos Lamk.'''
|-
| 87 || jaya || || '''Sesbania egyptica Pers.'''
|-
| 88 || jalapippali || || '''Lippia nodiflora Rich.'''
|-
| 89 || Jati || || '''Myristica fragrens Houtt.'''
|-
| 90 || Jingini || || '''Odina wodier Roxb.'''
|-
| 91 || Jeeraka || || '''Cuminum cyminum L.'''
|-
| 92 || Jyotishmati || || '''Celestrus paniculata Willd.'''
|-
| 93 || Tamala || || '''Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.'''
|-
| 94 || Tintidika || || '''Tamarindus indica L.'''
|-
| 95 || Tinduka || || '''Diospyros embryopteris Pers.'''
|-
| 96 || Tila || || '''Sesamum indicum L.'''
|-
| 97 || Tilaparni || || '''Gynandropis pentaphylla D.C'''
|-
| 98 || Tumburu || || '''Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.'''
|-
| 99 || Tuda || || '''Morus indica L.'''
|-
| 100 || Trivrut || || '''Ipomea turpethum Br.'''
|-
| 101 || Dadima || || '''Punica granatum L.'''
|-
| 102 || Daruharidra || || '''Berberis aristata D.C'''
|-
| 103 || Dipyaka || || '''Carum copticum Benth.'''
|-
| 104 || Dugdhika || || '''Euphorbia pilulifera L.'''
|-
| 105 || Duralabha || || '''Fagonia Arabica L.'''
|-
| 106 || Durva || || '''Cynodon dactylon Pers.'''
|-
| 107 || Draksha || || '''Vitis vinifera L.'''
|-
| 108 || Dhanvana || || '''Grewia tiliefolia Vahl.'''
|-
| 109 || Dhava || || '''Anogeisssus latifolia Wall.'''
|-
| 110 || Dhataki || || '''Woodfordia floribunda Slisb.'''
|-
| 111 || Dhanyaka || || '''Coriandrum sativum'''
|-
| 112 || Nanditaka || || '''Ficus retusa L.'''
|-
| 113 || Nalika || || '''Onosma echioides L.'''
|-
| 114 || Naranga || || '''Citrus aurantium L.'''
|-
| 115 || Nadi || || '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
|-
| 116 || Nimba || || '''Melia azadirachta L.'''
|-
| 117 || Nirgundi || || '''Vitex negundo L.'''
|-
| 118 || Nilika || || '''Indigofera tinctoria L.'''
|-
| 119 || Nyagrodha || || '''Ficus bengalensis L.'''
|-
| 120 || Patola || || '''Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.'''
|-
| 121 || Patra || || '''Cinnamomum iners Reinw.'''
|-
| 122 || Padmaka || || '''Prunus puddum Roxb.'''
|-
| 123 || Parushaka || || '''Grewia asiatica L.'''
|-
| 124 || Parpataka || || '''Rangia repens Nees.'''
|-
| 125 || Paravata || || '''Psidium guyava L.'''
|-
| 126 || Pashanabheda || || '''Saxifraga lingulata Wall.'''
|-
| 127 || Pippali || || '''Piper longum L.'''
|-
| 128 || Pilu || || '''Salvadora persica L.'''
|-
| 129 || Punarnava || || '''Berhavia repens L.'''
|-
| 130 || Prasarani || || '''Pederia fetida L.'''
|-
| 131 || Prachinamalaka || || '''Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.'''
|-
| 132 || Piyala || || '''Aglaia roxburghiana Miq.'''
|-
| 133 || Plaksha || || '''Ficus tsiela Roxb.'''
|-
| 134 || Phenila || || '''Sapindus trifoliatus L.'''
|-
| 135 || Bakula || || '''Mimusops elengi L.'''
|-
| 136 || Badara || || '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''
|-
| 137 || Bilwa || || '''Aegle marmelos Corr.'''
|-
| 138 || Bijaka || || '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''
|-
| 139 || Bijapuraka || || '''Citrus medica L.'''
|-
| 140 || Bruhati || || '''Solanum indicum L.'''
|-
| 141 || Brahmi || || '''Herpestis monniera Benth.'''
|-
| 142 || Bhavya || || '''Dillenia indica L.'''
|-
| 143 || Bhrigaraja || || '''Eclipta alba Hassk.'''
|-
| 144 || Mandukaparni || || '''Hydrocotyle asiatica L.'''
|-
| 145 || Madana || || '''Randia dumatorum Lam.'''
|-
| 146 || Madhuka || || '''Bassia latifolia Roxb.'''
|-
| 147 || [[Maricha]] || || '''Piper nigrum L.'''
|-
| 148 || Mamsi || || '''Nardostachys jatamansi D.C'''
|-
| 149 || Mudga || || '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''
|-
| 150 || Musta || || '''Cyperus rotundus L.'''
|-
| 151 || Murva || || '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''
|-
| 152 || Mulaka || || '''Raphanus sativus L.'''
|-
| 153 || Yava || || '''Hordeum vulgarae L.'''
|-
| 154 || Yavasaka || || '''Alhagi maumorum Desv.'''
|-
| 155 || Raktotpala || || '''Nymphoea lotus L.'''
|-
| 156 || Rajakshavaka || || '''Doemia extensa Br.'''
|-
| 157 || Rajamasha || || '''Vigna catiang Endl.'''
|-
| 158 || Rajadana || || '''Mimusops hexandra Roxb.'''
|-
| 159 || Rasna || || '''Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.'''
|-
| 160 || Ruha || || '''Loranthus falcatus L.'''
|-
| 161 || Rohini || || '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''
|-
| 162 || Lashuna || || '''Allium sativum L.'''
|-
| 163 || Likucha || || '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''
|-
| 164 || Lonika || || '''Portulaca oleracea L.'''
|-
| 165 || Lodhra || || '''Symplocos recemosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 166 || Vacha || || '''Acorus calamus L.'''
|-
| 167 || Vanjula || || '''Salix tetrasperma Roxb.'''
|-
| 168 || Varuna || || '''Cratoeva religiosa Forst.'''
|-
| 169 || Vatama || || '''Prunus amygdalus Baill.'''
|-
| 170 || Vartaka || || '''Solanum melongena L.'''
|-
| 171 || Vasa || || '''Adhatoda vasica Nees.'''
|-
| 172 || Vikankata || || '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''
|-
| 173 || Vidanga || || '''Embelia ribes Burn.'''
|-
| 174 || Vidari || || '''Ipomea digitata L.'''
|-
| 175 || Shankhapushpi || || '''Evolvulus alsinoides L.'''
|-
| 176 || Shana || || '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''
|-
| 177 || Shanapushpi || || '''Crotalaria verrucosa L.'''
|-
| 178 || Shatapushpa || || '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
|-
| 179 || Shatavari || || '''Asparagus racemosus Willd.'''
|-
| 180 || Shami || || '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''
|-
| 181 || Shallaki || || '''Boswellia serrate Roxb.'''
|-
| 182 || Shaliparni || || '''Desmodium gangeticum D.C.'''
|-
| 183 || Shalmali || || '''Bambox malabarica D.C.'''
|-
| 184 || Shimshapa || || '''Dalbergia sisso Roxb.'''
|-
| 185 || Shigru || || '''Moringa pterygosperma Goertn.'''
|-
| 186 || Shirisha || || '''Albezzia lebbeck Benth.'''
|-
| 187 || Shringavera || || '''Zingiber officinale Rose.'''
|-
| 188 || Shringataka || || '''Trapa bispinosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 189 || Saptaparna || || '''Alstonia scholaris R. Br.'''
|-
| 190 || Sarja || || '''Shorea robusta'''
|-
| 191 || Sarshapa || || '''Brassica campestris L.'''
|-
| 192 || Sariva || || '''Hemmidesmus indicus Br.'''
|-
| 193 || Sudha || || '''Euphorbia nerifolia L.'''
|-
| 194 || Surasa || || '''Ocimum sanctum L.'''
|-
| 195 || Somaraji || || '''Proralea corylifolia L.'''
|-
| 196 || Hamsapadi || || '''Adjantum lunulatum Burm.'''
|-
| 197 || Hapusha || || '''Juniperus communis L.'''
|-
| 198 || Hastidanti || || '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
|-
| 199 || Haridraka || || '''Adina cordifolia Hook.'''
|-
| 200 || Hemadugdha || || '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
|}

Maricha

2026-07-08T07:19:38Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Maricha, Piper nigrum, black pepper, Charak Samhita,Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description='''Maricha''', the dried fruit of ''[[Piper nigrum]]'' L. (Family: '''[[Piperaceae]]'''), is universally celebrated as the "King of Spices" and occupies a central position in traditional Ayurvedic formulations and modern evidence-based pharmacognosy.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20pepper Piper nigrum L.]

{{Infobox
|title = Maricha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Maricha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Piper nigrum L.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Piperaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

== Introduction and Botanical Identity ==

'''Maricha''', the dried fruit of ''[[wikipedia:Black_pepper|Piper nigrum]]'' L. (Family: '''Piperaceae'''), is universally celebrated as the "King of Spices" and occupies a central position in traditional Ayurvedic formulations and modern evidence-based pharmacognosy.<ref name="Rather2022">Rather, M. A., et al. (2022). "Therapeutic Role of Piper nigrum L (Black Pepper) and Pharmacological Activities." ''International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research'', 73(1), 15-22.</ref> Characterized by its intense pungency, Maricha is a vital constituent of classical compounds like ''Trikatu Churna'' (the synergy of Shunthi, Pippali, and Maricha). In contemporary pharmacology, its primary crystalline alkaloid, '''piperine''', is recognized as the world's first documented natural bioavailability enhancer, revolutionizing the administration of phytopharmaceuticals and synthetic drugs alike.<ref name="Kesarwani2013">Kesarwani, K., & Gupta, R. (2013). "Bioavailability enhancers of herbal origin: An overview." ''Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine'', 3(4), 253-266.</ref>

* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Piper nigrum'' L.
* '''Family:''' Piperaceae
* '''Part Used:''' Dried Fruit (Peppercorns)
* '''Vernacular Names:''' Maricha (Sanskrit), Kali Mirch (Hindi), Black Pepper (English), Milagu (Tamil)
[[File:Maricha.jpg|thumb|'''Maricha (Piper nigrum)''']]

==English name ==

Black Pepper

==Therapeutic uses==
Shwasa, shula, krumiroga, tavakaroga<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Maricha, Vellaja(plant is climber), Krushna(fruits are black in colour), Ushana(causing burning sensation), Suvruta, Katu(pungent taste), Dharmapatana(maricha is stored in ports as an item to export to different countries)

==Varieties==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types of varieties<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pippalyadi varga verse no- 32,34</ref>
# Maricha
# Shweta maricha

== Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics (Dravyaguna Profile) ==

In classical Ayurvedic medicine, Maricha is distinct for its intense penetrating capability (''Tikshna Guna''). Unlike Shunthi, which transitions into a sweet post-digestive form, Maricha maintains its sharp, biting properties throughout its metabolic cycle, allowing it to cut through thick accumulations of mucus and clear obstructions in cellular channels (''Srotas'').<ref name="API">Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). ''Piper nigrum L. - Fruit Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Pharmacological Attribute
! Ayurvedic Classification
! Clinical Significance
|-
| '''Rasa (Taste)'''
| ''Katu'' (Pungent)
| Instantly stimulates taste receptors, ignites gastric fire (''Agni''), and treats anorexia.<ref name="API" />
|-
| '''Guna (Physical Quality)'''
| ''Laghu'' (Light), ''Tikshna'' (Sharp/Penetrating), ''Rooksha'' (Dry)
| Liquefies and scrapes away stagnant phlegm (''Chedana''); breaks down metabolic toxins (''Ama'').<ref name="API" />
|-
| '''Virya (Potency)'''
| ''Ushna'' (Hot)
| Strongly pacifies ''Kapha'' and ''Vata'' doshas; increases peripheral circulation.
|-
| '''Vipaka (Post-Digestive Taste)'''
| ''Katu'' (Pungent)
| Maintains a high catabolic and eliminative action post-digestion.<ref name="API" />
|-
| '''Karma (Primary Action)'''
| ''Pramathi'' / ''Krimighna''
| Mechanically expels toxins from deep tissues; exhibits direct antimicrobial properties.<ref name="Rather2022" />
|}

=== Difference in wet and dry form of Maricha ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties (Dry)!! Properties (Wet)
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) || --
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)|| Not too hot (naatyushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna) || Heavy (guru)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]] and [[kapha]]|| --
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/3 || Sirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/23 || Krimighniyavagu (Gruel for krimi (worm infestation)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6) || Deepaniya (Appetisers)mahakashaya
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(15) || Krimighna (anti-helmintics)mahakashaya
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopag ( helping nasal errhine therapy)mahakashaya
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45) || Shoolaprashaman (anti-spasmodics)mahakashaya
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/298
| Krutanna Varga
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
| Katuskandha (group of pungent drugs)
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/15 || Preparations of Trivruta
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/25 || Preparations of Trivrut Awaleha
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40
|Preparation of Kalyanaka Guda
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/23
|Churna Yoga
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/30
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/24
|Ingredient in Vrushya Dadhisar
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/11
|Ingredient in Vrushya mamsa Gutika
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya Pupalika
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/30
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/24
|Ingredient in Vrushya Dadhisar
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/11
|Ingredient in Vrushya mamsa Gutika
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya Pupalika
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrita
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/42
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/48
|As Nashya in Kushth
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/87
|Bahyaprayogarth lepa in Kushth (external application)
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila

For Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth(skin disease)
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/117
|Ingredient in Sidhma Lepa
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/142
|Ingredient in Yavani shadav
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/145
|Ingredient in Talishadi Churna
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrita
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/67
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/68
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya(nasal errhines)
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/40
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrita
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/67
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpigud
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/74
|Ingredient in Pancham Sarpimodak
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/86
|Ingredient in Saindhavadi Churna
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36
|Ingredient in Punarnavadhyarisht
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet In treatment of Shvayathu(oedema)
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment of sannipata udararoga(Generalized enlargement of Abdomen)
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
|In treatment of kaphodara(takraprayoga)(Generalized enlargement of Abdomen)
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment of dakodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After virechana (balavruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an ingredient of nilinadya churna
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka used in udara roga with ksheer
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in yavagu
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an ingredient of cavyadighrit
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/138
|As an ingredient of abhayarista
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/158
|As an ingredient of kanakarista
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an ingredient of citrakadhya gutika
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/102
|In condition of chhardi,arsha,granthi,shoola(vomiting, analpolyp with pellet stool, pain in abdomen)
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Marica should be given with ajaji,haritaki etc
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/108
|Used in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|As an ingredient of maricadhya churna
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/120
|Used as ingredient of yavagu
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|As an ingredient of takrarista
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|This drug is used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya churna
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/164
|As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|As an ingredient of Madhvarista
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla(kamala in body tissue with obstructive pathology)
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97, 17/98, 17/100
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for hikka svasa
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110
|Kalka is used in hikka svasa
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/71
|As an ingredient of praproundarika dhuma
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/73
|As an ingredient of dhumapan yoga
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/104
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/180
|As a leha dravya.
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107
|As an ingredient of ajajyadi churna
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/111
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/35
|As a pathya ahara in kaphaja chhardi
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/39
|As an ingredient of Manahshiladi yoga
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/50

|For sangya -sthapana in 6<sup>th</sup> vega of visha
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/183
|Used in netra - gata visha, as a anjana prayoga
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/193
|As an ingredient of Sindhuvaradi yoga
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/127
|Used in vataja madatyaya(Intoxication) with Dadima swarasa
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/128
|Used as swarasa in Vataja madatyaya(Intoxication)
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/172
|As an ingredient of Vyosha yusha
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/177
|As an ingredient of Ashtanga lavana (Kaphaja madatyaya)
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/181
|Used as raga in kaphaja madatyaya (madatyaya)
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/183
|Used in pachana(digestant)
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/13
|Used to make Udavarta varti
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra(dysuria)
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/138
|Used in vataja pratishyaya
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara gutika
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/216,217
|Used in Kavala in Arochaka
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/219
|Used in arochaka nashaka vati
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi churna
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/247
|As an ingredient of Churnanjana
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/261
|As an ingredient of Dhatryadi rasakriya
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/72
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi varti
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|-
|}

==Dose==
* 250 mg – 1 gm of the drug in powder form<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>

==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>
* Marichadi gutika
* Marichadi taila
* Trikatu churna

== Current availability==

Available
India – western coast of india

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Architecture ==
The unique therapeutic efficacy of Maricha lies within its specialized volatile fractions and alkaloidal profile localized in the pericarp and seed:<ref name="Rather2022" /><ref name="Zhai2020">Zhai, W. J., et al. (2020). "Piperine: A review of its biological effects and mechanisms of action." ''Phytomedicine'', 72, 153245.</ref>

* '''Piperine (1-piperoylpiperidine):''' The primary trans-trans alkaloid responsible for up to 5% to 9% of the fruit's crude weight. It serves as the lead chemical marker for its biological action.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />
* '''Piper Isomers:''' Isopiperine, chavicine, and isochavicine, which modulate the subtle sensory profiles of the spice.
* '''Minor Alkaloids & Amides:''' Piperidine, piperettine, piperanine, and guineensine.
* '''Essential Volatile Oils:''' Rich in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (such as β-caryophyllene, pinene, limonene, and phellandrene), which provide its characteristic aromatic and warming benefits.<ref name="Zhai2020" />

== Modern Pharmacological Validation & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Bioavailability Enhancement (The Natural Yogavahi Effect) ===
Maricha is a potent bioenhancer, significantly augmenting the systemic absorption, plasma concentration, and therapeutic half-life of co-administered drugs and nutrients.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" /><ref name="Atal1981">Atal, C. K., et al. (1981). "Biochemical basis of enhanced drug bioavailability by piperine: Evidence of drug metabolism inhibition." ''Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics'', 219(1), 164-171.</ref>

<blockquote>
'''Mechanisms of Bioenhancement:'''
# '''Enzymatic Inhibition:''' Piperine non-specifically inactivates major phase I drug-metabolizing enzymes—principally Cytochrome P450 '''CYP3A4'''—and phase II UDP-glucuronosyltransferases ('''UGT'''). This drastically curtails first-pass intestinal and hepatic degradation.<ref name="Atal1981" />
# '''Efflux Pump Suppression:''' It reversibly blocks '''P-glycoprotein (P-gp)''', preventing the active cellular expulsion of target molecules back into the intestinal lumen.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />
# '''Mucosal Alteration:''' It increases local mesenteric blood supply and modifies epithelial cell dynamics, enhancing passive transcellular transport across the brush border membrane.<ref name="Zhai2020" />
</blockquote>

Through these combined pathways, small doses of piperine (5–20 mg) can elevate the oral bioavailability of compounds like Curcumin by up to 2000%, as well as enhance the performance of critical antibiotics (e.g., Rifampicin, Amoxicillin).<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />

=== Gastrointestinal Secretory and Prokinetic Action (Deepana & Pachana) ===

Maricha exerts a major regulatory influence across the alimentary canal:<ref name="Rather2022" />
* '''Enzymatic Activation:''' Ingestion triggers sensory receptors that stimulate a sharp rise in pancreatic lipase, amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin secretion, accelerating chemical digestion.<ref name="Rather2022" />
* '''Bile Secretion:''' It enhances the hepatic release of bile acids, optimizing the emulsification and absorption of dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins.<ref name="Zhai2020" />
* '''Motility Regulation:''' It exhibits a dual, balancing effect—relieving smooth muscle spasms to counteract diarrhea while accelerating gastric emptying to relieve flatulence and abdominal bloating.<ref name="Rather2022" />

=== Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Metabolic Regulation ===

* '''Inflammatory Axis:''' Piperine directly interrupts the signaling of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''), resulting in the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ('''TNF-α'''), Interleukin-6 ('''IL-6'''), and Cyclooxygenase-2 ('''COX-2''').<ref name="Zhai2020" /> This supports its traditional clinical use in chronic respiratory diseases like asthma.
* '''Metabolic Syndrome:''' Clinical trials indicate that Maricha extracts lower systemic oxidative stress, lower plasma cholesterol levels, and counteract insulin resistance by modifying lipid clearance and improving GLUT4 transporter translocation.<ref name="Derosa2016">Derosa, G., et al. (2016). "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effects of piperine on metabolic syndrome." ''Phytotherapy Research'', 30(11), 1800-1806.</ref>

<pre>
Maricha Fruit Extract (Piperine) [1,4]
│
┌──────────────────┼──────────────────┐
▼ ▼ ▼
Inhibition of Blockade of Inhibition of
Hepatic CYP3A4 [5] P-gp Efflux [2] NF-κB Pathway [4]
│ │ │
▼ ▼ ▼
↓ First-Pass ↓ Intestinal ↓ TNF-α, IL-6,
Metabolism Expulsion & COX-2
│ │ │
└─────────┬────────┘ ▼
▼ Clinical: Anti-Asthmatic
Clinical: Enhanced & Anti-Inflammatory [4]
Bioavailability of Drugs [2]
</pre>

== Clinical Safety, Dosage, and Contraindications ==

Maricha is designated as '''GRAS''' (Generally Recognized as Safe) for regular consumption. However, its highly penetrating and heating nature requires careful administration in therapeutic dosages.<ref name="API" />

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 250 mg to 1 g daily, ideally taken post-meals with honey or ghee to coat and protect the gastric mucosa.<ref name="API" />
** ''Standardized Piperine Extract (95%):'' 5 mg to 20 mg daily.
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive therapeutic doses on an empty stomach can trigger localized gastric burning (''Daha''), esophageal reflux, or hyperacidity, particularly in individuals with a ''Pitta''-vitiated constitution.<ref name="API" />
* '''Drug Interactions:''' Because piperine actively alters '''CYP3A4''' and '''P-gp''' clearance, individuals taking narrow-therapeutic-index drugs (such as Phenytoin, Digoxin, or Theophylline) must exercise caution, as co-administration can increase serum drug concentrations to toxic levels.<ref name="Atal1981" />
* '''Contraindications:''' Acute peptic ulcers, ulcerative colitis, severe acid reflux disease, and active gastrointestinal bleeding.

== External links ==
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Piper%20nigrum

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

Aardrak

2026-07-08T07:19:27Z

Agnivesha: Redirected page to Shunthi

#REDIRECT [[Shunthi]]

Shunthi

2026-07-08T07:18:00Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Shunthi,Sunthi, Aardrak, Ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe., Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= '''Shunthi''', the dried rhizome of ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe (Family: '''Zingiberaceae'''), stands as a cornerstone phytopharmaceutical in traditional systems of medicine—particularly Ayurveda—while simultaneously maintaining a robust profile in modern evidence-based pharmacology.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger Zingiber officinale Roscoe.]
{{Infobox
|title = Shunthi
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Shunthi
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Zingiber officinale Roscoe
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Zingiberaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

[[File:Shunthi.jpg|thumb|Shunthi & Aardrak (''Zingiber officinale)'']]

==English name ==

Ginger

== Botanical Identity ==

'''Shunthi''', the dried rhizome of ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe (Family: '''Zingiberaceae'''), stands as a cornerstone phytopharmaceutical in traditional systems of medicine—particularly Ayurveda—while simultaneously maintaining a robust profile in modern evidence-based pharmacology. Locally referred to as ''Sonth'' or dry ginger, its processing from fresh ginger (''Ardraka'') chemically transforms its active volatile and non-volatile profiles, resulting in a distinct therapeutic matrix that exhibits high bioavailability and pronounced efficacy across multiple physiological systems.

* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe
* '''Family:''' Zingiberaceae
* '''Part Used:''' Dried Rhizome
* '''Vernacular Names:''' Shunthi (Sanskrit), Sonth (Hindi), Dry Ginger (English), Shukku (Tamil)

== Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics (Dravyaguna Profile) ==

In classical Ayurvedic pharmacology, the dehydration of ginger alters its fundamental properties. Unlike fresh ginger, which carries a sharp, drying post-digestive profile, Shunthi undergoes a metabolic transformation that yields a sweet post-digestive effect (''Madhura Vipaka''), rendering it far more tolerable for long-term therapeutic application without aggravating ''Pitta dosha'' excessively.

==Therapeutic Use==

Agnimandya, Bronchial asthma (swasa), Abdominal distension (adhmana), Rheumatoid arthritis (amavata), Anaemia (pandu), Abdominal disorders (udararoga)

==Varieties==

==Bhavaprakash Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, p.13.</ref>==
# Raktabha
# Shweta

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Shunthi, Nagara, Shrungavera, Vishwa-bheshajam, Mahaushadha, Ardraka, Vishwa.

==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 44, p.13.</ref>==

Shunthi, Vishva, Vishv, Nagar, Vishvabheshaja, Ushana, Katubhadra, Shringavera, Mahoshadha,

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties !! Clinical Significance
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) || Stimulates gustatory receptors, secretes salivary and gastric enzymes.
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna) || Enhances metabolic rate (''Agni'') and clears systemic micro-channels ([[Srotas]])
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Aardrak (Ginger) - Pungent (katu)
Shunthi (Dry Ginger) - Sweet (madhura)
| Imparts nourishing, tissue-protective, and rejuvenative (''Rasayana'') long-term effects.
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Aardrak (Ginger) - Heavy (guru), dryness (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
Shunthi (Dry Ginger)- Easy to digest (laghu), unctuous (snigdha)
| Ginger counteracts the coldness of ''Kapha,'' Dry ginger acts on dryness of Vata dosha
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Vata and Kapha
|Useful in indigestion, swellings, stiffness
|-
| 6 || [[Prabhava]] (Special Action) || Amavataghni / Grahi || Specifically targets rheumatoid conditions; acts as a bowel-binding bio-absorbent.
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/5
| Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/18
| Deepaniya and Shulaghni yavagu(gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/21
| Raktatisara yavagu(gruel used in diarrhea with blood)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/22
| Amatisara yavagu(gruel for diarrhea with indigestion)
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/24
| Pipasaghni yavagu(gruel for excess thirst)
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6)
|Deepaniya (appetizer) mahakashaya
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)
|Truptighna(anti-satiety) mahakashaya
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12)
|Arshoghna(anti-haemorrhoidal) mahakashaya
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18)
|Stanyashodhana(galactodepurent) mahakashaya
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(29)
|Trishna nigrahana(thirst alleviating) mahakashay
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)
|Sheetaprashamana(pacifying cold sensation) mahakashaya
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45)
|Shoolaprashamana(pacifying pain) mahakashaya
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]24/49
|Sanyas Chikitsa- to regain consciousness
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/38
|Hitatam ahardravya(wholesome food articles) -ginger among all rhizomes and roots.
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4
|All substances with pungent taste, except long pepper and ginger, are vata stimulants and aphrodisiacs.
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/256
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/296
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/51
|Rasapvada (exception in pungent (katu) rasa.
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani (As a drug for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
|Katuskandha (group of pungent drugs)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56
|Kshira vishodhan dravya (ingredient of galactodepurant gana)
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34
|Garbhasya pratimasik karma
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree paricharya
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/48
|Nadi kalpana
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16
|Preparation of Trivrut
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/29
|Preparation of Trivrit Avaleha
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54
|Varshakalin Trivrrita Yoga
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/23
|Churna Yoga
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25
|Body purification before rasayana treatment
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/145

|When patient is suffering with thirst (pipasa) in fever (Jwara) as an ingredient of Shadangapaniya.
Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.

Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/179
|Used as lajapeya with Pippali where agnimandya but kshudha is present.
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/180
|Who has desire to eat sour given with Dadima.
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/183
|Used as peya with amla in Jwaraatisara.
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/186
|Used as peya where jwara(fever) is associated with Constipation(vibandha) & Kostha shoola.
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/188
|Used as peya with Ghrita and Sarkara where jwara is associated with Anindra(insomia), Trushna(thirst) & asweda.
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/198

|Used as kwath or sheeta kashaya for trushna, deepana, doshapachana, jwar,aruchi and mukhavairasya.
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/202
|Used in Trutiyaka jwara.
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/210
|Used in Sannipata jwara.
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/211

|As an ingredient of shatyadi varga used in kasa, svasa, tandra,parshvashoola, hrdgraha and sannipata jwara.
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/223
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita.
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/236
|Used as ksheerpaka in varch-mutra vibandha and sopha.
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/237
|Used as ksheerapaka in pipasa ans jwara.
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250
|As an ingredient of Jivantyadi anuvasana basti.
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila.
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrit
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrit
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrit
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74
|Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrit
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/91
|Ingredient of Nagaradi Yoga
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrit
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/144
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrit for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/147
|Ingredient in Kshir Shatpal Ghrit
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/156
|Ingredient of Danti- Haritaki
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/164
|Pathya Diet in Gulma
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yog
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwath
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/85
|Bahyaprayogarth lepa in mandal Kushth
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Tail
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrit
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/53
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrit
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/35
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrit
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/67
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpigud
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/85
|Ingredient in Saindhavadi Churna
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/89
|Ingredient in Shadav
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 11/92
|As a Vardhaman Rasayan Prayog
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/22
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For vibaddha varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/41
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrit
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet In treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70
|As a Snan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/73
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/79, 13/80
|In treatment of plihodara
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/84
|In formulation of rohitaka ghrit
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment of sannipatodara
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
|In treatment of kaphodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/104
|In treatment of pleehodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment of dakodara (takraprayoga)
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/110
|In treatment of udararoga (for parisheka)
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/112
|In formulation of panchkola ghrit
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi ghrit
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After virechana (balvruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha.
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an ingredient of nilinadya churna
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/142
|Used in sunthi sadhita jala after virechana by snuhisadhit ghrit
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka used in udara roga with ksheer
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|As an ingredient of kshara vatika
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/153
|Aadraka swarasa with godugdha
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/68
|Sunthi churna with sidhu used in arsha roga
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/70
|Sunthi and bilva churna are given with yavani and chitraka kashaya
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/71
|Palncakola churna is given with takra
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89
|Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrit, siddhant jala
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in yavagu
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/97
|It removes constipation with matsyandika or amlaphala rasa or guda
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/99
|Used for Anuloman
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103
|Use with phanita and goghrit
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/104
|As an ingredient of pippalyadi ghrit
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an ingredient of cavyadighrit
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110
|As an ingredient of nagaradya ghrit
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/129
|Used as anupan in arsha
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/153
|As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186

|Mixed with kutajtwak kwath it stops bleeding from arsha
|-
|135
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/195
|Used in rakta arsha shoola
|-
|136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/231
|As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrit
|-
|137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/234
|As an ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrit
|-
|138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/76
|Panchakola sadhit peya and Anna is given in Amaja grahani roga
|-
|139
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrit
|-
|140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrit
|-
|141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an ingredient of citrakadhya gutika
|-
|143
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/98
|Kalka and churna is used for aam pachana(with usnodaka)
|-
|144
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99
|Churna of this drug with combination of vaca,musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola yukta mala
|-
|145
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/103
|Used in condition of shoola in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|146
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Used in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|147
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106
|Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating koshtha gata vayu in grahaniroga
|-
|148
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|Used as an yavagu
|-
|149
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129
|ingredient of yavagu
|-
|150
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|As an ingredient of Nagaradya churna
|-
|151
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|This drug is used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadya churna
|-
|152
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142
|As an ingredient of Kiratadya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|153
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|Used as peya padartha in Kaphaja grahani
|-
|154
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/171
|Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|155
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Pipallimuladya Kshara
|-
|156
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|157
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/89
|As an ingredient of pancamuladya ghrita evum churna
|-
|158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44

|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|159
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|160
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|162
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla
|-
|164
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44

|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|165
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|166
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|168
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|169
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla
|-
|170
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|171
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/100
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|172
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
|Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|173
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for hikka svasa
|-
|174
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/109
|As an ingredient of sauvarchaladi churna
|-
|175
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110
|Kalka is used in hikka svasa
|-
|176
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/111
|Used in preparation of Utkarika.
|-
|177
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|As an ingredient of shatyadi churna.
|-
|178
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/130
|Churna mixed with guda is used for prashana and nasya
|-
|179
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/136
|Used as lehya.
|-
|180
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112

|Use as an ingredient of kataphaladi kwath.
|-
|181
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/114
|Use as an ingredient of pathadi kalka.
|-
|182
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36
|As a ghrita dravya
|-
|183
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/47
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|184
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/49
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|185
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/63
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|186
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/74
|As an ingredient of dhumapan yoga.
|-
|187
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/77
|As an ingredient of peya yoga.
|-
|188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/99

|Use in treatment of pittaj kasa.
|-
|189
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/106
|As an ingredient of sarkaradi yoga.
|-
|190
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi yoga.
|-
|191
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|As an ingredient of yoga which use in vataanubandhi kapha.
|-
|192
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/122
|Use in vataj and kaphaj kasa.
|-
|193
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/146

|As an ingredient of manahsiladi dhoom.
|-
|194
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/159
|As an ingredient of dwipanchamuladi ghrita.
|-
|195
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita.
|-
|196
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
|As an ingredient of kasamaryadi ghrita.
|-
|197
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|As a yoga dravya in treatmen of pittaj kasa
|-
|198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|199
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
|
As a pramthya dravya
|-
|200
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26

|As a Ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/37
|As a prakshep dravya
|-
|202
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/40
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of purisha kshaya.
|-
|203
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/43
|As an ingredient of changeri ghrita
|-
|204
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/53
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|206
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107
|As a yoga dravya in ajajyadi churna.
|-
|207
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/108
|As a yoga dravya in rasanjanadi churna.
|-
|208
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/109
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|209
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|210
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/111
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|211
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara
|-
|212
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22
|As a amapachak dravya
|-
|213
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/80
|As a ingredient of darvyadi ghrita .
|-
|214
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/104
|As a kwath dravya
|-
|215
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/114
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|216
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/58
|For kashaya pana.
|-
|217
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/189

|Used in the treatment of Kapha pradhana visha, as a pratisarana prayoga.
|-
|218
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/205
|Used in the treatment of Mushika visha.
|-
|219
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/209
|Used in the treatment of vrushchika visha.
|-
|220
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/13
|Used to make Udavarta varti.
|-
|221
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22
|As an ingredient of 2<sup>nd</sup> Dviruttarahingvadi churna.
|-
|222
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra.
|-
|223
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna.
|-
|224
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/83
|As an ingredient of Haritakyadi Ghrita.
|-
|225
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/84
|Used in Vataja Hrudroga.
|-
|226
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/85
|As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga.
|-
|227
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita.
|-
|228
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/94
|As an ingredient of Kasherukadi Ghrita.
|-
|229
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya used in kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|230
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|Used in kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|231
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha.
|-
|232
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/144
|Used as shruta paya in kaphaja pratishyaya.
|-
|233
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya.
|-
|234
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana.
|-
|235
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya.
|-
|236
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya.
|-
|237
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara gutika.
|-
|238
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna.
|-
|239
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna.
|-
|240
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/217
|Used in Kavala in Arochaka.
|-
|241
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/222
|Used in Hingvadi taila in Karnapoorana.
|-
|242
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/223
|Used in Devadarvyadi taila in Karnashoola.
|-
|243
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226
|As an ingredient of Kshara taila.
|-
|244
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/232
|Used in Vataja netra roga.
|-
|245
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used in Kaphaja netra roga for Aaschotana karma.
|-
|246
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti.
|-
|247
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti.
|-
|248
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda.
|-
|249
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/45

|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi Taila
|-
|250
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/47
|As an ingredient of Ashtakatvar Taila
|-
|251
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/52
|As an ingredient of Tarkaryadi Parisechana
|-
|252
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/122
|As an ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita.
|-
|253
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/137
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|254
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila.
|-
|255
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/172
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|256
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/147
|As an ingredient of Shvdamstra taila.
|-
|257
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/89
|Used in the treatment of Vataja Asrigdara.
|-
|258
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/261
|As a paniya yoga, in the treatment of Stanya dosha.
|-
|259
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat.
|-
|260
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Anjanadi lepa.
|-
|261
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/277
|Used in the treatment of Pichhila stanya.
|-
|262
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/280
|Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Pippalyadi kwatha.
|-
|263
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.
|-
|264
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/267
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Kiratatiktadi kwatha.
|}

==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==

* Churna – 1 – 2 gm

==Important formulations<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==

* Saubhagya Shunthi
* Saubhagya Vati
* Trikatu Churna
* Vaishvanara Churna

== Current availability==

Available
* In India –
Kerala, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Karnataka, Odisha, West bengal
* Out of India –
China, Nigeria, Indonesia, Thailand, Jamaica, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nepal, Vietnam, Philippines

== Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Architecture ==
The processing of fresh ginger into Shunthi significantly shifts its chemical composition. The primary thermogenic and bioactive markers are phenolic compounds and volatile oils<ref>'''Unuofin, J. O., et al.''' (2021). ''Phytochemical structures and therapeutic potentials of Zingiber officinale compounds.'' Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 273, 113997.</ref>:

* '''Gingerols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerol):''' The primary pungent fluid components dominant in fresh ginger.
* '''Shogaols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaol):''' Formed via the thermal dehydration of gingerols during the drying process. '''[6]-shogaol''' exhibits up to twice the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potency of its precursor, making Shunthi pharmacologically distinct from fresh ginger.<ref>'''Schepici, G., et al.''' (2021). ''The anti-inflammatory potential of ginger and its constituents in neurodegenerative and arthritic diseases.'' Molecules, 26(18), 5642.</ref>
* '''Zingerone & Paradols:''' Secondary degradation products that contribute significantly to free-radical scavenging.
* '''Volatile Oils (Sesquiterpenes):''' Comprising α-zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and ar-curcumene, responsible for its distinct aromatic properties.

== Modern Pharmacological Validation & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== A. Gastrointestinal Efficacy (Deepana, Pachana, & Anulomana) ===
Shunthi acts as a potent prokinetic and antiemetic agent via central and peripheral mechanisms.

* '''Antiemetic & Nausea Regulation:''' Clinical meta-analyses validate that oral doses ranging from 500 mg to 1,500 mg daily significantly reduce pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting (NVP) as well as chemotherapy-induced emesis. The mechanism is mediated via the competitive antagonism of peripheral '''5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptors''' and cholinergic M3 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.<ref>'''Ernst, E., & Pittler, M. H.''' (2000). ''Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.'' British Journal of Anaesthesia, 84(3), 367-371.</ref>
* '''Gastroprotective and Prokinetic Action:''' Shunthi accelerates gastric emptying and stimulates gastric acid, bile, and pancreatic enzyme secretion, effectively resolving functional dyspepsia, abdominal bloating, and colicky pain.

=== B. Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy (Amavataghni) ===
In conditions like Rheumatoid Arthritis (''Amavata'') and Osteoarthritis, Shunthi acts as a natural dual-inhibitor of inflammatory cascades.

: '''Biochemical Mechanism:''' The active fractions ([6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol) suppress the activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''). This leads to down-regulation of '''COX-2''' (Cyclooxygenase-2) and '''LOX''' (Lipoxygenase) pathways, preventing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE<sub>2</sub>) and leukotrienes.<ref>'''Jalali, M., et al.''' (2020). ''The effects of ginger supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.'' Clinical Nutrition, 39(12), 3598-3606.</ref>

Unlike conventional Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), Shunthi exerts these anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions without compromising the gastric mucosa, due to its concurrent cytoprotective mucin-stimulating properties.

=== C. Cardio-Metabolic and Vascular Regulation (Hrudya) ===
Recent clinical and animal trials demonstrate that Shunthi exerts a multi-target protective effect on the cardiovascular and metabolic systems<ref name=":0">'''Wang, J., et al.''' (2017). ''Beneficial effects of ginger on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome: A systems-level overview.'' Phytomedicine, 34, 184-198.</ref>:

* '''Calcium Channel Blockade:''' Shunthi extracts display calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) channel-blocking activity, shifting Ca<sup>2+</sup> dose-response curves to relax vascular smooth muscles. This results in vasodilation and a systemic reduction in blood pressure.
* '''PPARα Agonism:''' It activates Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha (PPARα), enhancing fatty acid oxidation in myocytes, thereby attenuating myocardial hypertrophy and reducing risks of atherosclerosis.
* '''Glycemic Control:''' Meta-analyses show that daily supplementation significantly lowers '''HbA1c''' and fasting blood glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients by improving insulin sensitivity and up-regulating GLUT4 transporters.<ref name=":0" />

<pre>
[6]-Shogaol / [6]-Gingerol (Active Constituents)
│
┌────────────────┴────────────────┐
▼ ▼
Inhibition of NF-κB Ca²⁺ Channel Blockade
│ │
▼ ▼
↓ COX-2 & LOX Pathways Vasodilation of
(↓ CRP, ↓ TNF-α, ↓ PGE₂) Vascular Smooth Muscle
│ │
▼ ▼
Clinical: Alleviation of Clinical: Reduction of
Arthritis & Joint Pain Systemic Blood Pressure
</pre>

== Clinical Safety, Dosage, and Contraindications ==
Shunthi enjoys a wide therapeutic index and is designated as '''GRAS''' (Generally Recognized as Safe) by global regulatory bodies. However, its high thermal potency warrants structured clinical application.

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 1 - 3 g per day in divided doses.<ref>'''Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API).''' ''Zingiber officinale Rosc. - Rhizome Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</ref>
** ''Extract:'' 250 - 500 mg two to three times daily.
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive consumption on an empty stomach may occasionally cause mild heartburn, eructation, or gastric irritation in highly sensitive ''Pitta''-dominant individuals.
* '''Drug Interactions:''' Due to its mild anti-platelet and calcium-channel-blocking properties, cautious monitoring is recommended when co-administered with high-dose synthetic anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin) or prescription antihypertensives.
* '''Contraindications:''' Acute peptic ulceration, active GI bleeding, and inflammatory dermatological conditions characterized by extreme ''Pitta'' vitiation.

== References ==
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Shunthi

2026-07-08T07:16:08Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Shunthi, Aardrak, Ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe., Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= '''Shunthi''', the dried rhizome of ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe (Family: '''Zingiberaceae'''), stands as a cornerstone phytopharmaceutical in traditional systems of medicine—particularly Ayurveda—while simultaneously maintaining a robust profile in modern evidence-based pharmacology.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger Zingiber officinale Roscoe.]
{{Infobox
|title = Shunthi
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Shunthi
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Zingiber officinale Roscoe
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Zingiberaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Ginger

== Botanical Identity ==

'''Shunthi''', the dried rhizome of ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe (Family: '''Zingiberaceae'''), stands as a cornerstone phytopharmaceutical in traditional systems of medicine—particularly Ayurveda—while simultaneously maintaining a robust profile in modern evidence-based pharmacology. Locally referred to as ''Sonth'' or dry ginger, its processing from fresh ginger (''Ardraka'') chemically transforms its active volatile and non-volatile profiles, resulting in a distinct therapeutic matrix that exhibits high bioavailability and pronounced efficacy across multiple physiological systems.

* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe
* '''Family:''' Zingiberaceae
* '''Part Used:''' Dried Rhizome
* [[File:Shunthi.jpg|thumb|Shunthi & Aardrak (''Zingiber officinale)'']]'''Vernacular Names:''' Shunthi (Sanskrit), Sonth (Hindi), Dry Ginger (English), Shukku (Tamil)

== Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics (Dravyaguna Profile) ==

In classical Ayurvedic pharmacology, the dehydration of ginger alters its fundamental properties. Unlike fresh ginger, which carries a sharp, drying post-digestive profile, Shunthi undergoes a metabolic transformation that yields a sweet post-digestive effect (''Madhura Vipaka''), rendering it far more tolerable for long-term therapeutic application without aggravating ''Pitta dosha'' excessively.

==Therapeutic Use==

Agnimandya, Bronchial asthma (swasa), Abdominal distension (adhmana), Rheumatoid arthritis (amavata), Anaemia (pandu), Abdominal disorders (udararoga)

==Varieties==

==Bhavaprakash Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, p.13.</ref>==
# Raktabha
# Shweta

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Shunthi, Nagara, Shrungavera, Vishwa-bheshajam, Mahaushadha, Ardraka, Vishwa.

==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 44, p.13.</ref>==

Shunthi, Vishva, Vishv, Nagar, Vishvabheshaja, Ushana, Katubhadra, Shringavera, Mahoshadha,

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties !! Clinical Significance
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) || Stimulates gustatory receptors, secretes salivary and gastric enzymes.
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna) || Enhances metabolic rate (''Agni'') and clears systemic micro-channels ([[Srotas]])
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Aardrak (Ginger) - Pungent (katu)
Shunthi (Dry Ginger) - Sweet (madhura)
| Imparts nourishing, tissue-protective, and rejuvenative (''Rasayana'') long-term effects.
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Aardrak (Ginger) - Heavy (guru), dryness (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
Shunthi (Dry Ginger)- Easy to digest (laghu), unctuous (snigdha)
| Ginger counteracts the coldness of ''Kapha,'' Dry ginger acts on dryness of Vata dosha
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Vata and Kapha
|Useful in indigestion, swellings, stiffness
|-
| 6 || [[Prabhava]] (Special Action) || Amavataghni / Grahi || Specifically targets rheumatoid conditions; acts as a bowel-binding bio-absorbent.
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/5
| Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/18
| Deepaniya and Shulaghni yavagu(gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/21
| Raktatisara yavagu(gruel used in diarrhea with blood)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/22
| Amatisara yavagu(gruel for diarrhea with indigestion)
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/24
| Pipasaghni yavagu(gruel for excess thirst)
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6)
|Deepaniya (appetizer) mahakashaya
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)
|Truptighna(anti-satiety) mahakashaya
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12)
|Arshoghna(anti-haemorrhoidal) mahakashaya
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18)
|Stanyashodhana(galactodepurent) mahakashaya
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(29)
|Trishna nigrahana(thirst alleviating) mahakashay
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)
|Sheetaprashamana(pacifying cold sensation) mahakashaya
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45)
|Shoolaprashamana(pacifying pain) mahakashaya
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]24/49
|Sanyas Chikitsa- to regain consciousness
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/38
|Hitatam ahardravya(wholesome food articles) -ginger among all rhizomes and roots.
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4
|All substances with pungent taste, except long pepper and ginger, are vata stimulants and aphrodisiacs.
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/256
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/296
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/51
|Rasapvada (exception in pungent (katu) rasa.
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani (As a drug for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
|Katuskandha (group of pungent drugs)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56
|Kshira vishodhan dravya (ingredient of galactodepurant gana)
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34
|Garbhasya pratimasik karma
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree paricharya
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/48
|Nadi kalpana
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16
|Preparation of Trivrut
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/29
|Preparation of Trivrit Avaleha
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54
|Varshakalin Trivrrita Yoga
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/23
|Churna Yoga
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25
|Body purification before rasayana treatment
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/145

|When patient is suffering with thirst (pipasa) in fever (Jwara) as an ingredient of Shadangapaniya.
Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.

Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/179
|Used as lajapeya with Pippali where agnimandya but kshudha is present.
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/180
|Who has desire to eat sour given with Dadima.
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/183
|Used as peya with amla in Jwaraatisara.
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/186
|Used as peya where jwara(fever) is associated with Constipation(vibandha) & Kostha shoola.
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/188
|Used as peya with Ghrita and Sarkara where jwara is associated with Anindra(insomia), Trushna(thirst) & asweda.
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/198

|Used as kwath or sheeta kashaya for trushna, deepana, doshapachana, jwar,aruchi and mukhavairasya.
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/202
|Used in Trutiyaka jwara.
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/210
|Used in Sannipata jwara.
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/211

|As an ingredient of shatyadi varga used in kasa, svasa, tandra,parshvashoola, hrdgraha and sannipata jwara.
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/223
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita.
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/236
|Used as ksheerpaka in varch-mutra vibandha and sopha.
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/237
|Used as ksheerapaka in pipasa ans jwara.
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250
|As an ingredient of Jivantyadi anuvasana basti.
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila.
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrit
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrit
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrit
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74
|Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrit
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/91
|Ingredient of Nagaradi Yoga
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrit
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/144
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrit for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/147
|Ingredient in Kshir Shatpal Ghrit
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/156
|Ingredient of Danti- Haritaki
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/164
|Pathya Diet in Gulma
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yog
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwath
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/85
|Bahyaprayogarth lepa in mandal Kushth
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Tail
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrit
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/53
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrit
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/35
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrit
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/67
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpigud
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/85
|Ingredient in Saindhavadi Churna
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/89
|Ingredient in Shadav
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 11/92
|As a Vardhaman Rasayan Prayog
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/22
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For vibaddha varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/41
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrit
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet In treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70
|As a Snan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/73
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/79, 13/80
|In treatment of plihodara
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/84
|In formulation of rohitaka ghrit
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment of sannipatodara
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
|In treatment of kaphodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/104
|In treatment of pleehodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment of dakodara (takraprayoga)
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/110
|In treatment of udararoga (for parisheka)
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/112
|In formulation of panchkola ghrit
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi ghrit
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After virechana (balvruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha.
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an ingredient of nilinadya churna
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/142
|Used in sunthi sadhita jala after virechana by snuhisadhit ghrit
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka used in udara roga with ksheer
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|As an ingredient of kshara vatika
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/153
|Aadraka swarasa with godugdha
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/68
|Sunthi churna with sidhu used in arsha roga
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/70
|Sunthi and bilva churna are given with yavani and chitraka kashaya
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/71
|Palncakola churna is given with takra
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89
|Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrit, siddhant jala
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in yavagu
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/97
|It removes constipation with matsyandika or amlaphala rasa or guda
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/99
|Used for Anuloman
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103
|Use with phanita and goghrit
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/104
|As an ingredient of pippalyadi ghrit
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an ingredient of cavyadighrit
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110
|As an ingredient of nagaradya ghrit
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/129
|Used as anupan in arsha
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/153
|As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186

|Mixed with kutajtwak kwath it stops bleeding from arsha
|-
|135
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/195
|Used in rakta arsha shoola
|-
|136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/231
|As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrit
|-
|137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/234
|As an ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrit
|-
|138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/76
|Panchakola sadhit peya and Anna is given in Amaja grahani roga
|-
|139
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrit
|-
|140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrit
|-
|141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an ingredient of citrakadhya gutika
|-
|143
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/98
|Kalka and churna is used for aam pachana(with usnodaka)
|-
|144
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99
|Churna of this drug with combination of vaca,musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola yukta mala
|-
|145
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/103
|Used in condition of shoola in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|146
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Used in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|147
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106
|Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating koshtha gata vayu in grahaniroga
|-
|148
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|Used as an yavagu
|-
|149
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129
|ingredient of yavagu
|-
|150
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|As an ingredient of Nagaradya churna
|-
|151
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|This drug is used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadya churna
|-
|152
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142
|As an ingredient of Kiratadya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|153
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|Used as peya padartha in Kaphaja grahani
|-
|154
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/171
|Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|155
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Pipallimuladya Kshara
|-
|156
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|157
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/89
|As an ingredient of pancamuladya ghrita evum churna
|-
|158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44

|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|159
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|160
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|162
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla
|-
|164
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44

|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|165
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|166
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|168
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|169
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla
|-
|170
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|171
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/100
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|172
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
|Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|173
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for hikka svasa
|-
|174
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/109
|As an ingredient of sauvarchaladi churna
|-
|175
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110
|Kalka is used in hikka svasa
|-
|176
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/111
|Used in preparation of Utkarika.
|-
|177
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|As an ingredient of shatyadi churna.
|-
|178
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/130
|Churna mixed with guda is used for prashana and nasya
|-
|179
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/136
|Used as lehya.
|-
|180
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112

|Use as an ingredient of kataphaladi kwath.
|-
|181
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/114
|Use as an ingredient of pathadi kalka.
|-
|182
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36
|As a ghrita dravya
|-
|183
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/47
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|184
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/49
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|185
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/63
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|186
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/74
|As an ingredient of dhumapan yoga.
|-
|187
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/77
|As an ingredient of peya yoga.
|-
|188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/99

|Use in treatment of pittaj kasa.
|-
|189
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/106
|As an ingredient of sarkaradi yoga.
|-
|190
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi yoga.
|-
|191
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|As an ingredient of yoga which use in vataanubandhi kapha.
|-
|192
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/122
|Use in vataj and kaphaj kasa.
|-
|193
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/146

|As an ingredient of manahsiladi dhoom.
|-
|194
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/159
|As an ingredient of dwipanchamuladi ghrita.
|-
|195
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita.
|-
|196
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
|As an ingredient of kasamaryadi ghrita.
|-
|197
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|As a yoga dravya in treatmen of pittaj kasa
|-
|198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|199
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
|
As a pramthya dravya
|-
|200
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26

|As a Ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/37
|As a prakshep dravya
|-
|202
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/40
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of purisha kshaya.
|-
|203
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/43
|As an ingredient of changeri ghrita
|-
|204
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/53
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|206
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107
|As a yoga dravya in ajajyadi churna.
|-
|207
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/108
|As a yoga dravya in rasanjanadi churna.
|-
|208
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/109
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|209
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|210
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/111
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|211
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara
|-
|212
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22
|As a amapachak dravya
|-
|213
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/80
|As a ingredient of darvyadi ghrita .
|-
|214
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/104
|As a kwath dravya
|-
|215
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/114
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|216
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/58
|For kashaya pana.
|-
|217
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/189

|Used in the treatment of Kapha pradhana visha, as a pratisarana prayoga.
|-
|218
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/205
|Used in the treatment of Mushika visha.
|-
|219
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/209
|Used in the treatment of vrushchika visha.
|-
|220
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/13
|Used to make Udavarta varti.
|-
|221
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22
|As an ingredient of 2<sup>nd</sup> Dviruttarahingvadi churna.
|-
|222
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra.
|-
|223
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna.
|-
|224
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/83
|As an ingredient of Haritakyadi Ghrita.
|-
|225
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/84
|Used in Vataja Hrudroga.
|-
|226
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/85
|As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga.
|-
|227
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita.
|-
|228
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/94
|As an ingredient of Kasherukadi Ghrita.
|-
|229
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya used in kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|230
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|Used in kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|231
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha.
|-
|232
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/144
|Used as shruta paya in kaphaja pratishyaya.
|-
|233
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya.
|-
|234
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana.
|-
|235
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya.
|-
|236
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya.
|-
|237
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara gutika.
|-
|238
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna.
|-
|239
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna.
|-
|240
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/217
|Used in Kavala in Arochaka.
|-
|241
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/222
|Used in Hingvadi taila in Karnapoorana.
|-
|242
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/223
|Used in Devadarvyadi taila in Karnashoola.
|-
|243
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226
|As an ingredient of Kshara taila.
|-
|244
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/232
|Used in Vataja netra roga.
|-
|245
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used in Kaphaja netra roga for Aaschotana karma.
|-
|246
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti.
|-
|247
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti.
|-
|248
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda.
|-
|249
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/45

|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi Taila
|-
|250
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/47
|As an ingredient of Ashtakatvar Taila
|-
|251
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/52
|As an ingredient of Tarkaryadi Parisechana
|-
|252
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/122
|As an ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita.
|-
|253
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/137
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|254
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila.
|-
|255
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/172
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|256
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/147
|As an ingredient of Shvdamstra taila.
|-
|257
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/89
|Used in the treatment of Vataja Asrigdara.
|-
|258
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/261
|As a paniya yoga, in the treatment of Stanya dosha.
|-
|259
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat.
|-
|260
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Anjanadi lepa.
|-
|261
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/277
|Used in the treatment of Pichhila stanya.
|-
|262
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/280
|Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Pippalyadi kwatha.
|-
|263
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.
|-
|264
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/267
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Kiratatiktadi kwatha.
|}

==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==

* Churna – 1 – 2 gm

==Important formulations<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==

* Saubhagya Shunthi
* Saubhagya Vati
* Trikatu Churna
* Vaishvanara Churna

== Current availability==

Available
* In India –
Kerala, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Karnataka, Odisha, West bengal
* Out of India –
China, Nigeria, Indonesia, Thailand, Jamaica, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nepal, Vietnam, Philippines

== Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Architecture ==
The processing of fresh ginger into Shunthi significantly shifts its chemical composition. The primary thermogenic and bioactive markers are phenolic compounds and volatile oils<ref>'''Unuofin, J. O., et al.''' (2021). ''Phytochemical structures and therapeutic potentials of Zingiber officinale compounds.'' Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 273, 113997.</ref>:

* '''Gingerols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerol):''' The primary pungent fluid components dominant in fresh ginger.
* '''Shogaols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaol):''' Formed via the thermal dehydration of gingerols during the drying process. '''[6]-shogaol''' exhibits up to twice the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potency of its precursor, making Shunthi pharmacologically distinct from fresh ginger.<ref>'''Schepici, G., et al.''' (2021). ''The anti-inflammatory potential of ginger and its constituents in neurodegenerative and arthritic diseases.'' Molecules, 26(18), 5642.</ref>
* '''Zingerone & Paradols:''' Secondary degradation products that contribute significantly to free-radical scavenging.
* '''Volatile Oils (Sesquiterpenes):''' Comprising α-zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and ar-curcumene, responsible for its distinct aromatic properties.

== Modern Pharmacological Validation & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== A. Gastrointestinal Efficacy (Deepana, Pachana, & Anulomana) ===
Shunthi acts as a potent prokinetic and antiemetic agent via central and peripheral mechanisms.

* '''Antiemetic & Nausea Regulation:''' Clinical meta-analyses validate that oral doses ranging from 500 mg to 1,500 mg daily significantly reduce pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting (NVP) as well as chemotherapy-induced emesis. The mechanism is mediated via the competitive antagonism of peripheral '''5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptors''' and cholinergic M3 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.<ref>'''Ernst, E., & Pittler, M. H.''' (2000). ''Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.'' British Journal of Anaesthesia, 84(3), 367-371.</ref>
* '''Gastroprotective and Prokinetic Action:''' Shunthi accelerates gastric emptying and stimulates gastric acid, bile, and pancreatic enzyme secretion, effectively resolving functional dyspepsia, abdominal bloating, and colicky pain.

=== B. Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy (Amavataghni) ===
In conditions like Rheumatoid Arthritis (''Amavata'') and Osteoarthritis, Shunthi acts as a natural dual-inhibitor of inflammatory cascades.

: '''Biochemical Mechanism:''' The active fractions ([6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol) suppress the activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''). This leads to down-regulation of '''COX-2''' (Cyclooxygenase-2) and '''LOX''' (Lipoxygenase) pathways, preventing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE<sub>2</sub>) and leukotrienes.<ref>'''Jalali, M., et al.''' (2020). ''The effects of ginger supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.'' Clinical Nutrition, 39(12), 3598-3606.</ref>

Unlike conventional Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), Shunthi exerts these anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions without compromising the gastric mucosa, due to its concurrent cytoprotective mucin-stimulating properties.

=== C. Cardio-Metabolic and Vascular Regulation (Hrudya) ===
Recent clinical and animal trials demonstrate that Shunthi exerts a multi-target protective effect on the cardiovascular and metabolic systems<ref name=":0">'''Wang, J., et al.''' (2017). ''Beneficial effects of ginger on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome: A systems-level overview.'' Phytomedicine, 34, 184-198.</ref>:

* '''Calcium Channel Blockade:''' Shunthi extracts display calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) channel-blocking activity, shifting Ca<sup>2+</sup> dose-response curves to relax vascular smooth muscles. This results in vasodilation and a systemic reduction in blood pressure.
* '''PPARα Agonism:''' It activates Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha (PPARα), enhancing fatty acid oxidation in myocytes, thereby attenuating myocardial hypertrophy and reducing risks of atherosclerosis.
* '''Glycemic Control:''' Meta-analyses show that daily supplementation significantly lowers '''HbA1c''' and fasting blood glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients by improving insulin sensitivity and up-regulating GLUT4 transporters.<ref name=":0" />

<pre>
[6]-Shogaol / [6]-Gingerol (Active Constituents)
│
┌────────────────┴────────────────┐
▼ ▼
Inhibition of NF-κB Ca²⁺ Channel Blockade
│ │
▼ ▼
↓ COX-2 & LOX Pathways Vasodilation of
(↓ CRP, ↓ TNF-α, ↓ PGE₂) Vascular Smooth Muscle
│ │
▼ ▼
Clinical: Alleviation of Clinical: Reduction of
Arthritis & Joint Pain Systemic Blood Pressure
</pre>

== Clinical Safety, Dosage, and Contraindications ==
Shunthi enjoys a wide therapeutic index and is designated as '''GRAS''' (Generally Recognized as Safe) by global regulatory bodies. However, its high thermal potency warrants structured clinical application.

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 1 - 3 g per day in divided doses.<ref>'''Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API).''' ''Zingiber officinale Rosc. - Rhizome Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</ref>
** ''Extract:'' 250 - 500 mg two to three times daily.
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive consumption on an empty stomach may occasionally cause mild heartburn, eructation, or gastric irritation in highly sensitive ''Pitta''-dominant individuals.
* '''Drug Interactions:''' Due to its mild anti-platelet and calcium-channel-blocking properties, cautious monitoring is recommended when co-administered with high-dose synthetic anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin) or prescription antihypertensives.
* '''Contraindications:''' Acute peptic ulceration, active GI bleeding, and inflammatory dermatological conditions characterized by extreme ''Pitta'' vitiation.

== References ==
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

File:Shunthi.jpg

2026-07-08T07:15:17Z

Agnivesha:

Shunthi

Maricha

2026-07-08T07:14:30Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Maricha, Piper nigrum, black pepper, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description='''Maricha''', the dried fruit of ''[[Piper nigrum]]'' L. (Family: '''[[Piperaceae]]'''), is universally celebrated as the "King of Spices" and occupies a central position in traditional Ayurvedic formulations and modern evidence-based pharmacognosy.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20pepper Piper nigrum L.]

{{Infobox
|title = Maricha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Maricha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Piper nigrum L.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Piperaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

== Introduction and Botanical Identity ==

'''Maricha''', the dried fruit of ''[[wikipedia:Black_pepper|Piper nigrum]]'' L. (Family: '''Piperaceae'''), is universally celebrated as the "King of Spices" and occupies a central position in traditional Ayurvedic formulations and modern evidence-based pharmacognosy.<ref name="Rather2022">Rather, M. A., et al. (2022). "Therapeutic Role of Piper nigrum L (Black Pepper) and Pharmacological Activities." ''International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research'', 73(1), 15-22.</ref> Characterized by its intense pungency, Maricha is a vital constituent of classical compounds like ''Trikatu Churna'' (the synergy of Shunthi, Pippali, and Maricha). In contemporary pharmacology, its primary crystalline alkaloid, '''piperine''', is recognized as the world's first documented natural bioavailability enhancer, revolutionizing the administration of phytopharmaceuticals and synthetic drugs alike.<ref name="Kesarwani2013">Kesarwani, K., & Gupta, R. (2013). "Bioavailability enhancers of herbal origin: An overview." ''Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine'', 3(4), 253-266.</ref>

* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Piper nigrum'' L.
* '''Family:''' Piperaceae
* '''Part Used:''' Dried Fruit (Peppercorns)
* '''Vernacular Names:''' Maricha (Sanskrit), Kali Mirch (Hindi), Black Pepper (English), Milagu (Tamil)
[[File:Maricha.jpg|thumb|'''Maricha (Piper nigrum)''']]

==English name ==

Black Pepper

==Therapeutic uses==
Shwasa, shula, krumiroga, tavakaroga<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Maricha, Vellaja(plant is climber), Krushna(fruits are black in colour), Ushana(causing burning sensation), Suvruta, Katu(pungent taste), Dharmapatana(maricha is stored in ports as an item to export to different countries)

==Varieties==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types of varieties<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pippalyadi varga verse no- 32,34</ref>
# Maricha
# Shweta maricha

== Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics (Dravyaguna Profile) ==

In classical Ayurvedic medicine, Maricha is distinct for its intense penetrating capability (''Tikshna Guna''). Unlike Shunthi, which transitions into a sweet post-digestive form, Maricha maintains its sharp, biting properties throughout its metabolic cycle, allowing it to cut through thick accumulations of mucus and clear obstructions in cellular channels (''Srotas'').<ref name="API">Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). ''Piper nigrum L. - Fruit Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Pharmacological Attribute
! Ayurvedic Classification
! Clinical Significance
|-
| '''Rasa (Taste)'''
| ''Katu'' (Pungent)
| Instantly stimulates taste receptors, ignites gastric fire (''Agni''), and treats anorexia.<ref name="API" />
|-
| '''Guna (Physical Quality)'''
| ''Laghu'' (Light), ''Tikshna'' (Sharp/Penetrating), ''Rooksha'' (Dry)
| Liquefies and scrapes away stagnant phlegm (''Chedana''); breaks down metabolic toxins (''Ama'').<ref name="API" />
|-
| '''Virya (Potency)'''
| ''Ushna'' (Hot)
| Strongly pacifies ''Kapha'' and ''Vata'' doshas; increases peripheral circulation.
|-
| '''Vipaka (Post-Digestive Taste)'''
| ''Katu'' (Pungent)
| Maintains a high catabolic and eliminative action post-digestion.<ref name="API" />
|-
| '''Karma (Primary Action)'''
| ''Pramathi'' / ''Krimighna''
| Mechanically expels toxins from deep tissues; exhibits direct antimicrobial properties.<ref name="Rather2022" />
|}

=== Difference in wet and dry form of Maricha ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties (Dry)!! Properties (Wet)
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) || --
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)|| Not too hot (naatyushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna) || Heavy (guru)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]] and [[kapha]]|| --
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/3 || Sirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/23 || Krimighniyavagu (Gruel for krimi (worm infestation)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6) || Deepaniya (Appetisers)mahakashaya
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(15) || Krimighna (anti-helmintics)mahakashaya
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopag ( helping nasal errhine therapy)mahakashaya
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45) || Shoolaprashaman (anti-spasmodics)mahakashaya
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/298
| Krutanna Varga
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
| Katuskandha (group of pungent drugs)
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/15 || Preparations of Trivruta
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/25 || Preparations of Trivrut Awaleha
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40
|Preparation of Kalyanaka Guda
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/23
|Churna Yoga
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/30
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/24
|Ingredient in Vrushya Dadhisar
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/11
|Ingredient in Vrushya mamsa Gutika
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya Pupalika
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/30
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/24
|Ingredient in Vrushya Dadhisar
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/11
|Ingredient in Vrushya mamsa Gutika
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya Pupalika
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrita
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/42
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/48
|As Nashya in Kushth
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/87
|Bahyaprayogarth lepa in Kushth (external application)
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila

For Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth(skin disease)
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/117
|Ingredient in Sidhma Lepa
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/142
|Ingredient in Yavani shadav
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/145
|Ingredient in Talishadi Churna
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrita
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/67
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/68
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya(nasal errhines)
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/40
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrita
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/67
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpigud
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/74
|Ingredient in Pancham Sarpimodak
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/86
|Ingredient in Saindhavadi Churna
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36
|Ingredient in Punarnavadhyarisht
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet In treatment of Shvayathu(oedema)
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment of sannipata udararoga(Generalized enlargement of Abdomen)
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
|In treatment of kaphodara(takraprayoga)(Generalized enlargement of Abdomen)
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment of dakodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After virechana (balavruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an ingredient of nilinadya churna
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka used in udara roga with ksheer
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in yavagu
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an ingredient of cavyadighrit
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/138
|As an ingredient of abhayarista
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/158
|As an ingredient of kanakarista
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an ingredient of citrakadhya gutika
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/102
|In condition of chhardi,arsha,granthi,shoola(vomiting, analpolyp with pellet stool, pain in abdomen)
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Marica should be given with ajaji,haritaki etc
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/108
|Used in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|As an ingredient of maricadhya churna
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/120
|Used as ingredient of yavagu
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|As an ingredient of takrarista
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|This drug is used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya churna
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/164
|As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|As an ingredient of Madhvarista
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla(kamala in body tissue with obstructive pathology)
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97, 17/98, 17/100
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for hikka svasa
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110
|Kalka is used in hikka svasa
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/71
|As an ingredient of praproundarika dhuma
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/73
|As an ingredient of dhumapan yoga
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/104
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/180
|As a leha dravya.
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107
|As an ingredient of ajajyadi churna
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/111
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/35
|As a pathya ahara in kaphaja chhardi
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/39
|As an ingredient of Manahshiladi yoga
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/50

|For sangya -sthapana in 6<sup>th</sup> vega of visha
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/183
|Used in netra - gata visha, as a anjana prayoga
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/193
|As an ingredient of Sindhuvaradi yoga
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/127
|Used in vataja madatyaya(Intoxication) with Dadima swarasa
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/128
|Used as swarasa in Vataja madatyaya(Intoxication)
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/172
|As an ingredient of Vyosha yusha
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/177
|As an ingredient of Ashtanga lavana (Kaphaja madatyaya)
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/181
|Used as raga in kaphaja madatyaya (madatyaya)
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/183
|Used in pachana(digestant)
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/13
|Used to make Udavarta varti
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra(dysuria)
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/138
|Used in vataja pratishyaya
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara gutika
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/216,217
|Used in Kavala in Arochaka
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/219
|Used in arochaka nashaka vati
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi churna
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/247
|As an ingredient of Churnanjana
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/261
|As an ingredient of Dhatryadi rasakriya
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/72
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi varti
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|-
|}

==Dose==
* 250 mg – 1 gm of the drug in powder form<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>

==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>
* Marichadi gutika
* Marichadi taila
* Trikatu churna

== Current availability==

Available
India – western coast of india

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Architecture ==
The unique therapeutic efficacy of Maricha lies within its specialized volatile fractions and alkaloidal profile localized in the pericarp and seed:<ref name="Rather2022" /><ref name="Zhai2020">Zhai, W. J., et al. (2020). "Piperine: A review of its biological effects and mechanisms of action." ''Phytomedicine'', 72, 153245.</ref>

* '''Piperine (1-piperoylpiperidine):''' The primary trans-trans alkaloid responsible for up to 5% to 9% of the fruit's crude weight. It serves as the lead chemical marker for its biological action.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />
* '''Piper Isomers:''' Isopiperine, chavicine, and isochavicine, which modulate the subtle sensory profiles of the spice.
* '''Minor Alkaloids & Amides:''' Piperidine, piperettine, piperanine, and guineensine.
* '''Essential Volatile Oils:''' Rich in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (such as β-caryophyllene, pinene, limonene, and phellandrene), which provide its characteristic aromatic and warming benefits.<ref name="Zhai2020" />

== Modern Pharmacological Validation & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Bioavailability Enhancement (The Natural Yogavahi Effect) ===
Maricha is a potent bioenhancer, significantly augmenting the systemic absorption, plasma concentration, and therapeutic half-life of co-administered drugs and nutrients.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" /><ref name="Atal1981">Atal, C. K., et al. (1981). "Biochemical basis of enhanced drug bioavailability by piperine: Evidence of drug metabolism inhibition." ''Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics'', 219(1), 164-171.</ref>

<blockquote>
'''Mechanisms of Bioenhancement:'''
# '''Enzymatic Inhibition:''' Piperine non-specifically inactivates major phase I drug-metabolizing enzymes—principally Cytochrome P450 '''CYP3A4'''—and phase II UDP-glucuronosyltransferases ('''UGT'''). This drastically curtails first-pass intestinal and hepatic degradation.<ref name="Atal1981" />
# '''Efflux Pump Suppression:''' It reversibly blocks '''P-glycoprotein (P-gp)''', preventing the active cellular expulsion of target molecules back into the intestinal lumen.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />
# '''Mucosal Alteration:''' It increases local mesenteric blood supply and modifies epithelial cell dynamics, enhancing passive transcellular transport across the brush border membrane.<ref name="Zhai2020" />
</blockquote>

Through these combined pathways, small doses of piperine (5–20 mg) can elevate the oral bioavailability of compounds like Curcumin by up to 2000%, as well as enhance the performance of critical antibiotics (e.g., Rifampicin, Amoxicillin).<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />

=== Gastrointestinal Secretory and Prokinetic Action (Deepana & Pachana) ===

Maricha exerts a major regulatory influence across the alimentary canal:<ref name="Rather2022" />
* '''Enzymatic Activation:''' Ingestion triggers sensory receptors that stimulate a sharp rise in pancreatic lipase, amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin secretion, accelerating chemical digestion.<ref name="Rather2022" />
* '''Bile Secretion:''' It enhances the hepatic release of bile acids, optimizing the emulsification and absorption of dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins.<ref name="Zhai2020" />
* '''Motility Regulation:''' It exhibits a dual, balancing effect—relieving smooth muscle spasms to counteract diarrhea while accelerating gastric emptying to relieve flatulence and abdominal bloating.<ref name="Rather2022" />

=== Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Metabolic Regulation ===

* '''Inflammatory Axis:''' Piperine directly interrupts the signaling of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''), resulting in the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ('''TNF-α'''), Interleukin-6 ('''IL-6'''), and Cyclooxygenase-2 ('''COX-2''').<ref name="Zhai2020" /> This supports its traditional clinical use in chronic respiratory diseases like asthma.
* '''Metabolic Syndrome:''' Clinical trials indicate that Maricha extracts lower systemic oxidative stress, lower plasma cholesterol levels, and counteract insulin resistance by modifying lipid clearance and improving GLUT4 transporter translocation.<ref name="Derosa2016">Derosa, G., et al. (2016). "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effects of piperine on metabolic syndrome." ''Phytotherapy Research'', 30(11), 1800-1806.</ref>

<pre>
Maricha Fruit Extract (Piperine) [1,4]
│
┌──────────────────┼──────────────────┐
▼ ▼ ▼
Inhibition of Blockade of Inhibition of
Hepatic CYP3A4 [5] P-gp Efflux [2] NF-κB Pathway [4]
│ │ │
▼ ▼ ▼
↓ First-Pass ↓ Intestinal ↓ TNF-α, IL-6,
Metabolism Expulsion & COX-2
│ │ │
└─────────┬────────┘ ▼
▼ Clinical: Anti-Asthmatic
Clinical: Enhanced & Anti-Inflammatory [4]
Bioavailability of Drugs [2]
</pre>

== Clinical Safety, Dosage, and Contraindications ==

Maricha is designated as '''GRAS''' (Generally Recognized as Safe) for regular consumption. However, its highly penetrating and heating nature requires careful administration in therapeutic dosages.<ref name="API" />

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 250 mg to 1 g daily, ideally taken post-meals with honey or ghee to coat and protect the gastric mucosa.<ref name="API" />
** ''Standardized Piperine Extract (95%):'' 5 mg to 20 mg daily.
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive therapeutic doses on an empty stomach can trigger localized gastric burning (''Daha''), esophageal reflux, or hyperacidity, particularly in individuals with a ''Pitta''-vitiated constitution.<ref name="API" />
* '''Drug Interactions:''' Because piperine actively alters '''CYP3A4''' and '''P-gp''' clearance, individuals taking narrow-therapeutic-index drugs (such as Phenytoin, Digoxin, or Theophylline) must exercise caution, as co-administration can increase serum drug concentrations to toxic levels.<ref name="Atal1981" />
* '''Contraindications:''' Acute peptic ulcers, ulcerative colitis, severe acid reflux disease, and active gastrointestinal bleeding.

== External links ==
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Piper%20nigrum

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

File:Maricha.jpg

2026-07-08T07:12:58Z

Agnivesha:

Maricha

Shunthi

2026-07-08T07:12:45Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Shunthi, Aardrak, Ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe., Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= '''Shunthi''', the dried rhizome of ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe (Family: '''Zingiberaceae'''), stands as a cornerstone phytopharmaceutical in traditional systems of medicine—particularly Ayurveda—while simultaneously maintaining a robust profile in modern evidence-based pharmacology.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger Zingiber officinale Roscoe.]
{{Infobox
|title = Shunthi
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Shunthi
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Zingiber officinale Roscoe
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Zingiberaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Ginger

== Botanical Identity ==

'''Shunthi''', the dried rhizome of ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe (Family: '''Zingiberaceae'''), stands as a cornerstone phytopharmaceutical in traditional systems of medicine—particularly Ayurveda—while simultaneously maintaining a robust profile in modern evidence-based pharmacology. Locally referred to as ''Sonth'' or dry ginger, its processing from fresh ginger (''Ardraka'') chemically transforms its active volatile and non-volatile profiles, resulting in a distinct therapeutic matrix that exhibits high bioavailability and pronounced efficacy across multiple physiological systems.

* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe
* '''Family:''' Zingiberaceae
* '''Part Used:''' Dried Rhizome
* '''Vernacular Names:''' Shunthi (Sanskrit), Sonth (Hindi), Dry Ginger (English), Shukku (Tamil)

== Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics (Dravyaguna Profile) ==

In classical Ayurvedic pharmacology, the dehydration of ginger alters its fundamental properties. Unlike fresh ginger, which carries a sharp, drying post-digestive profile, Shunthi undergoes a metabolic transformation that yields a sweet post-digestive effect (''Madhura Vipaka''), rendering it far more tolerable for long-term therapeutic application without aggravating ''Pitta dosha'' excessively.

==Therapeutic Use==

Agnimandya, Bronchial asthma (swasa), Abdominal distension (adhmana), Rheumatoid arthritis (amavata), Anaemia (pandu), Abdominal disorders (udararoga)

==Varieties==

==Bhavaprakash Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, p.13.</ref>==
# Raktabha
# Shweta

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Shunthi, Nagara, Shrungavera, Vishwa-bheshajam, Mahaushadha, Ardraka, Vishwa.

==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 44, p.13.</ref>==

Shunthi, Vishva, Vishv, Nagar, Vishvabheshaja, Ushana, Katubhadra, Shringavera, Mahoshadha,

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties !! Clinical Significance
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) || Stimulates gustatory receptors, secretes salivary and gastric enzymes.
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna) || Enhances metabolic rate (''Agni'') and clears systemic micro-channels ([[Srotas]])
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Aardrak (Ginger) - Pungent (katu)
Shunthi (Dry Ginger) - Sweet (madhura)
| Imparts nourishing, tissue-protective, and rejuvenative (''Rasayana'') long-term effects.
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Aardrak (Ginger) - Heavy (guru), dryness (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
Shunthi (Dry Ginger)- Easy to digest (laghu), unctuous (snigdha)
| Ginger counteracts the coldness of ''Kapha,'' Dry ginger acts on dryness of Vata dosha
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Vata and Kapha
|Useful in indigestion, swellings, stiffness
|-
| 6 || [[Prabhava]] (Special Action) || Amavataghni / Grahi || Specifically targets rheumatoid conditions; acts as a bowel-binding bio-absorbent.
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/5
| Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/18
| Deepaniya and Shulaghni yavagu(gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/21
| Raktatisara yavagu(gruel used in diarrhea with blood)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/22
| Amatisara yavagu(gruel for diarrhea with indigestion)
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/24
| Pipasaghni yavagu(gruel for excess thirst)
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6)
|Deepaniya (appetizer) mahakashaya
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)
|Truptighna(anti-satiety) mahakashaya
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12)
|Arshoghna(anti-haemorrhoidal) mahakashaya
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18)
|Stanyashodhana(galactodepurent) mahakashaya
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(29)
|Trishna nigrahana(thirst alleviating) mahakashay
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)
|Sheetaprashamana(pacifying cold sensation) mahakashaya
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45)
|Shoolaprashamana(pacifying pain) mahakashaya
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]24/49
|Sanyas Chikitsa- to regain consciousness
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/38
|Hitatam ahardravya(wholesome food articles) -ginger among all rhizomes and roots.
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4
|All substances with pungent taste, except long pepper and ginger, are vata stimulants and aphrodisiacs.
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/256
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/296
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/51
|Rasapvada (exception in pungent (katu) rasa.
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani (As a drug for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
|Katuskandha (group of pungent drugs)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56
|Kshira vishodhan dravya (ingredient of galactodepurant gana)
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34
|Garbhasya pratimasik karma
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree paricharya
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/48
|Nadi kalpana
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16
|Preparation of Trivrut
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/29
|Preparation of Trivrit Avaleha
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54
|Varshakalin Trivrrita Yoga
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/23
|Churna Yoga
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25
|Body purification before rasayana treatment
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/145

|When patient is suffering with thirst (pipasa) in fever (Jwara) as an ingredient of Shadangapaniya.
Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.

Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/179
|Used as lajapeya with Pippali where agnimandya but kshudha is present.
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/180
|Who has desire to eat sour given with Dadima.
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/183
|Used as peya with amla in Jwaraatisara.
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/186
|Used as peya where jwara(fever) is associated with Constipation(vibandha) & Kostha shoola.
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/188
|Used as peya with Ghrita and Sarkara where jwara is associated with Anindra(insomia), Trushna(thirst) & asweda.
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/198

|Used as kwath or sheeta kashaya for trushna, deepana, doshapachana, jwar,aruchi and mukhavairasya.
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/202
|Used in Trutiyaka jwara.
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/210
|Used in Sannipata jwara.
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/211

|As an ingredient of shatyadi varga used in kasa, svasa, tandra,parshvashoola, hrdgraha and sannipata jwara.
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/223
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita.
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/236
|Used as ksheerpaka in varch-mutra vibandha and sopha.
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/237
|Used as ksheerapaka in pipasa ans jwara.
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250
|As an ingredient of Jivantyadi anuvasana basti.
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila.
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrit
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrit
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrit
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74
|Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrit
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/91
|Ingredient of Nagaradi Yoga
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrit
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/144
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrit for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/147
|Ingredient in Kshir Shatpal Ghrit
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/156
|Ingredient of Danti- Haritaki
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/164
|Pathya Diet in Gulma
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yog
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwath
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/85
|Bahyaprayogarth lepa in mandal Kushth
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Tail
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrit
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/53
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrit
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/35
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrit
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/67
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpigud
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/85
|Ingredient in Saindhavadi Churna
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/89
|Ingredient in Shadav
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 11/92
|As a Vardhaman Rasayan Prayog
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/22
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For vibaddha varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/41
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrit
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet In treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70
|As a Snan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/73
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/79, 13/80
|In treatment of plihodara
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/84
|In formulation of rohitaka ghrit
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment of sannipatodara
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
|In treatment of kaphodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/104
|In treatment of pleehodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment of dakodara (takraprayoga)
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/110
|In treatment of udararoga (for parisheka)
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/112
|In formulation of panchkola ghrit
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi ghrit
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After virechana (balvruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha.
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an ingredient of nilinadya churna
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/142
|Used in sunthi sadhita jala after virechana by snuhisadhit ghrit
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka used in udara roga with ksheer
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|As an ingredient of kshara vatika
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/153
|Aadraka swarasa with godugdha
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/68
|Sunthi churna with sidhu used in arsha roga
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/70
|Sunthi and bilva churna are given with yavani and chitraka kashaya
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/71
|Palncakola churna is given with takra
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89
|Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrit, siddhant jala
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in yavagu
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/97
|It removes constipation with matsyandika or amlaphala rasa or guda
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/99
|Used for Anuloman
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103
|Use with phanita and goghrit
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/104
|As an ingredient of pippalyadi ghrit
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an ingredient of cavyadighrit
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110
|As an ingredient of nagaradya ghrit
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/129
|Used as anupan in arsha
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/153
|As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186

|Mixed with kutajtwak kwath it stops bleeding from arsha
|-
|135
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/195
|Used in rakta arsha shoola
|-
|136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/231
|As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrit
|-
|137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/234
|As an ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrit
|-
|138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/76
|Panchakola sadhit peya and Anna is given in Amaja grahani roga
|-
|139
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrit
|-
|140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrit
|-
|141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an ingredient of citrakadhya gutika
|-
|143
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/98
|Kalka and churna is used for aam pachana(with usnodaka)
|-
|144
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99
|Churna of this drug with combination of vaca,musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola yukta mala
|-
|145
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/103
|Used in condition of shoola in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|146
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Used in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|147
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106
|Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating koshtha gata vayu in grahaniroga
|-
|148
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|Used as an yavagu
|-
|149
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129
|ingredient of yavagu
|-
|150
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|As an ingredient of Nagaradya churna
|-
|151
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|This drug is used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadya churna
|-
|152
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142
|As an ingredient of Kiratadya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|153
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|Used as peya padartha in Kaphaja grahani
|-
|154
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/171
|Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|155
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Pipallimuladya Kshara
|-
|156
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|157
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/89
|As an ingredient of pancamuladya ghrita evum churna
|-
|158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44

|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|159
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|160
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|162
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla
|-
|164
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44

|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|165
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|166
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|168
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|169
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla
|-
|170
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|171
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/100
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|172
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
|Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|173
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for hikka svasa
|-
|174
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/109
|As an ingredient of sauvarchaladi churna
|-
|175
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110
|Kalka is used in hikka svasa
|-
|176
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/111
|Used in preparation of Utkarika.
|-
|177
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|As an ingredient of shatyadi churna.
|-
|178
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/130
|Churna mixed with guda is used for prashana and nasya
|-
|179
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/136
|Used as lehya.
|-
|180
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112

|Use as an ingredient of kataphaladi kwath.
|-
|181
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/114
|Use as an ingredient of pathadi kalka.
|-
|182
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36
|As a ghrita dravya
|-
|183
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/47
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|184
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/49
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|185
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/63
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|186
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/74
|As an ingredient of dhumapan yoga.
|-
|187
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/77
|As an ingredient of peya yoga.
|-
|188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/99

|Use in treatment of pittaj kasa.
|-
|189
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/106
|As an ingredient of sarkaradi yoga.
|-
|190
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi yoga.
|-
|191
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|As an ingredient of yoga which use in vataanubandhi kapha.
|-
|192
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/122
|Use in vataj and kaphaj kasa.
|-
|193
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/146

|As an ingredient of manahsiladi dhoom.
|-
|194
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/159
|As an ingredient of dwipanchamuladi ghrita.
|-
|195
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita.
|-
|196
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
|As an ingredient of kasamaryadi ghrita.
|-
|197
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|As a yoga dravya in treatmen of pittaj kasa
|-
|198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|199
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
|
As a pramthya dravya
|-
|200
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26

|As a Ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/37
|As a prakshep dravya
|-
|202
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/40
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of purisha kshaya.
|-
|203
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/43
|As an ingredient of changeri ghrita
|-
|204
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/53
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|206
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107
|As a yoga dravya in ajajyadi churna.
|-
|207
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/108
|As a yoga dravya in rasanjanadi churna.
|-
|208
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/109
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|209
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|210
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/111
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|211
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara
|-
|212
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22
|As a amapachak dravya
|-
|213
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/80
|As a ingredient of darvyadi ghrita .
|-
|214
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/104
|As a kwath dravya
|-
|215
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/114
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|216
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/58
|For kashaya pana.
|-
|217
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/189

|Used in the treatment of Kapha pradhana visha, as a pratisarana prayoga.
|-
|218
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/205
|Used in the treatment of Mushika visha.
|-
|219
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/209
|Used in the treatment of vrushchika visha.
|-
|220
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/13
|Used to make Udavarta varti.
|-
|221
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22
|As an ingredient of 2<sup>nd</sup> Dviruttarahingvadi churna.
|-
|222
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra.
|-
|223
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna.
|-
|224
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/83
|As an ingredient of Haritakyadi Ghrita.
|-
|225
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/84
|Used in Vataja Hrudroga.
|-
|226
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/85
|As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga.
|-
|227
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita.
|-
|228
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/94
|As an ingredient of Kasherukadi Ghrita.
|-
|229
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya used in kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|230
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|Used in kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|231
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha.
|-
|232
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/144
|Used as shruta paya in kaphaja pratishyaya.
|-
|233
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya.
|-
|234
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana.
|-
|235
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya.
|-
|236
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya.
|-
|237
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara gutika.
|-
|238
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna.
|-
|239
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna.
|-
|240
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/217
|Used in Kavala in Arochaka.
|-
|241
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/222
|Used in Hingvadi taila in Karnapoorana.
|-
|242
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/223
|Used in Devadarvyadi taila in Karnashoola.
|-
|243
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226
|As an ingredient of Kshara taila.
|-
|244
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/232
|Used in Vataja netra roga.
|-
|245
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used in Kaphaja netra roga for Aaschotana karma.
|-
|246
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti.
|-
|247
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti.
|-
|248
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda.
|-
|249
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/45

|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi Taila
|-
|250
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/47
|As an ingredient of Ashtakatvar Taila
|-
|251
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/52
|As an ingredient of Tarkaryadi Parisechana
|-
|252
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/122
|As an ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita.
|-
|253
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/137
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|254
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila.
|-
|255
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/172
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|256
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/147
|As an ingredient of Shvdamstra taila.
|-
|257
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/89
|Used in the treatment of Vataja Asrigdara.
|-
|258
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/261
|As a paniya yoga, in the treatment of Stanya dosha.
|-
|259
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat.
|-
|260
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Anjanadi lepa.
|-
|261
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/277
|Used in the treatment of Pichhila stanya.
|-
|262
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/280
|Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Pippalyadi kwatha.
|-
|263
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.
|-
|264
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/267
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Kiratatiktadi kwatha.
|}

==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==

* Churna – 1 – 2 gm

==Important formulations<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==

* Saubhagya Shunthi
* Saubhagya Vati
* Trikatu Churna
* Vaishvanara Churna

== Current availability==

Available
* In India –
Kerala, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Karnataka, Odisha, West bengal
* Out of India –
China, Nigeria, Indonesia, Thailand, Jamaica, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nepal, Vietnam, Philippines

== Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Architecture ==
The processing of fresh ginger into Shunthi significantly shifts its chemical composition. The primary thermogenic and bioactive markers are phenolic compounds and volatile oils<ref>'''Unuofin, J. O., et al.''' (2021). ''Phytochemical structures and therapeutic potentials of Zingiber officinale compounds.'' Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 273, 113997.</ref>:

* '''Gingerols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerol):''' The primary pungent fluid components dominant in fresh ginger.
* '''Shogaols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaol):''' Formed via the thermal dehydration of gingerols during the drying process. '''[6]-shogaol''' exhibits up to twice the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potency of its precursor, making Shunthi pharmacologically distinct from fresh ginger.<ref>'''Schepici, G., et al.''' (2021). ''The anti-inflammatory potential of ginger and its constituents in neurodegenerative and arthritic diseases.'' Molecules, 26(18), 5642.</ref>
* '''Zingerone & Paradols:''' Secondary degradation products that contribute significantly to free-radical scavenging.
* '''Volatile Oils (Sesquiterpenes):''' Comprising α-zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and ar-curcumene, responsible for its distinct aromatic properties.

== Modern Pharmacological Validation & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== A. Gastrointestinal Efficacy (Deepana, Pachana, & Anulomana) ===
Shunthi acts as a potent prokinetic and antiemetic agent via central and peripheral mechanisms.

* '''Antiemetic & Nausea Regulation:''' Clinical meta-analyses validate that oral doses ranging from 500 mg to 1,500 mg daily significantly reduce pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting (NVP) as well as chemotherapy-induced emesis. The mechanism is mediated via the competitive antagonism of peripheral '''5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptors''' and cholinergic M3 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.<ref>'''Ernst, E., & Pittler, M. H.''' (2000). ''Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.'' British Journal of Anaesthesia, 84(3), 367-371.</ref>
* '''Gastroprotective and Prokinetic Action:''' Shunthi accelerates gastric emptying and stimulates gastric acid, bile, and pancreatic enzyme secretion, effectively resolving functional dyspepsia, abdominal bloating, and colicky pain.

=== B. Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy (Amavataghni) ===
In conditions like Rheumatoid Arthritis (''Amavata'') and Osteoarthritis, Shunthi acts as a natural dual-inhibitor of inflammatory cascades.

: '''Biochemical Mechanism:''' The active fractions ([6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol) suppress the activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''). This leads to down-regulation of '''COX-2''' (Cyclooxygenase-2) and '''LOX''' (Lipoxygenase) pathways, preventing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE<sub>2</sub>) and leukotrienes.<ref>'''Jalali, M., et al.''' (2020). ''The effects of ginger supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.'' Clinical Nutrition, 39(12), 3598-3606.</ref>

Unlike conventional Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), Shunthi exerts these anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions without compromising the gastric mucosa, due to its concurrent cytoprotective mucin-stimulating properties.

=== C. Cardio-Metabolic and Vascular Regulation (Hrudya) ===
Recent clinical and animal trials demonstrate that Shunthi exerts a multi-target protective effect on the cardiovascular and metabolic systems<ref name=":0">'''Wang, J., et al.''' (2017). ''Beneficial effects of ginger on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome: A systems-level overview.'' Phytomedicine, 34, 184-198.</ref>:

* '''Calcium Channel Blockade:''' Shunthi extracts display calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) channel-blocking activity, shifting Ca<sup>2+</sup> dose-response curves to relax vascular smooth muscles. This results in vasodilation and a systemic reduction in blood pressure.
* '''PPARα Agonism:''' It activates Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha (PPARα), enhancing fatty acid oxidation in myocytes, thereby attenuating myocardial hypertrophy and reducing risks of atherosclerosis.
* '''Glycemic Control:''' Meta-analyses show that daily supplementation significantly lowers '''HbA1c''' and fasting blood glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients by improving insulin sensitivity and up-regulating GLUT4 transporters.<ref name=":0" />

<pre>
[6]-Shogaol / [6]-Gingerol (Active Constituents)
│
┌────────────────┴────────────────┐
▼ ▼
Inhibition of NF-κB Ca²⁺ Channel Blockade
│ │
▼ ▼
↓ COX-2 & LOX Pathways Vasodilation of
(↓ CRP, ↓ TNF-α, ↓ PGE₂) Vascular Smooth Muscle
│ │
▼ ▼
Clinical: Alleviation of Clinical: Reduction of
Arthritis & Joint Pain Systemic Blood Pressure
</pre>

== Clinical Safety, Dosage, and Contraindications ==
Shunthi enjoys a wide therapeutic index and is designated as '''GRAS''' (Generally Recognized as Safe) by global regulatory bodies. However, its high thermal potency warrants structured clinical application.

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 1 - 3 g per day in divided doses.<ref>'''Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API).''' ''Zingiber officinale Rosc. - Rhizome Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</ref>
** ''Extract:'' 250 - 500 mg two to three times daily.
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive consumption on an empty stomach may occasionally cause mild heartburn, eructation, or gastric irritation in highly sensitive ''Pitta''-dominant individuals.
* '''Drug Interactions:''' Due to its mild anti-platelet and calcium-channel-blocking properties, cautious monitoring is recommended when co-administered with high-dose synthetic anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin) or prescription antihypertensives.
* '''Contraindications:''' Acute peptic ulceration, active GI bleeding, and inflammatory dermatological conditions characterized by extreme ''Pitta'' vitiation.

== References ==
[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Maricha

2026-07-08T06:59:41Z

Agnivesha:

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|title=Charak Samhita
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|description='''Maricha''', the dried fruit of ''[[Piper nigrum]]'' L. (Family: '''[[Piperaceae]]'''), is universally celebrated as the "King of Spices" and occupies a central position in traditional Ayurvedic formulations and modern evidence-based pharmacognosy.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20pepper Piper nigrum L.]

{{Infobox
|title = Maricha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Maricha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Piper nigrum L.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Piperaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

== Introduction and Botanical Identity ==

'''Maricha''', the dried fruit of ''[[Piper nigrum]]'' L. (Family: '''[[Piperaceae]]'''), is universally celebrated as the "King of Spices" and occupies a central position in traditional Ayurvedic formulations and modern evidence-based pharmacognosy.<ref name="Rather2022">Rather, M. A., et al. (2022). "Therapeutic Role of Piper nigrum L (Black Pepper) and Pharmacological Activities." ''International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research'', 73(1), 15-22.</ref> Characterized by its intense pungency, Maricha is a vital constituent of classical compounds like ''Trikatu Churna'' (the synergy of Shunthi, Pippali, and Maricha). In contemporary pharmacology, its primary crystalline alkaloid, '''piperine''', is recognized as the world's first documented natural bioavailability enhancer, revolutionizing the administration of phytopharmaceuticals and synthetic drugs alike.<ref name="Kesarwani2013">Kesarwani, K., & Gupta, R. (2013). "Bioavailability enhancers of herbal origin: An overview." ''Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine'', 3(4), 253-266.</ref>

* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Piper nigrum'' L.
* '''Family:''' Piperaceae
* '''Part Used:''' Dried Fruit (Peppercorns)
* '''Vernacular Names:''' Maricha (Sanskrit), Kali Mirch (Hindi), Black Pepper (English), Milagu (Tamil)

==English name ==

Black Pepper

==Therapeutic uses==
Swasa, sula, krumiroga, tavakaroga<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Maricha, Vellaja(plant is climber), Krushna(fruits are black in colour), Ushana(causing burning sensation), Suvruta, Katu(pungent taste), Dharmapatana(maricha is stored in ports as an item to export to different countries)

==Varieties==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types of varieties<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pippalyadi varga verse no- 32,34</ref>
# Maricha
# Shweta maricha

== Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics (Dravyaguna Profile) ==

In classical Ayurvedic medicine, Maricha is distinct for its intense penetrating capability (''Tikshna Guna''). Unlike Shunthi, which transitions into a sweet post-digestive form, Maricha maintains its sharp, biting properties throughout its metabolic cycle, allowing it to cut through thick accumulations of mucus and clear obstructions in cellular channels (''Srotas'').<ref name="API">Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). ''Piper nigrum L. - Fruit Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Pharmacological Attribute
! Ayurvedic Classification
! Clinical Significance
|-
| '''Rasa (Taste)'''
| ''Katu'' (Pungent)
| Instantly stimulates taste receptors, ignites gastric fire (''Agni''), and treats anorexia.<ref name="API" />
|-
| '''Guna (Physical Quality)'''
| ''Laghu'' (Light), ''Tikshna'' (Sharp/Penetrating), ''Rooksha'' (Dry)
| Liquefies and scrapes away stagnant phlegm (''Chedana''); breaks down metabolic toxins (''Ama'').<ref name="API" />
|-
| '''Virya (Potency)'''
| ''Ushna'' (Hot)
| Strongly pacifies ''Kapha'' and ''Vata'' doshas; increases peripheral circulation.
|-
| '''Vipaka (Post-Digestive Taste)'''
| ''Katu'' (Pungent)
| Maintains a high catabolic and eliminative action post-digestion.<ref name="API" />
|-
| '''Karma (Primary Action)'''
| ''Pramathi'' / ''Krimighna''
| Mechanically expels toxins from deep tissues; exhibits direct antimicrobial properties.<ref name="Rather2022" />
|}

=== Difference in wet and dry form of Maricha ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties (Dry)!! Properties (Wet)
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) || --
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)|| Not too hot (naatyushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna) || Heavy (guru)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]] and [[kapha]]|| --
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/3 || Sirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/23 || Krimighniyavagu (Gruel for krimi (worm infestation)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6) || Deepaniya (Appetisers)mahakashaya
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(15) || Krimighna (anti-helmintics)mahakashaya
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopag ( helping nasal errhine therapy)mahakashaya
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45) || Shoolaprashaman (anti-spasmodics)mahakashaya
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/298
| Krutanna Varga
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
| Katuskandha (group of pungent drugs)
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/15 || Preparations of Trivruta
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/25 || Preparations of Trivrut Awaleha
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40
|Preparation of Kalyanaka Guda
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/23
|Churna Yoga
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/30
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/24
|Ingredient in Vrushya Dadhisar
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/11
|Ingredient in Vrushya mamsa Gutika
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya Pupalika
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/30
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/24
|Ingredient in Vrushya Dadhisar
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/11
|Ingredient in Vrushya mamsa Gutika
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya Pupalika
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrita
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/42
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/48
|As Nashya in Kushth
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/87
|Bahyaprayogarth lepa in Kushth (external application)
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila

For Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth(skin disease)
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/117
|Ingredient in Sidhma Lepa
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/142
|Ingredient in Yavani shadav
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/145
|Ingredient in Talishadi Churna
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrita
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/67
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/68
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya(nasal errhines)
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/40
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrita
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/67
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpigud
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/74
|Ingredient in Pancham Sarpimodak
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/86
|Ingredient in Saindhavadi Churna
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36
|Ingredient in Punarnavadhyarisht
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet In treatment of Shvayathu(oedema)
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment of sannipata udararoga(Generalized enlargement of Abdomen)
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
|In treatment of kaphodara(takraprayoga)(Generalized enlargement of Abdomen)
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment of dakodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After virechana (balavruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an ingredient of nilinadya churna
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka used in udara roga with ksheer
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in yavagu
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an ingredient of cavyadighrit
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/138
|As an ingredient of abhayarista
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/158
|As an ingredient of kanakarista
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an ingredient of citrakadhya gutika
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/102
|In condition of chhardi,arsha,granthi,shoola(vomiting, analpolyp with pellet stool, pain in abdomen)
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Marica should be given with ajaji,haritaki etc
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/108
|Used in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|As an ingredient of maricadhya churna
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/120
|Used as ingredient of yavagu
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|As an ingredient of takrarista
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|This drug is used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya churna
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/164
|As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|As an ingredient of Madhvarista
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla(kamala in body tissue with obstructive pathology)
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97, 17/98, 17/100
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for hikka svasa
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110
|Kalka is used in hikka svasa
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/71
|As an ingredient of praproundarika dhuma
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/73
|As an ingredient of dhumapan yoga
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/104
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/180
|As a leha dravya.
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107
|As an ingredient of ajajyadi churna
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/111
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/35
|As a pathya ahara in kaphaja chhardi
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/39
|As an ingredient of Manahshiladi yoga
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/50

|For sangya -sthapana in 6<sup>th</sup> vega of visha
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/183
|Used in netra - gata visha, as a anjana prayoga
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/193
|As an ingredient of Sindhuvaradi yoga
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/127
|Used in vataja madatyaya(Intoxication) with Dadima swarasa
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/128
|Used as swarasa in Vataja madatyaya(Intoxication)
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/172
|As an ingredient of Vyosha yusha
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/177
|As an ingredient of Ashtanga lavana (Kaphaja madatyaya)
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/181
|Used as raga in kaphaja madatyaya (madatyaya)
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/183
|Used in pachana(digestant)
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/13
|Used to make Udavarta varti
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra(dysuria)
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/138
|Used in vataja pratishyaya
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara gutika
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/216,217
|Used in Kavala in Arochaka
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/219
|Used in arochaka nashaka vati
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi churna
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/247
|As an ingredient of Churnanjana
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/261
|As an ingredient of Dhatryadi rasakriya
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/72
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi varti
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|-
|}

==Dose==
* 250 mg – 1 gm of the drug in powder form<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>

==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>
* Marichadi gutika
* Marichadi taila
* Trikatu churna

== Current availability==

Available
India – western coast of india

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Architecture ==
The unique therapeutic efficacy of Maricha lies within its specialized volatile fractions and alkaloidal profile localized in the pericarp and seed:<ref name="Rather2022" /><ref name="Zhai2020">Zhai, W. J., et al. (2020). "Piperine: A review of its biological effects and mechanisms of action." ''Phytomedicine'', 72, 153245.</ref>

* '''Piperine (1-piperoylpiperidine):''' The primary trans-trans alkaloid responsible for up to 5% to 9% of the fruit's crude weight. It serves as the lead chemical marker for its biological action.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />
* '''Piper Isomers:''' Isopiperine, chavicine, and isochavicine, which modulate the subtle sensory profiles of the spice.
* '''Minor Alkaloids & Amides:''' Piperidine, piperettine, piperanine, and guineensine.
* '''Essential Volatile Oils:''' Rich in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (such as β-caryophyllene, pinene, limonene, and phellandrene), which provide its characteristic aromatic and warming benefits.<ref name="Zhai2020" />

== Modern Pharmacological Validation & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Bioavailability Enhancement (The Natural Yogavahi Effect) ===
Maricha is a potent bioenhancer, significantly augmenting the systemic absorption, plasma concentration, and therapeutic half-life of co-administered drugs and nutrients.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" /><ref name="Atal1981">Atal, C. K., et al. (1981). "Biochemical basis of enhanced drug bioavailability by piperine: Evidence of drug metabolism inhibition." ''Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics'', 219(1), 164-171.</ref>

<blockquote>
'''Mechanisms of Bioenhancement:'''
# '''Enzymatic Inhibition:''' Piperine non-specifically inactivates major phase I drug-metabolizing enzymes—principally Cytochrome P450 '''CYP3A4'''—and phase II UDP-glucuronosyltransferases ('''UGT'''). This drastically curtails first-pass intestinal and hepatic degradation.<ref name="Atal1981" />
# '''Efflux Pump Suppression:''' It reversibly blocks '''P-glycoprotein (P-gp)''', preventing the active cellular expulsion of target molecules back into the intestinal lumen.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />
# '''Mucosal Alteration:''' It increases local mesenteric blood supply and modifies epithelial cell dynamics, enhancing passive transcellular transport across the brush border membrane.<ref name="Zhai2020" />
</blockquote>

Through these combined pathways, small doses of piperine (5–20 mg) can elevate the oral bioavailability of compounds like Curcumin by up to 2000%, as well as enhance the performance of critical antibiotics (e.g., Rifampicin, Amoxicillin).<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />

=== Gastrointestinal Secretory and Prokinetic Action (Deepana & Pachana) ===

Maricha exerts a major regulatory influence across the alimentary canal:<ref name="Rather2022" />
* '''Enzymatic Activation:''' Ingestion triggers sensory receptors that stimulate a sharp rise in pancreatic lipase, amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin secretion, accelerating chemical digestion.<ref name="Rather2022" />
* '''Bile Secretion:''' It enhances the hepatic release of bile acids, optimizing the emulsification and absorption of dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins.<ref name="Zhai2020" />
* '''Motility Regulation:''' It exhibits a dual, balancing effect—relieving smooth muscle spasms to counteract diarrhea while accelerating gastric emptying to relieve flatulence and abdominal bloating.<ref name="Rather2022" />

=== Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Metabolic Regulation ===

* '''Inflammatory Axis:''' Piperine directly interrupts the signaling of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''), resulting in the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ('''TNF-α'''), Interleukin-6 ('''IL-6'''), and Cyclooxygenase-2 ('''COX-2''').<ref name="Zhai2020" /> This supports its traditional clinical use in chronic respiratory diseases like asthma.
* '''Metabolic Syndrome:''' Clinical trials indicate that Maricha extracts lower systemic oxidative stress, lower plasma cholesterol levels, and counteract insulin resistance by modifying lipid clearance and improving GLUT4 transporter translocation.<ref name="Derosa2016">Derosa, G., et al. (2016). "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effects of piperine on metabolic syndrome." ''Phytotherapy Research'', 30(11), 1800-1806.</ref>

<pre>
Maricha Fruit Extract (Piperine) [1,4]
│
┌──────────────────┼──────────────────┐
▼ ▼ ▼
Inhibition of Blockade of Inhibition of
Hepatic CYP3A4 [5] P-gp Efflux [2] NF-κB Pathway [4]
│ │ │
▼ ▼ ▼
↓ First-Pass ↓ Intestinal ↓ TNF-α, IL-6,
Metabolism Expulsion & COX-2
│ │ │
└─────────┬────────┘ ▼
▼ Clinical: Anti-Asthmatic
Clinical: Enhanced & Anti-Inflammatory [4]
Bioavailability of Drugs [2]
</pre>

== Clinical Safety, Dosage, and Contraindications ==

Maricha is designated as '''GRAS''' (Generally Recognized as Safe) for regular consumption. However, its highly penetrating and heating nature requires careful administration in therapeutic dosages.<ref name="API" />

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 250 mg to 1 g daily, ideally taken post-meals with honey or ghee to coat and protect the gastric mucosa.<ref name="API" />
** ''Standardized Piperine Extract (95%):'' 5 mg to 20 mg daily.
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive therapeutic doses on an empty stomach can trigger localized gastric burning (''Daha''), esophageal reflux, or hyperacidity, particularly in individuals with a ''Pitta''-vitiated constitution.<ref name="API" />
* '''Drug Interactions:''' Because piperine actively alters '''CYP3A4''' and '''P-gp''' clearance, individuals taking narrow-therapeutic-index drugs (such as Phenytoin, Digoxin, or Theophylline) must exercise caution, as co-administration can increase serum drug concentrations to toxic levels.<ref name="Atal1981" />
* '''Contraindications:''' Acute peptic ulcers, ulcerative colitis, severe acid reflux disease, and active gastrointestinal bleeding.

== External links ==
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Piper%20nigrum

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

Talk:Maricha

2026-07-08T06:54:18Z

Agnivesha:

Piper nigrum L.

{{Infobox
|title = Maricha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Maricha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Piper nigrum L.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Piperaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2025
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

== Introduction and Botanical Identity ==

'''Maricha''', the dried fruit of ''[[Piper nigrum]]'' L. (Family: '''[[Piperaceae]]'''), is universally celebrated as the "King of Spices" and occupies a central position in traditional Ayurvedic formulations and modern evidence-based pharmacognosy.<ref name="Rather2022">Rather, M. A., et al. (2022). "Therapeutic Role of Piper nigrum L (Black Pepper) and Pharmacological Activities." ''International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research'', 73(1), 15-22.</ref> Characterized by its intense pungency, Maricha is a vital constituent of classical compounds like ''Trikatu Churna'' (the synergy of Shunthi, Pippali, and Maricha). In contemporary pharmacology, its primary crystalline alkaloid, '''piperine''', is recognized as the world's first documented natural bioavailability enhancer, revolutionizing the administration of phytopharmaceuticals and synthetic drugs alike.<ref name="Kesarwani2013">Kesarwani, K., & Gupta, R. (2013). "Bioavailability enhancers of herbal origin: An overview." ''Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine'', 3(4), 253-266.</ref>

* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Piper nigrum'' L.
* '''Family:''' Piperaceae
* '''Part Used:''' Dried Fruit (Peppercorns)
* '''Vernacular Names:''' Maricha (Sanskrit), Kali Mirch (Hindi), Black Pepper (English), Milagu (Tamil)

==English name ==

Black Pepper

==Therapeutic uses==
Swasa, sula, krumiroga, tavakaroga<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>

==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Maricha, Vellaja(plant is climber), Krushna(fruits are black in colour), Ushana(causing burning sensation), Suvruta, Katu(pungent taste), Dharmapatana(maricha is stored in ports as an item to export to different countries)

==Varieties==
===Raja Nighantu===
Mentioned 2 types of varieties<ref>Dr. Indradev Tripathi , Raja Nighantu of pandit Narhari, ed.2006, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, pippalyadi varga verse no- 32,34</ref>
# Maricha
# Sweta maricha

== Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics (Dravyaguna Profile) ==

In classical Ayurvedic medicine, Maricha is distinct for its intense penetrating capability (''Tikshna Guna''). Unlike Shunthi, which transitions into a sweet post-digestive form, Maricha maintains its sharp, biting properties throughout its metabolic cycle, allowing it to cut through thick accumulations of mucus and clear obstructions in cellular channels (''Srotas'').<ref name="API">Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). ''Piper nigrum L. - Fruit Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Pharmacological Attribute
! Ayurvedic Classification
! Clinical Significance
|-
| '''Rasa (Taste)'''
| ''Katu'' (Pungent)
| Instantly stimulates taste receptors, ignites gastric fire (''Agni''), and treats anorexia.<ref name="API" />
|-
| '''Guna (Physical Quality)'''
| ''Laghu'' (Light), ''Tikshna'' (Sharp/Penetrating), ''Rooksha'' (Dry)
| Liquefies and scrapes away stagnant phlegm (''Chedana''); breaks down metabolic toxins (''Ama'').<ref name="API" />
|-
| '''Virya (Potency)'''
| ''Ushna'' (Hot)
| Strongly pacifies ''Kapha'' and ''Vata'' doshas; increases peripheral circulation.
|-
| '''Vipaka (Post-Digestive Taste)'''
| ''Katu'' (Pungent)
| Maintains a high catabolic and eliminative action post-digestion.<ref name="API" />
|-
| '''Karma (Primary Action)'''
| ''Pramathi'' / ''Krimighna''
| Mechanically expels toxins from deep tissues; exhibits direct antimicrobial properties.<ref name="Rather2022" />
|}

=== Difference in wet and dry form of Maricha ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties (Dry)!! Properties (Wet)
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) || --
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)|| Not too hot (naatyushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Pungent (katu) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Sharp (tikshna) || Heavy (guru)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]] and [[kapha]]|| --
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/3 || Sirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/23 || Krimighniyavagu (Gruel for krimi (worm infestation)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6) || Deepaniya (Appetisers)mahakashaya
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(15) || Krimighna (anti-helmintics)mahakashaya
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(27) || Shirovirechanopag ( helping nasal errhine therapy)mahakashaya
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45) || Shoolaprashaman (anti-spasmodics)mahakashaya
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/298
| Krutanna Varga
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
| Katuskandha (group of pungent drugs)
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/15 || Preparations of Trivruta
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/25 || Preparations of Trivrut Awaleha
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40
|Preparation of Kalyanaka Guda
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/23
|Churna Yoga
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/30
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/24
|Ingredient in Vrushya Dadhisar
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/11
|Ingredient in Vrushya mamsa Gutika
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya Pupalika
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/30
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/2/24
|Ingredient in Vrushya Dadhisar
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/11
|Ingredient in Vrushya mamsa Gutika
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/4/21
|Ingredient in Vrushya Pupalika
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrita
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrita
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/42
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/48
|As Nashya in Kushth
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/87
|Bahyaprayogarth lepa in Kushth (external application)
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila

For Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth(skin disease)
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Taila
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/117
|Ingredient in Sidhma Lepa
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/142
|Ingredient in Yavani shadav
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/145
|Ingredient in Talishadi Churna
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrita
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/67
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/68
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya(nasal errhines)
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/40
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrita
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/67
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpigud
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/74
|Ingredient in Pancham Sarpimodak
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/86
|Ingredient in Saindhavadi Churna
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu(oedema)
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/36
|Ingredient in Punarnavadhyarisht
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet In treatment of Shvayathu(oedema)
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment of sannipata udararoga(Generalized enlargement of Abdomen)
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
|In treatment of kaphodara(takraprayoga)(Generalized enlargement of Abdomen)
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment of dakodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After virechana (balavruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an ingredient of nilinadya churna
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka used in udara roga with ksheer
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in yavagu
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an ingredient of cavyadighrit
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/138
|As an ingredient of abhayarista
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/158
|As an ingredient of kanakarista
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an ingredient of citrakadhya gutika
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/102
|In condition of chhardi,arsha,granthi,shoola(vomiting, analpolyp with pellet stool, pain in abdomen)
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Marica should be given with ajaji,haritaki etc
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/108
|Used in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|As an ingredient of maricadhya churna
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/120
|Used as ingredient of yavagu
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|As an ingredient of takrarista
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|This drug is used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya churna
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/164
|As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|As an ingredient of Madhvarista
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla(kamala in body tissue with obstructive pathology)
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97, 17/98, 17/100
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for hikka svasa
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110
|Kalka is used in hikka svasa
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/71
|As an ingredient of praproundarika dhuma
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/73
|As an ingredient of dhumapan yoga
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/104
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/180
|As a leha dravya.
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107
|As an ingredient of ajajyadi churna
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/111
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/35
|As a pathya ahara in kaphaja chhardi
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/39
|As an ingredient of Manahshiladi yoga
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/50

|For sangya -sthapana in 6<sup>th</sup> vega of visha
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/183
|Used in netra - gata visha, as a anjana prayoga
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/193
|As an ingredient of Sindhuvaradi yoga
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/127
|Used in vataja madatyaya(Intoxication) with Dadima swarasa
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/128
|Used as swarasa in Vataja madatyaya(Intoxication)
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/172
|As an ingredient of Vyosha yusha
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/177
|As an ingredient of Ashtanga lavana (Kaphaja madatyaya)
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/181
|Used as raga in kaphaja madatyaya (madatyaya)
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/183
|Used in pachana(digestant)
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/13
|Used to make Udavarta varti
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra(dysuria)
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/138
|Used in vataja pratishyaya
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara gutika
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/216,217
|Used in Kavala in Arochaka
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/219
|Used in arochaka nashaka vati
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi churna
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/247
|As an ingredient of Churnanjana
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/261
|As an ingredient of Dhatryadi rasakriya
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/72
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi varti
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna
|-
|}

==Dose==
* 250 mg – 1 gm of the drug in powder form<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>

==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 3 :53</ref>
* Marichadi gutika
* Marichadi taila
* Trikatu churna

== Current availability==

Available
India – western coast of india

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Architecture ==
The unique therapeutic efficacy of Maricha lies within its specialized volatile fractions and alkaloidal profile localized in the pericarp and seed:<ref name="Rather2022" /><ref name="Zhai2020">Zhai, W. J., et al. (2020). "Piperine: A review of its biological effects and mechanisms of action." ''Phytomedicine'', 72, 153245.</ref>

* '''Piperine (1-piperoylpiperidine):''' The primary trans-trans alkaloid responsible for up to 5% to 9% of the fruit's crude weight. It serves as the lead chemical marker for its biological action.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />
* '''Piper Isomers:''' Isopiperine, chavicine, and isochavicine, which modulate the subtle sensory profiles of the spice.
* '''Minor Alkaloids & Amides:''' Piperidine, piperettine, piperanine, and guineensine.
* '''Essential Volatile Oils:''' Rich in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (such as β-caryophyllene, pinene, limonene, and phellandrene), which provide its characteristic aromatic and warming benefits.<ref name="Zhai2020" />

== Modern Pharmacological Validation & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Bioavailability Enhancement (The Natural Yogavahi Effect) ===
Maricha is a potent bioenhancer, significantly augmenting the systemic absorption, plasma concentration, and therapeutic half-life of co-administered drugs and nutrients.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" /><ref name="Atal1981">Atal, C. K., et al. (1981). "Biochemical basis of enhanced drug bioavailability by piperine: Evidence of drug metabolism inhibition." ''Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics'', 219(1), 164-171.</ref>

<blockquote>
'''Mechanisms of Bioenhancement:'''
# '''Enzymatic Inhibition:''' Piperine non-specifically inactivates major phase I drug-metabolizing enzymes—principally Cytochrome P450 '''CYP3A4'''—and phase II UDP-glucuronosyltransferases ('''UGT'''). This drastically curtails first-pass intestinal and hepatic degradation.<ref name="Atal1981" />
# '''Efflux Pump Suppression:''' It reversibly blocks '''P-glycoprotein (P-gp)''', preventing the active cellular expulsion of target molecules back into the intestinal lumen.<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />
# '''Mucosal Alteration:''' It increases local mesenteric blood supply and modifies epithelial cell dynamics, enhancing passive transcellular transport across the brush border membrane.<ref name="Zhai2020" />
</blockquote>

Through these combined pathways, small doses of piperine (5–20 mg) can elevate the oral bioavailability of compounds like Curcumin by up to 2000%, as well as enhance the performance of critical antibiotics (e.g., Rifampicin, Amoxicillin).<ref name="Kesarwani2013" />

=== Gastrointestinal Secretory and Prokinetic Action (Deepana & Pachana) ===

Maricha exerts a major regulatory influence across the alimentary canal:<ref name="Rather2022" />
* '''Enzymatic Activation:''' Ingestion triggers sensory receptors that stimulate a sharp rise in pancreatic lipase, amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin secretion, accelerating chemical digestion.<ref name="Rather2022" />
* '''Bile Secretion:''' It enhances the hepatic release of bile acids, optimizing the emulsification and absorption of dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins.<ref name="Zhai2020" />
* '''Motility Regulation:''' It exhibits a dual, balancing effect—relieving smooth muscle spasms to counteract diarrhea while accelerating gastric emptying to relieve flatulence and abdominal bloating.<ref name="Rather2022" />

=== Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Metabolic Regulation ===

* '''Inflammatory Axis:''' Piperine directly interrupts the signaling of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''), resulting in the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ('''TNF-α'''), Interleukin-6 ('''IL-6'''), and Cyclooxygenase-2 ('''COX-2''').<ref name="Zhai2020" /> This supports its traditional clinical use in chronic respiratory diseases like asthma.
* '''Metabolic Syndrome:''' Clinical trials indicate that Maricha extracts lower systemic oxidative stress, lower plasma cholesterol levels, and counteract insulin resistance by modifying lipid clearance and improving GLUT4 transporter translocation.<ref name="Derosa2016">Derosa, G., et al. (2016). "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effects of piperine on metabolic syndrome." ''Phytotherapy Research'', 30(11), 1800-1806.</ref>

<pre>
Maricha Fruit Extract (Piperine) [1,4]
│
┌──────────────────┼──────────────────┐
▼ ▼ ▼
Inhibition of Blockade of Inhibition of
Hepatic CYP3A4 [5] P-gp Efflux [2] NF-κB Pathway [4]
│ │ │
▼ ▼ ▼
↓ First-Pass ↓ Intestinal ↓ TNF-α, IL-6,
Metabolism Expulsion & COX-2
│ │ │
└─────────┬────────┘ ▼
▼ Clinical: Anti-Asthmatic
Clinical: Enhanced & Anti-Inflammatory [4]
Bioavailability of Drugs [2]
</pre>

== Clinical Safety, Dosage, and Contraindications ==

Maricha is designated as '''GRAS''' (Generally Recognized as Safe) for regular consumption. However, its highly penetrating and heating nature requires careful administration in therapeutic dosages.<ref name="API" />

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 250 mg to 1 g daily, ideally taken post-meals with honey or ghee to coat and protect the gastric mucosa.<ref name="API" />
** ''Standardized Piperine Extract (95%):'' 5 mg to 20 mg daily.
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive therapeutic doses on an empty stomach can trigger localized gastric burning (''Daha''), esophageal reflux, or hyperacidity, particularly in individuals with a ''Pitta''-vitiated constitution.<ref name="API" />
* '''Drug Interactions:''' Because piperine actively alters '''CYP3A4''' and '''P-gp''' clearance, individuals taking narrow-therapeutic-index drugs (such as Phenytoin, Digoxin, or Theophylline) must exercise caution, as co-administration can increase serum drug concentrations to toxic levels.<ref name="Atal1981" />
* '''Contraindications:''' Acute peptic ulcers, ulcerative colitis, severe acid reflux disease, and active gastrointestinal bleeding.

== External links ==

https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Piper%20nigrum

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals|Herbs]]

Herbs details

2026-07-08T06:37:33Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Guduchi]]
# [[Ashwagandha]]
# [[Shunthi]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
! Sr. No. !! Sanskrit Name !! Synonyms !! Botanical Name
|-
| 1 || [[Bibhitaki|Aksha]]|| [[Bibhitaki|Bibhitaki, kaliphala, Bhutavasa, Kalidruma]]|| '''[[Bibhitaki|Terminalia bellirica Roxb]]'''
|-
| 2 || Aguru || Agaru, loha, krimija, rajarha || '''Aquilaria agallocha Roxb'''
|-
| 3 || Agnimantha || Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vai jayanti || '''Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.'''
|-
| 4 || Ankola || Ankoda, Deerghakeela, Nikochaka, Tamraphala, Gupta Sneha || '''Alangium lamarkii Thw., (Alangium salviifolium)'''
|-
| 5 || Ajamoda || Karavi, Deepyaka, Shikhimoda || '''Apium graveolens'''
|-
| 6 || Atasi || uma, picchila, devi, medagandha, madotkata, kshuma, hemavati,masruna || '''Linum usitatissimum Linn.'''
|-
| 7 || Atibala || rishyaprokta, kankatika,Balika, Vatyapushpy, Bhuribala || '''Abutilon indicum. (Link)'''
|-
| 8 || Ativisha || shrungi, virupa, pittadivallabha, shwetvaca, visha, madri || '''Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.'''
|-
| 9 || Aparajita || Shanhapushpi,Girikarnika, Visnukranta,Sephanda || '''Clitoria ternatea L.'''
|-
| 10 || Apamarga || Shikhari,durgraha, adhashalya, karmanjri, pratyakpushpi || '''Achyranthes aspera Linn.'''
|-
| 11 || Ambashtaki || laghu patha,Uttanaparni, prachina,varatikta, Aviddhakarni,kuchelika || '''Cissampelos pareira Linn'''
|-
| 12 || Amlikakanda || || '''Dioscorea oppositifolia L.'''
|-
| 13 || Arimeda || Irimeda, Vidkhadira || '''Acacia leucophloea Willd.'''
|-
| 14 || Arka || Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna || '''Calotropis gigantea'''
|-
| 15 || Arjaka || Barbari,Sheta tulasi || '''Ocimum gratissimum L.'''
|-
| 16 || Arjuna || Indradru,Nadisarja,Dhavala,Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, || '''Terminalia Arjuna'''
|-
| 17 || Avakpushpi || || '''Trichodesma indicum'''
|-
| 18 || Ashoka || Madhupushpa,Raktapallavaka, Hemapushpa, Pindipushpa, Nata, Pallavadru, || '''Saraca indica Linn.'''
|-
| 19 || Ashmantaka || Yugmapatra, yaalapatraka, kanchini || '''Bauhinia racemosa. Lam.'''
|-
| 20 || [[Ashwagandha]]|| [[Ashwagandha|Balada, kamarupini, vajini,Gandhapatri]]|| '''[[Ashwagandha|Withania somnifera]]'''
|-
| 21 || Aswattha || pippala, shrivriksha, sevya,bodhidru, pavitraka,krishnavasa || '''Ficus religiosa L.'''
|-
| 22 || Asana || Beejaka, Vijayasara || '''Bridelia Montana Wall., Pterocarpus marsupium'''
|-
| 23 || Akhuparni || vriddhadaru, akhukarni, shubhashreni, krushika, dravanti || '''Ipomoea reniformis Chois.'''
|-
| 24 || Adhaki || Tuvari, Shanapushpika, Kalavrunta || '''Cajanus indicus Spreng'''
|-
| 25 || Atmagupta || Kapikachu, kapiloma, swayamgupta,Markati || '''Mucuna pruriens D.C.'''
|-
| 26 || [[Amalaki]]|| [[Amalaki|Dhatri, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Vayastha,vayasya]]|| '''[[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica L./ Emblica officinalis]]'''
|-
| 27 || Amra || Madhuphala, Madhuli, Madhavadruma, Sahakara, parapushta || '''Manjifera indica L.'''
|-
| 28 || Ikshu || Asipatra, Bhurirasa, Dirghacchada, Gudamula, Trnarasa || '''Saccharum officinarum L.'''
|-
| 29 || Ikshuraka || Kokilaksha? || '''Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson'''
|-
| 30 || Ingudi || Higupatra, Tapasadruma,Angaravruksha,Pootikantaka || '''Balanites roxburghii Plauch., (Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn) Del.)'''
|-
| 31 || Itkada || Utkata, Vanajayanti || '''Sesbania aculeate Pers.'''
|-
| 32 || Ucchadaka || Uttingana? || '''Blepharis edulis Pers.'''
|-
| 33 || Udumbara || || '''Ficus glomerata Roxb., ( Ficus racemosa)'''
|-
| 34 || Upodika || || '''Basella rubra L.'''
|-
| 35 || Eraka || || '''Typha elephantine Roxb.'''
|-
| 36 || Ervaru || || '''Cucumis utilissimus L.'''
|-
| 37 || Eranda || || '''Ricinus communis L.'''
|-
| 38 || Katutumbi || || '''Lagenaria Vulgaris Ser.'''
|-
| 39 || Katuphala || || '''Hibiscus abelmoschus L.'''
|-
| 40 || Kandakari || || '''Solanum xanthocarpum Sche.'''
|-
| 41 || Kadamba || || '''Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.'''
|-
| 42 || Kadara || || '''Acacia Senegal Willd.'''
|-
| 43 || Kapittha || || '''Feronia elephantanum Correa.'''
|-
| 44 || Karamarda || || '''Carissa carandas L.'''
|-
| 45 || Karavira || || '''Nerium odorum Soland'''
|-
| 46 || Karira || || '''Copparis aphylla Roth'''
|-
| 47 || Karanja || || '''Pongamia glabra Vent.'''
|-
| 48 || Karkatashrungi || || '''Rhuus succedanea L.'''
|-
| 49 || Karkandhu || || '''Zizyphus nummularia W.C.'''
|-
| 50 || Karpura || || '''Dryobalanops aromatic Goertn.'''
|-
| 51 || Kalaya || || '''Lathyrus sativus L.'''
|-
| 52 || Kasheruka || || '''Seirpus kysoor R.'''
|-
| 53 || Kakamachi || || '''Solanum nigrum L.'''
|-
| 54 || Karavellika || || '''Momordica charantia L.'''
|-
| 55 || Karpasa || || '''Gossypium herbacum L.'''
|-
| 56 || Kalanusariva || || '''Ichnocarpus frutenscens Br.'''
|-
| 57 || Kashmari || || '''Gmelina arborea L.'''
|-
| 58 || Kasamarda || || '''Cassia occidentalis L.'''
|-
| 59 || Kiratatikta || || '''Swertia chirata Ham.'''
|-
| 60 || Kutaja || || '''Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.'''
|-
| 61 || Kutumbaka || || '''Leucas linifolia Spreng.'''
|-
| 62 || Kumarajeeva || || '''Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.'''
|-
| 63 || Kumbhi || || '''Careya arborea R.'''
|-
| 64 || Kurandaka || || '''Barleria prionitis L.'''
|-
| 65 || Kusumbha || || '''Carathmus tinctoricus L.'''
|-
| 66 || Kovidara || || '''Bauhinia variegate L.'''
|-
| 67 || Koshataki || || '''Luffa acutangula varamara Clerke'''
|-
| 68 || Koshamra || || '''Scheleichera trijuga Willd.'''
|-
| 69 || Kumkuma || || '''Crocus sativus L.'''
|-
| 70 || Khadira || || '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
|-
| 71 || Guggulu || || '''Balsamodendron mukul Hook.'''
|-
| 72 || Gunja || || '''Abrus precatorius L.'''
|-
| 73 || Guduchi || || '''Tinospora cordifolia Miers.'''
|-
| 74 || Gokshuraka || || '''Tribulus terrestris L.'''
|-
| 75 || Gojihwa || || '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''
|-
| 76 || Chakramarda || || '''Cassia tora L.'''
|-
| 77 || Chanchu || || '''Corchorus oilitorius L.'''
|-
| 78 || Chandana || || '''Santalum album L.'''
|-
| 79 || Charmakasha || || '''Acacia concinna D.C.'''
|-
| 80 || Charngeri || || '''Oxalis corniculata L.'''
|-
| 81 || Chitraka || || '''Plumbago zeylanica L.'''
|-
| 82 || Chirabilva || || '''Holoptelia integrifolia Planch.'''
|-
| 83 || Chirmata || || '''Cucumis melo L.'''
|-
| 84 || Chilli || || '''Chenopodium album L.'''
|-
| 85 || Choraka || || '''Agelica glauca Edgew.'''
|-
| 86 || jambu || || '''Eugenia jambos Lamk.'''
|-
| 87 || jaya || || '''Sesbania egyptica Pers.'''
|-
| 88 || jalapippali || || '''Lippia nodiflora Rich.'''
|-
| 89 || Jati || || '''Myristica fragrens Houtt.'''
|-
| 90 || Jingini || || '''Odina wodier Roxb.'''
|-
| 91 || Jeeraka || || '''Cuminum cyminum L.'''
|-
| 92 || Jyotishmati || || '''Celestrus paniculata Willd.'''
|-
| 93 || Tamala || || '''Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.'''
|-
| 94 || Tintidika || || '''Tamarindus indica L.'''
|-
| 95 || Tinduka || || '''Diospyros embryopteris Pers.'''
|-
| 96 || Tila || || '''Sesamum indicum L.'''
|-
| 97 || Tilaparni || || '''Gynandropis pentaphylla D.C'''
|-
| 98 || Tumburu || || '''Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.'''
|-
| 99 || Tuda || || '''Morus indica L.'''
|-
| 100 || Trivrut || || '''Ipomea turpethum Br.'''
|-
| 101 || Dadima || || '''Punica granatum L.'''
|-
| 102 || Daruharidra || || '''Berberis aristata D.C'''
|-
| 103 || Dipyaka || || '''Carum copticum Benth.'''
|-
| 104 || Dugdhika || || '''Euphorbia pilulifera L.'''
|-
| 105 || Duralabha || || '''Fagonia Arabica L.'''
|-
| 106 || Durva || || '''Cynodon dactylon Pers.'''
|-
| 107 || Draksha || || '''Vitis vinifera L.'''
|-
| 108 || Dhanvana || || '''Grewia tiliefolia Vahl.'''
|-
| 109 || Dhava || || '''Anogeisssus latifolia Wall.'''
|-
| 110 || Dhataki || || '''Woodfordia floribunda Slisb.'''
|-
| 111 || Dhanyaka || || '''Coriandrum sativum'''
|-
| 112 || Nanditaka || || '''Ficus retusa L.'''
|-
| 113 || Nalika || || '''Onosma echioides L.'''
|-
| 114 || Naranga || || '''Citrus aurantium L.'''
|-
| 115 || Nadi || || '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
|-
| 116 || Nimba || || '''Melia azadirachta L.'''
|-
| 117 || Nirgundi || || '''Vitex negundo L.'''
|-
| 118 || Nilika || || '''Indigofera tinctoria L.'''
|-
| 119 || Nyagrodha || || '''Ficus bengalensis L.'''
|-
| 120 || Patola || || '''Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.'''
|-
| 121 || Patra || || '''Cinnamomum iners Reinw.'''
|-
| 122 || Padmaka || || '''Prunus puddum Roxb.'''
|-
| 123 || Parushaka || || '''Grewia asiatica L.'''
|-
| 124 || Parpataka || || '''Rangia repens Nees.'''
|-
| 125 || Paravata || || '''Psidium guyava L.'''
|-
| 126 || Pashanabheda || || '''Saxifraga lingulata Wall.'''
|-
| 127 || Pippali || || '''Piper longum L.'''
|-
| 128 || Pilu || || '''Salvadora persica L.'''
|-
| 129 || Punarnava || || '''Berhavia repens L.'''
|-
| 130 || Prasarani || || '''Pederia fetida L.'''
|-
| 131 || Prachinamalaka || || '''Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.'''
|-
| 132 || Piyala || || '''Aglaia roxburghiana Miq.'''
|-
| 133 || Plaksha || || '''Ficus tsiela Roxb.'''
|-
| 134 || Phenila || || '''Sapindus trifoliatus L.'''
|-
| 135 || Bakula || || '''Mimusops elengi L.'''
|-
| 136 || Badara || || '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''
|-
| 137 || Bilwa || || '''Aegle marmelos Corr.'''
|-
| 138 || Bijaka || || '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''
|-
| 139 || Bijapuraka || || '''Citrus medica L.'''
|-
| 140 || Bruhati || || '''Solanum indicum L.'''
|-
| 141 || Brahmi || || '''Herpestis monniera Benth.'''
|-
| 142 || Bhavya || || '''Dillenia indica L.'''
|-
| 143 || Bhrigaraja || || '''Eclipta alba Hassk.'''
|-
| 144 || Mandukaparni || || '''Hydrocotyle asiatica L.'''
|-
| 145 || Madana || || '''Randia dumatorum Lam.'''
|-
| 146 || Madhuka || || '''Bassia latifolia Roxb.'''
|-
| 147 || Maricha || || '''Piper nigrum L.'''
|-
| 148 || Mamsi || || '''Nardostachys jatamansi D.C'''
|-
| 149 || Mudga || || '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''
|-
| 150 || Musta || || '''Cyperus rotundus L.'''
|-
| 151 || Murva || || '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''
|-
| 152 || Mulaka || || '''Raphanus sativus L.'''
|-
| 153 || Yava || || '''Hordeum vulgarae L.'''
|-
| 154 || Yavasaka || || '''Alhagi maumorum Desv.'''
|-
| 155 || Raktotpala || || '''Nymphoea lotus L.'''
|-
| 156 || Rajakshavaka || || '''Doemia extensa Br.'''
|-
| 157 || Rajamasha || || '''Vigna catiang Endl.'''
|-
| 158 || Rajadana || || '''Mimusops hexandra Roxb.'''
|-
| 159 || Rasna || || '''Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.'''
|-
| 160 || Ruha || || '''Loranthus falcatus L.'''
|-
| 161 || Rohini || || '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''
|-
| 162 || Lashuna || || '''Allium sativum L.'''
|-
| 163 || Likucha || || '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''
|-
| 164 || Lonika || || '''Portulaca oleracea L.'''
|-
| 165 || Lodhra || || '''Symplocos recemosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 166 || Vacha || || '''Acorus calamus L.'''
|-
| 167 || Vanjula || || '''Salix tetrasperma Roxb.'''
|-
| 168 || Varuna || || '''Cratoeva religiosa Forst.'''
|-
| 169 || Vatama || || '''Prunus amygdalus Baill.'''
|-
| 170 || Vartaka || || '''Solanum melongena L.'''
|-
| 171 || Vasa || || '''Adhatoda vasica Nees.'''
|-
| 172 || Vikankata || || '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''
|-
| 173 || Vidanga || || '''Embelia ribes Burn.'''
|-
| 174 || Vidari || || '''Ipomea digitata L.'''
|-
| 175 || Shankhapushpi || || '''Evolvulus alsinoides L.'''
|-
| 176 || Shana || || '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''
|-
| 177 || Shanapushpi || || '''Crotalaria verrucosa L.'''
|-
| 178 || Shatapushpa || || '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
|-
| 179 || Shatavari || || '''Asparagus racemosus Willd.'''
|-
| 180 || Shami || || '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''
|-
| 181 || Shallaki || || '''Boswellia serrate Roxb.'''
|-
| 182 || Shaliparni || || '''Desmodium gangeticum D.C.'''
|-
| 183 || Shalmali || || '''Bambox malabarica D.C.'''
|-
| 184 || Shimshapa || || '''Dalbergia sisso Roxb.'''
|-
| 185 || Shigru || || '''Moringa pterygosperma Goertn.'''
|-
| 186 || Shirisha || || '''Albezzia lebbeck Benth.'''
|-
| 187 || Shringavera || || '''Zingiber officinale Rose.'''
|-
| 188 || Shringataka || || '''Trapa bispinosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 189 || Saptaparna || || '''Alstonia scholaris R. Br.'''
|-
| 190 || Sarja || || '''Shorea robusta'''
|-
| 191 || Sarshapa || || '''Brassica campestris L.'''
|-
| 192 || Sariva || || '''Hemmidesmus indicus Br.'''
|-
| 193 || Sudha || || '''Euphorbia nerifolia L.'''
|-
| 194 || Surasa || || '''Ocimum sanctum L.'''
|-
| 195 || Somaraji || || '''Proralea corylifolia L.'''
|-
| 196 || Hamsapadi || || '''Adjantum lunulatum Burm.'''
|-
| 197 || Hapusha || || '''Juniperus communis L.'''
|-
| 198 || Hastidanti || || '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
|-
| 199 || Haridraka || || '''Adina cordifolia Hook.'''
|-
| 200 || Hemadugdha || || '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
|}

Shunthi

2026-07-08T06:13:24Z

Agnivesha: /* Ayurvedic pharmacological properties */

Zingiber officinale Roscoe.
{{Infobox
|title = Shunthi
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Shunthi
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Zingiber officinale Roscoe
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Zingiberaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Ginger

== Botanical Identity ==

'''Shunthi''', the dried rhizome of ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe (Family: '''Zingiberaceae'''), stands as a cornerstone phytopharmaceutical in traditional systems of medicine—particularly Ayurveda—while simultaneously maintaining a robust profile in modern evidence-based pharmacology. Locally referred to as ''Sonth'' or dry ginger, its processing from fresh ginger (''Ardraka'') chemically transforms its active volatile and non-volatile profiles, resulting in a distinct therapeutic matrix that exhibits high bioavailability and pronounced efficacy across multiple physiological systems.

* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe
* '''Family:''' Zingiberaceae
* '''Part Used:''' Dried Rhizome
* '''Vernacular Names:''' Shunthi (Sanskrit), Sonth (Hindi), Dry Ginger (English), Shukku (Tamil)

== Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics (Dravyaguna Profile) ==

In classical Ayurvedic pharmacology, the dehydration of ginger alters its fundamental properties. Unlike fresh ginger, which carries a sharp, drying post-digestive profile, Shunthi undergoes a metabolic transformation that yields a sweet post-digestive effect (''Madhura Vipaka''), rendering it far more tolerable for long-term therapeutic application without aggravating ''Pitta dosha'' excessively.

==Therapeutic Use==

Agnimandya, Bronchial asthma (swasa), Abdominal distension (adhmana), Rheumatoid arthritis (amavata), Anaemia (pandu), Abdominal disorders (udararoga)

==Varieties==

==Bhavaprakash Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, p.13.</ref>==
# Raktabha
# Shweta

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Shunthi, Nagara, Shrungavera, Vishwa-bheshajam, Mahaushadha, Ardraka, Vishwa.

==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 44, p.13.</ref>==

Shunthi, Vishva, Vishv, Nagar, Vishvabheshaja, Ushana, Katubhadra, Shringavera, Mahoshadha,

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties !! Clinical Significance
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) || Stimulates gustatory receptors, secretes salivary and gastric enzymes.
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna) || Enhances metabolic rate (''Agni'') and clears systemic micro-channels ([[Srotas]])
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Aardrak (Ginger) - Pungent (katu)
Shunthi (Dry Ginger) - Sweet (madhura)
| Imparts nourishing, tissue-protective, and rejuvenative (''Rasayana'') long-term effects.
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Aardrak (Ginger) - Heavy (guru), dryness (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna)
Shunthi (Dry Ginger)- Easy to digest (laghu), unctuous (snigdha)
| Ginger counteracts the coldness of ''Kapha,'' Dry ginger acts on dryness of Vata dosha
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Vata and Kapha
|Useful in indigestion, swellings, stiffness
|-
| 6 || [[Prabhava]] (Special Action) || Amavataghni / Grahi || Specifically targets rheumatoid conditions; acts as a bowel-binding bio-absorbent.
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/5
| Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/18
| Deepaniya and Shulaghni yavagu(gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/21
| Raktatisara yavagu(gruel used in diarrhea with blood)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/22
| Amatisara yavagu(gruel for diarrhea with indigestion)
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/24
| Pipasaghni yavagu(gruel for excess thirst)
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6)
|Deepaniya (appetizer) mahakashaya
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)
|Truptighna(anti-satiety) mahakashaya
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12)
|Arshoghna(anti-haemorrhoidal) mahakashaya
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18)
|Stanyashodhana(galactodepurent) mahakashaya
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(29)
|Trishna nigrahana(thirst alleviating) mahakashay
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)
|Sheetaprashamana(pacifying cold sensation) mahakashaya
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45)
|Shoolaprashamana(pacifying pain) mahakashaya
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]24/49
|Sanyas Chikitsa- to regain consciousness
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/38
|Hitatam ahardravya(wholesome food articles) -ginger among all rhizomes and roots.
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4
|All substances with pungent taste, except long pepper and ginger, are vata stimulants and aphrodisiacs.
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/256
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/296
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/51
|Rasapvada (exception in pungent (katu) rasa.
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani (As a drug for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
|Katuskandha (group of pungent drugs)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56
|Kshira vishodhan dravya (ingredient of galactodepurant gana)
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34
|Garbhasya pratimasik karma
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree paricharya
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/48
|Nadi kalpana
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16
|Preparation of Trivrut
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/29
|Preparation of Trivrit Avaleha
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54
|Varshakalin Trivrrita Yoga
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/23
|Churna Yoga
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25
|Body purification before rasayana treatment
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/145

|When patient is suffering with thirst (pipasa) in fever (Jwara) as an ingredient of Shadangapaniya.
Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.

Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/179
|Used as lajapeya with Pippali where agnimandya but kshudha is present.
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/180
|Who has desire to eat sour given with Dadima.
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/183
|Used as peya with amla in Jwaraatisara.
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/186
|Used as peya where jwara(fever) is associated with Constipation(vibandha) & Kostha shoola.
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/188
|Used as peya with Ghrita and Sarkara where jwara is associated with Anindra(insomia), Trushna(thirst) & asweda.
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/198

|Used as kwath or sheeta kashaya for trushna, deepana, doshapachana, jwar,aruchi and mukhavairasya.
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/202
|Used in Trutiyaka jwara.
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/210
|Used in Sannipata jwara.
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/211

|As an ingredient of shatyadi varga used in kasa, svasa, tandra,parshvashoola, hrdgraha and sannipata jwara.
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/223
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita.
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/236
|Used as ksheerpaka in varch-mutra vibandha and sopha.
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/237
|Used as ksheerapaka in pipasa ans jwara.
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250
|As an ingredient of Jivantyadi anuvasana basti.
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila.
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrit
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrit
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrit
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74
|Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrit
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/91
|Ingredient of Nagaradi Yoga
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrit
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/144
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrit for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/147
|Ingredient in Kshir Shatpal Ghrit
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/156
|Ingredient of Danti- Haritaki
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/164
|Pathya Diet in Gulma
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yog
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwath
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/85
|Bahyaprayogarth lepa in mandal Kushth
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Tail
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrit
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/53
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrit
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/35
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrit
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/67
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpigud
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/85
|Ingredient in Saindhavadi Churna
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/89
|Ingredient in Shadav
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 11/92
|As a Vardhaman Rasayan Prayog
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/22
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For vibaddha varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/41
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrit
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet In treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70
|As a Snan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/73
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/79, 13/80
|In treatment of plihodara
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/84
|In formulation of rohitaka ghrit
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment of sannipatodara
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
|In treatment of kaphodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/104
|In treatment of pleehodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment of dakodara (takraprayoga)
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/110
|In treatment of udararoga (for parisheka)
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/112
|In formulation of panchkola ghrit
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi ghrit
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After virechana (balvruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha.
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an ingredient of nilinadya churna
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/142
|Used in sunthi sadhita jala after virechana by snuhisadhit ghrit
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka used in udara roga with ksheer
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|As an ingredient of kshara vatika
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/153
|Aadraka swarasa with godugdha
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/68
|Sunthi churna with sidhu used in arsha roga
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/70
|Sunthi and bilva churna are given with yavani and chitraka kashaya
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/71
|Palncakola churna is given with takra
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89
|Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrit, siddhant jala
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in yavagu
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/97
|It removes constipation with matsyandika or amlaphala rasa or guda
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/99
|Used for Anuloman
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103
|Use with phanita and goghrit
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/104
|As an ingredient of pippalyadi ghrit
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an ingredient of cavyadighrit
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110
|As an ingredient of nagaradya ghrit
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/129
|Used as anupan in arsha
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/153
|As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186

|Mixed with kutajtwak kwath it stops bleeding from arsha
|-
|135
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/195
|Used in rakta arsha shoola
|-
|136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/231
|As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrit
|-
|137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/234
|As an ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrit
|-
|138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/76
|Panchakola sadhit peya and Anna is given in Amaja grahani roga
|-
|139
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrit
|-
|140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrit
|-
|141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an ingredient of citrakadhya gutika
|-
|143
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/98
|Kalka and churna is used for aam pachana(with usnodaka)
|-
|144
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99
|Churna of this drug with combination of vaca,musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola yukta mala
|-
|145
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/103
|Used in condition of shoola in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|146
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Used in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|147
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106
|Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating koshtha gata vayu in grahaniroga
|-
|148
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|Used as an yavagu
|-
|149
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129
|ingredient of yavagu
|-
|150
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|As an ingredient of Nagaradya churna
|-
|151
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|This drug is used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadya churna
|-
|152
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142
|As an ingredient of Kiratadya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|153
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|Used as peya padartha in Kaphaja grahani
|-
|154
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/171
|Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|155
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Pipallimuladya Kshara
|-
|156
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|157
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/89
|As an ingredient of pancamuladya ghrita evum churna
|-
|158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44

|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|159
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|160
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|162
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla
|-
|164
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44

|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|165
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|166
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|168
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|169
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla
|-
|170
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|171
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/100
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|172
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
|Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|173
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for hikka svasa
|-
|174
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/109
|As an ingredient of sauvarchaladi churna
|-
|175
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110
|Kalka is used in hikka svasa
|-
|176
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/111
|Used in preparation of Utkarika.
|-
|177
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|As an ingredient of shatyadi churna.
|-
|178
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/130
|Churna mixed with guda is used for prashana and nasya
|-
|179
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/136
|Used as lehya.
|-
|180
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112

|Use as an ingredient of kataphaladi kwath.
|-
|181
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/114
|Use as an ingredient of pathadi kalka.
|-
|182
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36
|As a ghrita dravya
|-
|183
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/47
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|184
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/49
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|185
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/63
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|186
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/74
|As an ingredient of dhumapan yoga.
|-
|187
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/77
|As an ingredient of peya yoga.
|-
|188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/99

|Use in treatment of pittaj kasa.
|-
|189
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/106
|As an ingredient of sarkaradi yoga.
|-
|190
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi yoga.
|-
|191
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|As an ingredient of yoga which use in vataanubandhi kapha.
|-
|192
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/122
|Use in vataj and kaphaj kasa.
|-
|193
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/146

|As an ingredient of manahsiladi dhoom.
|-
|194
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/159
|As an ingredient of dwipanchamuladi ghrita.
|-
|195
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita.
|-
|196
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
|As an ingredient of kasamaryadi ghrita.
|-
|197
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|As a yoga dravya in treatmen of pittaj kasa
|-
|198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|199
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
|
As a pramthya dravya
|-
|200
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26

|As a Ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/37
|As a prakshep dravya
|-
|202
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/40
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of purisha kshaya.
|-
|203
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/43
|As an ingredient of changeri ghrita
|-
|204
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/53
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|206
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107
|As a yoga dravya in ajajyadi churna.
|-
|207
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/108
|As a yoga dravya in rasanjanadi churna.
|-
|208
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/109
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|209
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|210
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/111
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|211
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara
|-
|212
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22
|As a amapachak dravya
|-
|213
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/80
|As a ingredient of darvyadi ghrita .
|-
|214
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/104
|As a kwath dravya
|-
|215
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/114
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|216
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/58
|For kashaya pana.
|-
|217
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/189

|Used in the treatment of Kapha pradhana visha, as a pratisarana prayoga.
|-
|218
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/205
|Used in the treatment of Mushika visha.
|-
|219
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/209
|Used in the treatment of vrushchika visha.
|-
|220
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/13
|Used to make Udavarta varti.
|-
|221
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22
|As an ingredient of 2<sup>nd</sup> Dviruttarahingvadi churna.
|-
|222
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra.
|-
|223
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna.
|-
|224
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/83
|As an ingredient of Haritakyadi Ghrita.
|-
|225
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/84
|Used in Vataja Hrudroga.
|-
|226
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/85
|As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga.
|-
|227
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita.
|-
|228
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/94
|As an ingredient of Kasherukadi Ghrita.
|-
|229
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya used in kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|230
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|Used in kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|231
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha.
|-
|232
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/144
|Used as shruta paya in kaphaja pratishyaya.
|-
|233
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya.
|-
|234
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana.
|-
|235
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya.
|-
|236
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya.
|-
|237
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara gutika.
|-
|238
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna.
|-
|239
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna.
|-
|240
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/217
|Used in Kavala in Arochaka.
|-
|241
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/222
|Used in Hingvadi taila in Karnapoorana.
|-
|242
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/223
|Used in Devadarvyadi taila in Karnashoola.
|-
|243
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226
|As an ingredient of Kshara taila.
|-
|244
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/232
|Used in Vataja netra roga.
|-
|245
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used in Kaphaja netra roga for Aaschotana karma.
|-
|246
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti.
|-
|247
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti.
|-
|248
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda.
|-
|249
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/45

|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi Taila
|-
|250
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/47
|As an ingredient of Ashtakatvar Taila
|-
|251
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/52
|As an ingredient of Tarkaryadi Parisechana
|-
|252
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/122
|As an ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita.
|-
|253
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/137
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|254
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila.
|-
|255
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/172
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|256
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/147
|As an ingredient of Shvdamstra taila.
|-
|257
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/89
|Used in the treatment of Vataja Asrigdara.
|-
|258
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/261
|As a paniya yoga, in the treatment of Stanya dosha.
|-
|259
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat.
|-
|260
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Anjanadi lepa.
|-
|261
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/277
|Used in the treatment of Pichhila stanya.
|-
|262
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/280
|Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Pippalyadi kwatha.
|-
|263
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.
|-
|264
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/267
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Kiratatiktadi kwatha.
|}

==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==

* Churna – 1 – 2 gm

==Important formulations<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==

* Saubhagya Shunthi
* Saubhagya Vati
* Trikatu Churna
* Vaishvanara Churna

== Current availability==

Available
* In India –
Kerala, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Karnataka, Odisha, West bengal
* Out of India –
China, Nigeria, Indonesia, Thailand, Jamaica, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nepal, Vietnam, Philippines

== Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Architecture ==
The processing of fresh ginger into Shunthi significantly shifts its chemical composition. The primary thermogenic and bioactive markers are phenolic compounds and volatile oils<ref>'''Unuofin, J. O., et al.''' (2021). ''Phytochemical structures and therapeutic potentials of Zingiber officinale compounds.'' Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 273, 113997.</ref>:

* '''Gingerols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerol):''' The primary pungent fluid components dominant in fresh ginger.
* '''Shogaols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaol):''' Formed via the thermal dehydration of gingerols during the drying process. '''[6]-shogaol''' exhibits up to twice the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potency of its precursor, making Shunthi pharmacologically distinct from fresh ginger.<ref>'''Schepici, G., et al.''' (2021). ''The anti-inflammatory potential of ginger and its constituents in neurodegenerative and arthritic diseases.'' Molecules, 26(18), 5642.</ref>
* '''Zingerone & Paradols:''' Secondary degradation products that contribute significantly to free-radical scavenging.
* '''Volatile Oils (Sesquiterpenes):''' Comprising α-zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and ar-curcumene, responsible for its distinct aromatic properties.

== Modern Pharmacological Validation & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== A. Gastrointestinal Efficacy (Deepana, Pachana, & Anulomana) ===
Shunthi acts as a potent prokinetic and antiemetic agent via central and peripheral mechanisms.

* '''Antiemetic & Nausea Regulation:''' Clinical meta-analyses validate that oral doses ranging from 500 mg to 1,500 mg daily significantly reduce pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting (NVP) as well as chemotherapy-induced emesis. The mechanism is mediated via the competitive antagonism of peripheral '''5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptors''' and cholinergic M3 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.<ref>'''Ernst, E., & Pittler, M. H.''' (2000). ''Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.'' British Journal of Anaesthesia, 84(3), 367-371.</ref>
* '''Gastroprotective and Prokinetic Action:''' Shunthi accelerates gastric emptying and stimulates gastric acid, bile, and pancreatic enzyme secretion, effectively resolving functional dyspepsia, abdominal bloating, and colicky pain.

=== B. Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy (Amavataghni) ===
In conditions like Rheumatoid Arthritis (''Amavata'') and Osteoarthritis, Shunthi acts as a natural dual-inhibitor of inflammatory cascades.

: '''Biochemical Mechanism:''' The active fractions ([6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol) suppress the activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''). This leads to down-regulation of '''COX-2''' (Cyclooxygenase-2) and '''LOX''' (Lipoxygenase) pathways, preventing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE<sub>2</sub>) and leukotrienes.<ref>'''Jalali, M., et al.''' (2020). ''The effects of ginger supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.'' Clinical Nutrition, 39(12), 3598-3606.</ref>

Unlike conventional Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), Shunthi exerts these anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions without compromising the gastric mucosa, due to its concurrent cytoprotective mucin-stimulating properties.

=== C. Cardio-Metabolic and Vascular Regulation (Hrudya) ===
Recent clinical and animal trials demonstrate that Shunthi exerts a multi-target protective effect on the cardiovascular and metabolic systems<ref name=":0">'''Wang, J., et al.''' (2017). ''Beneficial effects of ginger on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome: A systems-level overview.'' Phytomedicine, 34, 184-198.</ref>:

* '''Calcium Channel Blockade:''' Shunthi extracts display calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) channel-blocking activity, shifting Ca<sup>2+</sup> dose-response curves to relax vascular smooth muscles. This results in vasodilation and a systemic reduction in blood pressure.
* '''PPARα Agonism:''' It activates Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha (PPARα), enhancing fatty acid oxidation in myocytes, thereby attenuating myocardial hypertrophy and reducing risks of atherosclerosis.
* '''Glycemic Control:''' Meta-analyses show that daily supplementation significantly lowers '''HbA1c''' and fasting blood glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients by improving insulin sensitivity and up-regulating GLUT4 transporters.<ref name=":0" />

<pre>
[6]-Shogaol / [6]-Gingerol (Active Constituents)
│
┌────────────────┴────────────────┐
▼ ▼
Inhibition of NF-κB Ca²⁺ Channel Blockade
│ │
▼ ▼
↓ COX-2 & LOX Pathways Vasodilation of
(↓ CRP, ↓ TNF-α, ↓ PGE₂) Vascular Smooth Muscle
│ │
▼ ▼
Clinical: Alleviation of Clinical: Reduction of
Arthritis & Joint Pain Systemic Blood Pressure
</pre>

== Clinical Safety, Dosage, and Contraindications ==
Shunthi enjoys a wide therapeutic index and is designated as '''GRAS''' (Generally Recognized as Safe) by global regulatory bodies. However, its high thermal potency warrants structured clinical application.

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 1 - 3 g per day in divided doses.<ref>'''Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API).''' ''Zingiber officinale Rosc. - Rhizome Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</ref>
** ''Extract:'' 250 - 500 mg two to three times daily.
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive consumption on an empty stomach may occasionally cause mild heartburn, eructation, or gastric irritation in highly sensitive ''Pitta''-dominant individuals.
* '''Drug Interactions:''' Due to its mild anti-platelet and calcium-channel-blocking properties, cautious monitoring is recommended when co-administered with high-dose synthetic anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin) or prescription antihypertensives.
* '''Contraindications:''' Acute peptic ulceration, active GI bleeding, and inflammatory dermatological conditions characterized by extreme ''Pitta'' vitiation.

== References ==
[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Shunthi

2026-07-08T05:34:15Z

Agnivesha:

Zingiber officinale Roscoe.
{{Infobox
|title = Shunthi
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Shunthi
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Zingiber officinale Roscoe
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Zingiberaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Ginger

== Botanical Identity ==

'''Shunthi''', the dried rhizome of ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe (Family: '''Zingiberaceae'''), stands as a cornerstone phytopharmaceutical in traditional systems of medicine—particularly Ayurveda—while simultaneously maintaining a robust profile in modern evidence-based pharmacology. Locally referred to as ''Sonth'' or dry ginger, its processing from fresh ginger (''Ardraka'') chemically transforms its active volatile and non-volatile profiles, resulting in a distinct therapeutic matrix that exhibits high bioavailability and pronounced efficacy across multiple physiological systems.

* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe
* '''Family:''' Zingiberaceae
* '''Part Used:''' Dried Rhizome
* '''Vernacular Names:''' Shunthi (Sanskrit), Sonth (Hindi), Dry Ginger (English), Shukku (Tamil)

== Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics (Dravyaguna Profile) ==

In classical Ayurvedic pharmacology, the dehydration of ginger alters its fundamental properties. Unlike fresh ginger, which carries a sharp, drying post-digestive profile, Shunthi undergoes a metabolic transformation that yields a sweet post-digestive effect (''Madhura Vipaka''), rendering it far more tolerable for long-term therapeutic application without aggravating ''Pitta dosha'' excessively.

==Therapeutic Use==

Agnimandya, Bronchial asthma (swasa), Abdominal distension (adhmana), Rheumatoid arthritis (amavata), Anaemia (pandu), Abdominal disorders (udararoga)

==Varieties==

==Bhavaprakash Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, p.13.</ref>==
# Raktabha
# Shweta

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Shunthi, Nagara, Shrungavera, Vishwa-bheshajam, Mahaushadha, Ardraka, Vishwa.

==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 44, p.13.</ref>==

Shunthi, Vishva, Vishv, Nagar, Vishvabheshaja, Ushana, Katubhadra, Shringavera, Mahoshadha,

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties !! Clinical Significance
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) || Stimulates gustatory receptors, secretes salivary and gastric enzymes.
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna) || Enhances metabolic rate (''Agni'') and clears systemic micro-channels ([[Srotas]])
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura) || Imparts nourishing, tissue-protective, and rejuvenative (''Rasayana'') long-term effects.
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Heavy (guru), Rough (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna) || Counteracts the coldness of ''Kapha''.
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Vata and Kapha
|-
| 6 || [[Prabhava]] (Special Action) || Amavataghni / Grahi || Specifically targets rheumatoid conditions; acts as a bowel-binding bio-absorbent.
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/5
| Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/18
| Deepaniya and Shulaghni yavagu(gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/21
| Raktatisara yavagu(gruel used in diarrhea with blood)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/22
| Amatisara yavagu(gruel for diarrhea with indigestion)
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/24
| Pipasaghni yavagu(gruel for excess thirst)
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6)
|Deepaniya (appetizer) mahakashaya
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)
|Truptighna(anti-satiety) mahakashaya
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12)
|Arshoghna(anti-haemorrhoidal) mahakashaya
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18)
|Stanyashodhana(galactodepurent) mahakashaya
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(29)
|Trishna nigrahana(thirst alleviating) mahakashay
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)
|Sheetaprashamana(pacifying cold sensation) mahakashaya
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45)
|Shoolaprashamana(pacifying pain) mahakashaya
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]24/49
|Sanyas Chikitsa- to regain consciousness
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/38
|Hitatam ahardravya(wholesome food articles) -ginger among all rhizomes and roots.
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4
|All substances with pungent taste, except long pepper and ginger, are vata stimulants and aphrodisiacs.
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/256
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/296
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/51
|Rasapvada (exception in pungent (katu) rasa.
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani (As a drug for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
|Katuskandha (group of pungent drugs)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56
|Kshira vishodhan dravya (ingredient of galactodepurant gana)
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34
|Garbhasya pratimasik karma
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree paricharya
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/48
|Nadi kalpana
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16
|Preparation of Trivrut
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/29
|Preparation of Trivrit Avaleha
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54
|Varshakalin Trivrrita Yoga
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/23
|Churna Yoga
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25
|Body purification before rasayana treatment
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/145

|When patient is suffering with thirst (pipasa) in fever (Jwara) as an ingredient of Shadangapaniya.
Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.

Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/179
|Used as lajapeya with Pippali where agnimandya but kshudha is present.
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/180
|Who has desire to eat sour given with Dadima.
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/183
|Used as peya with amla in Jwaraatisara.
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/186
|Used as peya where jwara(fever) is associated with Constipation(vibandha) & Kostha shoola.
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/188
|Used as peya with Ghrita and Sarkara where jwara is associated with Anindra(insomia), Trushna(thirst) & asweda.
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/198

|Used as kwath or sheeta kashaya for trushna, deepana, doshapachana, jwar,aruchi and mukhavairasya.
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/202
|Used in Trutiyaka jwara.
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/210
|Used in Sannipata jwara.
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/211

|As an ingredient of shatyadi varga used in kasa, svasa, tandra,parshvashoola, hrdgraha and sannipata jwara.
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/223
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita.
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/236
|Used as ksheerpaka in varch-mutra vibandha and sopha.
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/237
|Used as ksheerapaka in pipasa ans jwara.
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250
|As an ingredient of Jivantyadi anuvasana basti.
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila.
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrit
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrit
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrit
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74
|Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrit
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/91
|Ingredient of Nagaradi Yoga
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrit
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/144
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrit for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/147
|Ingredient in Kshir Shatpal Ghrit
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/156
|Ingredient of Danti- Haritaki
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/164
|Pathya Diet in Gulma
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yog
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwath
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/85
|Bahyaprayogarth lepa in mandal Kushth
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Tail
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrit
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/53
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrit
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/35
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrit
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/67
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpigud
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/85
|Ingredient in Saindhavadi Churna
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/89
|Ingredient in Shadav
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 11/92
|As a Vardhaman Rasayan Prayog
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/22
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For vibaddha varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/41
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrit
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet In treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70
|As a Snan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/73
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/79, 13/80
|In treatment of plihodara
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/84
|In formulation of rohitaka ghrit
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment of sannipatodara
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
|In treatment of kaphodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/104
|In treatment of pleehodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment of dakodara (takraprayoga)
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/110
|In treatment of udararoga (for parisheka)
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/112
|In formulation of panchkola ghrit
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi ghrit
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After virechana (balvruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha.
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an ingredient of nilinadya churna
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/142
|Used in sunthi sadhita jala after virechana by snuhisadhit ghrit
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka used in udara roga with ksheer
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|As an ingredient of kshara vatika
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/153
|Aadraka swarasa with godugdha
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/68
|Sunthi churna with sidhu used in arsha roga
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/70
|Sunthi and bilva churna are given with yavani and chitraka kashaya
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/71
|Palncakola churna is given with takra
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89
|Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrit, siddhant jala
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in yavagu
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/97
|It removes constipation with matsyandika or amlaphala rasa or guda
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/99
|Used for Anuloman
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103
|Use with phanita and goghrit
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/104
|As an ingredient of pippalyadi ghrit
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an ingredient of cavyadighrit
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110
|As an ingredient of nagaradya ghrit
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/129
|Used as anupan in arsha
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/153
|As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186

|Mixed with kutajtwak kwath it stops bleeding from arsha
|-
|135
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/195
|Used in rakta arsha shoola
|-
|136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/231
|As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrit
|-
|137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/234
|As an ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrit
|-
|138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/76
|Panchakola sadhit peya and Anna is given in Amaja grahani roga
|-
|139
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrit
|-
|140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrit
|-
|141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an ingredient of citrakadhya gutika
|-
|143
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/98
|Kalka and churna is used for aam pachana(with usnodaka)
|-
|144
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99
|Churna of this drug with combination of vaca,musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola yukta mala
|-
|145
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/103
|Used in condition of shoola in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|146
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Used in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|147
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106
|Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating kostha gaya kayu in grahaniroga
|-
|148
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|Used as an yavagu
|-
|149
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129
|ingredient of yavagu
|-
|150
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|As an ingredient of Nagaradhya churna
|-
|151
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|This drug is used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya churna
|-
|152
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142
|As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|153
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|Used as peya padartha in Kaphaja grahani
|-
|154
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/171
|Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|155
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Pipallimuladhya Kshara
|-
|156
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|157
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/89
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44

|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|159
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|160
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|162
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla
|-
|164
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44

|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|165
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|166
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|168
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|169
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla
|-
|170
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|171
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/100
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|172
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
|Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|173
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for hikka svasa
|-
|174
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/109
|As an ingredient of sauvarchaladi churna
|-
|175
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110
|Kalka is used in hikka svasa
|-
|176
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/111
|Used in preparation of Utkarika.
|-
|177
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|As an ingredient of satyadi churna.
|-
|178
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/130
|Churna mixed with guda is used for prashana and nasya
|-
|179
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/136
|Used as lehya.
|-
|180
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112

|Use as an ingredient of kataphaladi kwath.
|-
|181
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/114
|Use as an ingredient of pathadi kalka.
|-
|182
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36
|As a ghrita dravya
|-
|183
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/47
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|184
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/49
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|185
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/63
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|186
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/74
|As an ingredient of dhumapan yoga.
|-
|187
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/77
|As an ingredient of peya yoga.
|-
|188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/99

|Use in treatment of pittaj kasa.
|-
|189
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/106
|As an ingredient of sarkaradi yoga.
|-
|190
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi yoga.
|-
|191
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|As an ingredient of yoga which use in vataanubandhi kapha.
|-
|192
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/122
|Use in vataj and kaphaj kasa.
|-
|193
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/146

|As an ingredient of manahsiladi dhoom.
|-
|194
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/159
|As an ingredient of dwipanchamuladi ghrita.
|-
|195
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita.
|-
|196
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
|As an ingredient of kasamaryadi ghrita.
|-
|197
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|As a yoga dravya in treatmen of pittaj kasa
|-
|198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|199
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
|
As a pramthya dravya
|-
|200
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26

|As a Ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/37
|As a prakshep dravya
|-
|202
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/40
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of purisha kshaya.
|-
|203
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/43
|As an ingredient of changeri ghrita
|-
|204
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/53
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|206
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107
|As a yoga dravya in ajajyadi churna.
|-
|207
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/108
|As a yoga dravya in rasanjanadi churna.
|-
|208
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/109
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|209
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|210
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/111
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|211
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara
|-
|212
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22
|As a amapachak dravya
|-
|213
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/80
|As a ingredient of darvyadi ghrita .
|-
|214
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/104
|As a kwath dravya
|-
|215
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/114
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|216
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/58
|For kashaya pana.
|-
|217
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/189

|Used in the treatment of Kapha pradhana visha, as a pratisarana prayoga.
|-
|218
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/205
|Used in the treatment of Mushika visha.
|-
|219
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/209
|Used in the treatment of vrushchika visha.
|-
|220
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/13
|Used to make Udavarta varti.
|-
|221
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22
|As an ingredient of 2<sup>nd</sup> Dviruttarahingvadi churna.
|-
|222
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra.
|-
|223
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna.
|-
|224
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/83
|As an ingredient of Haritakyadi Ghrita.
|-
|225
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/84
|Used in Vataja Hrudroga.
|-
|226
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/85
|As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga.
|-
|227
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita.
|-
|228
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/94
|As an ingredient of Kasherukadi Ghrita.
|-
|229
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya used in kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|230
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|Used in kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|231
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha.
|-
|232
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/144
|Used as shruta paya in kaphaja pratishyaya.
|-
|233
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya.
|-
|234
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana.
|-
|235
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya.
|-
|236
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya.
|-
|237
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara gutika.
|-
|238
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna.
|-
|239
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna.
|-
|240
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/217
|Used in Kavala in Arochaka.
|-
|241
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/222
|Used in Hingvadi taila in Karnapoorana.
|-
|242
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/223
|Used in Devadarvyadi taila in Karnashoola.
|-
|243
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226
|As an ingredient of Kshara taila.
|-
|244
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/232
|Used in Vataja netra roga.
|-
|245
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used in Kaphaja netra roga for Aaschotana karma.
|-
|246
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti.
|-
|247
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti.
|-
|248
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda.
|-
|249
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/45

|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi Taila
|-
|250
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/47
|As an ingredient of Ashtakatvar Taila
|-
|251
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/52
|As an ingredient of Tarkaryadi Parisechana
|-
|252
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/122
|As an ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita.
|-
|253
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/137
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|254
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila.
|-
|255
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/172
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|256
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/147
|As an ingredient of Shvdamstra taila.
|-
|257
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/89
|Used in the treatment of Vataja Asrigdara.
|-
|258
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/261
|As a paniya yoga, in the treatment of Stanya dosha.
|-
|259
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat.
|-
|260
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Anjanadi lepa.
|-
|261
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/277
|Used in the treatment of Pichhila stanya.
|-
|262
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/280
|Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Pippalyadi kwatha.
|-
|263
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.
|-
|264
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/267
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Kiratatiktadi kwatha.
|-
|}

==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==

* Churna – 1 – 2 gm

==Important formulations<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==

* Saubhagya Shunthi
* Saubhagya Vati
* Trikatu Churna
* Vaishvanara Churna

== Current availability==

Available
* In India –
Kerala, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Karnataka, Odisha, West bengal
* Out of India –
China, Nigeria, Indonesia, Thailand, Jamaica, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nepal, Vietnam, Philippines

== Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Architecture ==
The processing of fresh ginger into Shunthi significantly shifts its chemical composition. The primary thermogenic and bioactive markers are phenolic compounds and volatile oils:

* '''Gingerols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerol):''' The primary pungent fluid components dominant in fresh ginger.
* '''Shogaols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaol):''' Formed via the thermal dehydration of gingerols during the drying process. '''[6]-shogaol''' exhibits up to twice the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potency of its precursor, making Shunthi pharmacologically distinct from fresh ginger.
* '''Zingerone & Paradols:''' Secondary degradation products that contribute significantly to free-radical scavenging.
* '''Volatile Oils (Sesquiterpenes):''' Comprising α-zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and ar-curcumene, responsible for its distinct aromatic properties.

== Modern Pharmacological Validation & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== A. Gastrointestinal Efficacy (Deepana, Pachana, & Anulomana) ===
Shunthi acts as a potent prokinetic and antiemetic agent via central and peripheral mechanisms.

* '''Antiemetic & Nausea Regulation:''' Clinical meta-analyses validate that oral doses ranging from 500 mg to 1,500 mg daily significantly reduce pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting (NVP) as well as chemotherapy-induced emesis. The mechanism is mediated via the competitive antagonism of peripheral '''5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptors''' and cholinergic M3 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.
* '''Gastroprotective and Prokinetic Action:''' Shunthi accelerates gastric emptying and stimulates gastric acid, bile, and pancreatic enzyme secretion, effectively resolving functional dyspepsia, abdominal bloating, and colicky pain.

=== B. Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy (Amavataghni) ===
In conditions like Rheumatoid Arthritis (''Amavata'') and Osteoarthritis, Shunthi acts as a natural dual-inhibitor of inflammatory cascades.

: '''Biochemical Mechanism:''' The active fractions ([6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol) suppress the activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''). This leads to down-regulation of '''COX-2''' (Cyclooxygenase-2) and '''LOX''' (Lipoxygenase) pathways, preventing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE<sub>2</sub>) and leukotrienes.

Unlike conventional Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), Shunthi exerts these anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions without compromising the gastric mucosa, due to its concurrent cytoprotective mucin-stimulating properties.

=== C. Cardio-Metabolic and Vascular Regulation (Hrudya) ===
Recent clinical and animal trials demonstrate that Shunthi exerts a multi-target protective effect on the cardiovascular and metabolic systems:

* '''Calcium Channel Blockade:''' Shunthi extracts display calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) channel-blocking activity, shifting Ca<sup>2+</sup> dose-response curves to relax vascular smooth muscles. This results in vasodilation and a systemic reduction in blood pressure.
* '''PPARα Agonism:''' It activates Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha (PPARα), enhancing fatty acid oxidation in myocytes, thereby attenuating myocardial hypertrophy and reducing risks of atherosclerosis.
* '''Glycemic Control:''' Meta-analyses show that daily supplementation significantly lowers '''HbA1c''' and fasting blood glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients by improving insulin sensitivity and up-regulating GLUT4 transporters.

<pre>
[6]-Shogaol / [6]-Gingerol (Active Constituents)
│
┌────────────────┴────────────────┐
▼ ▼
Inhibition of NF-κB Ca²⁺ Channel Blockade
│ │
▼ ▼
↓ COX-2 & LOX Pathways Vasodilation of
(↓ CRP, ↓ TNF-α, ↓ PGE₂) Vascular Smooth Muscle
│ │
▼ ▼
Clinical: Alleviation of Clinical: Reduction of
Arthritis & Joint Pain Systemic Blood Pressure
</pre>

== Clinical Safety, Dosage, and Contraindications ==
Shunthi enjoys a wide therapeutic index and is designated as '''GRAS''' (Generally Recognized as Safe) by global regulatory bodies. However, its high thermal potency warrants structured clinical application.

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 1 - 3 g per day in divided doses.
** ''Extract:'' 250 - 500 mg two to three times daily.
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive consumption on an empty stomach may occasionally cause mild heartburn, eructation, or gastric irritation in highly sensitive ''Pitta''-dominant individuals.
* '''Drug Interactions:''' Due to its mild anti-platelet and calcium-channel-blocking properties, cautious monitoring is recommended when co-administered with high-dose synthetic anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin) or prescription antihypertensives.
* '''Contraindications:''' Acute peptic ulceration, active GI bleeding, and inflammatory dermatological conditions characterized by extreme ''Pitta'' vitiation.

== References ==
# '''Unuofin, J. O., et al.''' (2021). ''Phytochemical structures and therapeutic potentials of Zingiber officinale compounds.'' Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 273, 113997.
# '''Jalali, M., et al.''' (2020). ''The effects of ginger supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.'' Clinical Nutrition, 39(12), 3598-3606.
# '''Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API).''' ''Zingiber officinale Rosc. - Rhizome Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
# '''Wang, J., et al.''' (2017). ''Beneficial effects of ginger on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome: A systems-level overview.'' Phytomedicine, 34, 184-198.
# '''Ernst, E., & Pittler, M. H.''' (2000). ''Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.'' British Journal of Anaesthesia, 84(3), 367-371.
# '''Schepici, G., et al.''' (2021). ''The anti-inflammatory potential of ginger and its constituents in neurodegenerative and arthritic diseases.'' Molecules, 26(18), 5642.
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Shunthi

2026-07-08T05:32:52Z

Agnivesha:

Zingiber officinale Roscoe.
{{Infobox
|title = Shunthi
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Shunthi
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Zingiber officinale Roscoe
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Zingiberaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Ginger

== Botanical Identity ==

'''Shunthi''', the dried rhizome of ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe (Family: '''Zingiberaceae'''), stands as a cornerstone phytopharmaceutical in traditional systems of medicine—particularly Ayurveda—while simultaneously maintaining a robust profile in modern evidence-based pharmacology. Locally referred to as ''Sonth'' or dry ginger, its processing from fresh ginger (''Ardraka'') chemically transforms its active volatile and non-volatile profiles, resulting in a distinct therapeutic matrix that exhibits high bioavailability and pronounced efficacy across multiple physiological systems.

* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Zingiber officinale'' Roscoe
* '''Family:''' Zingiberaceae
* '''Part Used:''' Dried Rhizome
* '''Vernacular Names:''' Shunthi (Sanskrit), Sonth (Hindi), Dry Ginger (English), Shukku (Tamil)

== Ayurvedic Pharmacodynamics (Dravyaguna Profile) ==

In classical Ayurvedic pharmacology, the dehydration of ginger alters its fundamental properties. Unlike fresh ginger, which carries a sharp, drying post-digestive profile, Shunthi undergoes a metabolic transformation that yields a sweet post-digestive effect (''Madhura Vipaka''), rendering it far more tolerable for long-term therapeutic application without aggravating ''Pitta dosha'' excessively.

==Therapeutic Use==

Agnimandya, Bronchial asthma (swasa), Abdominal distension (adhmana), Rheumatoid arthritis (amavata), Anaemia (pandu), Abdominal disorders (udararoga)

==Varieties==

==Bhavaprakash Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, p.13.</ref>==
# Raktabha
# Shweta

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Shunthi, Nagara, Shrungavera, Vishwa-bheshajam, Mahaushadha, Ardraka, Vishwa.

==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 44, p.13.</ref>==

Shunthi, Vishva, Vishv, Nagar, Vishvabheshaja, Ushana, Katubhadra, Shringavera, Mahoshadha,

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties !! Clinical Significance
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Pungent (katu) || Stimulates gustatory receptors, secretes salivary and gastric enzymes.
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna) || Enhances metabolic rate (''Agni'') and clears systemic micro-channels ([[Srotas]])
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura) || Imparts nourishing, tissue-protective, and rejuvenative (''Rasayana'') long-term effects.
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Heavy (guru), Rough (ruksha), Sharp (tikshna) || Counteracts the coldness of ''Kapha''.
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify Vata and Kapha
|-
| 6 || [[Prabhava]] (Special Action) || Amavataghni / Grahi || Specifically targets rheumatoid conditions; acts as a bowel-binding bio-absorbent.
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/5
| Shirovirechana (Errhine therapy)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/18
| Deepaniya and Shulaghni yavagu(gruel for enhancing digestion and colic pain)
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/21
| Raktatisara yavagu(gruel used in diarrhea with blood)
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/22
| Amatisara yavagu(gruel for diarrhea with indigestion)
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/24
| Pipasaghni yavagu(gruel for excess thirst)
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(6)
|Deepaniya (appetizer) mahakashaya
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)
|Truptighna(anti-satiety) mahakashaya
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12)
|Arshoghna(anti-haemorrhoidal) mahakashaya
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18)
|Stanyashodhana(galactodepurent) mahakashaya
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(29)
|Trishna nigrahana(thirst alleviating) mahakashay
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)
|Sheetaprashamana(pacifying cold sensation) mahakashaya
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(45)
|Shoolaprashamana(pacifying pain) mahakashaya
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]24/49
|Sanyas Chikitsa- to regain consciousness
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/38
|Hitatam ahardravya(wholesome food articles) -ginger among all rhizomes and roots.
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4
|All substances with pungent taste, except long pepper and ginger, are vata stimulants and aphrodisiacs.
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/166
|One of the drug from Harita Varga (green herbs)
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/256
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/296
|One of the drug from Krutanna Varga (cooked food preparations)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/51
|Rasapvada (exception in pungent (katu) rasa.
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/17
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/18
|Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa (treatment of internal worms).
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani (As a drug for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/142
|Katuskandha (group of pungent drugs)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/56
|Kshira vishodhan dravya (ingredient of galactodepurant gana)
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/34
|Garbhasya pratimasik karma
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/41
|Prajata stree paricharya
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/48
|Nadi kalpana
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16
|Preparation of Trivrut
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/29
|Preparation of Trivrit Avaleha
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54
|Varshakalin Trivrrita Yoga
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/23
|Churna Yoga
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25
|Body purification before rasayana treatment
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/145

|When patient is suffering with thirst (pipasa) in fever (Jwara) as an ingredient of Shadangapaniya.
Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.

Used as shrutasheetajala as it is Pipasajwarshantaye.
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/179
|Used as lajapeya with Pippali where agnimandya but kshudha is present.
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/180
|Who has desire to eat sour given with Dadima.
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/183
|Used as peya with amla in Jwaraatisara.
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/186
|Used as peya where jwara(fever) is associated with Constipation(vibandha) & Kostha shoola.
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/188
|Used as peya with Ghrita and Sarkara where jwara is associated with Anindra(insomia), Trushna(thirst) & asweda.
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/198

|Used as kwath or sheeta kashaya for trushna, deepana, doshapachana, jwar,aruchi and mukhavairasya.
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/202
|Used in Trutiyaka jwara.
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/210
|Used in Sannipata jwara.
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/211

|As an ingredient of shatyadi varga used in kasa, svasa, tandra,parshvashoola, hrdgraha and sannipata jwara.
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/223
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita.
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/236
|Used as ksheerpaka in varch-mutra vibandha and sopha.
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/237
|Used as ksheerapaka in pipasa ans jwara.
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/250
|As an ingredient of Jivantyadi anuvasana basti.
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila.
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrit
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrit
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/71
|Ingredient of Hapushadya ghrit
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74
|Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrit
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/79
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/91
|Ingredient of Nagaradi Yoga
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/142
|Ingredient of Dashamuli Ghrit
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/144
|Ingredient in Bhallatakadya Ghrit for Kaphaj Gulma
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/147
|Ingredient in Kshir Shatpal Ghrit
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/156
|Ingredient of Danti- Haritaki
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/164
|Pathya Diet in Gulma
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/61
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yog
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwath
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/85
|Bahyaprayogarth lepa in mandal Kushth
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/109
|Ingredient in Tiktekshvadi Taila for Abhyang in Vata-Kaphaj Kushth
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/113
|Ingredient in Kanakakshiri Tail
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/34
|Ingredient in Hingvadi Ghrit
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/49
|Ingredient in Lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/53
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrit
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/65
|Used as Nashya and Anjan prayogarth
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agad
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrit
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/46
|Ingredient in Kayasthadi varti
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/35
|Ingredient in Amrutprash Ghrit
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/67
|Ingredient in Chaturtha Sarpigud
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/85
|Ingredient in Saindhavadi Churna
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/89
|Ingredient in Shadav
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]a 11/92
|As a Vardhaman Rasayan Prayog
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/22
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/24
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For bhinna varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/27
|For vibaddha varch in treatment of Vataj Svayathu
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/29
|Ingredient in Gandiradhyarisht
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/41
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/42
|Ingredient in Krishnadi Churna
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/47
|Ingredient in Gudadrak prayog
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/50
|Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrit
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/62
|As a Pathya Diet In treatment of Shvayathu
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/70
|As a Snan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/73
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/79, 13/80
|In treatment of plihodara
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/84
|In formulation of rohitaka ghrit
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/102
|In treatment of sannipatodara
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/103
|In treatment of kaphodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/104
|In treatment of pleehodara(takraprayoga)
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/105
|In treatment of dakodara (takraprayoga)
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/110
|In treatment of udararoga (for parisheka)
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/112
|In formulation of panchkola ghrit
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi ghrit
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/122
|After virechana (balvruddhi arthe) mixed with dugdha.
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/126
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/137
|As an ingredient of nilinadya churna
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/142
|Used in sunthi sadhita jala after virechana by snuhisadhit ghrit
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/148
|Kalka used in udara roga with ksheer
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|As an ingredient of kshara vatika
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/153
|Aadraka swarasa with godugdha
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/62
|As an ingredient of traushnadi churna
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/68
|Sunthi churna with sidhu used in arsha roga
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/70
|Sunthi and bilva churna are given with yavani and chitraka kashaya
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/71
|Palncakola churna is given with takra
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89
|Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrit, siddhant jala
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/92
|Used in yavagu
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/97
|It removes constipation with matsyandika or amlaphala rasa or guda
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/99
|Used for Anuloman
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103
|Use with phanita and goghrit
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/104
|As an ingredient of pippalyadi ghrit
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/107
|As an ingredient of cavyadighrit
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110
|As an ingredient of nagaradya ghrit
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/129
|Used as anupan in arsha
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/153
|As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/186

|Mixed with kutajtwak kwath it stops bleeding from arsha
|-
|135
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/195
|Used in rakta arsha shoola
|-
|136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/231
|As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrit
|-
|137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/234
|As an ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrit
|-
|138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/76
|Panchakola sadhit peya and Anna is given in Amaja grahani roga
|-
|139
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/82
|As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrit
|-
|140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrit
|-
|141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/88
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/96
|As an ingredient of citrakadhya gutika
|-
|143
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/98
|Kalka and churna is used for aam pachana(with usnodaka)
|-
|144
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/99
|Churna of this drug with combination of vaca,musta, etc. is given in aam and shoola yukta mala
|-
|145
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/103
|Used in condition of shoola in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|146
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/105
|Used in kaphapittaja grahani
|-
|147
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/106
|Agnivruddhiartha and for alleviating kostha gaya kayu in grahaniroga
|-
|148
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/112
|Used as an yavagu
|-
|149
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129
|ingredient of yavagu
|-
|150
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|As an ingredient of Nagaradhya churna
|-
|151
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/137
|This drug is used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya churna
|-
|152
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142
|As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|153
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/168
|Used as peya padartha in Kaphaja grahani
|-
|154
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/171
|Used in treatment of Kaphaja grahani
|-
|155
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Pipallimuladhya Kshara
|-
|156
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/189
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|157
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/89
|As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrit evum churna
|-
|158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44

|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|159
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|160
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|162
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla
|-
|164
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44

|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrit
|-
|165
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/66
|Used in Swarnakshiradi yoga
|-
|166
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/72
|As in ingredient of mandur bhasma prayoga
|-
|167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/87
|As in ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|168
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/100
|As in ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|169
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/129
|Used as Pathya in Shakhashrit Kamla
|-
|170
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/97
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|171
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/100
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|172
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
|Used in yavagu preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|173
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/104
|Used as annapana for hikka svasa
|-
|174
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/109
|As an ingredient of sauvarchaladi churna
|-
|175
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/110
|Kalka is used in hikka svasa
|-
|176
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/111
|Used in preparation of Utkarika.
|-
|177
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|As an ingredient of satyadi churna.
|-
|178
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/130
|Churna mixed with guda is used for prashana and nasya
|-
|179
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/136
|Used as lehya.
|-
|180
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112

|Use as an ingredient of kataphaladi kwath.
|-
|181
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/114
|Use as an ingredient of pathadi kalka.
|-
|182
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/36
|As a ghrita dravya
|-
|183
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/47
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|184
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/49
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|185
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/63
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|186
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/74
|As an ingredient of dhumapan yoga.
|-
|187
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/77
|As an ingredient of peya yoga.
|-
|188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/99

|Use in treatment of pittaj kasa.
|-
|189
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/106
|As an ingredient of sarkaradi yoga.
|-
|190
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi yoga.
|-
|191
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|As an ingredient of yoga which use in vataanubandhi kapha.
|-
|192
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/122
|Use in vataj and kaphaj kasa.
|-
|193
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/146

|As an ingredient of manahsiladi dhoom.
|-
|194
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/159
|As an ingredient of dwipanchamuladi ghrita.
|-
|195
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita.
|-
|196
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163
|As an ingredient of kasamaryadi ghrita.
|-
|197
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87
|As a yoga dravya in treatmen of pittaj kasa
|-
|198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|199
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20
|
As a pramthya dravya
|-
|200
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26

|As a Ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/37
|As a prakshep dravya
|-
|202
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/40
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of purisha kshaya.
|-
|203
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/43
|As an ingredient of changeri ghrita
|-
|204
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/53
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in pittaj atisara.
|-
|206
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/107
|As a yoga dravya in ajajyadi churna.
|-
|207
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/108
|As a yoga dravya in rasanjanadi churna.
|-
|208
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/109
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|209
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|210
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/111
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|211
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/54
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaj atisara
|-
|212
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22
|As a amapachak dravya
|-
|213
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/80
|As a ingredient of darvyadi ghrita .
|-
|214
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/104
|As a kwath dravya
|-
|215
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/114
|
As a yoga dravya
|-
|216
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/58
|For kashaya pana.
|-
|217
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/189

|Used in the treatment of Kapha pradhana visha, as a pratisarana prayoga.
|-
|218
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/205
|Used in the treatment of Mushika visha.
|-
|219
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/209
|Used in the treatment of vrushchika visha.
|-
|220
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/13
|Used to make Udavarta varti.
|-
|221
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/22
|As an ingredient of 2<sup>nd</sup> Dviruttarahingvadi churna.
|-
|222
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/55
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi churn used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra.
|-
|223
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/60
|As an ingredient of Pashanbhedadi churna.
|-
|224
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/83
|As an ingredient of Haritakyadi Ghrita.
|-
|225
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/84
|Used in Vataja Hrudroga.
|-
|226
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/85
|As an ingredient of Pushkarmuladi yoga.
|-
|227
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushanadi Ghrita.
|-
|228
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/94
|As an ingredient of Kasherukadi Ghrita.
|-
|229
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|As an ingredient of Katphaladi kashaya used in kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|230
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/97
|Used in kaphaja hrudroga.
|-
|231
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/98
|As an ingredient of Udumbaravleha.
|-
|232
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/144
|Used as shruta paya in kaphaja pratishyaya.
|-
|233
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/150
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya.
|-
|234
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/152
|Used in Kaphaja Pratishyaya for pradhamana.
|-
|235
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/156
|Pathya anna in kaphaja pratishyaya.
|-
|236
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/186
|Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Avapeeda nasya.
|-
|237
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/192
|As an ingredient of Kshara gutika.
|-
|238
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/194
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna.
|-
|239
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna.
|-
|240
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/217
|Used in Kavala in Arochaka.
|-
|241
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/222
|Used in Hingvadi taila in Karnapoorana.
|-
|242
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/223
|Used in Devadarvyadi taila in Karnashoola.
|-
|243
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/226
|As an ingredient of Kshara taila.
|-
|244
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/232
|Used in Vataja netra roga.
|-
|245
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used in Kaphaja netra roga for Aaschotana karma.
|-
|246
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti.
|-
|247
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/252
|As an ingredient of Sukhavati varti.
|-
|248
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/287
|Used in Kaphaja swarbheda.
|-
|249
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/45

|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi Taila
|-
|250
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/47
|As an ingredient of Ashtakatvar Taila
|-
|251
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 27/52
|As an ingredient of Tarkaryadi Parisechana
|-
|252
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/122
|As an ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita.
|-
|253
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/137
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|254
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/168
|As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila.
|-
|255
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/172
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|256
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/147
|As an ingredient of Shvdamstra taila.
|-
|257
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/89
|Used in the treatment of Vataja Asrigdara.
|-
|258
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/261
|As a paniya yoga, in the treatment of Stanya dosha.
|-
|259
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat.
|-
|260
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/266
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Anjanadi lepa.
|-
|261
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/277
|Used in the treatment of Pichhila stanya.
|-
|262
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/280
|Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha, as an ingredient of Pippalyadi kwatha.
|-
|263
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/92
|As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna.
|-
|264
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/267
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Kiratatiktadi kwatha.
|-
|}

==Dose<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==

* Churna – 1 – 2 gm

==Important formulations<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:65.</ref>==

* Saubhagya Shunthi
* Saubhagya Vati
* Trikatu Churna
* Vaishvanara Churna

== Current availability==

Available
* In India –
Kerala, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Karnataka, Odisha, West bengal
* Out of India –
China, Nigeria, Indonesia, Thailand, Jamaica, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nepal, Vietnam, Philippines

== Current researches ==
== Phytochemical Architecture ==
The processing of fresh ginger into Shunthi significantly shifts its chemical composition. The primary thermogenic and bioactive markers are phenolic compounds and volatile oils:

* '''Gingerols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerol):''' The primary pungent fluid components dominant in fresh ginger.
* '''Shogaols ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaol):''' Formed via the thermal dehydration of gingerols during the drying process. '''[6]-shogaol''' exhibits up to twice the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potency of its precursor, making Shunthi pharmacologically distinct from fresh ginger.
* '''Zingerone & Paradols:''' Secondary degradation products that contribute significantly to free-radical scavenging.
* '''Volatile Oils (Sesquiterpenes):''' Comprising α-zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and ar-curcumene, responsible for its distinct aromatic properties.

== Modern Pharmacological Validation & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== A. Gastrointestinal Efficacy (Deepana, Pachana, & Anulomana) ===
Shunthi acts as a potent prokinetic and antiemetic agent via central and peripheral mechanisms.

* '''Antiemetic & Nausea Regulation:''' Clinical meta-analyses validate that oral doses ranging from 500 mg to 1,500 mg daily significantly reduce pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting (NVP) as well as chemotherapy-induced emesis. The mechanism is mediated via the competitive antagonism of peripheral '''5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptors''' and cholinergic M3 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract.
* '''Gastroprotective and Prokinetic Action:''' Shunthi accelerates gastric emptying and stimulates gastric acid, bile, and pancreatic enzyme secretion, effectively resolving functional dyspepsia, abdominal bloating, and colicky pain.

=== B. Anti-Inflammatory & Analgesic Efficacy (Amavataghni) ===
In conditions like Rheumatoid Arthritis (''Amavata'') and Osteoarthritis, Shunthi acts as a natural dual-inhibitor of inflammatory cascades.

: '''Biochemical Mechanism:''' The active fractions ([6]-shogaol and [6]-gingerol) suppress the activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B ('''NF-κB'''). This leads to down-regulation of '''COX-2''' (Cyclooxygenase-2) and '''LOX''' (Lipoxygenase) pathways, preventing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE<sub>2</sub>) and leukotrienes.

Unlike conventional Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), Shunthi exerts these anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions without compromising the gastric mucosa, due to its concurrent cytoprotective mucin-stimulating properties.

=== C. Cardio-Metabolic and Vascular Regulation (Hrudya) ===
Recent clinical and animal trials demonstrate that Shunthi exerts a multi-target protective effect on the cardiovascular and metabolic systems:

* '''Calcium Channel Blockade:''' Shunthi extracts display calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) channel-blocking activity, shifting Ca<sup>2+</sup> dose-response curves to relax vascular smooth muscles. This results in vasodilation and a systemic reduction in blood pressure.
* '''PPARα Agonism:''' It activates Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha (PPARα), enhancing fatty acid oxidation in myocytes, thereby attenuating myocardial hypertrophy and reducing risks of atherosclerosis.
* '''Glycemic Control:''' Meta-analyses show that daily supplementation significantly lowers '''HbA1c''' and fasting blood glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients by improving insulin sensitivity and up-regulating GLUT4 transporters.

<pre>
[6]-Shogaol / [6]-Gingerol (Active Constituents)
│
┌────────────────┴────────────────┐
▼ ▼
Inhibition of NF-κB Ca²⁺ Channel Blockade
│ │
▼ ▼
↓ COX-2 & LOX Pathways Vasodilation of
(↓ CRP, ↓ TNF-α, ↓ PGE₂) Vascular Smooth Muscle
│ │
▼ ▼
Clinical: Alleviation of Clinical: Reduction of
Arthritis & Joint Pain Systemic Blood Pressure
</pre>

== Clinical Safety, Dosage, and Contraindications ==
Shunthi enjoys a wide therapeutic index and is designated as '''GRAS''' (Generally Recognized as Safe) by global regulatory bodies. However, its high thermal potency warrants structured clinical application.

* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Churna (Crude Powder):'' 1 - 3 g per day in divided doses.
** ''Extract:'' 250 - 500 mg two to three times daily.
* '''Adverse Effects:''' Excessive consumption on an empty stomach may occasionally cause mild heartburn, eructation, or gastric irritation in highly sensitive ''Pitta''-dominant individuals.
* '''Drug Interactions:''' Due to its mild anti-platelet and calcium-channel-blocking properties, cautious monitoring is recommended when co-administered with high-dose synthetic anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin) or prescription antihypertensives.
* '''Contraindications:''' Acute peptic ulceration, active GI bleeding, and inflammatory dermatological conditions characterized by extreme ''Pitta'' vitiation.

== References ==
# '''Unuofin, J. O., et al.''' (2021). ''Phytochemical structures and therapeutic potentials of Zingiber officinale compounds.'' Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 273, 113997.
# '''Jalali, M., et al.''' (2020). ''The effects of ginger supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.'' Clinical Nutrition, 39(12), 3598-3606.
# '''Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API).''' ''Zingiber officinale Rosc. - Rhizome Monograph.'' Part-I, Volume I, Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
# '''Wang, J., et al.''' (2017). ''Beneficial effects of ginger on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome: A systems-level overview.'' Phytomedicine, 34, 184-198.
# '''Ernst, E., & Pittler, M. H.''' (2000). ''Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.'' British Journal of Anaesthesia, 84(3), 367-371.
# '''Schepici, G., et al.''' (2021). ''The anti-inflammatory potential of ginger and its constituents in neurodegenerative and arthritic diseases.'' Molecules, 26(18), 5642.
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Herbs details

2026-07-07T10:05:44Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Guduchi]]
# [[Ashwagandha]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
! Sr. No. !! Sanskrit Name !! Synonyms !! Botanical Name
|-
| 1 || [[Bibhitaki|Aksha]]|| [[Bibhitaki|Bibhitaki, kaliphala, Bhutavasa, Kalidruma]]|| '''[[Bibhitaki|Terminalia bellirica Roxb]]'''
|-
| 2 || Aguru || Agaru, loha, krimija, rajarha || '''Aquilaria agallocha Roxb'''
|-
| 3 || Agnimantha || Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vai jayanti || '''Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.'''
|-
| 4 || Ankola || Ankoda, Deerghakeela, Nikochaka, Tamraphala, Gupta Sneha || '''Alangium lamarkii Thw., (Alangium salviifolium)'''
|-
| 5 || Ajamoda || Karavi, Deepyaka, Shikhimoda || '''Apium graveolens'''
|-
| 6 || Atasi || uma, picchila, devi, medagandha, madotkata, kshuma, hemavati,masruna || '''Linum usitatissimum Linn.'''
|-
| 7 || Atibala || rishyaprokta, kankatika,Balika, Vatyapushpy, Bhuribala || '''Abutilon indicum. (Link)'''
|-
| 8 || Ativisha || shrungi, virupa, pittadivallabha, shwetvaca, visha, madri || '''Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.'''
|-
| 9 || Aparajita || Shanhapushpi,Girikarnika, Visnukranta,Sephanda || '''Clitoria ternatea L.'''
|-
| 10 || Apamarga || Shikhari,durgraha, adhashalya, karmanjri, pratyakpushpi || '''Achyranthes aspera Linn.'''
|-
| 11 || Ambashtaki || laghu patha,Uttanaparni, prachina,varatikta, Aviddhakarni,kuchelika || '''Cissampelos pareira Linn'''
|-
| 12 || Amlikakanda || || '''Dioscorea oppositifolia L.'''
|-
| 13 || Arimeda || Irimeda, Vidkhadira || '''Acacia leucophloea Willd.'''
|-
| 14 || Arka || Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna || '''Calotropis gigantea'''
|-
| 15 || Arjaka || Barbari,Sheta tulasi || '''Ocimum gratissimum L.'''
|-
| 16 || Arjuna || Indradru,Nadisarja,Dhavala,Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, || '''Terminalia Arjuna'''
|-
| 17 || Avakpushpi || || '''Trichodesma indicum'''
|-
| 18 || Ashoka || Madhupushpa,Raktapallavaka, Hemapushpa, Pindipushpa, Nata, Pallavadru, || '''Saraca indica Linn.'''
|-
| 19 || Ashmantaka || Yugmapatra, yaalapatraka, kanchini || '''Bauhinia racemosa. Lam.'''
|-
| 20 || [[Ashwagandha]]|| [[Ashwagandha|Balada, kamarupini, vajini,Gandhapatri]]|| '''[[Ashwagandha|Withania somnifera]]'''
|-
| 21 || Aswattha || pippala, shrivriksha, sevya,bodhidru, pavitraka,krishnavasa || '''Ficus religiosa L.'''
|-
| 22 || Asana || Beejaka, Vijayasara || '''Bridelia Montana Wall., Pterocarpus marsupium'''
|-
| 23 || Akhuparni || vriddhadaru, akhukarni, shubhashreni, krushika, dravanti || '''Ipomoea reniformis Chois.'''
|-
| 24 || Adhaki || Tuvari, Shanapushpika, Kalavrunta || '''Cajanus indicus Spreng'''
|-
| 25 || Atmagupta || Kapikachu, kapiloma, swayamgupta,Markati || '''Mucuna pruriens D.C.'''
|-
| 26 || [[Amalaki]]|| [[Amalaki|Dhatri, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Vayastha,vayasya]]|| '''[[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica L./ Emblica officinalis]]'''
|-
| 27 || Amra || Madhuphala, Madhuli, Madhavadruma, Sahakara, parapushta || '''Manjifera indica L.'''
|-
| 28 || Ikshu || Asipatra, Bhurirasa, Dirghacchada, Gudamula, Trnarasa || '''Saccharum officinarum L.'''
|-
| 29 || Ikshuraka || Kokilaksha? || '''Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson'''
|-
| 30 || Ingudi || Higupatra, Tapasadruma,Angaravruksha,Pootikantaka || '''Balanites roxburghii Plauch., (Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn) Del.)'''
|-
| 31 || Itkada || Utkata, Vanajayanti || '''Sesbania aculeate Pers.'''
|-
| 32 || Ucchadaka || Uttingana? || '''Blepharis edulis Pers.'''
|-
| 33 || Udumbara || || '''Ficus glomerata Roxb., ( Ficus racemosa)'''
|-
| 34 || Upodika || || '''Basella rubra L.'''
|-
| 35 || Eraka || || '''Typha elephantine Roxb.'''
|-
| 36 || Ervaru || || '''Cucumis utilissimus L.'''
|-
| 37 || Eranda || || '''Ricinus communis L.'''
|-
| 38 || Katutumbi || || '''Lagenaria Vulgaris Ser.'''
|-
| 39 || Katuphala || || '''Hibiscus abelmoschus L.'''
|-
| 40 || Kandakari || || '''Solanum xanthocarpum Sche.'''
|-
| 41 || Kadamba || || '''Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.'''
|-
| 42 || Kadara || || '''Acacia Senegal Willd.'''
|-
| 43 || Kapittha || || '''Feronia elephantanum Correa.'''
|-
| 44 || Karamarda || || '''Carissa carandas L.'''
|-
| 45 || Karavira || || '''Nerium odorum Soland'''
|-
| 46 || Karira || || '''Copparis aphylla Roth'''
|-
| 47 || Karanja || || '''Pongamia glabra Vent.'''
|-
| 48 || Karkatashrungi || || '''Rhuus succedanea L.'''
|-
| 49 || Karkandhu || || '''Zizyphus nummularia W.C.'''
|-
| 50 || Karpura || || '''Dryobalanops aromatic Goertn.'''
|-
| 51 || Kalaya || || '''Lathyrus sativus L.'''
|-
| 52 || Kasheruka || || '''Seirpus kysoor R.'''
|-
| 53 || Kakamachi || || '''Solanum nigrum L.'''
|-
| 54 || Karavellika || || '''Momordica charantia L.'''
|-
| 55 || Karpasa || || '''Gossypium herbacum L.'''
|-
| 56 || Kalanusariva || || '''Ichnocarpus frutenscens Br.'''
|-
| 57 || Kashmari || || '''Gmelina arborea L.'''
|-
| 58 || Kasamarda || || '''Cassia occidentalis L.'''
|-
| 59 || Kiratatikta || || '''Swertia chirata Ham.'''
|-
| 60 || Kutaja || || '''Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.'''
|-
| 61 || Kutumbaka || || '''Leucas linifolia Spreng.'''
|-
| 62 || Kumarajeeva || || '''Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.'''
|-
| 63 || Kumbhi || || '''Careya arborea R.'''
|-
| 64 || Kurandaka || || '''Barleria prionitis L.'''
|-
| 65 || Kusumbha || || '''Carathmus tinctoricus L.'''
|-
| 66 || Kovidara || || '''Bauhinia variegate L.'''
|-
| 67 || Koshataki || || '''Luffa acutangula varamara Clerke'''
|-
| 68 || Koshamra || || '''Scheleichera trijuga Willd.'''
|-
| 69 || Kumkuma || || '''Crocus sativus L.'''
|-
| 70 || Khadira || || '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
|-
| 71 || Guggulu || || '''Balsamodendron mukul Hook.'''
|-
| 72 || Gunja || || '''Abrus precatorius L.'''
|-
| 73 || Guduchi || || '''Tinospora cordifolia Miers.'''
|-
| 74 || Gokshuraka || || '''Tribulus terrestris L.'''
|-
| 75 || Gojihwa || || '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''
|-
| 76 || Chakramarda || || '''Cassia tora L.'''
|-
| 77 || Chanchu || || '''Corchorus oilitorius L.'''
|-
| 78 || Chandana || || '''Santalum album L.'''
|-
| 79 || Charmakasha || || '''Acacia concinna D.C.'''
|-
| 80 || Charngeri || || '''Oxalis corniculata L.'''
|-
| 81 || Chitraka || || '''Plumbago zeylanica L.'''
|-
| 82 || Chirabilva || || '''Holoptelia integrifolia Planch.'''
|-
| 83 || Chirmata || || '''Cucumis melo L.'''
|-
| 84 || Chilli || || '''Chenopodium album L.'''
|-
| 85 || Choraka || || '''Agelica glauca Edgew.'''
|-
| 86 || jambu || || '''Eugenia jambos Lamk.'''
|-
| 87 || jaya || || '''Sesbania egyptica Pers.'''
|-
| 88 || jalapippali || || '''Lippia nodiflora Rich.'''
|-
| 89 || Jati || || '''Myristica fragrens Houtt.'''
|-
| 90 || Jingini || || '''Odina wodier Roxb.'''
|-
| 91 || Jeeraka || || '''Cuminum cyminum L.'''
|-
| 92 || Jyotishmati || || '''Celestrus paniculata Willd.'''
|-
| 93 || Tamala || || '''Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.'''
|-
| 94 || Tintidika || || '''Tamarindus indica L.'''
|-
| 95 || Tinduka || || '''Diospyros embryopteris Pers.'''
|-
| 96 || Tila || || '''Sesamum indicum L.'''
|-
| 97 || Tilaparni || || '''Gynandropis pentaphylla D.C'''
|-
| 98 || Tumburu || || '''Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.'''
|-
| 99 || Tuda || || '''Morus indica L.'''
|-
| 100 || Trivrut || || '''Ipomea turpethum Br.'''
|-
| 101 || Dadima || || '''Punica granatum L.'''
|-
| 102 || Daruharidra || || '''Berberis aristata D.C'''
|-
| 103 || Dipyaka || || '''Carum copticum Benth.'''
|-
| 104 || Dugdhika || || '''Euphorbia pilulifera L.'''
|-
| 105 || Duralabha || || '''Fagonia Arabica L.'''
|-
| 106 || Durva || || '''Cynodon dactylon Pers.'''
|-
| 107 || Draksha || || '''Vitis vinifera L.'''
|-
| 108 || Dhanvana || || '''Grewia tiliefolia Vahl.'''
|-
| 109 || Dhava || || '''Anogeisssus latifolia Wall.'''
|-
| 110 || Dhataki || || '''Woodfordia floribunda Slisb.'''
|-
| 111 || Dhanyaka || || '''Coriandrum sativum'''
|-
| 112 || Nanditaka || || '''Ficus retusa L.'''
|-
| 113 || Nalika || || '''Onosma echioides L.'''
|-
| 114 || Naranga || || '''Citrus aurantium L.'''
|-
| 115 || Nadi || || '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
|-
| 116 || Nimba || || '''Melia azadirachta L.'''
|-
| 117 || Nirgundi || || '''Vitex negundo L.'''
|-
| 118 || Nilika || || '''Indigofera tinctoria L.'''
|-
| 119 || Nyagrodha || || '''Ficus bengalensis L.'''
|-
| 120 || Patola || || '''Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.'''
|-
| 121 || Patra || || '''Cinnamomum iners Reinw.'''
|-
| 122 || Padmaka || || '''Prunus puddum Roxb.'''
|-
| 123 || Parushaka || || '''Grewia asiatica L.'''
|-
| 124 || Parpataka || || '''Rangia repens Nees.'''
|-
| 125 || Paravata || || '''Psidium guyava L.'''
|-
| 126 || Pashanabheda || || '''Saxifraga lingulata Wall.'''
|-
| 127 || Pippali || || '''Piper longum L.'''
|-
| 128 || Pilu || || '''Salvadora persica L.'''
|-
| 129 || Punarnava || || '''Berhavia repens L.'''
|-
| 130 || Prasarani || || '''Pederia fetida L.'''
|-
| 131 || Prachinamalaka || || '''Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.'''
|-
| 132 || Piyala || || '''Aglaia roxburghiana Miq.'''
|-
| 133 || Plaksha || || '''Ficus tsiela Roxb.'''
|-
| 134 || Phenila || || '''Sapindus trifoliatus L.'''
|-
| 135 || Bakula || || '''Mimusops elengi L.'''
|-
| 136 || Badara || || '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''
|-
| 137 || Bilwa || || '''Aegle marmelos Corr.'''
|-
| 138 || Bijaka || || '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''
|-
| 139 || Bijapuraka || || '''Citrus medica L.'''
|-
| 140 || Bruhati || || '''Solanum indicum L.'''
|-
| 141 || Brahmi || || '''Herpestis monniera Benth.'''
|-
| 142 || Bhavya || || '''Dillenia indica L.'''
|-
| 143 || Bhrigaraja || || '''Eclipta alba Hassk.'''
|-
| 144 || Mandukaparni || || '''Hydrocotyle asiatica L.'''
|-
| 145 || Madana || || '''Randia dumatorum Lam.'''
|-
| 146 || Madhuka || || '''Bassia latifolia Roxb.'''
|-
| 147 || Maricha || || '''Piper nigrum L.'''
|-
| 148 || Mamsi || || '''Nardostachys jatamansi D.C'''
|-
| 149 || Mudga || || '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''
|-
| 150 || Musta || || '''Cyperus rotundus L.'''
|-
| 151 || Murva || || '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''
|-
| 152 || Mulaka || || '''Raphanus sativus L.'''
|-
| 153 || Yava || || '''Hordeum vulgarae L.'''
|-
| 154 || Yavasaka || || '''Alhagi maumorum Desv.'''
|-
| 155 || Raktotpala || || '''Nymphoea lotus L.'''
|-
| 156 || Rajakshavaka || || '''Doemia extensa Br.'''
|-
| 157 || Rajamasha || || '''Vigna catiang Endl.'''
|-
| 158 || Rajadana || || '''Mimusops hexandra Roxb.'''
|-
| 159 || Rasna || || '''Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.'''
|-
| 160 || Ruha || || '''Loranthus falcatus L.'''
|-
| 161 || Rohini || || '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''
|-
| 162 || Lashuna || || '''Allium sativum L.'''
|-
| 163 || Likucha || || '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''
|-
| 164 || Lonika || || '''Portulaca oleracea L.'''
|-
| 165 || Lodhra || || '''Symplocos recemosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 166 || Vacha || || '''Acorus calamus L.'''
|-
| 167 || Vanjula || || '''Salix tetrasperma Roxb.'''
|-
| 168 || Varuna || || '''Cratoeva religiosa Forst.'''
|-
| 169 || Vatama || || '''Prunus amygdalus Baill.'''
|-
| 170 || Vartaka || || '''Solanum melongena L.'''
|-
| 171 || Vasa || || '''Adhatoda vasica Nees.'''
|-
| 172 || Vikankata || || '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''
|-
| 173 || Vidanga || || '''Embelia ribes Burn.'''
|-
| 174 || Vidari || || '''Ipomea digitata L.'''
|-
| 175 || Shankhapushpi || || '''Evolvulus alsinoides L.'''
|-
| 176 || Shana || || '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''
|-
| 177 || Shanapushpi || || '''Crotalaria verrucosa L.'''
|-
| 178 || Shatapushpa || || '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
|-
| 179 || Shatavari || || '''Asparagus racemosus Willd.'''
|-
| 180 || Shami || || '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''
|-
| 181 || Shallaki || || '''Boswellia serrate Roxb.'''
|-
| 182 || Shaliparni || || '''Desmodium gangeticum D.C.'''
|-
| 183 || Shalmali || || '''Bambox malabarica D.C.'''
|-
| 184 || Shimshapa || || '''Dalbergia sisso Roxb.'''
|-
| 185 || Shigru || || '''Moringa pterygosperma Goertn.'''
|-
| 186 || Shirisha || || '''Albezzia lebbeck Benth.'''
|-
| 187 || Shringavera || || '''Zingiber officinale Rose.'''
|-
| 188 || Shringataka || || '''Trapa bispinosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 189 || Saptaparna || || '''Alstonia scholaris R. Br.'''
|-
| 190 || Sarja || || '''Shorea robusta'''
|-
| 191 || Sarshapa || || '''Brassica campestris L.'''
|-
| 192 || Sariva || || '''Hemmidesmus indicus Br.'''
|-
| 193 || Sudha || || '''Euphorbia nerifolia L.'''
|-
| 194 || Surasa || || '''Ocimum sanctum L.'''
|-
| 195 || Somaraji || || '''Proralea corylifolia L.'''
|-
| 196 || Hamsapadi || || '''Adjantum lunulatum Burm.'''
|-
| 197 || Hapusha || || '''Juniperus communis L.'''
|-
| 198 || Hastidanti || || '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
|-
| 199 || Haridraka || || '''Adina cordifolia Hook.'''
|-
| 200 || Hemadugdha || || '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
|}

Herbs details

2026-07-07T10:01:39Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Guduchi]]
# [[Ashwagandha]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
! Sr. No. !! Sanskrit Name !! Synonyms !! Botanical Name
|-
| 1 || [[Aksha]] || Bibhitaki, kaliphala, Bhutavasa, Kalidruma || '''Terminalia bellirica Roxb'''
|-
| 2 || Aguru || agaru, loha, krimija, rajarha || '''Aquilaria agallocha Roxb'''
|-
| 3 || Agnimantha || Jaya, Sriparni, Ganikarika, Jayanti, Tarkari, Nadeyi, Vai jayanti || '''Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.'''
|-
| 4 || Ankola || Ankoda, Deerghakeela, Nikochaka, Tamraphala, Gupta Sneha || '''Alangium lamarkii Thw., (Alangium salviifolium)'''
|-
| 5 || Ajamoda || Karavi, Deepyaka, Shikhimoda || '''Apium graveolens'''
|-
| 6 || Atasi || uma, picchila, devi, medagandha, madotkata, kshuma, hemavati,masruna || '''Linum usitatissimum Linn.'''
|-
| 7 || Atibala || rishyaprokta, kankatika,Balika, Vatyapushpy, Bhuribala || '''Abutilon indicum. (Link)'''
|-
| 8 || Ativisha || shrungi, virupa, pittadivallabha, shwetvaca, visha, madri || '''Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.'''
|-
| 9 || Aparajita || Shanhapushpi,Girikarnika, Visnukranta,Sephanda || '''Clitoria ternatea L.'''
|-
| 10 || Apamarga || Shikhari,durgraha, adhashalya, karmanjri, pratyakpushpi || '''Achyranthes aspera Linn.'''
|-
| 11 || Ambashtaki || laghu patha,Uttanaparni, prachina,varatikta, Aviddhakarni,kuchelika || '''Cissampelos pareira Linn'''
|-
| 12 || Amlikakanda || || '''Dioscorea oppositifolia L.'''
|-
| 13 || Arimeda || Irimeda, Vidkhadira || '''Acacia leucophloea Willd.'''
|-
| 14 || Arka || Ravi, Bhanu, Tapana,Tulaphala, vikirana,ksheeraparna || '''Calotropis gigantea'''
|-
| 15 || Arjaka || Barbari,Sheta tulasi || '''Ocimum gratissimum L.'''
|-
| 16 || Arjuna || Indradru,Nadisarja,Dhavala,Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, || '''Terminalia Arjuna'''
|-
| 17 || Avakpushpi || || '''Trichodesma indicum'''
|-
| 18 || Ashoka || Madhupushpa,Raktapallavaka, Hemapushpa, Pindipushpa, Nata, Pallavadru, || '''Saraca indica Linn.'''
|-
| 19 || Ashmantaka || Yugmapatra, yaalapatraka, kanchini || '''Bauhinia racemosa. Lam.'''
|-
| 20 || Ashwagandha || Balada, kamarupini, vajini,Gandhapatri || '''Withania somnifera'''
|-
| 21 || Aswattha || pippala, shrivriksha, sevya,bodhidru, pavitraka,krishnavasa || '''Ficus religiosa L.'''
|-
| 22 || Asana || Beejaka, Vijayasara || '''Bridelia Montana Wall., Pterocarpus marsupium'''
|-
| 23 || Akhuparni || vriddhadaru, akhukarni, shubhashreni, krushika, dravanti || '''Ipomoea reniformis Chois.'''
|-
| 24 || Adhaki || Tuvari, Shanapushpika, Kalavrunta || '''Cajanus indicus Spreng'''
|-
| 25 || Atmagupta || Kapikachu, kapiloma, swayamgupta,Markati || '''Mucuna pruriens D.C.'''
|-
| 26 || Amalaka || Dhatri, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Vayastha,vayasya || '''Phyllanthus emblica L./ Emblica officinalis'''
|-
| 27 || Amra || Madhuphala, Madhuli, Madhavadruma, Sahakara, parapushta || '''Manjifera indica L.'''
|-
| 28 || Ikshu || Asipatra, Bhurirasa, Dirghacchada, Gudamula, Trnarasa || '''Saccharum officinarum L.'''
|-
| 29 || Ikshuraka || Kokilaksha? || '''Hygrophila spinosa T.Anderson'''
|-
| 30 || Ingudi || Higupatra, Tapasadruma,Angaravruksha,Pootikantaka || '''Balanites roxburghii Plauch., (Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn) Del.)'''
|-
| 31 || Itkada || Utkata, Vanajayanti || '''Sesbania aculeate Pers.'''
|-
| 32 || Ucchadaka || Uttingana? || '''Blepharis edulis Pers.'''
|-
| 33 || Udumbara || || '''Ficus glomerata Roxb., ( Ficus racemosa)'''
|-
| 34 || Upodika || || '''Basella rubra L.'''
|-
| 35 || Eraka || || '''Typha elephantine Roxb.'''
|-
| 36 || Ervaru || || '''Cucumis utilissimus L.'''
|-
| 37 || Eranda || || '''Ricinus communis L.'''
|-
| 38 || Katutumbi || || '''Lagenaria Vulgaris Ser.'''
|-
| 39 || Katuphala || || '''Hibiscus abelmoschus L.'''
|-
| 40 || Kandakari || || '''Solanum xanthocarpum Sche.'''
|-
| 41 || Kadamba || || '''Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.'''
|-
| 42 || Kadara || || '''Acacia Senegal Willd.'''
|-
| 43 || Kapittha || || '''Feronia elephantanum Correa.'''
|-
| 44 || Karamarda || || '''Carissa carandas L.'''
|-
| 45 || Karavira || || '''Nerium odorum Soland'''
|-
| 46 || Karira || || '''Copparis aphylla Roth'''
|-
| 47 || Karanja || || '''Pongamia glabra Vent.'''
|-
| 48 || Karkatashrungi || || '''Rhuus succedanea L.'''
|-
| 49 || Karkandhu || || '''Zizyphus nummularia W.C.'''
|-
| 50 || Karpura || || '''Dryobalanops aromatic Goertn.'''
|-
| 51 || Kalaya || || '''Lathyrus sativus L.'''
|-
| 52 || Kasheruka || || '''Seirpus kysoor R.'''
|-
| 53 || Kakamachi || || '''Solanum nigrum L.'''
|-
| 54 || Karavellika || || '''Momordica charantia L.'''
|-
| 55 || Karpasa || || '''Gossypium herbacum L.'''
|-
| 56 || Kalanusariva || || '''Ichnocarpus frutenscens Br.'''
|-
| 57 || Kashmari || || '''Gmelina arborea L.'''
|-
| 58 || Kasamarda || || '''Cassia occidentalis L.'''
|-
| 59 || Kiratatikta || || '''Swertia chirata Ham.'''
|-
| 60 || Kutaja || || '''Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.'''
|-
| 61 || Kutumbaka || || '''Leucas linifolia Spreng.'''
|-
| 62 || Kumarajeeva || || '''Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.'''
|-
| 63 || Kumbhi || || '''Careya arborea R.'''
|-
| 64 || Kurandaka || || '''Barleria prionitis L.'''
|-
| 65 || Kusumbha || || '''Carathmus tinctoricus L.'''
|-
| 66 || Kovidara || || '''Bauhinia variegate L.'''
|-
| 67 || Koshataki || || '''Luffa acutangula varamara Clerke'''
|-
| 68 || Koshamra || || '''Scheleichera trijuga Willd.'''
|-
| 69 || Kumkuma || || '''Crocus sativus L.'''
|-
| 70 || Khadira || || '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
|-
| 71 || Guggulu || || '''Balsamodendron mukul Hook.'''
|-
| 72 || Gunja || || '''Abrus precatorius L.'''
|-
| 73 || Guduchi || || '''Tinospora cordifolia Miers.'''
|-
| 74 || Gokshuraka || || '''Tribulus terrestris L.'''
|-
| 75 || Gojihwa || || '''Elephantopus scaber L.'''
|-
| 76 || Chakramarda || || '''Cassia tora L.'''
|-
| 77 || Chanchu || || '''Corchorus oilitorius L.'''
|-
| 78 || Chandana || || '''Santalum album L.'''
|-
| 79 || Charmakasha || || '''Acacia concinna D.C.'''
|-
| 80 || Charngeri || || '''Oxalis corniculata L.'''
|-
| 81 || Chitraka || || '''Plumbago zeylanica L.'''
|-
| 82 || Chirabilva || || '''Holoptelia integrifolia Planch.'''
|-
| 83 || Chirmata || || '''Cucumis melo L.'''
|-
| 84 || Chilli || || '''Chenopodium album L.'''
|-
| 85 || Choraka || || '''Agelica glauca Edgew.'''
|-
| 86 || jambu || || '''Eugenia jambos Lamk.'''
|-
| 87 || jaya || || '''Sesbania egyptica Pers.'''
|-
| 88 || jalapippali || || '''Lippia nodiflora Rich.'''
|-
| 89 || Jati || || '''Myristica fragrens Houtt.'''
|-
| 90 || Jingini || || '''Odina wodier Roxb.'''
|-
| 91 || Jeeraka || || '''Cuminum cyminum L.'''
|-
| 92 || Jyotishmati || || '''Celestrus paniculata Willd.'''
|-
| 93 || Tamala || || '''Cinnamomum tamala Fr. Nees.'''
|-
| 94 || Tintidika || || '''Tamarindus indica L.'''
|-
| 95 || Tinduka || || '''Diospyros embryopteris Pers.'''
|-
| 96 || Tila || || '''Sesamum indicum L.'''
|-
| 97 || Tilaparni || || '''Gynandropis pentaphylla D.C'''
|-
| 98 || Tumburu || || '''Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.'''
|-
| 99 || Tuda || || '''Morus indica L.'''
|-
| 100 || Trivrut || || '''Ipomea turpethum Br.'''
|-
| 101 || Dadima || || '''Punica granatum L.'''
|-
| 102 || Daruharidra || || '''Berberis aristata D.C'''
|-
| 103 || Dipyaka || || '''Carum copticum Benth.'''
|-
| 104 || Dugdhika || || '''Euphorbia pilulifera L.'''
|-
| 105 || Duralabha || || '''Fagonia Arabica L.'''
|-
| 106 || Durva || || '''Cynodon dactylon Pers.'''
|-
| 107 || Draksha || || '''Vitis vinifera L.'''
|-
| 108 || Dhanvana || || '''Grewia tiliefolia Vahl.'''
|-
| 109 || Dhava || || '''Anogeisssus latifolia Wall.'''
|-
| 110 || Dhataki || || '''Woodfordia floribunda Slisb.'''
|-
| 111 || Dhanyaka || || '''Coriandrum sativum'''
|-
| 112 || Nanditaka || || '''Ficus retusa L.'''
|-
| 113 || Nalika || || '''Onosma echioides L.'''
|-
| 114 || Naranga || || '''Citrus aurantium L.'''
|-
| 115 || Nadi || || '''Ipomea aquatica Forsk.'''
|-
| 116 || Nimba || || '''Melia azadirachta L.'''
|-
| 117 || Nirgundi || || '''Vitex negundo L.'''
|-
| 118 || Nilika || || '''Indigofera tinctoria L.'''
|-
| 119 || Nyagrodha || || '''Ficus bengalensis L.'''
|-
| 120 || Patola || || '''Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.'''
|-
| 121 || Patra || || '''Cinnamomum iners Reinw.'''
|-
| 122 || Padmaka || || '''Prunus puddum Roxb.'''
|-
| 123 || Parushaka || || '''Grewia asiatica L.'''
|-
| 124 || Parpataka || || '''Rangia repens Nees.'''
|-
| 125 || Paravata || || '''Psidium guyava L.'''
|-
| 126 || Pashanabheda || || '''Saxifraga lingulata Wall.'''
|-
| 127 || Pippali || || '''Piper longum L.'''
|-
| 128 || Pilu || || '''Salvadora persica L.'''
|-
| 129 || Punarnava || || '''Berhavia repens L.'''
|-
| 130 || Prasarani || || '''Pederia fetida L.'''
|-
| 131 || Prachinamalaka || || '''Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.'''
|-
| 132 || Piyala || || '''Aglaia roxburghiana Miq.'''
|-
| 133 || Plaksha || || '''Ficus tsiela Roxb.'''
|-
| 134 || Phenila || || '''Sapindus trifoliatus L.'''
|-
| 135 || Bakula || || '''Mimusops elengi L.'''
|-
| 136 || Badara || || '''Zizyphus jujube Lamk.'''
|-
| 137 || Bilwa || || '''Aegle marmelos Corr.'''
|-
| 138 || Bijaka || || '''Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.'''
|-
| 139 || Bijapuraka || || '''Citrus medica L.'''
|-
| 140 || Bruhati || || '''Solanum indicum L.'''
|-
| 141 || Brahmi || || '''Herpestis monniera Benth.'''
|-
| 142 || Bhavya || || '''Dillenia indica L.'''
|-
| 143 || Bhrigaraja || || '''Eclipta alba Hassk.'''
|-
| 144 || Mandukaparni || || '''Hydrocotyle asiatica L.'''
|-
| 145 || Madana || || '''Randia dumatorum Lam.'''
|-
| 146 || Madhuka || || '''Bassia latifolia Roxb.'''
|-
| 147 || Maricha || || '''Piper nigrum L.'''
|-
| 148 || Mamsi || || '''Nardostachys jatamansi D.C'''
|-
| 149 || Mudga || || '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''
|-
| 150 || Musta || || '''Cyperus rotundus L.'''
|-
| 151 || Murva || || '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''
|-
| 152 || Mulaka || || '''Raphanus sativus L.'''
|-
| 153 || Yava || || '''Hordeum vulgarae L.'''
|-
| 154 || Yavasaka || || '''Alhagi maumorum Desv.'''
|-
| 155 || Raktotpala || || '''Nymphoea lotus L.'''
|-
| 156 || Rajakshavaka || || '''Doemia extensa Br.'''
|-
| 157 || Rajamasha || || '''Vigna catiang Endl.'''
|-
| 158 || Rajadana || || '''Mimusops hexandra Roxb.'''
|-
| 159 || Rasna || || '''Pluchea lanceolata Oliv.'''
|-
| 160 || Ruha || || '''Loranthus falcatus L.'''
|-
| 161 || Rohini || || '''Soymida febrifuge Juss.'''
|-
| 162 || Lashuna || || '''Allium sativum L.'''
|-
| 163 || Likucha || || '''Artocarpus lokoocha Roxb.'''
|-
| 164 || Lonika || || '''Portulaca oleracea L.'''
|-
| 165 || Lodhra || || '''Symplocos recemosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 166 || Vacha || || '''Acorus calamus L.'''
|-
| 167 || Vanjula || || '''Salix tetrasperma Roxb.'''
|-
| 168 || Varuna || || '''Cratoeva religiosa Forst.'''
|-
| 169 || Vatama || || '''Prunus amygdalus Baill.'''
|-
| 170 || Vartaka || || '''Solanum melongena L.'''
|-
| 171 || Vasa || || '''Adhatoda vasica Nees.'''
|-
| 172 || Vikankata || || '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''
|-
| 173 || Vidanga || || '''Embelia ribes Burn.'''
|-
| 174 || Vidari || || '''Ipomea digitata L.'''
|-
| 175 || Shankhapushpi || || '''Evolvulus alsinoides L.'''
|-
| 176 || Shana || || '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''
|-
| 177 || Shanapushpi || || '''Crotalaria verrucosa L.'''
|-
| 178 || Shatapushpa || || '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
|-
| 179 || Shatavari || || '''Asparagus racemosus Willd.'''
|-
| 180 || Shami || || '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''
|-
| 181 || Shallaki || || '''Boswellia serrate Roxb.'''
|-
| 182 || Shaliparni || || '''Desmodium gangeticum D.C.'''
|-
| 183 || Shalmali || || '''Bambox malabarica D.C.'''
|-
| 184 || Shimshapa || || '''Dalbergia sisso Roxb.'''
|-
| 185 || Shigru || || '''Moringa pterygosperma Goertn.'''
|-
| 186 || Shirisha || || '''Albezzia lebbeck Benth.'''
|-
| 187 || Shringavera || || '''Zingiber officinale Rose.'''
|-
| 188 || Shringataka || || '''Trapa bispinosa Roxb.'''
|-
| 189 || Saptaparna || || '''Alstonia scholaris R. Br.'''
|-
| 190 || Sarja || || '''Shorea robusta'''
|-
| 191 || Sarshapa || || '''Brassica campestris L.'''
|-
| 192 || Sariva || || '''Hemmidesmus indicus Br.'''
|-
| 193 || Sudha || || '''Euphorbia nerifolia L.'''
|-
| 194 || Surasa || || '''Ocimum sanctum L.'''
|-
| 195 || Somaraji || || '''Proralea corylifolia L.'''
|-
| 196 || Hamsapadi || || '''Adjantum lunulatum Burm.'''
|-
| 197 || Hapusha || || '''Juniperus communis L.'''
|-
| 198 || Hastidanti || || '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
|-
| 199 || Haridraka || || '''Adina cordifolia Hook.'''
|-
| 200 || Hemadugdha || || '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
|}

Ashwagandha

2026-07-07T09:44:37Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Ashwagandha, Ashvagandha, Withania Somnifera, Indian ginseng, winter cherry, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description='''Ashwagandha''' (अश्वगंधा) or ''Ashvagandha''; [[Withania somnifera]]), also known as '''Indian ginseng''' or '''winter cherry''', is a [[Rasayana|rasayana]] (rejuvenator) herb in [[Ayurveda]], valued for its adaptogenic, balya (strength-promoting), and nervine properties. Primarily, the root is used for stress management, vitality, immunity, and musculoskeletal health as documented in classical texts like ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'' and modern clinical studies.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
'''Ashwagandha''' (अश्वगंधा) or ''Ashvagandha''; [[Withania somnifera]]), also known as '''Indian ginseng''' or '''winter cherry''', is a [[rasayana]] (rejuvenator) herb in [[Ayurveda]], valued for its adaptogenic, balya (strength-promoting), and nervine properties. Primarily, the root is used for stress management, vitality, immunity, and musculoskeletal health as documented in classical texts like ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'' and modern clinical studies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Narendra |last2=Bhalla |first2=M. |last3=de Jager |first3=P. |last4=Gilca |first4=M. |title=Rational use of Ashwagandha in Ayurveda (Traditional Indian Medicine) – A systematic analysis of the scientific evidence for its pharmacological activities |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=273 |pages=113907 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2021.113907 |pmc=PMC8274455 |pmid=33831467 |year=2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=Laxmi C. |last2=Singh |first2=Betilda B. |last3=Dagenais |first3=Simon |title=Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha): a review |journal=Alternative Medicine Review |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=348–357 |pmid=19803596 |year=2000}}</ref>

{{Infobox
|title = Ashwagandha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Ashwagandha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Withania somnifera (Linn.)
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Solanaceae
|label3 = Contributors
|data3 = Dr.Yogesh S. Deole
|label4 = Year of publication
|data4 = 2026
|label5 = Publisher
|data5 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label6 = DOI
|data6 = Awaited
}}
==English name==
'''Indian ginseng''' or '''winter cherry'''

==Synonyms ==

Ashwagandha, Wajigandha, Varahakarni

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

* '''Rasa''' (taste): Madhura (sweet), tikta (bitter)
* '''Guna''' (properties): Snigdha (unctuous), guru (heavy to digest)
* '''Virya''' (potency): Ushna (hot)
* '''Vipaka''' (post-digestive effect): Madhura
* '''Dosha Effect''': Primarily balances [[Vata dosha|vata]], secondarily kapha; aggravates pitta in excess.
* '''Classical Actions''': Medhya (intellect promoter), balya (strength), vajikarana (aphrodisiac), rasayana (rejuvenative).<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=P.V.|title=Charaka Samhita|publisher=Chaukhamba Orientalia|location=Varanasi|year=2014}}</ref>
[[File:Ashwagandha.jpg|thumb|Ashvagandha]]

==Description==

A perennial shrub from the Solanaceae family, native to India, the Middle East, and Africa. It grows 35–75 cm tall with oval leaves, small greenish-yellow flowers, and red-orange berry-like fruits. The name "Ashwagandha" derives from Sanskrit ''ashva'' (horse) and ''gandha'' (smell), referring to the root's horse-like odor and vigor-promoting effects.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mirjalili |first1=Mohammad Hossein |last2=Moharramipour |first2=Saman |last3=Hadian |first3=Javad |title=A review on the production of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) active principles: Methods and current status |journal=Journal of Medicinal Plants Research |volume=8 |issue=37 |pages=882–900 |doi=10.5897/JMPR2014.5629 |year=2014}}</ref>

==Pharmacognosy==

Key phytoconstituents include withanolides (e.g., withaferin A, withanolide D), sitoindosides, withanosides, alkaloids (withanine, somniferine), and steroidal lactones. Roots contain highest concentrations (1.5–5% withanolides).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaushik |first1=M.K. |last2=Kaushik |first2=V.K. |last3=Kumar |first3=A. |title=Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomarkers, and pharmacokinetics |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=267 |pages=113451 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2020.113451 |pmid=33157267 |year=2021}}</ref>

==Clinical Uses==

===Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Herbs and their activities
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
|'''Activity'''
|-
|1
|Cha. Sa. Sutra sthana 4/9(2)
|Brumhaniya mahakashaya
|-
|2
|Cha. Sa. Sutra sthana 4/9(7)
|Balya mahakashaya
|-
|3
|Cha. Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/136
|Virechana Dravyani
|-
|4
|Cha. Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/139
|Madhur skandha
|-
|5
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 2/1/34
|Ingredient in Vajikarana Ghrita
|-
|6
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 13/109
|In the treatment of Udara roga (for lepa)
|-
|7
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/50
|Dhupan yoga in arsha roga
|-
|8
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 17/117
|Kshara mixed with madhuk ghrit is used in hikka shwasa
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/75
|As an ingredient of Dhumapana yoga
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/123
|For pradeha prayoga in granthi visarpa
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/70
|As an ingredient of Gandha hasti agada
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/80
|As an ingredient of Maha -Gandha hasti agada.
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/244
|As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 27/43
|As an ingredient of Kushthadi Taila
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 22/50
|As an ingredient of Utsadana Yoga
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/166
|As an ingredient of Ashwagandha Taila paka
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/170
|As an ingredient of Vrushamuladi taila
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/173
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/73
|As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/260
|As a paniya yoga, in the treatment of Stanya dosha
|}

=== Bhavaprakasha ===

* Pacifies [[Vata]]-[[Kapha]] dosha
* Alleviates Shwitra (vitiligo)
* Shotha (oedema)
* Kshaya (depletion of tissues)
* Balya (promotes strength)
* Rasayani (rejuvenating)
* Atishukrala (increases semen and sperm count)

===Neurological===
Reduces stress and cortisol levels (300–600 mg root extract daily); improves sleep quality and cognitive function in trials.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chandrasekhar |first1=K. |last2=Kapoor |first2=J. |last3=Anishetty |first3=S. |title=A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of Ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults |journal=Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=255–262 |doi=10.4103/0253-7176.106022 |pmc=3573577 |pmid=23439798 |year=2012}}</ref>

===Reproductive===
Enhances testosterone, semen quality, and libido in men (675 mg root powder daily).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ambiye |first1=V.R. |last2=Langade |first2=D. |last3=Dongre |first3=S. |last4=Apte |first4=S. |last5=Joshi |first5=K. |title=Clinical evaluation of the spermatogenic activity of the root extract of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in oligospermic males: a pilot study |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2013 |pages=571420 |doi=10.1155/2013/571420 |pmc=3863556 |pmid=24284701 |year=2013}}</ref>

===Musculoskeletal===
Increases muscle mass and strength (500 mg extract with resistance training).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wankhede |first1=S. |last2=Langade |first2=D. |last3=Joshi |first3=K. |last4=Thakurdesai |first4=P.A. |title=Examining the effect of Withania somnifera supplementation on muscle strength and recovery: a randomized controlled trial |journal=Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition |volume=12 |pages=23 |doi=10.1186/s12970-015-0104-9 |pmc=4658772 |pmid=26009251 |year=2015}}</ref>

==Formulations and Dosage==

Common preparations:
{| class="wikitable"
!Formulation||Dose||Anupana (vehicle)
|-
|Churna (powder)||3–6 g BID||Warm milk/ghee
|-
|Ghrita||5–10 g/day||As prescribed
|-
|Extract capsules||300–600 mg/day||Water
|}

==Safety==
Generally safe (GRAS status); rare GI upset, drowsiness. Contraindicated in hyperthyroidism, pregnancy (uterine stimulant), and nightshade allergy. LD<sub>50</sub> >2 g/kg in rodents.<ref>{{cite web |title=Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) Monograph |url=https://www.herbrally.com/monographs/ashwagandha |publisher=HerbRally |access-date=2026-03-16}}</ref>

==Research==

Over 100 clinical trials support adaptogenic effects; NIH-funded studies are ongoing for anxiety and sleep disorders. Withanolides modulate HPA axis, GABA receptors, and inflammation pathways (NF-κB inhibition).<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Speers |first1=A.B. |last2=Cabey |first2=K.A. |last3=Souza |first3=M.J. |last4=Spencer |first4=E.A. |title=Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on stress and the stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders anxiety, depression, and insomnia |journal=Current Neuropharmacology |volume=20 |issue=7 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.2174/1570159X19666210813150419 |year=2021}}</ref>

==Current availability ==

Available

== External links ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withania_somnifera Withania Somnifera]

[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Withania%20somnifera IMPPAT Database link]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Ashwagandha

2026-07-07T09:42:24Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Ashwagandha, Ashvagandha, Withania Somnifera, Indian ginseng, winter cherry, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description='''Ashwagandha''' (अश्वगंधा) or ''Ashvagandha''; [[Withania somnifera]]), also known as '''Indian ginseng''' or '''winter cherry''', is a [[Rasayana|rasayana]] (rejuvenator) herb in [[Ayurveda]], valued for its adaptogenic, balya (strength-promoting), and nervine properties. Primarily, the root is used for stress management, vitality, immunity, and musculoskeletal health as documented in classical texts like ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'' and modern clinical studies.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
'''Ashwagandha''' (अश्वगंधा) or ''Ashvagandha''; [[Withania somnifera]]), also known as '''Indian ginseng''' or '''winter cherry''', is a [[rasayana]] (rejuvenator) herb in [[Ayurveda]], valued for its adaptogenic, balya (strength-promoting), and nervine properties. Primarily, the root is used for stress management, vitality, immunity, and musculoskeletal health as documented in classical texts like ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'' and modern clinical studies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Narendra |last2=Bhalla |first2=M. |last3=de Jager |first3=P. |last4=Gilca |first4=M. |title=Rational use of Ashwagandha in Ayurveda (Traditional Indian Medicine) – A systematic analysis of the scientific evidence for its pharmacological activities |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=273 |pages=113907 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2021.113907 |pmc=PMC8274455 |pmid=33831467 |year=2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=Laxmi C. |last2=Singh |first2=Betilda B. |last3=Dagenais |first3=Simon |title=Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha): a review |journal=Alternative Medicine Review |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=348–357 |pmid=19803596 |year=2000}}</ref>

{{Infobox
|title = Ashwagandha
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Ashwagandha
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Withania somnifera (Linn.)
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Solanaceae
|label3 = Contributors
|data3 = Dr.Yogesh S. Deole
|label4 = Year of publication
|data4 = 2026
|label5 = Publisher
|data5 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label6 = DOI
|data6 = Awaited
}}
==English name==
'''Indian ginseng''' or '''winter cherry'''

==Synonyms ==

Ashwagandha, Wajigandha, Varahakarni

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

* '''Rasa''' (taste): Madhura (sweet), tikta (bitter)
* '''Guna''' (properties): Snigdha (unctuous), guru (heavy to digest)
* '''Virya''' (potency): Ushna (hot)
* '''Vipaka''' (post-digestive effect): Madhura
* '''Dosha Effect''': Primarily balances [[Vata dosha|vata]], secondarily kapha; aggravates pitta in excess.
* '''Classical Actions''': Medhya (intellect promoter), balya (strength), vajikarana (aphrodisiac), rasayana (rejuvenative).<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=P.V.|title=Charaka Samhita |publisher=Chaukhamba Orientalia |location=Varanasi |year=2014 |isbn=978-8176371432}}</ref>
[[File:Ashwagandha.jpg|thumb|Ashvagandha]]

==Description==

A perennial shrub from the Solanaceae family, native to India, the Middle East, and Africa. It grows 35–75 cm tall with oval leaves, small greenish-yellow flowers, and red-orange berry-like fruits. The name "Ashwagandha" derives from Sanskrit ''ashva'' (horse) and ''gandha'' (smell), referring to the root's horse-like odor and vigor-promoting effects.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mirjalili |first1=Mohammad Hossein |last2=Moharramipour |first2=Saman |last3=Hadian |first3=Javad |title=A review on the production of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) active principles: Methods and current status |journal=Journal of Medicinal Plants Research |volume=8 |issue=37 |pages=882–900 |doi=10.5897/JMPR2014.5629 |year=2014}}</ref>

==Pharmacognosy==

Key phytoconstituents include withanolides (e.g., withaferin A, withanolide D), sitoindosides, withanosides, alkaloids (withanine, somniferine), and steroidal lactones. Roots contain highest concentrations (1.5–5% withanolides).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaushik |first1=M.K. |last2=Kaushik |first2=V.K. |last3=Kumar |first3=A. |title=Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics, biomarkers, and pharmacokinetics |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=267 |pages=113451 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2020.113451 |pmid=33157267 |year=2021}}</ref>

==Clinical Uses==

===Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Herbs and their activities
|'''Sr.no.'''
|'''Reference in Charak Samhita'''
|'''Activity'''
|-
|1
|Cha. Sa. Sutra sthana 4/9(2)
|Brumhaniya mahakashaya
|-
|2
|Cha. Sa. Sutra sthana 4/9(7)
|Balya mahakashaya
|-
|3
|Cha. Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/136
|Virechana Dravyani
|-
|4
|Cha. Sa. Vimana Sthana 8/139
|Madhur skandha
|-
|5
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 2/1/34
|Ingredient in Vajikarana Ghrita
|-
|6
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 13/109
|In the treatment of Udara roga (for lepa)
|-
|7
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 14/50
|Dhupan yoga in arsha roga
|-
|8
|Cha. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 17/117
|Kshara mixed with madhuk ghrit is used in hikka shwasa
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/75
|As an ingredient of Dhumapana yoga
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 21/123
|For pradeha prayoga in granthi visarpa
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/70
|As an ingredient of Gandha hasti agada
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/80
|As an ingredient of Maha -Gandha hasti agada.
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/244
|As an ingredient of Amruta ghrita
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 27/43
|As an ingredient of Kushthadi Taila
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 22/50
|As an ingredient of Utsadana Yoga
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/166
|As an ingredient of Ashwagandha Taila paka
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/170
|As an ingredient of Vrushamuladi taila
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/173
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/73
|As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/260
|As a paniya yoga, in the treatment of Stanya dosha
|}

=== Bhavaprakasha ===

* Pacifies [[Vata]]-[[Kapha]] dosha
* Alleviates Shwitra (vitiligo)
* Shotha (oedema)
* Kshaya (depletion of tissues)
* Balya (promotes strength)
* Rasayani (rejuvenating)
* Atishukrala (increases semen and sperm count)

===Neurological===
Reduces stress and cortisol levels (300–600 mg root extract daily); improves sleep quality and cognitive function in trials.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chandrasekhar |first1=K. |last2=Kapoor |first2=J. |last3=Anishetty |first3=S. |title=A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of Ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults |journal=Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=255–262 |doi=10.4103/0253-7176.106022 |pmc=3573577 |pmid=23439798 |year=2012}}</ref>

===Reproductive===
Enhances testosterone, semen quality, and libido in men (675 mg root powder daily).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ambiye |first1=V.R. |last2=Langade |first2=D. |last3=Dongre |first3=S. |last4=Apte |first4=S. |last5=Joshi |first5=K. |title=Clinical evaluation of the spermatogenic activity of the root extract of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in oligospermic males: a pilot study |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2013 |pages=571420 |doi=10.1155/2013/571420 |pmc=3863556 |pmid=24284701 |year=2013}}</ref>

===Musculoskeletal===
Increases muscle mass and strength (500 mg extract with resistance training).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wankhede |first1=S. |last2=Langade |first2=D. |last3=Joshi |first3=K. |last4=Thakurdesai |first4=P.A. |title=Examining the effect of Withania somnifera supplementation on muscle strength and recovery: a randomized controlled trial |journal=Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition |volume=12 |pages=23 |doi=10.1186/s12970-015-0104-9 |pmc=4658772 |pmid=26009251 |year=2015}}</ref>

==Formulations and Dosage==

Common preparations:
{| class="wikitable"
!Formulation||Dose||Anupana (vehicle)
|-
|Churna (powder)||3–6 g BID||Warm milk/ghee
|-
|Ghrita||5–10 g/day||As prescribed
|-
|Extract capsules||300–600 mg/day||Water
|}

==Safety==
Generally safe (GRAS status); rare GI upset, drowsiness. Contraindicated in hyperthyroidism, pregnancy (uterine stimulant), and nightshade allergy. LD<sub>50</sub> >2 g/kg in rodents.<ref>{{cite web |title=Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) Monograph |url=https://www.herbrally.com/monographs/ashwagandha |publisher=HerbRally |access-date=2026-03-16}}</ref>

==Research==

Over 100 clinical trials support adaptogenic effects; NIH-funded studies are ongoing for anxiety and sleep disorders. Withanolides modulate HPA axis, GABA receptors, and inflammation pathways (NF-κB inhibition).<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Speers |first1=A.B. |last2=Cabey |first2=K.A. |last3=Souza |first3=M.J. |last4=Spencer |first4=E.A. |title=Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on stress and the stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders anxiety, depression, and insomnia |journal=Current Neuropharmacology |volume=20 |issue=7 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.2174/1570159X19666210813150419 |year=2021}}</ref>

==Current availability ==

Available

== External links ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withania_somnifera Withania Somnifera]

[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Withania%20somnifera IMPPAT Database link]

==References==
{{reflist}}

Haritaki

2026-07-07T09:39:14Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Haritaki, Hirada,Terminalia chebula, chebulic myrobalan, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Bibhitaki is classified as a Rasayana (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, asthma), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]

{{Infobox
|title = Abhaya
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Abhaya
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2025
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]''', popularly known as '''Haritaki''' (or Harad), is a deciduous tree native to South Asia, spanning India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. It is widely regarded in [[Ayurveda]] as the "King of Medicines" (Prana) and is a primary constituent of the renowned formula '''[[Triphala]]'''. It is highly revered medicinal plant.

==English name ==

Chebulic myrobalan

==Therapeutic Use==

Shotha (edema), Arsha (hemorrhoids), Aruchi (anorexia), Hridroga (cardiac diseases), Kasa (cough), Pandu (anemia and blood deficiency related diseases), Prameha (obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus), Udavarta, Vibandha (constipation), Jirna-jwara (chronic fever), Vishama jwara (different types of fever), Shiro-roga (diseases of head), Tamaka shwasa (bronchial asthma), Gulma (abdominal lumps), Udararoga (generalized enlargement of abdomen)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==

* Buceras chebula (Retz.) Lyons
* Combretum argyrophyllum K.Schum.
* Myrobalanus chebula (Retz.) Gaertn.
* Myrobalanus gangetica (Roxb.) Kostel.
* Myrobalanus tomentella Kuntze
* Terminalia acutae Walp.
* Terminalia argyrophylla King & Prain
* Terminalia gangetica Roxb.
* Terminalia glandulipetiolata De Wild.
* Terminalia parviflora Thwaites
* Terminalia reticulata Roth
* Terminalia tomentella Kurz
* Terminalia zeylanica Van Heurck & Müll. Arg.
[[File:Haritaki.jpg|thumb|Haritaki ]]

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==

In traditional medicine, Haritaki is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenative) and is believed to balance all three [[Dosha|doshas]] (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha). Its historical indications include gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic complications, cognitive decline, chronic inflammation, and wound healing.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Haritaki, Abhaya, Pathya

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==

Abhaya, Kayastha, Putana, Amruta, Haimavati, Avyatha, Chetaki, Shreyasi, Shiva, Vayastha, Vijaya, Jivanti, Rohini

==Types==
===Bhavaprakasha Nighantu===
Mentioned 7 types<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 7 – 9, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Types !! Characters !! Utility
|-
| 1 || Vijaya || Oval || All diseases
|-
| 2 || Rohini || Round || Wound healing
|-
| 3 || Putana || Putana Small but with large seed || For external application
|-
| 4 || Amruta || Bulky || For purification
|-
| 5 || Abhaya || Five lines on it || Eye diseases
|-
| 6 || Jivanti || Yellow colored || Useful in all diseases
|-
| 7 || Chetaki || Three lines over it || For preparing powder
|}

===Kaiyadeva Nighantu===

Mentioned 3 types<ref>Prof. Priya Vat Sharma, Kaiyadev Nighantu, Aushadhi Varga, Translated by Dr. Guru Prasada Sharma, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Delhi; </ref>
# Niraja
# Vanaja
# Parvatiya

===Prashasta Haritaki (Qualities of Best Haritaki)===

* Nava – new
* Snigdha – Unctuous
* Ghana – Hard
* Vritta – Round
* Gurvi – With weight
* Ambasi nimajjana – Sinks in water
* Dwikarsha – Double the weight of Bibhitaki (22 gm)<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Ritu Haritaki===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Ritu (Season) !! Anupana
|-
| 1 || Varsha (Rainy season)||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
|-
| 2 ||Sharad (Autumn)||Sharkara (Sugar)
|-
| 3 ||Hemanta (Early winter)||Shunthi (Ginger)
|-
| 4 ||Shishira (Late winter)||Kana (Long pepper)
|-
| 5 ||Vasanta (Spring)||Madhu (Honey)
|-
| 6 ||Grishma (Summer)||Guda (Jaggery)
|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 31, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Actions of Haritaki on Dosha with Anupana===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Effect on Dosha !! Anupana
|-
| 1 || Kaphahara||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
|-
| 2 || Pittahara||Sharkara (Sugar)
|-
| 3 || Vatahara||Ghrita (Ghee)
|-
| 4 || Tridoshahara||Guda (Jaggery)
|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 30, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Contra indications of Haritaki===

* Adhwatikhinna – Tired of walking, depressed
* Balavarjita – weak
* Ruksha – who has dryness in body
* Krisha – lean
* Langhana karshita – Tired of observing fasting
* Pittadhikya – Excessive aggravation of Pitta
* Garbhavati – Pregnant
* Vimukta raktata – One who underwent blood letting<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 32, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Haritaki Prayoga in different forms===

# Charvita – Chewed and swallowed increases Agni.
# Peshita (Powder) – When triturated, acts as Malashodhaka (purifies faeces)
# Swinna – When boiled acts as Sangrahi
# Bhrishta – When fried, acts as Tridosha shamaka
# Sahabhojana – When taken with food, Improves intellect, strength and functions of sense organs, Pacifies Tridosha
Evacuates faeces and acts as diuretic.
# Pashchat bhojana – When taken after food, Alleviates the diseases occurred because of improper food and also alleviates Tridosha.<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 27, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya), Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura), Sour (amla)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Removes all the three [[dosha]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/82 || Phalini ([[Virechana]]) (Therapeutic Purgation)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/29 || Vatanulominiyavagu(gruel for flatulence).
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna (anti – haemorrhoidal) mahakashay
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13) || Kushthaghna (anti – dermatosis) mahakashay
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24) || Virechanopag (sub – purgative) mahakashay
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(30) || Hikkanigrahana (reducing hiccups)mahakashay
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36) || Kasahara (anti – cough) mahakashaya
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara (antipyretic) mahakashaya
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(49) || Prajasthapana (promoting conception and implantation of embryo) mahakashaya.
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) || Vayasthapana (anti – ageing) mahakashaya
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/16 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/46 || As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Modaka
|-
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/50 || As an ingredient of Pathyadi Modaka
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/7 || As an ingredient of Tilvaka Yoga
|-
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/7 || Saptala Shankhini Yoga for purgation.
|-
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15 || As an ingredient of Avaleha(linctus) Yoga
|-
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/27 || As an ingredient of Modaka Yoga
|-
|}

==Dose==

3-6 gm of the drug in the powder form.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>
* Triphala Churna
* Triphaladi Taila
* Abhayarishta
* Agatsya Haritaki Rasayana
* Citraka Haritaki
* Danti Haritaki
* Dasamula Haritaki
* Brahma Rasayana
* Abhaya Lavana
* Pathyadi Lepa

== Current availability==

Available

* In India – Found in sub – Himalayan region. West Bengal, Assam, Madras, Mysore, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala.
* Out of India –
* South Asia – Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh
* Southeast Asia – Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand
* East Asia - China

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic versatility of ''Terminalia chebula'' arises from its complex secondary metabolite profile, particularly abundant in its dried fruit pericarp:
* '''Hydrolyzable Tannins:''' Extremely rich in chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, corilagin, terchebin, and punicalagin.
* '''Phenolic Acids:''' High yields of gallic acid and ellagic acid.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Rutin, quercetin, and luteolin.
* '''Other Constituents:''' Saponins, amino acids, and fixed oils containing palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Gastrointestinal Prokinetic and Cytoprotective Effects ===

Haritaki is most recognized for its profound influence on the gastrointestinal tract, functioning both as a mild laxative and a mucosal protective agent.

* '''Mechanism:''' It accelerates gastric emptying and intestinal transit time by stimulating smooth muscle contractility. Concurrently, it enhances the gastric mucosal defense barrier by increasing mucin secretion and reducing lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and animal models indicate that ''T. chebula'' provides substantial protection against experimental gastric ulcers by normalizing total acidity and pepsin output while augmenting cytoprotective factors.<ref name="Tamhane1997"/>

=== Pro-Cognitive and Neuroprotective Properties ===

Recent research highlights Haritaki's ability to combat neurodegenerative pathways associated with Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents like chebulinic acid act as potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, preserving acetylcholine levels in synapses. Furthermore, it suppresses neuroinflammation by inhibiting microglia activation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that aqueous extracts significantly attenuate amyloid-β induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in cortical neurons, preserving spatial memory and cognitive performance in animal designs.<ref name="Afshari2016"/>

=== Anti-Diabetic and Advanced Glycation End-product (AGE) Inhibition ===

Haritaki serves as an effective intervention against type 2 diabetes and its long-term vascular complications.
* '''Mechanism:''' It significantly inhibits α-glucosidase and α-amylase, delaying carbohydrate digestion. Uniquely, its polyphenols block the formation of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs), which damage blood vessels in diabetic patients.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo research demonstrated that standard oral administration of ''T. chebula'' seed extract resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose, comparable to standard oral hypoglycemic drugs like glibenclamide, alongside an increase in plasma insulin levels.<ref name="Murali2007"/>

=== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Action ===

The plant exhibits strong inhibitory effects against a diverse array of bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt microbial cell wall integrity, precipitate structural proteins, and prevent bacterial adherence necessary for biofilm formation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Extracts have demonstrated powerful efficacy against cariogenic bacteria like ''Streptococcus mutans'' (reducing dental plaque formation) and clinically relevant multi-drug resistant pathogens, including ''Helicobacter pylori''.<ref name="Aneja2009"/>

=== Cardioprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy ===

Haritaki supports cardiovascular health by lowering oxidative stress within vascular tissues and managing lipid profiles.
* '''Mechanism:''' It reduces myocardial lipid peroxidation, downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), and preserves endogenous cellular antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that pre-treatment with ''T. chebula'' significantly mitigates lysosomal enzyme leakage and preserves myocardial architecture during chemical-induced myocardial infarction models.<ref name="Suchalatha2005"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==

* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Terminalia chebula'' is highly safe for therapeutic consumption. Oral acute toxicity evaluations indicate an LD50 exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight in animal cohorts.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its potent astringent and prokinetic nature, it should be used with caution during acute diarrhea, severe dehydration, or pregnancy unless explicitly monitored by a healthcare professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily mixed with warm water or honey.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia chebula''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Gastrointestinal Dysmotility'''
| Tannins, Chebulinic acid
| Prokinetic activity, Mucosal cytoprotection
|-
| '''Cognitive Decline / Dementia'''
| Gallic acid, Chebulagic acid
| Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, Anti-amyloidogenesis
|-
| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
| Chebulinic acid, Ellagic acid
| α-glucosidase inhibition, AGE inhibition
|-
| '''Dental Caries & Infections'''
| Polyphenols, Flavonoids
| Anti-biofilm matrix disruption, Anti-adherence
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Tamhane1997">{{cite journal |last1=Tamhane |first1=M. D. |last2=Thorat |first2=S. P. |last3=Rege |first3=N. N. |last4=Dahanukar |first4=S. A. |year=1997 |title=Effect of Oral Administration of Terminalia chebula on Gastric Emptying and Cecal Transit Time |journal=Journal of Postgrad Medicine |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=12–13}}</ref>

<ref name="Afshari2016">{{cite journal |last1=Afshari |first1=A. |last2=Sadeghnia |first2=H. R. |last3=Asadpour |first3=E. |year=2016 |title=Neuroprotective effects of Terminalia chebula fruit extract against t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in neurons |journal=Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=73–82}}</ref>

<ref name="Murali2007">{{cite journal |last1=Murali |first1=Y. K. |last2=Anand |first2=P. |last3=Murthy |first3=P. S. |last4=Murthy |first4=Ch. V. |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Terminalia chebula seed extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=532–535}}</ref>

<ref name="Aneja2009">{{cite journal |last1=Aneja |first1=K. R. |last2=Joshi |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial potential of fruit extracts of Terminalia chebula against salivary samples and micro-organisms associated with dental caries |journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=133–138}}</ref>

<ref name="Suchalatha2005">{{cite journal |last1=Suchalatha |first1=S. |last2=Devi |first2=C. S. |year=2005 |title=Protective effect of Terminalia chebula against lysosomal enzyme leakage in experimental myocardial infarction |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=520–523}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Haritaki

2026-07-07T09:38:45Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Haritaki, Hirada,Terminalia chebula, chebulic myrobalan, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Bibhitaki is classified as a Rasayana (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, asthma), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]

{{Infobox
|title = Abhaya
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Abhaya
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2025
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]''', popularly known as '''Haritaki''' (or Harad), is a deciduous tree native to South Asia, spanning India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. It is widely regarded in [[Ayurveda]] as the "King of Medicines" (Prana) and is a primary constituent of the renowned formula '''[[Triphala]]'''. It is highly revered medicinal plant.

==English name ==

Chebulic myrobalan

==Therapeutic Use==

Shotha (edema), Arsha (hemorrhoids), Aruchi (anorexia), Hridroga (cardiac diseases), Kasa (cough), Pandu (anemia and blood deficiency related diseases), Prameha (obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus), Udavarta, Vibandha (constipation), Jirna-jwara (chronic fever), Vishama jwara (different types of fever), Shiro-roga (diseases of head), Tamaka shwasa (bronchial asthma), Gulma (abdominal lumps), Udararoga (generalized enlargement of abdomen)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==

* Buceras chebula (Retz.) Lyons
* Combretum argyrophyllum K.Schum.
* Myrobalanus chebula (Retz.) Gaertn.
* Myrobalanus gangetica (Roxb.) Kostel.
* Myrobalanus tomentella Kuntze
* Terminalia acutae Walp.
* Terminalia argyrophylla King & Prain
* Terminalia gangetica Roxb.
* Terminalia glandulipetiolata De Wild.
* Terminalia parviflora Thwaites
* Terminalia reticulata Roth
* Terminalia tomentella Kurz
* Terminalia zeylanica Van Heurck & Müll. Arg.
[[File:Haritaki.jpg|thumb|Haritaki ]]

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==

In traditional medicine, Haritaki is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenative) and is believed to balance all three [[Dosha|doshas]] (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha). Its historical indications include gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic complications, cognitive decline, chronic inflammation, and wound healing.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Haritaki, Abhaya, Pathya

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==

Abhaya, Kayastha, Putana, Amruta, Haimavati, Avyatha, Chetaki, Shreyasi, Shiva, Vayastha, Vijaya, Jivanti, Rohini

==Types==
===Bhvaprakasha Nighantu===
Mentioned 7 types<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 7 – 9, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Types !! Characters !! Utility
|-
| 1 || Vijaya || Oval || All diseases
|-
| 2 || Rohini || Round || Wound healing
|-
| 3 || Putana || Putana Small but with large seed || For external application
|-
| 4 || Amruta || Bulky || For purification
|-
| 5 || Abhaya || Five lines on it || Eye diseases
|-
| 6 || Jivanti || Yellow colored || Useful in all diseases
|-
| 7 || Chetaki || Three lines over it || For preparing powder
|}

===Kaiyadeva Nighantu===

Mentioned 3 types<ref>Prof. Priya Vat Sharma, Kaiyadev Nighantu, Aushadhi Varga, Translated by Dr. Guru Prasada Sharma, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Delhi; </ref>
# Niraja
# Vanaja
# Parvatiya

===Prashasta Haritaki (Qualities of Best Haritaki)===

* Nava – new
* Snigdha – Unctuous
* Ghana – Hard
* Vritta – Round
* Gurvi – With weight
* Ambasi nimajjana – Sinks in water
* Dwikarsha – Double the weight of Bibhitaki (22 gm)<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Ritu Haritaki===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Ritu (Season) !! Anupana
|-
| 1 || Varsha (Rainy season)||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
|-
| 2 ||Sharad (Autumn)||Sharkara (Sugar)
|-
| 3 ||Hemanta (Early winter)||Shunthi (Ginger)
|-
| 4 ||Shishira (Late winter)||Kana (Long pepper)
|-
| 5 ||Vasanta (Spring)||Madhu (Honey)
|-
| 6 ||Grishma (Summer)||Guda (Jaggery)
|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 31, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Actions of Haritaki on Dosha with Anupana===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Effect on Dosha !! Anupana
|-
| 1 || Kaphahara||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
|-
| 2 || Pittahara||Sharkara (Sugar)
|-
| 3 || Vatahara||Ghrita (Ghee)
|-
| 4 || Tridoshahara||Guda (Jaggery)
|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 30, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Contra indications of Haritaki===

* Adhwatikhinna – Tired of walking, depressed
* Balavarjita – weak
* Ruksha – who has dryness in body
* Krisha – lean
* Langhana karshita – Tired of observing fasting
* Pittadhikya – Excessive aggravation of Pitta
* Garbhavati – Pregnant
* Vimukta raktata – One who underwent blood letting<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 32, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Haritaki Prayoga in different forms===

# Charvita – Chewed and swallowed increases Agni.
# Peshita (Powder) – When triturated, acts as Malashodhaka (purifies faeces)
# Swinna – When boiled acts as Sangrahi
# Bhrishta – When fried, acts as Tridosha shamaka
# Sahabhojana – When taken with food, Improves intellect, strength and functions of sense organs, Pacifies Tridosha
Evacuates faeces and acts as diuretic.
# Pashchat bhojana – When taken after food, Alleviates the diseases occurred because of improper food and also alleviates Tridosha.<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 27, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya), Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura), Sour (amla)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Removes all the three [[dosha]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/82 || Phalini ([[Virechana]]) (Therapeutic Purgation)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/29 || Vatanulominiyavagu(gruel for flatulence).
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna (anti – haemorrhoidal) mahakashay
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13) || Kushthaghna (anti – dermatosis) mahakashay
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24) || Virechanopag (sub – purgative) mahakashay
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(30) || Hikkanigrahana (reducing hiccups)mahakashay
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36) || Kasahara (anti – cough) mahakashaya
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara (antipyretic) mahakashaya
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(49) || Prajasthapana (promoting conception and implantation of embryo) mahakashaya.
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) || Vayasthapana (anti – ageing) mahakashaya
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/16 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/46 || As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Modaka
|-
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/50 || As an ingredient of Pathyadi Modaka
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/7 || As an ingredient of Tilvaka Yoga
|-
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/7 || Saptala Shankhini Yoga for purgation.
|-
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15 || As an ingredient of Avaleha(linctus) Yoga
|-
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/27 || As an ingredient of Modaka Yoga
|-
|}

==Dose==

3-6 gm of the drug in the powder form.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>
* Triphala Churna
* Triphaladi Taila
* Abhayarishta
* Agatsya Haritaki Rasayana
* Citraka Haritaki
* Danti Haritaki
* Dasamula Haritaki
* Brahma Rasayana
* Abhaya Lavana
* Pathyadi Lepa

== Current availability==

Available

* In India – Found in sub – Himalayan region. West Bengal, Assam, Madras, Mysore, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala.
* Out of India –
* South Asia – Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh
* Southeast Asia – Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand
* East Asia - China

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic versatility of ''Terminalia chebula'' arises from its complex secondary metabolite profile, particularly abundant in its dried fruit pericarp:
* '''Hydrolyzable Tannins:''' Extremely rich in chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, corilagin, terchebin, and punicalagin.
* '''Phenolic Acids:''' High yields of gallic acid and ellagic acid.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Rutin, quercetin, and luteolin.
* '''Other Constituents:''' Saponins, amino acids, and fixed oils containing palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Gastrointestinal Prokinetic and Cytoprotective Effects ===

Haritaki is most recognized for its profound influence on the gastrointestinal tract, functioning both as a mild laxative and a mucosal protective agent.

* '''Mechanism:''' It accelerates gastric emptying and intestinal transit time by stimulating smooth muscle contractility. Concurrently, it enhances the gastric mucosal defense barrier by increasing mucin secretion and reducing lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and animal models indicate that ''T. chebula'' provides substantial protection against experimental gastric ulcers by normalizing total acidity and pepsin output while augmenting cytoprotective factors.<ref name="Tamhane1997"/>

=== Pro-Cognitive and Neuroprotective Properties ===

Recent research highlights Haritaki's ability to combat neurodegenerative pathways associated with Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents like chebulinic acid act as potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, preserving acetylcholine levels in synapses. Furthermore, it suppresses neuroinflammation by inhibiting microglia activation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that aqueous extracts significantly attenuate amyloid-β induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in cortical neurons, preserving spatial memory and cognitive performance in animal designs.<ref name="Afshari2016"/>

=== Anti-Diabetic and Advanced Glycation End-product (AGE) Inhibition ===

Haritaki serves as an effective intervention against type 2 diabetes and its long-term vascular complications.
* '''Mechanism:''' It significantly inhibits α-glucosidase and α-amylase, delaying carbohydrate digestion. Uniquely, its polyphenols block the formation of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs), which damage blood vessels in diabetic patients.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo research demonstrated that standard oral administration of ''T. chebula'' seed extract resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose, comparable to standard oral hypoglycemic drugs like glibenclamide, alongside an increase in plasma insulin levels.<ref name="Murali2007"/>

=== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Action ===

The plant exhibits strong inhibitory effects against a diverse array of bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt microbial cell wall integrity, precipitate structural proteins, and prevent bacterial adherence necessary for biofilm formation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Extracts have demonstrated powerful efficacy against cariogenic bacteria like ''Streptococcus mutans'' (reducing dental plaque formation) and clinically relevant multi-drug resistant pathogens, including ''Helicobacter pylori''.<ref name="Aneja2009"/>

=== Cardioprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy ===

Haritaki supports cardiovascular health by lowering oxidative stress within vascular tissues and managing lipid profiles.
* '''Mechanism:''' It reduces myocardial lipid peroxidation, downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), and preserves endogenous cellular antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that pre-treatment with ''T. chebula'' significantly mitigates lysosomal enzyme leakage and preserves myocardial architecture during chemical-induced myocardial infarction models.<ref name="Suchalatha2005"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==

* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Terminalia chebula'' is highly safe for therapeutic consumption. Oral acute toxicity evaluations indicate an LD50 exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight in animal cohorts.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its potent astringent and prokinetic nature, it should be used with caution during acute diarrhea, severe dehydration, or pregnancy unless explicitly monitored by a healthcare professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily mixed with warm water or honey.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia chebula''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Gastrointestinal Dysmotility'''
| Tannins, Chebulinic acid
| Prokinetic activity, Mucosal cytoprotection
|-
| '''Cognitive Decline / Dementia'''
| Gallic acid, Chebulagic acid
| Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, Anti-amyloidogenesis
|-
| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
| Chebulinic acid, Ellagic acid
| α-glucosidase inhibition, AGE inhibition
|-
| '''Dental Caries & Infections'''
| Polyphenols, Flavonoids
| Anti-biofilm matrix disruption, Anti-adherence
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Tamhane1997">{{cite journal |last1=Tamhane |first1=M. D. |last2=Thorat |first2=S. P. |last3=Rege |first3=N. N. |last4=Dahanukar |first4=S. A. |year=1997 |title=Effect of Oral Administration of Terminalia chebula on Gastric Emptying and Cecal Transit Time |journal=Journal of Postgrad Medicine |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=12–13}}</ref>

<ref name="Afshari2016">{{cite journal |last1=Afshari |first1=A. |last2=Sadeghnia |first2=H. R. |last3=Asadpour |first3=E. |year=2016 |title=Neuroprotective effects of Terminalia chebula fruit extract against t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in neurons |journal=Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=73–82}}</ref>

<ref name="Murali2007">{{cite journal |last1=Murali |first1=Y. K. |last2=Anand |first2=P. |last3=Murthy |first3=P. S. |last4=Murthy |first4=Ch. V. |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Terminalia chebula seed extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=532–535}}</ref>

<ref name="Aneja2009">{{cite journal |last1=Aneja |first1=K. R. |last2=Joshi |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial potential of fruit extracts of Terminalia chebula against salivary samples and micro-organisms associated with dental caries |journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=133–138}}</ref>

<ref name="Suchalatha2005">{{cite journal |last1=Suchalatha |first1=S. |last2=Devi |first2=C. S. |year=2005 |title=Protective effect of Terminalia chebula against lysosomal enzyme leakage in experimental myocardial infarction |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=520–523}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Haritaki

2026-07-07T09:37:49Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Haritaki, Hirada,Terminalia chebula, chebulic myrobalan, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Bibhitaki is classified as a Rasayana (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, asthma), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]

{{Infobox
|title = Abhaya
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Abhaya
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2025
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]''', popularly known as '''Haritaki''' (or Harad), is a deciduous tree native to South Asia, spanning India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. It is widely regarded in [[Ayurveda]] as the "King of Medicines" (Prana) and is a primary constituent of the renowned formula '''[[Triphala]]'''. It is highly revered medicinal plant.

==English name ==

Chebulic myrobalan

==Therapeutic Use==

Shotha (edema), Arsha (hemorrhoids), Aruchi (anorexia), Hridroga (cardiac diseases), Kasa (cough), Pandu (anemia and blood deficiency related diseases), Prameha (obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus), Udavarta, Vibandha (constipation), Jirna-jwara (chronic fever), Vishama jwara (different types of fever), Shiro-roga (diseases of head), Tamaka shwasa (bronchial asthma), Gulma (abdominal lumps), Udararoga (generalized enlargement of abdomen)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==

* Buceras chebula (Retz.) Lyons
* Combretum argyrophyllum K.Schum.
* Myrobalanus chebula (Retz.) Gaertn.
* Myrobalanus gangetica (Roxb.) Kostel.
* Myrobalanus tomentella Kuntze
* Terminalia acutae Walp.
* Terminalia argyrophylla King & Prain
* Terminalia gangetica Roxb.
* Terminalia glandulipetiolata De Wild.
* Terminalia parviflora Thwaites
* Terminalia reticulata Roth
* Terminalia tomentella Kurz
* Terminalia zeylanica Van Heurck & Müll. Arg.

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==

In traditional medicine, Haritaki is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenative) and is believed to balance all three [[Dosha|doshas]] (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha). Its historical indications include gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic complications, cognitive decline, chronic inflammation, and wound healing.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Haritaki, Abhaya, Pathya

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==

Abhaya, Kayastha, Putana, Amruta, Haimavati, Avyatha, Chetaki, Shreyasi, Shiva, Vayastha, Vijaya, Jivanti, Rohini

==Types==
===Bhvaprakasha Nighantu===
Mentioned 7 types<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 7 – 9, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Types !! Characters !! Utility
|-
| 1 || Vijaya || Oval || All diseases
|-
| 2 || Rohini || Round || Wound healing
|-
| 3 || Putana || Putana Small but with large seed || For external application
|-
| 4 || Amruta || Bulky || For purification
|-
| 5 || Abhaya || Five lines on it || Eye diseases
|-
| 6 || Jivanti || Yellow colored || Useful in all diseases
|-
| 7 || Chetaki || Three lines over it || For preparing powder
|}

===Kaiyadeva Nighantu===

Mentioned 3 types<ref>Prof. Priya Vat Sharma, Kaiyadev Nighantu, Aushadhi Varga, Translated by Dr. Guru Prasada Sharma, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Delhi; </ref>
# Niraja
# Vanaja
# Parvatiya

===Prashasta Haritaki (Qualities of Best Haritaki)===

* Nava – new
* Snigdha – Unctuous
* Ghana – Hard
* Vritta – Round
* Gurvi – With weight
* Ambasi nimajjana – Sinks in water
* Dwikarsha – Double the weight of Bibhitaki (22 gm)<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Ritu Haritaki===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Ritu (Season) !! Anupana
|-
| 1 || Varsha (Rainy season)||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
|-
| 2 ||Sharad (Autumn)||Sharkara (Sugar)
|-
| 3 ||Hemanta (Early winter)||Shunthi (Ginger)
|-
| 4 ||Shishira (Late winter)||Kana (Long pepper)
|-
| 5 ||Vasanta (Spring)||Madhu (Honey)
|-
| 6 ||Grishma (Summer)||Guda (Jaggery)
|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 31, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Actions of Haritaki on Dosha with Anupana===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Effect on Dosha !! Anupana
|-
| 1 || Kaphahara||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
|-
| 2 || Pittahara||Sharkara (Sugar)
|-
| 3 || Vatahara||Ghrita (Ghee)
|-
| 4 || Tridoshahara||Guda (Jaggery)
|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 30, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Contra indications of Haritaki===

* Adhwatikhinna – Tired of walking, depressed
* Balavarjita – weak
* Ruksha – who has dryness in body
* Krisha – lean
* Langhana karshita – Tired of observing fasting
* Pittadhikya – Excessive aggravation of Pitta
* Garbhavati – Pregnant
* Vimukta raktata – One who underwent blood letting<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 32, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Haritaki Prayoga in different forms===

# Charvita – Chewed and swallowed increases Agni.
# Peshita (Powder) – When triturated, acts as Malashodhaka (purifies faeces)
# Swinna – When boiled acts as Sangrahi
# Bhrishta – When fried, acts as Tridosha shamaka
# Sahabhojana – When taken with food, Improves intellect, strength and functions of sense organs, Pacifies Tridosha
Evacuates faeces and acts as diuretic.
# Pashchat bhojana – When taken after food, Alleviates the diseases occurred because of improper food and also alleviates Tridosha.<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 27, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya), Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura), Sour (amla)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Removes all the three [[dosha]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/82 || Phalini ([[Virechana]]) (Therapeutic Purgation)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/29 || Vatanulominiyavagu(gruel for flatulence).
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna (anti – haemorrhoidal) mahakashay
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13) || Kushthaghna (anti – dermatosis) mahakashay
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24) || Virechanopag (sub – purgative) mahakashay
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(30) || Hikkanigrahana (reducing hiccups)mahakashay
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36) || Kasahara (anti – cough) mahakashaya
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara (antipyretic) mahakashaya
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(49) || Prajasthapana (promoting conception and implantation of embryo) mahakashaya.
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) || Vayasthapana (anti – ageing) mahakashaya
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/16 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/46 || As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Modaka
|-
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/50 || As an ingredient of Pathyadi Modaka
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/7 || As an ingredient of Tilvaka Yoga
|-
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/7 || Saptala Shankhini Yoga for purgation.
|-
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15 || As an ingredient of Avaleha(linctus) Yoga
|-
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/27 || As an ingredient of Modaka Yoga
|-
|}

==Dose==

3-6 gm of the drug in the powder form.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>
* Triphala Churna
* Triphaladi Taila
* Abhayarishta
* Agatsya Haritaki Rasayana
* Citraka Haritaki
* Danti Haritaki
* Dasamula Haritaki
* Brahma Rasayana
* Abhaya Lavana
* Pathyadi Lepa

== Current availability==

Available

* In India – Found in sub – Himalayan region. West Bengal, Assam, Madras, Mysore, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala.
* Out of India –
* South Asia – Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh
* Southeast Asia – Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand
* East Asia - China

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic versatility of ''Terminalia chebula'' arises from its complex secondary metabolite profile, particularly abundant in its dried fruit pericarp:
* '''Hydrolyzable Tannins:''' Extremely rich in chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, corilagin, terchebin, and punicalagin.
* '''Phenolic Acids:''' High yields of gallic acid and ellagic acid.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Rutin, quercetin, and luteolin.
* '''Other Constituents:''' Saponins, amino acids, and fixed oils containing palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Gastrointestinal Prokinetic and Cytoprotective Effects ===

Haritaki is most recognized for its profound influence on the gastrointestinal tract, functioning both as a mild laxative and a mucosal protective agent.

* '''Mechanism:''' It accelerates gastric emptying and intestinal transit time by stimulating smooth muscle contractility. Concurrently, it enhances the gastric mucosal defense barrier by increasing mucin secretion and reducing lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and animal models indicate that ''T. chebula'' provides substantial protection against experimental gastric ulcers by normalizing total acidity and pepsin output while augmenting cytoprotective factors.<ref name="Tamhane1997"/>

=== Pro-Cognitive and Neuroprotective Properties ===

Recent research highlights Haritaki's ability to combat neurodegenerative pathways associated with Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents like chebulinic acid act as potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, preserving acetylcholine levels in synapses. Furthermore, it suppresses neuroinflammation by inhibiting microglia activation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that aqueous extracts significantly attenuate amyloid-β induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in cortical neurons, preserving spatial memory and cognitive performance in animal designs.<ref name="Afshari2016"/>

=== Anti-Diabetic and Advanced Glycation End-product (AGE) Inhibition ===

Haritaki serves as an effective intervention against type 2 diabetes and its long-term vascular complications.
* '''Mechanism:''' It significantly inhibits α-glucosidase and α-amylase, delaying carbohydrate digestion. Uniquely, its polyphenols block the formation of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs), which damage blood vessels in diabetic patients.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo research demonstrated that standard oral administration of ''T. chebula'' seed extract resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose, comparable to standard oral hypoglycemic drugs like glibenclamide, alongside an increase in plasma insulin levels.<ref name="Murali2007"/>

=== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Action ===

The plant exhibits strong inhibitory effects against a diverse array of bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt microbial cell wall integrity, precipitate structural proteins, and prevent bacterial adherence necessary for biofilm formation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Extracts have demonstrated powerful efficacy against cariogenic bacteria like ''Streptococcus mutans'' (reducing dental plaque formation) and clinically relevant multi-drug resistant pathogens, including ''Helicobacter pylori''.<ref name="Aneja2009"/>

=== Cardioprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy ===

Haritaki supports cardiovascular health by lowering oxidative stress within vascular tissues and managing lipid profiles.
* '''Mechanism:''' It reduces myocardial lipid peroxidation, downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), and preserves endogenous cellular antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that pre-treatment with ''T. chebula'' significantly mitigates lysosomal enzyme leakage and preserves myocardial architecture during chemical-induced myocardial infarction models.<ref name="Suchalatha2005"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==

* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Terminalia chebula'' is highly safe for therapeutic consumption. Oral acute toxicity evaluations indicate an LD50 exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight in animal cohorts.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its potent astringent and prokinetic nature, it should be used with caution during acute diarrhea, severe dehydration, or pregnancy unless explicitly monitored by a healthcare professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily mixed with warm water or honey.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia chebula''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Gastrointestinal Dysmotility'''
| Tannins, Chebulinic acid
| Prokinetic activity, Mucosal cytoprotection
|-
| '''Cognitive Decline / Dementia'''
| Gallic acid, Chebulagic acid
| Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, Anti-amyloidogenesis
|-
| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
| Chebulinic acid, Ellagic acid
| α-glucosidase inhibition, AGE inhibition
|-
| '''Dental Caries & Infections'''
| Polyphenols, Flavonoids
| Anti-biofilm matrix disruption, Anti-adherence
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Tamhane1997">{{cite journal |last1=Tamhane |first1=M. D. |last2=Thorat |first2=S. P. |last3=Rege |first3=N. N. |last4=Dahanukar |first4=S. A. |year=1997 |title=Effect of Oral Administration of Terminalia chebula on Gastric Emptying and Cecal Transit Time |journal=Journal of Postgrad Medicine |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=12–13}}</ref>

<ref name="Afshari2016">{{cite journal |last1=Afshari |first1=A. |last2=Sadeghnia |first2=H. R. |last3=Asadpour |first3=E. |year=2016 |title=Neuroprotective effects of Terminalia chebula fruit extract against t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in neurons |journal=Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=73–82}}</ref>

<ref name="Murali2007">{{cite journal |last1=Murali |first1=Y. K. |last2=Anand |first2=P. |last3=Murthy |first3=P. S. |last4=Murthy |first4=Ch. V. |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Terminalia chebula seed extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=532–535}}</ref>

<ref name="Aneja2009">{{cite journal |last1=Aneja |first1=K. R. |last2=Joshi |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial potential of fruit extracts of Terminalia chebula against salivary samples and micro-organisms associated with dental caries |journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=133–138}}</ref>

<ref name="Suchalatha2005">{{cite journal |last1=Suchalatha |first1=S. |last2=Devi |first2=C. S. |year=2005 |title=Protective effect of Terminalia chebula against lysosomal enzyme leakage in experimental myocardial infarction |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=520–523}}</ref>
}}

[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Bibhitaki

2026-07-07T09:31:24Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Bibhitaki, Beheda,Terminalia bellirica, Beleric myrobalan, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Bibhitaki is classified as a Rasayana (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, asthma), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
{{Infobox
|title = Bibhitaki
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Bibhitaki(Aksha)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Beleric myrobalan

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica] (Gaertn.) Roxb., known traditionally as '''Bibhitaka''' (or Baheda), is a large deciduous tree native to the forests of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Belonging to the family Combretaceae, it is one of the three foundational fruits constituting the classic [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] formulation [[Triphala]] (alongside [[Haritaki|Terminalia chebula]] and [[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica]]).

In traditional medicine systems ([[Ayurveda]], Unani, and Siddha), Bibhitaka is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, asthma), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.
[[File:Bibhitaki.jpg|thumb|'''Bibhitaka''']]

==Therapeutic Uses in Ayurveda==

Vomiting (chhardi), Cough (Kasa), Worms (krimiroga), Constipation (vibandha), Hoarseness of voice (svarabheda), Eye diseases (netraroga)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Bibhitaki, Aksha (very useful for sense organs), Karshaphala (fruits weight about 1 karsha – 12 gms), Akshaphala, Kalidruma, Tailaphala (kernel of bibhitak yield oil)

==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==

Strilinga, bhutavasa, kaliyugalaya<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 35 p.9.</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Rough (ruksha), Light (laghu)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Tridoshahara (subside all three dosha) but pacify Kapha especially
|-
|}

== References in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24)
|Virechanopaga(helping purgation) mahakashaya
|-
|2
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/21
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|3
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|4
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144
|Kashaya-skandha(group of astringent drugs)
|-
|5
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29
|Garbha vyapad chikitsa
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14
|Vamanartha(for emesis)
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15
|Awaleha Yoga
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/75
|In formulation of amalaka rasayana
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201
|Used as Triphala kwatha in Anyedhyushka jwara(fever)
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Madhookadi kashaya
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/208
|Pitta- Kapha nashaka Vatanulomana
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/231
|Used for Virechana with madhu and ghrita
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299
|As Triphala in Vishamajwara
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/106
|Ingredient of Nilinyadya Ghrita
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/115
|Ingredient of Rohinyadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/123
|Ingredient in Drakshadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/22
|Prameh nashak Santarpan yoga
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/26
|Sarva Prameh(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameh(diabetes)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/35
|As Kapha-Pittaja prameha(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/40
|Ingredient in Phalatrikadi Kvatha
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/46
|For drinking water Boiled with it
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/44
|As Virechana dravya(purgation)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwatha
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/81
|Ingredient in Triphalasava
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/82
|Pathya diet in Kushtha(skin disease)
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91
|Ingredient in Sidhdharthak snan and Lepa, Abhyantara and
Bahya-shodhanarth
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/97
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushtha
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128
|Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth(external), Pana(drink), Snana(bath), Lepa
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/136
|Ingredient in Vata-Pitta nashak Ghrita
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/140
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala Ghrita
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|Ingredient in Mahakhadir Ghrita
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35
|Ingredient in Kalyanaka Ghrita
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/72
|Ingredient in Pancham Sarpimodak
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarisht
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/49
|Ingredient in Shilajatu prayoga
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/71
|As a Lepa dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]
13/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi ghrita

|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/119
|As an ingredient of patoladi churna
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
|As an ingredient of Narayan churna
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/133
|As an ingredient of Hapushdya churna
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/135
|As anupana of Hapushdya churna
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/149
|Kwath mixed with trikatu and yavakshara used in udararoga
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
|In formulation of pippalyadi lavan
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|In formulation of kshara vatika
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45

|Used in swedana kriya

|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/66
|Use triphala kwath with trivrut churna
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
|As an ingredient of dantyarishta
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87

|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita

|-
|72
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/160
|As an ingredient of Pindasava
|-
|73
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|74
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/188
|Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/92
|As an ingredient of twakadi leha
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/56

|For kashaya pana
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/124
|For pradeha prayoga in granthi visarpa(herpes)
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/125
|As an ingredient of Baladi lepa
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/84
|Used as vranashodhaka kashaya
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/110
|Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya & prasadana
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/115
|Used for Krushnikarana
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/65
|As an ingredient of Trutyadi churna
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushnadi Ghrita
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/163
|As an ingredient of Mayura Ghrita
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/167
|As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/195
|As an ingredient of Kalaka churna
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/205
|Used for mukhadhavna
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used for aaschotana in Kaphaja netraroga
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/241
|As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/254
|As an ingredient of Drustiprada varti
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270, 273
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/281
|Used in palitya(greying of hair)
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/86
|Used as Kwatha with Madhu for Kaphaja Vatarakta
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Churna – 3 – 6 gm<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>
* Triphala Churna
* Triphaladi Taila
* Lavangadi Vati

== Current availability==

Available
* India –
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Rajastha, Gujarat, Maharashtra

* Out of India –
Nepal, Sri lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, China,Malaysia
== Current researches ==

=== Phytochemical Composition ===

The therapeutic efficacy of ''Terminalia bellirica'' is attributed to its rich profile of bioactive secondary metabolites, predominantly concentrated in its fruit rind.
* '''Phenolic Acids & Tannins:''' High concentrations of gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid. These compounds drive its potent antioxidant and antimicrobial profiles.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Luteolin, rutin, and quercetin.
* '''Saponins & Sterols:''' Beta-Sitosterol, belleric acid, and bellericoside.
* '''Fixed Oils:''' The seed kernels contain essential fatty acids, primarily linoleic acid|linoleic and oleic acids.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Metabolic Regulation & Anti-Diabetic Activity ===
Bibhitaka exhibits significant efficacy in managing metabolic syndrome, specifically type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia.
* '''Mechanism:''' Phytochemicals like gallic and ellagic acids inhibit key carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase), reducing postprandial blood glucose spikes. Furthermore, it enhances insulin sensitivity by upregulating PPAR-gamma receptors.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous extracts of ''T. bellirica'' have been shown to significantly decrease plasma glucose levels and improve lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animal models, showing comparable efficacy to standard oral hypoglycemic agents.<ref name="Sabu2009"/>

=== Respiratory and Anti-Asthmatic Effects ===

Traditionally used to alleviate chronic cough and bronchitis, modern pharmacology validates its role as a bronchodilator and antitussive.
* '''Mechanism:''' The extract exerts an anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) effect, blocking calcium channels to relax smooth airway muscles.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research highlights that the crude extract of ''T. bellirica'' mediates bronchodilatory activity via dual inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) and calcium influx, validating its traditional use in asthma.<ref name="Khan2008"/>

=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity ===
The fruit rind provides potent defense against oxidative stress and chemical-induced hepatotoxicity(liver injury).
* '''Mechanism:''' It scavenges free radicals (O<sub>2</sub><sup>•−</sup>, OH<sup>•</sup>) and restores endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), while reducing lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and ''in vivo'' models have shown that ''T. bellirica'' extract significantly reduces elevated serum liver enzymes (Alanine transaminase(ALT), Aspartate transaminase(AST)) induced by hepatotoxins like carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>) or paracetamol(acetaminophen).<ref name="Shinde2012"/>

=== Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Efficacy ===
Bibhitaka possesses a broad-spectrum antimicrobial profile against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt bacterial cell walls and precipitate microbial proteins, inhibiting the formation of dental plaques and biofilm matrices.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Evaluation against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates confirmed that ''T. bellirica'' extracts exhibit strong inhibitory activity against pathogens including ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.<ref name="Aqil2007"/>

=== Hyperuricemia and Gout Management ===
Clinical research has focused on Bibhitaka's ability to lower uric acid levels.
* '''Mechanism:''' It acts as a natural inhibitor of '''xanthine oxidase''', the enzyme responsible for converting purines into uric acid.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial demonstrated that a standardized extract of ''T. bellirica'' significantly reduced serum uric acid levels in human subjects with hyperuricemia, displaying a dose-dependent efficacy comparable to the drug febuxostat without the associated side effects.<ref name="Usharani2016"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Animal models indicate that ''Terminalia bellirica'' possesses a high safety profile, with the Median Lethal Dose ([[LD50]]) of the aqueous extract exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight.
* '''Contraindications:''' Due to its mild laxative and astringent properties, excessive doses may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been fully established; use should be supervised by a medical professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Crude Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia bellirica''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Hyperuricemia (Gout)'''
| Gallic acid, Ellagic acid
| Xanthine oxidase inhibition
|-
| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
| Chebulagic acid, Flavonoids
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, PPAR-gamma activation
|-
| '''Asthma & Bronchitis'''
| Saponins, Tannins
| Calcium channel blocker, Bronchodilator
|-
| '''Hepatic Damage'''
| Phenolic compounds
| Free radical scavenging, SOD/CAT restoration
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Sabu2009">{{cite journal |last1=Sabu |first1=M. C. |last2=Kuttan |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=155–160 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00054-9}}</ref>

<ref name="Khan2008">{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=A. U. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |year=2008 |title=Pharmacological justification for the medicinal use of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=393–397 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2007.12.006 |pmid=18242042}}</ref>

<ref name="Shinde2012">{{cite journal |last1=Shinde |first1=A. |last2=et al. |year=2012 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of ''Terminalia bellirica'' Roxb. fruit against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=271–277 |pmid=22540166}}</ref>

<ref name="Aqil2007">{{cite journal |last1=Aqil |first1=F. |last2=Ahmad |first2=I. |year=2007 |title=Antibacterial properties of certain Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1017–1024 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2199 |pmid=17600863}}</ref>

<ref name="Usharani2016">{{cite journal |last1=Usharani |first1=P. |last2=et al. |year=2016 |title=A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and positive-controlled clinical pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in secondary hyperuricemia |journal=Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications |volume=8 |pages=51–59 |doi=10.2147/CPAA.S100521 |pmid=27354832 |pmc=4912116}}</ref>
}}

[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Bibhitaki

2026-07-07T09:30:17Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Bibhitaki, Beheda,Terminalia bellirica, Beleric myrobalan, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=Bibhitaki is classified as a Rasayana (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, asthma), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
{{Infobox
|title = Bibhitaki
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Bibhitaki(Aksha)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Beleric myrobalan

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica] (Gaertn.) Roxb., known traditionally as '''Bibhitaka''' (or Baheda), is a large deciduous tree native to the forests of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Belonging to the family Combretaceae, it is one of the three foundational fruits constituting the classic [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] formulation [[Triphala]] (alongside [[Haritaki|Terminalia chebula]] and [[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica]]).

In traditional medicine systems ([[Ayurveda]], Unani, and Siddha), Bibhitaka is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, asthma), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.

==Therapeutic Uses in Ayurveda==

Vomiting (chhardi), Cough (Kasa), Worms (krimiroga), Constipation (vibandha), Hoarseness of voice (svarabheda), Eye diseases (netraroga)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Bibhitaki, Aksha (very useful for sense organs), Karshaphala (fruits weight about 1 karsha – 12 gms), Akshaphala, Kalidruma, Tailaphala (kernel of bibhitak yield oil)

==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==

Strilinga, bhutavasa, kaliyugalaya<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 35 p.9.</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Rough (ruksha), Light (laghu)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Tridoshahara (subside all three dosha) but pacify Kapha especially
|-
|}

== References in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24)
|Virechanopaga(helping purgation) mahakashaya
|-
|2
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/21
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|3
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|4
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144
|Kashaya-skandha(group of astringent drugs)
|-
|5
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29
|Garbha vyapad chikitsa
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14
|Vamanartha(for emesis)
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15
|Awaleha Yoga
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/75
|In formulation of amalaka rasayana
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201
|Used as Triphala kwatha in Anyedhyushka jwara(fever)
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Madhookadi kashaya
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/208
|Pitta- Kapha nashaka Vatanulomana
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/231
|Used for Virechana with madhu and ghrita
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299
|As Triphala in Vishamajwara
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/106
|Ingredient of Nilinyadya Ghrita
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/115
|Ingredient of Rohinyadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/123
|Ingredient in Drakshadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/22
|Prameh nashak Santarpan yoga
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/26
|Sarva Prameh(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameh(diabetes)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/35
|As Kapha-Pittaja prameha(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/40
|Ingredient in Phalatrikadi Kvatha
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/46
|For drinking water Boiled with it
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/44
|As Virechana dravya(purgation)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwatha
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/81
|Ingredient in Triphalasava
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/82
|Pathya diet in Kushtha(skin disease)
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91
|Ingredient in Sidhdharthak snan and Lepa, Abhyantara and
Bahya-shodhanarth
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/97
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushtha
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128
|Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth(external), Pana(drink), Snana(bath), Lepa
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/136
|Ingredient in Vata-Pitta nashak Ghrita
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/140
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala Ghrita
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|Ingredient in Mahakhadir Ghrita
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35
|Ingredient in Kalyanaka Ghrita
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/72
|Ingredient in Pancham Sarpimodak
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarisht
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/49
|Ingredient in Shilajatu prayoga
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/71
|As a Lepa dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]
13/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi ghrita

|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/119
|As an ingredient of patoladi churna
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
|As an ingredient of Narayan churna
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/133
|As an ingredient of Hapushdya churna
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/135
|As anupana of Hapushdya churna
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/149
|Kwath mixed with trikatu and yavakshara used in udararoga
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
|In formulation of pippalyadi lavan
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|In formulation of kshara vatika
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45

|Used in swedana kriya

|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/66
|Use triphala kwath with trivrut churna
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
|As an ingredient of dantyarishta
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87

|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita

|-
|72
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/160
|As an ingredient of Pindasava
|-
|73
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|74
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/188
|Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/92
|As an ingredient of twakadi leha
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/56

|For kashaya pana
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/124
|For pradeha prayoga in granthi visarpa(herpes)
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/125
|As an ingredient of Baladi lepa
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/84
|Used as vranashodhaka kashaya
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/110
|Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya & prasadana
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/115
|Used for Krushnikarana
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/65
|As an ingredient of Trutyadi churna
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushnadi Ghrita
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/163
|As an ingredient of Mayura Ghrita
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/167
|As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/195
|As an ingredient of Kalaka churna
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/205
|Used for mukhadhavna
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used for aaschotana in Kaphaja netraroga
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/241
|As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/254
|As an ingredient of Drustiprada varti
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270, 273
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/281
|Used in palitya(greying of hair)
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/86
|Used as Kwatha with Madhu for Kaphaja Vatarakta
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Churna – 3 – 6 gm<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>
* Triphala Churna
* Triphaladi Taila
* Lavangadi Vati

== Current availability==

Available
* India –
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Rajastha, Gujarat, Maharashtra

* Out of India –
Nepal, Sri lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, China,Malaysia
== Current researches ==

=== Phytochemical Composition ===

The therapeutic efficacy of ''Terminalia bellirica'' is attributed to its rich profile of bioactive secondary metabolites, predominantly concentrated in its fruit rind.
* '''Phenolic Acids & Tannins:''' High concentrations of gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid. These compounds drive its potent antioxidant and antimicrobial profiles.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Luteolin, rutin, and quercetin.
* '''Saponins & Sterols:''' Beta-Sitosterol, belleric acid, and bellericoside.
* '''Fixed Oils:''' The seed kernels contain essential fatty acids, primarily linoleic acid|linoleic and oleic acids.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Metabolic Regulation & Anti-Diabetic Activity ===
Bibhitaka exhibits significant efficacy in managing metabolic syndrome, specifically type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia.
* '''Mechanism:''' Phytochemicals like gallic and ellagic acids inhibit key carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase), reducing postprandial blood glucose spikes. Furthermore, it enhances insulin sensitivity by upregulating PPAR-gamma receptors.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous extracts of ''T. bellirica'' have been shown to significantly decrease plasma glucose levels and improve lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animal models, showing comparable efficacy to standard oral hypoglycemic agents.<ref name="Sabu2009"/>

=== Respiratory and Anti-Asthmatic Effects ===

Traditionally used to alleviate chronic cough and bronchitis, modern pharmacology validates its role as a bronchodilator and antitussive.
* '''Mechanism:''' The extract exerts an anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) effect, blocking calcium channels to relax smooth airway muscles.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research highlights that the crude extract of ''T. bellirica'' mediates bronchodilatory activity via dual inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) and calcium influx, validating its traditional use in asthma.<ref name="Khan2008"/>

=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity ===
The fruit rind provides potent defense against oxidative stress and chemical-induced hepatotoxicity(liver injury).
* '''Mechanism:''' It scavenges free radicals (O<sub>2</sub><sup>•−</sup>, OH<sup>•</sup>) and restores endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), while reducing lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and ''in vivo'' models have shown that ''T. bellirica'' extract significantly reduces elevated serum liver enzymes (Alanine transaminase(ALT), Aspartate transaminase(AST)) induced by hepatotoxins like carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>) or paracetamol(acetaminophen).<ref name="Shinde2012"/>

=== Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Efficacy ===
Bibhitaka possesses a broad-spectrum antimicrobial profile against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt bacterial cell walls and precipitate microbial proteins, inhibiting the formation of dental plaques and biofilm matrices.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Evaluation against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates confirmed that ''T. bellirica'' extracts exhibit strong inhibitory activity against pathogens including ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.<ref name="Aqil2007"/>

=== Hyperuricemia and Gout Management ===
Clinical research has focused on Bibhitaka's ability to lower uric acid levels.
* '''Mechanism:''' It acts as a natural inhibitor of '''xanthine oxidase''', the enzyme responsible for converting purines into uric acid.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial demonstrated that a standardized extract of ''T. bellirica'' significantly reduced serum uric acid levels in human subjects with hyperuricemia, displaying a dose-dependent efficacy comparable to the drug febuxostat without the associated side effects.<ref name="Usharani2016"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Animal models indicate that ''Terminalia bellirica'' possesses a high safety profile, with the Median Lethal Dose ([[LD50]]) of the aqueous extract exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight.
* '''Contraindications:''' Due to its mild laxative and astringent properties, excessive doses may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been fully established; use should be supervised by a medical professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Crude Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia bellirica''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Hyperuricemia (Gout)'''
| Gallic acid, Ellagic acid
| Xanthine oxidase inhibition
|-
| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
| Chebulagic acid, Flavonoids
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, PPAR-gamma activation
|-
| '''Asthma & Bronchitis'''
| Saponins, Tannins
| Calcium channel blocker, Bronchodilator
|-
| '''Hepatic Damage'''
| Phenolic compounds
| Free radical scavenging, SOD/CAT restoration
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Sabu2009">{{cite journal |last1=Sabu |first1=M. C. |last2=Kuttan |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=155–160 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00054-9}}</ref>

<ref name="Khan2008">{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=A. U. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |year=2008 |title=Pharmacological justification for the medicinal use of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=393–397 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2007.12.006 |pmid=18242042}}</ref>

<ref name="Shinde2012">{{cite journal |last1=Shinde |first1=A. |last2=et al. |year=2012 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of ''Terminalia bellirica'' Roxb. fruit against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=271–277 |pmid=22540166}}</ref>

<ref name="Aqil2007">{{cite journal |last1=Aqil |first1=F. |last2=Ahmad |first2=I. |year=2007 |title=Antibacterial properties of certain Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1017–1024 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2199 |pmid=17600863}}</ref>

<ref name="Usharani2016">{{cite journal |last1=Usharani |first1=P. |last2=et al. |year=2016 |title=A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and positive-controlled clinical pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in secondary hyperuricemia |journal=Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications |volume=8 |pages=51–59 |doi=10.2147/CPAA.S100521 |pmid=27354832 |pmc=4912116}}</ref>
}}

[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Guduchi

2026-07-07T09:26:18Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Guduchi, Gudoochi, Tinospora cordifolia, Heart leaved moonseed, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description=''Guduchi'' (गुडूची), commonly known as ' Giloy', is the Sanskrit name for the medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. & Thomson of the family.It holds a prominent place in [[Ayurveda]] as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenative) herb and is widely used for conditions such as fever, jaundice, musculoskeletal disorders, skin diseases, and metabolic ailments.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia (WILLD.) HOOK.F. & THOMS.)

''Guduchi'' (गुडूची), commonly known as ' Giloy', is the Sanskrit name for the medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. & Thomson of the family Menispermaceae.<ref name="AYUSHDossier">{{Cite web |url=https://ayush.gov.in/resources/pdf/quality_standards/guduchi_Book-Dossier.pdf |title=Technical Dossier on - Guduchi |format=PDF |publisher=Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India |year=2019 |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> It holds a prominent place in [[Ayurveda]] as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenative) herb and is widely used for conditions such as fever, jaundice, musculoskeletal disorders, skin diseases, and metabolic ailments.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>
{{Infobox
|title = Guduchi
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Guduchi
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Tinospora cordifolia (WILLD.) HOOK.F. & THOMS.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Menispermaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Deole Y.S., Thakkar R., Tanna J.
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]], Symbiohealth Foundation, India
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Heart leaved moonseed

== Botanical identity ==

The principal medicinal source of Guduchi is the stem of ''Tinospora cordifolia''.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/> The plant is a deciduous, climbing shrub with simple, heart‑shaped leaves and small, greenish flowers.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/> The genus ''Tinospora'' includes several species, and correct identification is important because some related species (e.g., ''Tinospora crispa'') have been implicated in hepatotoxicity reports.<ref name="LiverTox">Nnamani I, Tolu-Akinnawo O, Dufera RR, Akintunde A, Maliakkal B. Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/Giloy)-Induced Liver Injury: A Case Review. Cureus. 2023 May 31;15(5):e39793. doi: 10.7759/cureus.39793. PMID: 37273324; PMCID: PMC10238282.</ref>

For Ayurvedic purposes, the AYUSH technical dossier specifies that properly identified ''T. cordifolia'' stem should be used, warning against confusion with other ''Tinospora'' species that may occur in commercial supply.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>
[[File:Guduchi.jpg|center|thumb|300x300px|'''Guduchi''']]

== Other botanical names/varieties ==

The following botanical names are accepted by Plants of the World Online as of January 2024.

* Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook.f. & Thomson
* Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr
* Tinospora arfakiana Becc.
* Tinospora baenzigeri Forman
* Tinopora bakis (A.Rich.)Miers
* Tinospora celebica Diels
* Tinopora dissitiflora (K.Schum. & Lauterb.) Diels
* Tinopora esiangkara (F.M..Bailey) Forman
* Tinospora formanii Udayan & Pradeep
* Tinospora fragosa (I.Verd.) I.Verd. & Troupin
* Tinospora glabra (Burm.f.)Merr.
* Tinospora glandulosa Merr.
* Tinospora guangxiensis H.S.Lo
* Tinospora hainanensis H.S.Lo &Z.X.Li
* Tinospora hirsuta (Becc.) Forman
* Tinospora homosepala Diels
* Tinospora macrocarpa Diels
* Tinospora merriliana Diels
* Tinospora neocaledonica Forman
* Tinospora nudiflora (Griff.) Kurz
* Tinospora orophila Troupin
* Tinospora palminervis Miers
* Tinospora siamensis Forman
* Tinospora smilacina Benth.
* Tinospora sumatrana Becc.
* Tinospora teijsmannii Boerl.
* Tinospora tenera Miers.
* Tinospora tinosporoides (F.Muell.) Forman
* Tinospora trilobata Diels.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Amruta, Madhuparni, Vayastha, Chhinnaruha, Vatsadini

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
Guduchi, Madhuparni, Amrita, Amritavallari, Chhinna, Chhinnaruha, Chhinnodbhava, Vatsadani, Jivanti, Tantrika, Soma, Somavalli, Kundali, Chakralakshanika, Dhira, Vishalya, Rasayani, Chandrahasa, Vayastha, Mandali, Devanirmita

==Anupana according to Dosha==
* '''Vata''' – Ghrita
* '''Pitta''' – Sharkara (Sugar)
* '''Kapha''' – Madhu (Honey)
* '''Vibandha''' (Constipation)– Guda (Jaggery)
* '''Vatarakta''' (Gout) – Eranda taila (Castor oil)
* '''Amavaata'''(Rhumatoid arthritis) – Shunthi (Ginger)

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Table 1: Properties of Guduchi
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Heavy (guru), Unctuous (snigdha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|}
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/12 || Asthapana
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/3 || Siddhatamachurnapradeha
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11) || Truptighnamahakashay
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18) || Stanyashodhanamahakashay
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(21) || Snehopagmahakashay
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(29) || Trishnanigrahanamahakashay
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41) || Dahaprashamanamahakashaya
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(49) || Prajasthapanamahakashaya
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) || Vayasthapanmahakashaya
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31
| Dravya for Nadi Sweda
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/22
| Management of obesity
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]27/4
|Natural qualities.
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/106
|Shaka Varga
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/49
|Veerya varnan
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139
|Madhur skanda
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143
|Tikta skandha
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]].8/56
|Kshira vishodhana dravya
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanartha
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/19
|Preparations of Trivritta
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/198
|Used as kwath or sheeta kashaya for trushna, deepana, doshapachana, jwar, aruchi and mukhavairasya.
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/202
|Used in trutiyaka jwara.
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/202
|Used in chaturthaka jwara.
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/211
|As an ingredient of shatyadi varga used in kasa, svasa, tandra,parshvashoola, hrdgraha and sannipata jwara.
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita.
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/247
|Used in niruha basti.
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/251
|Used in Patoladi niruha basti.
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|In formulation of Agurvadi taila.
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299
|Used as swarasa in Vishama jwara.
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/343
|Used in punaravrtaka jwara(Kirat tiktadi kwath)
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/29
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameh
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30
|Used for making decoction in Pittaja Prameha
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/124
|Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Vata-Kaphaja Kushtha
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/146
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|Ingredient in Mahakhadira Ghrita
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/72
|For Parisheka purpose
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/34
|Ingredient in Punarnavadyarishta
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/190
|Used in preparation of Panchama Kshara
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/63
|In Kamala Guduchi Swarasa should be given in early in the morning
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/134
|Used in Halimak Chikitsa
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/94
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
|Used as yavagu in hikka svasa
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/35
|As a ghrita dravya
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita.
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/31
|As a pana yoga in Pittaja chhardi.
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/35
|As a pathya ahara in kaphaja chhardi.
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/58
|For kashaya pana.
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/130
|Used in granthi visarpa.
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/45
|As a pana yoga.
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/70
|As an ingredient of Gandha hasti agada.
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/145
|Used as swarasa where pittaja madatyaya is associated with sarakta kasa, Parshvashoola, Stanashoola, Daaha & Hradayotkleda.
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/75
|Used in shoola with sneha & sarkara.
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/57
|Used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra.
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/70
|As an ingredient of Karpasmooladi yoga.
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/83
|As an ingredient of Haritakyadi Ghrita.
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/243
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti.
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/283
|Used in Vataja swarbheda.
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/148
|As an ingredient of Bala taila.
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/157
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila.
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/170
|As an ingredient of Vrushamuladi taila.
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/172
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/71
|Anupana of Drakshadi Ghrita.
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/73
|As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha.
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/92
|As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila.
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/103
|As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila.
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/117
|As an ingredient of Shatapaka Madhuparni taila.
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/53
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi ghrita, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni.
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/58
|For parishechana in yoni shula.
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/99
|Used in the treatment of Kaphaja pradara.
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/59
|As an ingredient of Guduchyadi taila, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni roga.
|-
|}

== Classical therapeutic uses ==

Guduchi is one of the most frequently cited herbs in Ayurvedic literature and is reported in formulations for a wide range of conditions, including:<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

Classical actions attributed to Guduchi include:<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

* Rasayana (rejuvenative)
* Dipana and Sangrahi (appetizing and absorbent)
* Vataraktahara and Amavataghni (useful in gout and rheumatoid‑like arthritis)
* Kamalahara (beneficial in jaundice and liver disorders)
* Kushtaghna (beneficial in skin diseases)
* Pramehaghna (beneficial in urinary and metabolic disorders)
* Jvara (fever), including irregular and chronic fevers
* Kamala (jaundice) and other hepatic and viral fevers
* Vatarakta and amavata (gout and rheumatoid‑like arthritis)
* Kasa (chronic cough)
* Prameha (Diabetes mellitus and metabolic disorders)
* Chardighna (anti‑emetic indications)

The AYUSH technical dossier notes that Guduchi appears in more than 2,400 Ayurvedic formulations across over 24 dosage forms, indicating its broad and enduring therapeutic role.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

== Parts used and dosage forms ==

In Ayurvedic practice, the mature stem is the primary part used for preparing Guduchi‑based medicines.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/> Common traditional dosage forms include:<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

* Churna (powder)
* Kwatha (decoction)
* Hima (cold infusion)
* Svarasa (fresh juice)
* Satva (starch preparation)
* Ghrita (medicated ghee)
* Taila (medicated oil)
* Gutika (tablets)

== Important Formulations ==

* Amritarishta
* Amritottara kvatha churna
* Guduchi Taila
* Guduchyadi churna
* Guduchi Sattva
* Chhinnodbhavadi kvatha churna
* Kaishora Guggulu
* Samshamani Vati

==Dose==

The AYUSH technical dossier cites typical dose ranges as:<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>
* 3–6 g of powder
* 20–30 g of coarse powder for decoction
* 125 mg–1000 mg of Guduchi sattva, taken with appropriate anupana (vehicle)

== Current availability==

Available

Through all over India extending from Himalayas to the Southern part of India.

Other countries: Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Burma, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand

== Current researches ==

== Chemical constituents ==

Modern phytochemical studies have identified more than 200 compounds in ''Tinospora cordifolia'' and related species, including diterpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoids, and phenolics.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview">Yates CR, Bruno EJ, Yates MED. Tinospora Cordifolia: A review of its immunomodulatory properties. J Diet Suppl. 2022;19(2):271-285. doi: 10.1080/19390211.2021.1873214. Epub 2021 Jan 22. PMID: 33480818.</ref> Key constituents reported in the literature include:<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>,<ref name="OnePlantManyRoles">Saha S, Ghosh S. Tinospora cordifolia: One plant, many roles. Anc Sci Life. 2012 Apr;31(4):151-9. doi: 10.4103/0257-7941.107344. PMID: 23661861; PMCID: PMC3644751</ref>

* Clerodane‑type diterpenoids
* Cordifolioside A and tinosporaside (used as assay markers)
* Alkaloids such as magnoflorine and berberine‑like compounds
* Diterpenoid lactones and glycosides

These constituents are thought to contribute to the herb’s bitter taste, immunomodulatory, anti‑inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/>

== Pharmacological actions ==

Experimental studies, including in vitro and animal models, support several pharmacological activities of Guduchi extracts.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/><ref name="OnePlantManyRoles"/>

* Immunomodulatory effects: Modulation of immune cell function and cytokine pathways.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/>
* Anti‑inflammatory effects: Reduction of pro‑inflammatory cytokines such as TNF‑α and IL‑1β.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/><ref name="ScientificReports2019">{{Cite Ghatpande NS, Misar AV, Waghole RJ, Jadhav SH, Kulkarni PP. Tinospora cordifolia protects against inflammation associated anemia by modulating inflammatory cytokines and hepcidin expression in male Wistar rats. Sci Rep. 2019 Jul 29;9(1):10969. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47458-0. PMID: 31358831; PMCID: PMC6662690}}</ref>
* Antioxidant activity: Scavenging of free radicals and reduction of oxidative stress.<ref name="OnePlantManyRoles"/>
* Antipyretic and analgesic activity in fever‑like models.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/>

Some studies also report hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, and anti‑arthritic‑like effects, although the exact mechanisms and clinical relevance remain under investigation.<ref name="OnePlantManyRoles"/><ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/>

== Metabolic and endocrine research ==

Recent reviews suggest that Guduchi may have beneficial effects on diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and related features of metabolic syndrome.<ref name="MetabolicReview2025">{{Mansouri M, Imenshahidi M, Rameshrad M, Hosseinzadeh H. Effects of Tinospora cordifolia (giloy) on metabolic syndrome components: a mechanistic review. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025 May;398(5):4979-5009. doi: 10.1007/s00210-024-03642-2. Epub 2024 Dec 28. PMID: 39731594.}}</ref> Anti‑diabetic and antihyperglycemic actions have been reported in animal models and some small human studies, including a randomized trial in diabetic dyslipidemia showing improvement in lipid profile, inflammatory markers, and metabolic‑syndrome prevalence with Guduchi‑stem supplementation.<ref name="DiabeticDyslipidemiaRCT">{{Cite journal |year=2024 |title=Tinospora cordifolia stem supplementation in diabetic dyslipidemia: an open‑labelled randomized controlled trial |journal=International Journal of Research and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=15 |issue=12 |pages=100–107 |url=https://ffhdj.com/index.php/ffhd/article/view/208}}</ref>

However, the overall evidence base still relies heavily on preclinical data and heterogeneous herbal preparations rather than standardized, large‑scale randomized trials.<ref name="MetabolicReview2025"/>

== Musculoskeletal and inflammatory conditions ==

Guduchi is traditionally used for vatarakta and amavata, conditions resembling gout and rheumatoid arthritis.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/> Preclinical studies in arthritis models show that ''T. cordifolia'' extracts can reduce inflammatory mediators and markers of joint destruction, supporting its traditional anti‑arthritic use.<ref name="Arthritis2015">{{Cite journal |last=Sannegowda |first=K. M. |year=2015 |title=Tinospora cordifolia inhibits autoimmune arthritis by regulating key immune mediators of inflammation and bone damage |journal=International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=521–531 |doi=10.1177/0394632015608248 |pmid=26467057}}</ref>

However, the evidence is still preliminary, and current data justify Guduchi mainly as a potential adjunct to conventional therapy rather than as a standalone monotherapy for chronic inflammatory joint disease.<ref name="Arthritis2015"/>

== Safety and hepatotoxicity ==

In recent years, several case reports and reviews have described herb‑induced liver injury associated with Guduchi or ''Tinospora''‑containing products.<ref name="LiverTox"/>,<ref name="PMC2021LiverInjury">Björnsson ES, Navarro VJ, Chalasani N. Liver Injury Following Tinospora Cordifolia Consumption: Drug-Induced AIH, or de novo AIH? J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2022 Jan-Feb;12(1):6-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.11.014. Epub 2021 Nov 29. PMID: 35068778; PMCID: PMC8766689.</ref>

The NIH LiverTox resource notes that Guduchi‑associated liver injury can range from mild elevation of liver enzymes to clinically significant hepatitis and, rarely, acute liver failure, with some cases showing autoimmune‑like features.<ref name="LiverTox"/> Many cases occur in patients with pre‑existing liver disease or autoimmune predisposition and may be idiosyncratic or immune‑mediated.<ref name="LiverTox"/>

The AYUSH technical dossier highlights that many published liver injury reports lack detailed baseline documentation and may mix different species and preparations, underscoring the need for careful botanical identification, product quality control, and medical supervision, especially in patients with pre‑existing liver conditions.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

== Current research trends ==

PubMed‑based trend analyses indicate a substantial increase in publications on Guduchi, rising from several hundred articles in the early 2010s to over 900 indexed studies by 2024, reflecting growing scientific interest.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/> This growth reflects heightened scientific and public interest but does not, by itself, equate to high‑quality clinical evidence.<ref name="MetabolicReview2025"/>

Most of the current evidence is from preclinical studies, mechanistic investigations, small trials, and narrative reviews; large, well‑designed randomized controlled trials are still limited.<ref name="MetabolicReview2025"/>

== Clinical position ==

From an Ayurvedic perspective, Guduchi is regarded as a classical Rasayana with broad therapeutic indications, supported by long‑standing clinical experience.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/><ref name="OnePlantManyRoles"/> From a modern evidence‑based medicine standpoint, it is best viewed as a promising but not yet fully established botanical agent for conditions such as metabolic syndrome, certain inflammatory disorders, and liver and immune‑mediated conditions.<ref name="MetabolicReview2025"/>

Use in clinical practice should emphasize:<ref name="LiverTox"/><ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

* Accurate botanical identification and use of standardized preparations
* Caution in patients with liver disease or autoimmunity
* Integration with, rather than substitution for, established medical therapies

=== Indian Medicinal Plant Database, Phytochemistry And Therapeutics (IMPPAT) ===

Link: https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Tinospora%20crispa

[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

This article is under development ..

==References==

File:Ashwagandha.jpg

2026-07-07T07:19:59Z

Agnivesha: Ashwagandha

== Summary ==
Ashwagandha

File:Bibhitaki.jpg

2026-07-07T07:17:36Z

Agnivesha: Bibhitak

== Summary ==
Bibhitak

File:Haritaki.jpg

2026-07-07T07:15:00Z

Agnivesha: Haritaki

== Summary ==
Haritaki

File:Amalaki.jpg

2026-07-07T07:13:47Z

Agnivesha: Amalaki

== Summary ==
Amalaki

File:Guduchi.jpg

2026-07-07T07:12:03Z

Agnivesha: Guduchui

== Summary ==
Guduchui

Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals

2026-07-07T06:43:13Z

Agnivesha: Changed redirect target from Herbs to Herbs details

#REDIRECT [[Herbs details]]

Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals

2026-07-07T06:42:37Z

Agnivesha: Redirected page to Herbs

#REDIRECT [[Herbs]]

Amalaki

2026-07-07T06:42:04Z

Agnivesha:

{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Amalaki, Amalaki, Emblica officinalis Gaertn, Phyllanthus emblica L., Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description='Emblica officinalis Gaertn or Phyllanthus emblica L. is an extensively used herb in [[Ayurveda]] for dietary and therapeutic purpose as well.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
<p style='text-align:justify;'>Emblica officinalis Gaertn or Phyllanthus emblica L. is an extensively used herb in [[Ayurveda]] for dietary and therapeutic purpose as well. </p>

{{Infobox
|title = Amalaki
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Amalaki
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Emblica officinalis Gaertn, Phyllanthus emblica L.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Euphorbiaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2025
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Emblic myrobalan, Indian gooseberry

==Therapeutic Uses==

Bleeding disorders ([[Raktapitta]]), Acid-peptic diseases ([[Amlapitta]]), Diabetes mellitus ([[Prameha]]), Burning sensation ([[Daha]])<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:3,4</ref>

==Other varieties / Other botanical names==

* Cicca emblica (L.) Kurz
* Diasperus emblica (L.) Kuntze
* Dichelactina nodicaulis Hance
* Emblica arborea Raf.
* Emblica officinalis Gaertn.
* Phyllanthus glomeratus Roxb. ex Wall. nom. inval.
* Phyllanthus mairei H.Lév.
* Phyllanthus mimosifolius Salisb.
* Phyllanthus taxifolius D.Don

==Identification Characters==

'''Vrittaphala''' – Fruit is globose
'''Kolam''' – Fruit weighs 6 gm.
'''Tishyaphala''' – Fruiting season in Pushya masa (November – December) or the fruits are auspicious.

==Types==

=== Raja Nighantu ===

There are two varieties.<ref>Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Amradi Varga, Verse no. 160-161 Chaukhambha Krishnadas academy, Varanasi;</ref>

# Amalaka
# Kshudramalaka

* Vanya (wild variety)– Small, Hard
* Gramya (highbred) – Big, Soft, Fleshy

== Synonyms ==

=== Synonyms in Charaka Samhita ===

*Dhatri (that nourishes like mother)
*Dhatriphala (fruits from Dhatri)
*Sriphala (auspicious fruit)
*Vayastha (that which enhance longevity and delays ageing)
*Vayasya (that which enhance longevity and delays ageing)
*Amritphala (fruit with elixir)

=== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ===

Vayasya, Amalaki, Vrishya, Jatiphalarasa, Shiva, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Amritaphala, Dhatri, Tishyaphala, Amruta <ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 38, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) ||Sour (amla), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura), Pungent (katu), Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Heavy (guru), Rough (ruksha), Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]])|| Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/26 ||Virukshani yavagu (dietary gruel for drying therapy)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/31 ||Kanthya yavagu (dietary gruel for improving voice and throat disorders)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13) ||Kushthaghna mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of skin diseases)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24) ||Virechanopaga mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for helping therapeutic purgation)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36) ||Kasahara mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of cough)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of fever)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(49) ||Prajasthapana mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for promoting conception & foetus growth)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) ||Vayasthapana mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for anti ageing)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/12 || Daily consumed substance (nitya prayunjita dravya)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 7/61 || To be taken with curd (dadhi saha sevanajanya ahara)
|-
|11 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/93|| Sneha Vicharna
|-
|12 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 15/07||Dravya required for Aturalaya
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]21/22 || Management of obesity(sthaulya)
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/23
| Management of obesity(sthaulya)
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]21/26
| Management of obesity(sthaulya)
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/38
|Madyavikatnut Mantha(management of disorders caused due to excess consumption of alcohol.)
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha(collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4
| Natural qualities
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/147
| Phala Varga(Class of fruits)
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/282
| Krutanna Varga(Class of cooked food preparations)
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/49
| Veerya varnan(potency)
|-
|22 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/50
| Veerya varnan(potency)
|-
|23 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 7/17
| Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa(Various therapeutic modalities for treatment of parasite)
|-
|24 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 7/21
| Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136
|[[Virechana]] Dravyani (list of medicines used in therapeutic purgation)
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139
|Madhura skandha(group of sweet drugs)
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/140
|Amla skandha(group of sour drugs)
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/8
|Desha vichara
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/16
|Vamanartha (for emesis)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30
|Preparations of Trivrit Avaleha
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40
|Kalyanaka Guda
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/46
|Vyoshadi Modaka
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/50
|Pathyadi Modaka
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/65
|Virechana Tarpana(Preparation of Trivrita in the form of Tarpana)
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/67
|Dugdha Yoga(Preparations of Trivrita in the form of medicated ghee and milk)
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 8/10
|Aragvadha Yoga
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 8/13
|Ghrita Yoga
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/6
|Tilvaka yoga
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 10/11
|Use in Purification of snuhi latex(sudha)
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ghrita Yoga
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/13
|Avaleha Yoga
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25
|Body purification before rasayana treatment
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/28
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/184
|Used as peya with Ghrita where jwara is associated with Constipation(Doshanulomaka)
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/186
|Used as peya where jwara is associated with Constipation & Kostha shoola
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/188
|Used as peya with Ghrita and Sarkara where jwara is associated with Anindra, Trushna & asweda
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201
|Used as Triphala kwatha in Anyedhyushka jwara
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/202
|Used as kwatha in Chaturthaka jwara
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Madhookadi kashaya
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/207
|Used as kwatha with guda in Dosha vibadhdhata
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/208
|Pitta- Kapha nashaka, Vatanulomana
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/220
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/225
|As an ingredient of Baladi Ghrita
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/230
|Used as svarasa for [[Virechana]]
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/231
|Used for [[Virechana]] With madhu and ghrita
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299
|As Triphala in Vishamajwara
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/57
|As a [[Virechana]] dravya
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/79
|Used in Raktapitta-shamaka yoga in ugra raktapitta.
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/106
|Ingredient of Nilinyadya Ghrita
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/115
|Ingredient of Rohinyadya Ghrita for Pittaja Gulma
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/120
|Ingredient in Trayamanadya Ghrita for Pittaja Gulma
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/122
|Ingredient in Amalakadya Ghrita for Pittaja Gulma
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/124
|Ingredient in Drakshadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/133
|As a diet in Pittaj Gulma
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/22
|Prameha nashak Santarpana yoga
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/26
|Sarva Prameha nashak yoga
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaja prameha
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30
|Used for making decoction in Pittaja prameha
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/36
|As Kapha-Pittaj prameha nashaka yoga
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/40
|Ingredient in Phalatrikadi Kvatha
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41
|Ingredient in Madhvasava
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/46
|For drinking water Boiled with it
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/48
|As a diet
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/44
|As [[Virechana]] dravya
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwatha
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/70
|Kushthanashak Yoga
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/81
|Ingredient in Triphalasava
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]7/82
|Pathya diet in Kushtha
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91
|Ingredient in Sidhdharthak snan and Lepa, Abhyantar and Bahya-shodhanarth
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/97
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaja Kushtha
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128
|Abhyantara and Bahyaprayogartha Pana, Snana, Lepa
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/136
|Ingredient in Vata-Pitta nashak Ghrita
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/140
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala Ghrita
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/147
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|Ingredient in Mahakhadira Ghrita
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/155
|Ingredient in Mahakhadira Ghrita
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/67
|Pathya diet for Pinas in treatment of Rajayakshma
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/101
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/137
|As a Kaval dravya for Mukhashodhanarth
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35
|Ingredient in Kalyanak Ghrita
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lashunadya Ghrita
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/31
|Ingredient in Amalakadi Ghrita
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorishta
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/49
|Ingredient in Shilajatu prayoga
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/100
|Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in treatment of Jalagardabh
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/115
|As an ingredient of Nagaradi ghrita
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/119
|As an ingredient of Patoladi churna
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
|As an ingredient of Narayan churna
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/133
|As an ingredient of Hapushadya churna
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/135
|As anupana of Hapushadya churna
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/149
|Kwath mixed with trikatu and yavakshara used in udararoga
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
|In formulation of pippalyadi lavan
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|In formulation of ksharvatika
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45
|Used in swedana kriya
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/66
|Use triphala kwath with trivrut churna
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/138
|As an ingredient of abhayarista
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/145
|As an ingredient of dantyarista
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/148
|As an ingredient of phalarista
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/153
|As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/202
|Dadhisara yoga is used in rakta arsha
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/120
|As an ingredient of takrarista
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/152
|As an ingredient of Duralabhasava(Kaphaja grahani )
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/188
|Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
|135
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/58
|Used in Kaphaja Pandu Roga
|-
|136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/135
|Used in Chikita of Halimak
|-
|137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/89
|As an ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/101
|As an ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|139
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/111
|As an ingredient of Dhatryarishta
|-
|140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/114
|As an ingredient of Peya Dravya
|-
|141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/129
|As an ingredient of satyadi yoga
|-
|142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/135
|Swarasa mixed with pippali and madhu is used in hikka svasa
|-
|143
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
|As an ingredient of dashamuladhya ghrita
|-
|144
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/184
|As an ingredient of mudga yusha
|-
|145
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/90
|As an ingredient of sarkaradi leha
|-
|146
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/92
|As an ingredient of twakadi leha
|-
|147
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/94
|As an ingredient of vidaryadi leha
|-
|148
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/107
|Use it in a preparation of ghrita
|-
|149
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|150
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|151
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/122
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|152
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/136
|As an ingredient of pippalyadi leha
|-
|153
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/165
|As an ingredient of ghrita yoga
|-
|154
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/88
|As an ingredient of leha yoga pittaja kasa
|-
|155
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/32
|Trusha & Chhardi-shamaka yoga
|-
|156
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/54
|For kashaya pana
|-
|157
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/61
|For kashaya pana
|-
|158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/67
|For virechana, give along with ghrita
|-
|159
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/111
|As a pathya ahara
|-
|160
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/36
|For lepa prayoga
|-
|161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/226
|As a pathya ahara
|-
|162
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/139
|Used as yusha in pittaja madatyaya
|-
|163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/140
|Used as yusha, Tarpana & rasa in Pittaja madatyaya
|-
|164
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/183
|Used in pachana
|-
|165
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/84
|Used as vranashodhaka kashaya
|-
|166
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90
|As an ingredient of Kamppilakadi taila
|-
|167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/110
|Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya & prasadana
|-
|168
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/116
|Used for savarnikarana
|-
|169
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/53
|Used in pittaja mutrakruchhra
|-
|170
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/65
|As an ingredient of Trutyadi churna
|-
|171
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/83
|As an ingredient of Haritakyadi Ghrita in vataja hrudroga
|-
|172
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushnadi Ghrita
|-
|173
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/163
|As an ingredient of Mayur Ghrita
|-
|174
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/167
|As an ingredient of Mahamayur Ghrita
|-
|175
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/195
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna
|-
|176
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|177
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/205
|Used for mukhadhavna
|-
|178
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
|179
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/216
|Used for kavala in arochaka
|-
|180
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used for aaschotana in Kaphaja netraroga
|-
|181
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/241
|As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti
|-
|182
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti
|-
|183
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/254
|As an ingredient of Drustiprada varti
|-
|184
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/259
|As an ingredient of Krushnasarpavasadi rasakriya
|-
|185
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/260
|Used in timir roga
|-
|186
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/261
|As an ingredient of Dhatryadi Rasakriya
|-
|187
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270, 273
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita
|-
|188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/277
|As an ingredient of Prapoundrakadi taila
|-
|189
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/279
|As an ingredient of Tiladi yoga
|-
|190
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/281
|Used in palitya
|-
|191
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/63
|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
|192
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma
|-
|193
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/86
|Used as Kwatha with madhu for Kaphaja vatarakta
|-
|194
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/86
|Used for Kaphaja vatarakta
|-
|195
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/98, 99
|As an ingredient of Sukumaraka taila
|-
|196
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|197
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/78
|As an ingredient of Dhatakyadi taila
|-
|198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/117
|Used in the treatment of Sveta pradara
|-
|199
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/117
|Used in the treatment of Sveta pradara along with honey
|-
|200
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/149
|Abhaya – Amalaki rasayana used in the treatment of Pitta dushta sukra dosha
|-
|201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/259
|As a pathya ahara in stanya dosha
|-
|202
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/150
|Amruta rasayana, used in the treatment of Kapha dushta sukra dosha
|-
|203
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/261
|As a paniya yoga, in the treatment of Stanya dosha
|-
|204
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/267
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Kiratatiktadi kwatha
|-
|205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/279
|Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha
|-
|}

==Dose==

* 10 – 20 gm of the drug.
* 5 – 10 ml of fresh juice.
* 3-6 gm of the drug in powder form.

==Important formulations==

===Fresh Fruit pulp===

* Chyavanaprasha

=== Dried Fruit===

* Triphala Churna
* Dhatri loha
* Dhatryadi Ghrita

== Current availability==

Available

* In India – Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Manipur, Tripura, Meghalaya, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.
* Out of India – Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Malaysia, China, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, West Indies, Cuba, varieties are available across globe.

== Current researches ==
'''Phyllanthus emblica''' L., commonly known as '''amalaki''', '''amla''', or '''Indian gooseberry''', is widely used in Ayurveda and has been studied for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and metabolic effects.<ref name="JAIMS2023a">{{cite journal |title=Amalaki (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.): A review on its therapeutic properties |journal=Journal of Ayurveda Integrative Medicine and Science |year=2023}}</ref><ref name="JAIMS2023b">{{cite web |title=View of Amalaki (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.): A review on its therapeutic properties |website=JAIMS |year=2023 |url=https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/2592}}</ref>

=== Scientific research ===
Amalaki contains bioactive compounds including gallic acid, ellagic acid, emblicanin A and B, quercetin, tannins, and vitamin C, which are thought to contribute to its biological activity.<ref name="JAIMS2023b" />
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study reported that standardized ''Phyllanthus emblica'' extract improved endothelial function, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory parameters, and lipid profile in patients with metabolic syndrome.<ref name="PubMed2019">{{cite journal |title=Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled clinical study of standardized Phyllanthus emblica extract in metabolic syndrome |journal=PubMed |year=2019 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31060549/}}</ref>

In older adults, Amalaki Rasayana was reported to maintain or enhance DNA strand break repair without toxic effects.<ref name="SciDir2016">{{cite journal |title=Effect of Amalaki rasayana on DNA damage and repair in randomized aged human individuals |journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology |year=2016 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874116304226}}</ref>
Experimental studies in hypertrophied rat hearts found improved cardiac mitochondrial and contractile function following Amalaki Rasayana administration.<ref name="PMC2017">{{cite journal |title=Amalaki rasayana, a traditional Indian drug enhances cardiac mitochondrial and contractile functions and improves cardiac function in rats with hypertrophy |journal=PMC |year=2017 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5561106/}}</ref>

== External links ==

[http://envis.frlht.org/plantdetails/893/8a21370d3a8af238657446d840711684 ENVIS database - Amalaki]

[[wikipedia:Phyllanthus_emblica|Phyllanthus emblica]]

== References ==
<references />

[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

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2026-07-07T06:38:06Z

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<span style="color:#00008b">The Definitive Online Edition of [[Ayurveda]]'s Core Treatise on Healthcare with [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles</span>
</div>

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<div style="padding:0.1em 0.6em 0.5em;">
<div style="-moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em; width:auto; font-style: normal;">
<ul>
<li>'''[[Sutra Sthana| I. Section on fundamental principles]] ''' '''([[Sutra Sthana]])''' </li>
</ul><ul>
<li>'''[[Nidana Sthana| II. Section on diagnostic principles]]''' '''([[Nidana Sthana]])''' </li>
</ul><ul>
<li>'''[[Vimana Sthana| III. Section on specific medical principles]]''' '''([[Vimana Sthana]])''' </li>
</ul><ul>
<li>'''[[Sharira Sthana| IV. Section on human being and genesis]]''' '''([[Sharira Sthana]])''' </li>
</ul><ul>
<li>'''[[ Indriya Sthana| V. Section on sensorial prognosis]] ''' '''([[Indriya Sthana]])''' </li>
</ul><ul>
<li>'''[[Chikitsa Sthana| VI. Section on therapeutic principles]] ''' '''([[Chikitsa Sthana]])''' </li>
<li>'''[[Kalpa Sthana| VII. Section on pharmaceutical preparations]] ''' '''([[Kalpa Sthana]]) '''
</li>
</ul><ul>
<li>'''[[Siddhi Sthana| VIII. Section on therapeutic procedures]]''' ''' ([[Siddhi Sthana]])''' </li>
</ul>
</div>
</div></div>

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Herbs details

2026-07-07T06:30:13Z

Agnivesha:

Herbs details:

# [[Aguru]]
# [[Agnimantha]]
# [[Ankola]]
# [[Ajamoda]]
# [[Atasi]]
# [[Atibala]]
# [[Ativisha]]
# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Aparajita]]
# [[Apamarga]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]
# [[Guduchi]]

Triphala

2026-07-07T06:27:57Z

Agnivesha: Created page with "Triphala is a combination of three potent herbal fruits. # Amalaki # Bibhitaki # Haritaki"

Triphala is a combination of three potent herbal fruits.

# [[Amalaki]]
# [[Bibhitaki]]
# [[Haritaki]]

Haritaki

2026-07-07T05:56:09Z

Agnivesha:

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]

{{Infobox
|title = Abhaya
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Abhaya
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2025
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica] (Haritaki)''' is a comprehensive review of the botanical profile, phytochemical composition, and contemporary pharmacological evaluation of the highly revered medicinal plant Terminalia chebula.

==English name ==

Chebulic myrobalan

==Therapeutic Use==

Shotha (edema), Arsha (hemorrhoids), Aruchi (anorexia), Hridroga (cardiac diseases), Kasa (cough), Pandu (anemia and blood deficiency related diseases), Prameha (obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus), Udavarta, Vibandha (constipation), Jirna-jwara (chronic fever), Vishama jwara (different types of fever), Shiro-roga (diseases of head), Tamaka shwasa (bronchial asthma), Gulma (abdominal lumps), Udararoga (generalized enlargement of abdomen)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==

* Buceras chebula (Retz.) Lyons
* Combretum argyrophyllum K.Schum.
* Myrobalanus chebula (Retz.) Gaertn.
* Myrobalanus gangetica (Roxb.) Kostel.
* Myrobalanus tomentella Kuntze
* Terminalia acutae Walp.
* Terminalia argyrophylla King & Prain
* Terminalia gangetica Roxb.
* Terminalia glandulipetiolata De Wild.
* Terminalia parviflora Thwaites
* Terminalia reticulata Roth
* Terminalia tomentella Kurz
* Terminalia zeylanica Van Heurck & Müll. Arg.

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==

''Terminalia chebula'' Retz., popularly known as '''Haritaki''' (or Harad), is a deciduous tree native to South Asia, spanning India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. It is widely regarded in [[Ayurveda]] as the "King of Medicines" (Prana) and is a primary constituent of the renowned formula '''[[Triphala]]'''.

In traditional medicine, Haritaki is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenative) and is believed to balance all three [[Dosha|doshas]] (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha). Its historical indications include gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic complications, cognitive decline, chronic inflammation, and wound healing.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Haritaki, Pathya

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==

Abhaya, Kayastha, Putana, Amruta, Haimavati, Avyatha, Chetaki, Shreyasi, Shiva, Vayastha, Vijaya, Jivanti, Rohini

==Types==
===Bhvaprakasha Nighantu===
Mentioned 7 types<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 7 – 9, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Types !! Characters !! Utility
|-
| 1 || Vijaya || Oval || All diseases
|-
| 2 || Rohini || Round || Wound healing
|-
| 3 || Putana || Putana Small but with large seed || For external application
|-
| 4 || Amruta || Bulky || For purification
|-
| 5 || Abhaya || Five lines on it || Eye diseases
|-
| 6 || Jivanti || Yellow colored || Useful in all diseases
|-
| 7 || Chetaki || Three lines over it || For preparing powder
|}

===Kaiyadeva Nighantu===

Mentioned 3 types<ref>Prof. Priya Vat Sharma, Kaiyadev Nighantu, Aushadhi Varga, Translated by Dr. Guru Prasada Sharma, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Delhi; </ref>
# Niraja
# Vanaja
# Parvatiya

===Prashasta Haritaki (Qualities of Best Haritaki)===

* Nava – new
* Snigdha – Unctuous
* Ghana – Hard
* Vritta – Round
* Gurvi – With weight
* Ambasi nimajjana – Sinks in water
* Dwikarsha – Double the weight of Bibhitaki (22 gm)<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Ritu Haritaki===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Ritu (Season) !! Anupana
|-
| 1 || Varsha (Rainy season)||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
|-
| 2 ||Sharad (Autumn)||Sharkara (Sugar)
|-
| 3 ||Hemanta (Early winter)||Shunthi (Ginger)
|-
| 4 ||Shishira (Late winter)||Kana (Long pepper)
|-
| 5 ||Vasanta (Spring)||Madhu (Honey)
|-
| 6 ||Grishma (Summer)||Guda (Jaggery)
|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 31, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Actions of Haritaki on Dosha with Anupana===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Effect on Dosha !! Anupana
|-
| 1 || Kaphahara||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
|-
| 2 || Pittahara||Sharkara (Sugar)
|-
| 3 || Vatahara||Ghrita (Ghee)
|-
| 4 || Tridoshahara||Guda (Jaggery)
|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 30, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Contra indications of Haritaki===

* Adhwatikhinna – Tired of walking, depressed
* Balavarjita – weak
* Ruksha – who has dryness in body
* Krisha – lean
* Langhana karshita – Tired of observing fasting
* Pittadhikya – Excessive aggravation of Pitta
* Garbhavati – Pregnant
* Vimukta raktata – One who underwent blood letting<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 32, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Haritaki Prayoga in different forms===

# Charvita – Chewed and swallowed increases Agni.
# Peshita (Powder) – When triturated, acts as Malashodhaka (purifies faeces)
# Swinna – When boiled acts as Sangrahi
# Bhrishta – When fried, acts as Tridosha shamaka
# Sahabhojana – When taken with food, Improves intellect, strength and functions of sense organs, Pacifies Tridosha
Evacuates faeces and acts as diuretic.
# Pashchat bhojana – When taken after food, Alleviates the diseases occurred because of improper food and also alleviates Tridosha.<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 27, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya), Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura), Sour (amla)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Removes all the three [[dosha]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/82 || Phalini ([[Virechana]]) (Therapeutic Purgation)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/29 || Vatanulominiyavagu(gruel for flatulence).
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna (anti – haemorrhoidal) mahakashay
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13) || Kushthaghna (anti – dermatosis) mahakashay
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24) || Virechanopag (sub – purgative) mahakashay
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(30) || Hikkanigrahana (reducing hiccups)mahakashay
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36) || Kasahara (anti – cough) mahakashaya
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara (antipyretic) mahakashaya
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(49) || Prajasthapana (promoting conception and implantation of embryo) mahakashaya.
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) || Vayasthapana (anti – ageing) mahakashaya
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/16 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/46 || As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Modaka
|-
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/50 || As an ingredient of Pathyadi Modaka
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/7 || As an ingredient of Tilvaka Yoga
|-
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/7 || Saptala Shankhini Yoga for purgation.
|-
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15 || As an ingredient of Avaleha(linctus) Yoga
|-
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/27 || As an ingredient of Modaka Yoga
|-
|}

==Dose==

3-6 gm of the drug in the powder form.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>
* Triphala Churna
* Triphaladi Taila
* Abhayarishta
* Agatsya Haritaki Rasayana
* Citraka Haritaki
* Danti Haritaki
* Dasamula Haritaki
* Brahma Rasayana
* Abhaya Lavana
* Pathyadi Lepa

== Current availability==

Available

* In India – Found in sub – Himalayan region. West Bengal, Assam, Madras, Mysore, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala.
* Out of India –
* South Asia – Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh
* Southeast Asia – Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand
* East Asia - China

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic versatility of ''Terminalia chebula'' arises from its complex secondary metabolite profile, particularly abundant in its dried fruit pericarp:
* '''Hydrolyzable Tannins:''' Extremely rich in chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, corilagin, terchebin, and punicalagin.
* '''Phenolic Acids:''' High yields of gallic acid and ellagic acid.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Rutin, quercetin, and luteolin.
* '''Other Constituents:''' Saponins, amino acids, and fixed oils containing palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Gastrointestinal Prokinetic and Cytoprotective Effects ===

Haritaki is most recognized for its profound influence on the gastrointestinal tract, functioning both as a mild laxative and a mucosal protective agent.

* '''Mechanism:''' It accelerates gastric emptying and intestinal transit time by stimulating smooth muscle contractility. Concurrently, it enhances the gastric mucosal defense barrier by increasing mucin secretion and reducing lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and animal models indicate that ''T. chebula'' provides substantial protection against experimental gastric ulcers by normalizing total acidity and pepsin output while augmenting cytoprotective factors.<ref name="Tamhane1997"/>

=== Pro-Cognitive and Neuroprotective Properties ===

Recent research highlights Haritaki's ability to combat neurodegenerative pathways associated with Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents like chebulinic acid act as potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, preserving acetylcholine levels in synapses. Furthermore, it suppresses neuroinflammation by inhibiting microglia activation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that aqueous extracts significantly attenuate amyloid-β induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in cortical neurons, preserving spatial memory and cognitive performance in animal designs.<ref name="Afshari2016"/>

=== Anti-Diabetic and Advanced Glycation End-product (AGE) Inhibition ===

Haritaki serves as an effective intervention against type 2 diabetes and its long-term vascular complications.
* '''Mechanism:''' It significantly inhibits α-glucosidase and α-amylase, delaying carbohydrate digestion. Uniquely, its polyphenols block the formation of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs), which damage blood vessels in diabetic patients.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo research demonstrated that standard oral administration of ''T. chebula'' seed extract resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose, comparable to standard oral hypoglycemic drugs like glibenclamide, alongside an increase in plasma insulin levels.<ref name="Murali2007"/>

=== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Action ===

The plant exhibits strong inhibitory effects against a diverse array of bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt microbial cell wall integrity, precipitate structural proteins, and prevent bacterial adherence necessary for biofilm formation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Extracts have demonstrated powerful efficacy against cariogenic bacteria like ''Streptococcus mutans'' (reducing dental plaque formation) and clinically relevant multi-drug resistant pathogens, including ''Helicobacter pylori''.<ref name="Aneja2009"/>

=== Cardioprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy ===

Haritaki supports cardiovascular health by lowering oxidative stress within vascular tissues and managing lipid profiles.
* '''Mechanism:''' It reduces myocardial lipid peroxidation, downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), and preserves endogenous cellular antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that pre-treatment with ''T. chebula'' significantly mitigates lysosomal enzyme leakage and preserves myocardial architecture during chemical-induced myocardial infarction models.<ref name="Suchalatha2005"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==

* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Terminalia chebula'' is highly safe for therapeutic consumption. Oral acute toxicity evaluations indicate an LD50 exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight in animal cohorts.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its potent astringent and prokinetic nature, it should be used with caution during acute diarrhea, severe dehydration, or pregnancy unless explicitly monitored by a healthcare professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily mixed with warm water or honey.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia chebula''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Gastrointestinal Dysmotility'''
| Tannins, Chebulinic acid
| Prokinetic activity, Mucosal cytoprotection
|-
| '''Cognitive Decline / Dementia'''
| Gallic acid, Chebulagic acid
| Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, Anti-amyloidogenesis
|-
| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
| Chebulinic acid, Ellagic acid
| α-glucosidase inhibition, AGE inhibition
|-
| '''Dental Caries & Infections'''
| Polyphenols, Flavonoids
| Anti-biofilm matrix disruption, Anti-adherence
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Tamhane1997">{{cite journal |last1=Tamhane |first1=M. D. |last2=Thorat |first2=S. P. |last3=Rege |first3=N. N. |last4=Dahanukar |first4=S. A. |year=1997 |title=Effect of Oral Administration of Terminalia chebula on Gastric Emptying and Cecal Transit Time |journal=Journal of Postgrad Medicine |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=12–13}}</ref>

<ref name="Afshari2016">{{cite journal |last1=Afshari |first1=A. |last2=Sadeghnia |first2=H. R. |last3=Asadpour |first3=E. |year=2016 |title=Neuroprotective effects of Terminalia chebula fruit extract against t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in neurons |journal=Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=73–82}}</ref>

<ref name="Murali2007">{{cite journal |last1=Murali |first1=Y. K. |last2=Anand |first2=P. |last3=Murthy |first3=P. S. |last4=Murthy |first4=Ch. V. |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Terminalia chebula seed extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=532–535}}</ref>

<ref name="Aneja2009">{{cite journal |last1=Aneja |first1=K. R. |last2=Joshi |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial potential of fruit extracts of Terminalia chebula against salivary samples and micro-organisms associated with dental caries |journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=133–138}}</ref>

<ref name="Suchalatha2005">{{cite journal |last1=Suchalatha |first1=S. |last2=Devi |first2=C. S. |year=2005 |title=Protective effect of Terminalia chebula against lysosomal enzyme leakage in experimental myocardial infarction |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=520–523}}</ref>
}}

[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Abhaya

2026-07-07T05:52:08Z

Agnivesha: Replaced content with "Haritaki"

[[Haritaki]]

Talk:Abhaya

2026-07-07T05:51:43Z

Agnivesha:

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]

{{Infobox
|title = Abhaya
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Abhaya
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2025
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''Therapeutic Monograph: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica] (Haritaki)''' is a comprehensive review of the botanical profile, phytochemical composition, and contemporary pharmacological evaluation of the highly revered medicinal plant ''[[Terminalia chebula]]''.

==English name ==

Chebulic myrobalan

==Therapeutic Use==

Shotha (edema), Arsha (hemorrhoids), Aruchi (anorexia), Hridroga (cardiac diseases), Kasa (cough), Pandu (anemia and blood deficiency related diseases), Prameha (obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus), Udavarta, Vibandha (constipation), Jirna-jwara (chronic fever), Vishama jwara (different types of fever), Shiro-roga (diseases of head), Tamaka shwasa (bronchial asthma), Gulma (abdominal lumps), Udararoga (generalized enlargement of abdomen)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==

* Buceras chebula (Retz.) Lyons
* Combretum argyrophyllum K.Schum.
* Myrobalanus chebula (Retz.) Gaertn.
* Myrobalanus gangetica (Roxb.) Kostel.
* Myrobalanus tomentella Kuntze
* Terminalia acutae Walp.
* Terminalia argyrophylla King & Prain
* Terminalia gangetica Roxb.
* Terminalia glandulipetiolata De Wild.
* Terminalia parviflora Thwaites
* Terminalia reticulata Roth
* Terminalia tomentella Kurz
* Terminalia zeylanica Van Heurck & Müll. Arg.

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==

''Terminalia chebula'' Retz., popularly known as '''Haritaki''' (or Harad), is a deciduous tree native to South Asia, spanning [[India]], [[Nepal]], and [[Sri Lanka]]. It is widely regarded in [[Ayurveda]] as the "King of Medicines" (Prana) and is a primary constituent of the renowned formula '''[[Triphala]]'''.

In traditional medicine, Haritaki is classified as a *Rasayana* (rejuvenative) and is believed to balance all three [[Dosha|doshas]] (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha). Its historical indications include gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic complications, cognitive decline, chronic inflammation, and wound healing.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Haritaki, Pathya

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==

Abhaya, Kayastha, Putana, Amruta, Haimavati, Avyatha, Chetaki, Shreyasi, Shiva, Vayastha, Vijaya, Jivanti, Rohini

==Types==
===Bhvaprakasha Nighantu===
Mentioned 7 types<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 7 – 9, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Types !! Characters !! Utility
|-
| 1 || Vijaya || Oval || All diseases
|-
| 2 || Rohini || Round || Wound healing
|-
| 3 || Putana || Putana Small but with large seed || For external application
|-
| 4 || Amruta || Bulky || For purification
|-
| 5 || Abhaya || Five lines on it || Eye diseases
|-
| 6 || Jivanti || Yellow colored || Useful in all diseases
|-
| 7 || Chetaki || Three lines over it || For preparing powder
|}

===Kaiyadeva Nighantu===

Mentioned 3 types<ref>Prof. Priya Vat Sharma, Kaiyadev Nighantu, Aushadhi Varga, Translated by Dr. Guru Prasada Sharma, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Delhi; </ref>
# Niraja
# Vanaja
# Parvatiya

===Prashasta Haritaki (Qualities of Best Haritaki)===

* Nava – new
* Snigdha – Unctuous
* Ghana – Hard
* Vritta – Round
* Gurvi – With weight
* Ambasi nimajjana – Sinks in water
* Dwikarsha – Double the weight of Bibhitaki (22 gm)<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Ritu Haritaki===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Ritu (Season) !! Anupana
|-
| 1 || Varsha (Rainy season)||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
|-
| 2 ||Sharad (Autumn)||Sharkara (Sugar)
|-
| 3 ||Hemanta (Early winter)||Shunthi (Ginger)
|-
| 4 ||Shishira (Late winter)||Kana (Long pepper)
|-
| 5 ||Vasanta (Spring)||Madhu (Honey)
|-
| 6 ||Grishma (Summer)||Guda (Jaggery)
|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 31, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Actions of Haritaki on Dosha with Anupana===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Effect on Dosha !! Anupana
|-
| 1 || Kaphahara||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
|-
| 2 || Pittahara||Sharkara (Sugar)
|-
| 3 || Vatahara||Ghrita (Ghee)
|-
| 4 || Tridoshahara||Guda (Jaggery)
|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 30, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Contra indications of Haritaki===

* Adhwatikhinna – Tired of walking, depressed
* Balavarjita – weak
* Ruksha – who has dryness in body
* Krisha – lean
* Langhana karshita – Tired of observing fasting
* Pittadhikya – Excessive aggravation of Pitta
* Garbhavati – Pregnant
* Vimukta raktata – One who underwent blood letting<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 32, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Haritaki Prayoga in different forms===

# Charvita – Chewed and swallowed increases Agni.
# Peshita (Powder) – When triturated, acts as Malashodhaka (purifies faeces)
# Swinna – When boiled acts as Sangrahi
# Bhrishta – When fried, acts as Tridosha shamaka
# Sahabhojana – When taken with food, Improves intellect, strength and functions of sense organs, Pacifies Tridosha
Evacuates faeces and acts as diuretic.
# Pashchat bhojana – When taken after food, Alleviates the diseases occurred because of improper food and also alleviates Tridosha.<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 27, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya), Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura), Sour (amla)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Removes all the three [[dosha]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/82 || Phalini ([[Virechana]]) (Therapeutic Purgation)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/29 || Vatanulominiyavagu(gruel for flatulence).
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna (anti – haemorrhoidal) mahakashay
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13) || Kushthaghna (anti – dermatosis) mahakashay
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24) || Virechanopag (sub – purgative) mahakashay
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(30) || Hikkanigrahana (reducing hiccups)mahakashay
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36) || Kasahara (anti – cough) mahakashaya
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara (antipyretic) mahakashaya
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(49) || Prajasthapana (promoting conception and implantation of embryo) mahakashaya.
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) || Vayasthapana (anti – ageing) mahakashaya
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/16 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/46 || As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Modaka
|-
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/50 || As an ingredient of Pathyadi Modaka
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/7 || As an ingredient of Tilvaka Yoga
|-
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/7 || Saptala Shankhini Yoga for purgation.
|-
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15 || As an ingredient of Avaleha(linctus) Yoga
|-
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/27 || As an ingredient of Modaka Yoga
|-
|}

==Dose==

3-6 gm of the drug in the powder form.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>
* Triphala Churna
* Triphaladi Taila
* Abhayarishta
* Agatsya Haritaki Rasayana
* Citraka Haritaki
* Danti Haritaki
* Dasamula Haritaki
* Brahma Rasayana
* Abhaya Lavana
* Pathyadi Lepa

== Current availability==

Available

* In India – Found in sub – Himalayan region. West Bengal, Assam, Madras, Mysore, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala.
* Out of India –
* South Asia – Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh
* Southeast Asia – Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand
* East Asia - China

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic versatility of ''Terminalia chebula'' arises from its complex secondary metabolite profile, particularly abundant in its dried fruit pericarp:
* '''Hydrolyzable Tannins:''' Extremely rich in chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, corilagin, terchebin, and punicalagin.
* '''Phenolic Acids:''' High yields of [[gallic acid]] and [[ellagic acid]].
* '''Flavonoids:''' [[Rutin]], [[quercetin]], and luteolin.
* '''Other Constituents:''' Saponins, [[amino acids]], and fixed oils containing palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Gastrointestinal Prokinetic and Cytoprotective Effects ===

Haritaki is most recognized for its profound influence on the gastrointestinal tract, functioning both as a mild laxative and a mucosal protective agent.

* '''Mechanism:''' It accelerates gastric emptying and intestinal transit time by stimulating smooth muscle contractility. Concurrently, it enhances the gastric mucosal defense barrier by increasing mucin secretion and reducing lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and animal models indicate that ''T. chebula'' provides substantial protection against experimental gastric ulcers by normalizing total acidity and pepsin output while augmenting cytoprotective factors.<ref name="Tamhane1997"/>

=== Pro-Cognitive and Neuroprotective Properties ===

Recent research highlights Haritaki's ability to combat neurodegenerative pathways associated with [[Alzheimer's disease]] and cognitive decline.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents like chebulinic acid act as potent [[acetylcholinesterase]] (AChE) inhibitors, preserving acetylcholine levels in synapses. Furthermore, it suppresses neuroinflammation by inhibiting microglia activation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that aqueous extracts significantly attenuate amyloid-β induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in cortical neurons, preserving spatial memory and cognitive performance in animal designs.<ref name="Afshari2016"/>

=== Anti-Diabetic and Advanced Glycation End-product (AGE) Inhibition ===

Haritaki serves as an effective intervention against type 2 diabetes and its long-term vascular complications.
* '''Mechanism:''' It significantly inhibits α-glucosidase and α-amylase, delaying carbohydrate digestion. Uniquely, its polyphenols block the formation of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs), which damage blood vessels in diabetic patients.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo research demonstrated that standard oral administration of ''T. chebula'' seed extract resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose, comparable to standard oral hypoglycemic drugs like glibenclamide, alongside an increase in plasma insulin levels.<ref name="Murali2007"/>

=== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Action ===

The plant exhibits strong inhibitory effects against a diverse array of bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt microbial cell wall integrity, precipitate structural proteins, and prevent bacterial adherence necessary for biofilm formation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Extracts have demonstrated powerful efficacy against cariogenic bacteria like ''[[Streptococcus mutans]]'' (reducing dental plaque formation) and clinically relevant multi-drug resistant pathogens, including ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]''.<ref name="Aneja2009"/>

=== Cardioprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy ===

Haritaki supports cardiovascular health by lowering oxidative stress within vascular tissues and managing lipid profiles.
* '''Mechanism:''' It reduces myocardial lipid peroxidation, downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), and preserves endogenous cellular antioxidants like [[superoxide dismutase]] (SOD).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that pre-treatment with ''T. chebula'' significantly mitigates lysosomal enzyme leakage and preserves myocardial architecture during chemical-induced myocardial infarction models.<ref name="Suchalatha2005"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==

* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Terminalia chebula'' is highly safe for therapeutic consumption. Oral acute toxicity evaluations indicate an [[LD50]] exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight in animal cohorts.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its potent astringent and prokinetic nature, it should be used with caution during acute diarrhea, severe dehydration, or pregnancy unless explicitly monitored by a healthcare professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily mixed with warm water or honey.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia chebula''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Gastrointestinal Dysmotility'''
| Tannins, Chebulinic acid
| Prokinetic activity, Mucosal cytoprotection
|-
| '''Cognitive Decline / Dementia'''
| Gallic acid, Chebulagic acid
| [[Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor|Acetylcholinesterase inhibition]], Anti-amyloidogenesis
|-
| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
| Chebulinic acid, Ellagic acid
| α-glucosidase inhibition, AGE inhibition
|-
| '''Dental Caries & Infections'''
| Polyphenols, Flavonoids
| Anti-biofilm matrix disruption, Anti-adherence
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Tamhane1997">{{cite journal |last1=Tamhane |first1=M. D. |last2=Thorat |first2=S. P. |last3=Rege |first3=N. N. |last4=Dahanukar |first4=S. A. |year=1997 |title=Effect of Oral Administration of Terminalia chebula on Gastric Emptying and Cecal Transit Time |journal=Journal of Postgrad Medicine |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=12–13}}</ref>

<ref name="Afshari2016">{{cite journal |last1=Afshari |first1=A. |last2=Sadeghnia |first2=H. R. |last3=Asadpour |first3=E. |year=2016 |title=Neuroprotective effects of Terminalia chebula fruit extract against t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in neurons |journal=Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=73–82}}</ref>

<ref name="Murali2007">{{cite journal |last1=Murali |first1=Y. K. |last2=Anand |first2=P. |last3=Murthy |first3=P. S. |last4=Murthy |first4=Ch. V. |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Terminalia chebula seed extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=532–535}}</ref>

<ref name="Aneja2009">{{cite journal |last1=Aneja |first1=K. R. |last2=Joshi |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial potential of fruit extracts of Terminalia chebula against salivary samples and micro-organisms associated with dental caries |journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=133–138}}</ref>

<ref name="Suchalatha2005">{{cite journal |last1=Suchalatha |first1=S. |last2=Devi |first2=C. S. |year=2005 |title=Protective effect of Terminalia chebula against lysosomal enzyme leakage in experimental myocardial infarction |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=520–523}}</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Haritaki

2026-07-07T05:51:09Z

Agnivesha:

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]

{{Infobox
|title = Abhaya
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Abhaya
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2025
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

'''Therapeutic Monograph: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula Terminalia chebula Retz. var. typica] (Haritaki)''' is a comprehensive review of the botanical profile, phytochemical composition, and contemporary pharmacological evaluation of the highly revered medicinal plant ''[[Terminalia chebula]]''.

==English name ==

Chebulic myrobalan

==Therapeutic Use==

Shotha (edema), Arsha (hemorrhoids), Aruchi (anorexia), Hridroga (cardiac diseases), Kasa (cough), Pandu (anemia and blood deficiency related diseases), Prameha (obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus), Udavarta, Vibandha (constipation), Jirna-jwara (chronic fever), Vishama jwara (different types of fever), Shiro-roga (diseases of head), Tamaka shwasa (bronchial asthma), Gulma (abdominal lumps), Udararoga (generalized enlargement of abdomen)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Other Varieties / Other Botanical names==

* Buceras chebula (Retz.) Lyons
* Combretum argyrophyllum K.Schum.
* Myrobalanus chebula (Retz.) Gaertn.
* Myrobalanus gangetica (Roxb.) Kostel.
* Myrobalanus tomentella Kuntze
* Terminalia acutae Walp.
* Terminalia argyrophylla King & Prain
* Terminalia gangetica Roxb.
* Terminalia glandulipetiolata De Wild.
* Terminalia parviflora Thwaites
* Terminalia reticulata Roth
* Terminalia tomentella Kurz
* Terminalia zeylanica Van Heurck & Müll. Arg.

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==

''Terminalia chebula'' Retz., popularly known as '''Haritaki''' (or Harad), is a deciduous tree native to South Asia, spanning [[India]], [[Nepal]], and [[Sri Lanka]]. It is widely regarded in [[Ayurveda]] as the "King of Medicines" (Prana) and is a primary constituent of the renowned formula '''[[Triphala]]'''.

In traditional medicine, Haritaki is classified as a *Rasayana* (rejuvenative) and is believed to balance all three [[Dosha|doshas]] (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha). Its historical indications include gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic complications, cognitive decline, chronic inflammation, and wound healing.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Haritaki, Pathya

==Additional Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==

Abhaya, Kayastha, Putana, Amruta, Haimavati, Avyatha, Chetaki, Shreyasi, Shiva, Vayastha, Vijaya, Jivanti, Rohini

==Types==
===Bhvaprakasha Nighantu===
Mentioned 7 types<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 7 – 9, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Types !! Characters !! Utility
|-
| 1 || Vijaya || Oval || All diseases
|-
| 2 || Rohini || Round || Wound healing
|-
| 3 || Putana || Putana Small but with large seed || For external application
|-
| 4 || Amruta || Bulky || For purification
|-
| 5 || Abhaya || Five lines on it || Eye diseases
|-
| 6 || Jivanti || Yellow colored || Useful in all diseases
|-
| 7 || Chetaki || Three lines over it || For preparing powder
|}

===Kaiyadeva Nighantu===

Mentioned 3 types<ref>Prof. Priya Vat Sharma, Kaiyadev Nighantu, Aushadhi Varga, Translated by Dr. Guru Prasada Sharma, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Delhi; </ref>
# Niraja
# Vanaja
# Parvatiya

===Prashasta Haritaki (Qualities of Best Haritaki)===

* Nava – new
* Snigdha – Unctuous
* Ghana – Hard
* Vritta – Round
* Gurvi – With weight
* Ambasi nimajjana – Sinks in water
* Dwikarsha – Double the weight of Bibhitaki (22 gm)<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 25 - 26, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Ritu Haritaki===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Ritu (Season) !! Anupana
|-
| 1 || Varsha (Rainy season)||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
|-
| 2 ||Sharad (Autumn)||Sharkara (Sugar)
|-
| 3 ||Hemanta (Early winter)||Shunthi (Ginger)
|-
| 4 ||Shishira (Late winter)||Kana (Long pepper)
|-
| 5 ||Vasanta (Spring)||Madhu (Honey)
|-
| 6 ||Grishma (Summer)||Guda (Jaggery)
|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 31, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Actions of Haritaki on Dosha with Anupana===

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.no. !! Effect on Dosha !! Anupana
|-
| 1 || Kaphahara||Saindhava lavana (Rock salt)
|-
| 2 || Pittahara||Sharkara (Sugar)
|-
| 3 || Vatahara||Ghrita (Ghee)
|-
| 4 || Tridoshahara||Guda (Jaggery)
|}<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 30, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Contra indications of Haritaki===

* Adhwatikhinna – Tired of walking, depressed
* Balavarjita – weak
* Ruksha – who has dryness in body
* Krisha – lean
* Langhana karshita – Tired of observing fasting
* Pittadhikya – Excessive aggravation of Pitta
* Garbhavati – Pregnant
* Vimukta raktata – One who underwent blood letting<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 32, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

===Haritaki Prayoga in different forms===

# Charvita – Chewed and swallowed increases Agni.
# Peshita (Powder) – When triturated, acts as Malashodhaka (purifies faeces)
# Swinna – When boiled acts as Sangrahi
# Bhrishta – When fried, acts as Tridosha shamaka
# Sahabhojana – When taken with food, Improves intellect, strength and functions of sense organs, Pacifies Tridosha
Evacuates faeces and acts as diuretic.
# Pashchat bhojana – When taken after food, Alleviates the diseases occurred because of improper food and also alleviates Tridosha.<ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 27, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya), Pungent (katu), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura), Sour (amla)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Rough (ruksha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|-
| 6 || Extra ordinary effect ([[prabhava]]) || Removes all the three [[dosha]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/82 || Phalini ([[Virechana]]) (Therapeutic Purgation)
|-
| 2 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/29 || Vatanulominiyavagu(gruel for flatulence).
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(12) || Arshoghna (anti – haemorrhoidal) mahakashay
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13) || Kushthaghna (anti – dermatosis) mahakashay
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24) || Virechanopag (sub – purgative) mahakashay
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(30) || Hikkanigrahana (reducing hiccups)mahakashay
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36) || Kasahara (anti – cough) mahakashaya
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara (antipyretic) mahakashaya
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(49) || Prajasthapana (promoting conception and implantation of embryo) mahakashaya.
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) || Vayasthapana (anti – ageing) mahakashaya
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/16 || Vamanartha (for therapeutic emesis)
|-
| 12 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/16 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 13 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30 || Preparations of Trivrut
|-
| 14 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/46 || As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Modaka
|-
| 15 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/50 || As an ingredient of Pathyadi Modaka
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/7 || As an ingredient of Tilvaka Yoga
|-
| 17 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 11/7 || Saptala Shankhini Yoga for purgation.
|-
| 18 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15 || As an ingredient of Avaleha(linctus) Yoga
|-
| 19 ||Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/27 || As an ingredient of Modaka Yoga
|-
|}

==Dose==

3-6 gm of the drug in the powder form.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>

==Important Formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:31</ref>
* Triphala Churna
* Triphaladi Taila
* Abhayarishta
* Agatsya Haritaki Rasayana
* Citraka Haritaki
* Danti Haritaki
* Dasamula Haritaki
* Brahma Rasayana
* Abhaya Lavana
* Pathyadi Lepa

== Current availability==

Available

* In India – Found in sub – Himalayan region. West Bengal, Assam, Madras, Mysore, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala.
* Out of India –
* South Asia – Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh
* Southeast Asia – Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand
* East Asia - China

== Current researches ==

== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic versatility of ''Terminalia chebula'' arises from its complex secondary metabolite profile, particularly abundant in its dried fruit pericarp:
* '''Hydrolyzable Tannins:''' Extremely rich in chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, corilagin, terchebin, and punicalagin.
* '''Phenolic Acids:''' High yields of [[gallic acid]] and [[ellagic acid]].
* '''Flavonoids:''' [[Rutin]], [[quercetin]], and luteolin.
* '''Other Constituents:''' Saponins, [[amino acids]], and fixed oils containing palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Gastrointestinal Prokinetic and Cytoprotective Effects ===

Haritaki is most recognized for its profound influence on the gastrointestinal tract, functioning both as a mild laxative and a mucosal protective agent.

* '''Mechanism:''' It accelerates gastric emptying and intestinal transit time by stimulating smooth muscle contractility. Concurrently, it enhances the gastric mucosal defense barrier by increasing mucin secretion and reducing lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and animal models indicate that ''T. chebula'' provides substantial protection against experimental gastric ulcers by normalizing total acidity and pepsin output while augmenting cytoprotective factors.<ref name="Tamhane1997"/>

=== Pro-Cognitive and Neuroprotective Properties ===

Recent research highlights Haritaki's ability to combat neurodegenerative pathways associated with [[Alzheimer's disease]] and cognitive decline.
* '''Mechanism:''' Active constituents like chebulinic acid act as potent [[acetylcholinesterase]] (AChE) inhibitors, preserving acetylcholine levels in synapses. Furthermore, it suppresses neuroinflammation by inhibiting microglia activation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that aqueous extracts significantly attenuate amyloid-β induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in cortical neurons, preserving spatial memory and cognitive performance in animal designs.<ref name="Afshari2016"/>

=== Anti-Diabetic and Advanced Glycation End-product (AGE) Inhibition ===

Haritaki serves as an effective intervention against type 2 diabetes and its long-term vascular complications.
* '''Mechanism:''' It significantly inhibits α-glucosidase and α-amylase, delaying carbohydrate digestion. Uniquely, its polyphenols block the formation of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs), which damage blood vessels in diabetic patients.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vivo research demonstrated that standard oral administration of ''T. chebula'' seed extract resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose, comparable to standard oral hypoglycemic drugs like glibenclamide, alongside an increase in plasma insulin levels.<ref name="Murali2007"/>

=== Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Action ===

The plant exhibits strong inhibitory effects against a diverse array of bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt microbial cell wall integrity, precipitate structural proteins, and prevent bacterial adherence necessary for biofilm formation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Extracts have demonstrated powerful efficacy against cariogenic bacteria like ''[[Streptococcus mutans]]'' (reducing dental plaque formation) and clinically relevant multi-drug resistant pathogens, including ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]''.<ref name="Aneja2009"/>

=== Cardioprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy ===

Haritaki supports cardiovascular health by lowering oxidative stress within vascular tissues and managing lipid profiles.
* '''Mechanism:''' It reduces myocardial lipid peroxidation, downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), and preserves endogenous cellular antioxidants like [[superoxide dismutase]] (SOD).
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Studies show that pre-treatment with ''T. chebula'' significantly mitigates lysosomal enzyme leakage and preserves myocardial architecture during chemical-induced myocardial infarction models.<ref name="Suchalatha2005"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==

* '''Acute Toxicity:''' ''Terminalia chebula'' is highly safe for therapeutic consumption. Oral acute toxicity evaluations indicate an [[LD50]] exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight in animal cohorts.
* '''Precautions:''' Due to its potent astringent and prokinetic nature, it should be used with caution during acute diarrhea, severe dehydration, or pregnancy unless explicitly monitored by a healthcare professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Fruit Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily mixed with warm water or honey.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia chebula''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Gastrointestinal Dysmotility'''
| Tannins, Chebulinic acid
| Prokinetic activity, Mucosal cytoprotection
|-
| '''Cognitive Decline / Dementia'''
| Gallic acid, Chebulagic acid
| [[Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor|Acetylcholinesterase inhibition]], Anti-amyloidogenesis
|-
| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
| Chebulinic acid, Ellagic acid
| α-glucosidase inhibition, AGE inhibition
|-
| '''Dental Caries & Infections'''
| Polyphenols, Flavonoids
| Anti-biofilm matrix disruption, Anti-adherence
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Tamhane1997">{{cite journal |last1=Tamhane |first1=M. D. |last2=Thorat |first2=S. P. |last3=Rege |first3=N. N. |last4=Dahanukar |first4=S. A. |year=1997 |title=Effect of Oral Administration of Terminalia chebula on Gastric Emptying and Cecal Transit Time |journal=Journal of Postgrad Medicine |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=12–13}}</ref>

<ref name="Afshari2016">{{cite journal |last1=Afshari |first1=A. |last2=Sadeghnia |first2=H. R. |last3=Asadpour |first3=E. |year=2016 |title=Neuroprotective effects of Terminalia chebula fruit extract against t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in neurons |journal=Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=73–82}}</ref>

<ref name="Murali2007">{{cite journal |last1=Murali |first1=Y. K. |last2=Anand |first2=P. |last3=Murthy |first3=P. S. |last4=Murthy |first4=Ch. V. |year=2007 |title=Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Terminalia chebula seed extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=109 |issue=3 |pages=532–535}}</ref>

<ref name="Aneja2009">{{cite journal |last1=Aneja |first1=K. R. |last2=Joshi |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial potential of fruit extracts of Terminalia chebula against salivary samples and micro-organisms associated with dental caries |journal=Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=133–138}}</ref>

<ref name="Suchalatha2005">{{cite journal |last1=Suchalatha |first1=S. |last2=Devi |first2=C. S. |year=2005 |title=Protective effect of Terminalia chebula against lysosomal enzyme leakage in experimental myocardial infarction |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=520–523}}</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Bibhitaki

2026-07-07T05:33:53Z

Agnivesha: /* Botanical Profile & Traditional Context */

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
{{Infobox
|title = Bibhitaki
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Bibhitaki(Aksha)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Beleric myrobalan

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica] (Gaertn.) Roxb., known traditionally as '''Bibhitaka''' (or Baheda), is a large deciduous tree native to the forests of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Belonging to the family Combretaceae, it is one of the three foundational fruits constituting the classic [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] formulation [[Triphala]] (alongside [[Haritaki|Terminalia chebula]] and [[Amalaki|Phyllanthus emblica]]).

In traditional medicine systems ([[Ayurveda]], Unani, and Siddha), Bibhitaka is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, asthma), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.

==Therapeutic Uses in Ayurveda==

Vomiting (chhardi), Cough (Kasa), Worms (krimiroga), Constipation (vibandha), Hoarseness of voice (svarabheda), Eye diseases (netraroga)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Bibhitaki, Aksha (very useful for sense organs), Karshaphala (fruits weight about 1 karsha – 12 gms), Akshaphala, Kalidruma, Tailaphala (kernel of bibhitak yield oil)

==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==

Strilinga, bhutavasa, kaliyugalaya<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 35 p.9.</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Rough (ruksha), Light (laghu)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Tridoshahara (subside all three dosha) but pacify Kapha especially
|-
|}

== References in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24)
|Virechanopaga(helping purgation) mahakashaya
|-
|2
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/21
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|3
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|4
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144
|Kashaya-skandha(group of astringent drugs)
|-
|5
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29
|Garbha vyapad chikitsa
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14
|Vamanartha(for emesis)
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15
|Awaleha Yoga
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/75
|In formulation of amalaka rasayana
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201
|Used as Triphala kwatha in Anyedhyushka jwara(fever)
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Madhookadi kashaya
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/208
|Pitta- Kapha nashaka Vatanulomana
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/231
|Used for Virechana with madhu and ghrita
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299
|As Triphala in Vishamajwara
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/106
|Ingredient of Nilinyadya Ghrita
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/115
|Ingredient of Rohinyadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/123
|Ingredient in Drakshadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/22
|Prameh nashak Santarpan yoga
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/26
|Sarva Prameh(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameh(diabetes)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/35
|As Kapha-Pittaja prameha(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/40
|Ingredient in Phalatrikadi Kvatha
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/46
|For drinking water Boiled with it
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/44
|As Virechana dravya(purgation)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwatha
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/81
|Ingredient in Triphalasava
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/82
|Pathya diet in Kushtha(skin disease)
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91
|Ingredient in Sidhdharthak snan and Lepa, Abhyantara and
Bahya-shodhanarth
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/97
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushtha
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128
|Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth(external), Pana(drink), Snana(bath), Lepa
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/136
|Ingredient in Vata-Pitta nashak Ghrita
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/140
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala Ghrita
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|Ingredient in Mahakhadir Ghrita
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35
|Ingredient in Kalyanaka Ghrita
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/72
|Ingredient in Pancham Sarpimodak
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarisht
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/49
|Ingredient in Shilajatu prayoga
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/71
|As a Lepa dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]
13/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi ghrita

|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/119
|As an ingredient of patoladi churna
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
|As an ingredient of Narayan churna
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/133
|As an ingredient of Hapushdya churna
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/135
|As anupana of Hapushdya churna
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/149
|Kwath mixed with trikatu and yavakshara used in udararoga
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
|In formulation of pippalyadi lavan
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|In formulation of kshara vatika
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45

|Used in swedana kriya

|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/66
|Use triphala kwath with trivrut churna
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
|As an ingredient of dantyarishta
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87

|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita

|-
|72
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/160
|As an ingredient of Pindasava
|-
|73
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|74
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/188
|Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/92
|As an ingredient of twakadi leha
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/56

|For kashaya pana
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/124
|For pradeha prayoga in granthi visarpa(herpes)
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/125
|As an ingredient of Baladi lepa
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/84
|Used as vranashodhaka kashaya
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/110
|Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya & prasadana
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/115
|Used for Krushnikarana
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/65
|As an ingredient of Trutyadi churna
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushnadi Ghrita
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/163
|As an ingredient of Mayura Ghrita
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/167
|As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/195
|As an ingredient of Kalaka churna
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/205
|Used for mukhadhavna
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used for aaschotana in Kaphaja netraroga
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/241
|As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/254
|As an ingredient of Drustiprada varti
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270, 273
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/281
|Used in palitya(greying of hair)
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/86
|Used as Kwatha with Madhu for Kaphaja Vatarakta
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Churna – 3 – 6 gm<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>
* Triphala Churna
* Triphaladi Taila
* Lavangadi Vati

== Current availability==

Available
* India –
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Rajastha, Gujarat, Maharashtra

* Out of India –
Nepal, Sri lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, China,Malaysia
== Current researches ==

=== Phytochemical Composition ===

The therapeutic efficacy of ''Terminalia bellirica'' is attributed to its rich profile of bioactive secondary metabolites, predominantly concentrated in its fruit rind.
* '''Phenolic Acids & Tannins:''' High concentrations of gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid. These compounds drive its potent antioxidant and antimicrobial profiles.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Luteolin, rutin, and quercetin.
* '''Saponins & Sterols:''' Beta-Sitosterol, belleric acid, and bellericoside.
* '''Fixed Oils:''' The seed kernels contain essential fatty acids, primarily linoleic acid|linoleic and oleic acids.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Metabolic Regulation & Anti-Diabetic Activity ===
Bibhitaka exhibits significant efficacy in managing metabolic syndrome, specifically type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia.
* '''Mechanism:''' Phytochemicals like gallic and ellagic acids inhibit key carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase), reducing postprandial blood glucose spikes. Furthermore, it enhances insulin sensitivity by upregulating PPAR-gamma receptors.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous extracts of ''T. bellirica'' have been shown to significantly decrease plasma glucose levels and improve lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animal models, showing comparable efficacy to standard oral hypoglycemic agents.<ref name="Sabu2009"/>

=== Respiratory and Anti-Asthmatic Effects ===

Traditionally used to alleviate chronic cough and bronchitis, modern pharmacology validates its role as a bronchodilator and antitussive.
* '''Mechanism:''' The extract exerts an anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) effect, blocking calcium channels to relax smooth airway muscles.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research highlights that the crude extract of ''T. bellirica'' mediates bronchodilatory activity via dual inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) and calcium influx, validating its traditional use in asthma.<ref name="Khan2008"/>

=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity ===
The fruit rind provides potent defense against oxidative stress and chemical-induced hepatotoxicity(liver injury).
* '''Mechanism:''' It scavenges free radicals (O<sub>2</sub><sup>•−</sup>, OH<sup>•</sup>) and restores endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), while reducing lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and ''in vivo'' models have shown that ''T. bellirica'' extract significantly reduces elevated serum liver enzymes (Alanine transaminase(ALT), Aspartate transaminase(AST)) induced by hepatotoxins like carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>) or paracetamol(acetaminophen).<ref name="Shinde2012"/>

=== Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Efficacy ===
Bibhitaka possesses a broad-spectrum antimicrobial profile against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt bacterial cell walls and precipitate microbial proteins, inhibiting the formation of dental plaques and biofilm matrices.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Evaluation against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates confirmed that ''T. bellirica'' extracts exhibit strong inhibitory activity against pathogens including ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.<ref name="Aqil2007"/>

=== Hyperuricemia and Gout Management ===
Clinical research has focused on Bibhitaka's ability to lower uric acid levels.
* '''Mechanism:''' It acts as a natural inhibitor of '''xanthine oxidase''', the enzyme responsible for converting purines into uric acid.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial demonstrated that a standardized extract of ''T. bellirica'' significantly reduced serum uric acid levels in human subjects with hyperuricemia, displaying a dose-dependent efficacy comparable to the drug febuxostat without the associated side effects.<ref name="Usharani2016"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Animal models indicate that ''Terminalia bellirica'' possesses a high safety profile, with the Median Lethal Dose ([[LD50]]) of the aqueous extract exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight.
* '''Contraindications:''' Due to its mild laxative and astringent properties, excessive doses may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been fully established; use should be supervised by a medical professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Crude Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia bellirica''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Hyperuricemia (Gout)'''
| Gallic acid, Ellagic acid
| Xanthine oxidase inhibition
|-
| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
| Chebulagic acid, Flavonoids
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, PPAR-gamma activation
|-
| '''Asthma & Bronchitis'''
| Saponins, Tannins
| Calcium channel blocker, Bronchodilator
|-
| '''Hepatic Damage'''
| Phenolic compounds
| Free radical scavenging, SOD/CAT restoration
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Sabu2009">{{cite journal |last1=Sabu |first1=M. C. |last2=Kuttan |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=155–160 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00054-9}}</ref>

<ref name="Khan2008">{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=A. U. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |year=2008 |title=Pharmacological justification for the medicinal use of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=393–397 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2007.12.006 |pmid=18242042}}</ref>

<ref name="Shinde2012">{{cite journal |last1=Shinde |first1=A. |last2=et al. |year=2012 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of ''Terminalia bellirica'' Roxb. fruit against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=271–277 |pmid=22540166}}</ref>

<ref name="Aqil2007">{{cite journal |last1=Aqil |first1=F. |last2=Ahmad |first2=I. |year=2007 |title=Antibacterial properties of certain Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1017–1024 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2199 |pmid=17600863}}</ref>

<ref name="Usharani2016">{{cite journal |last1=Usharani |first1=P. |last2=et al. |year=2016 |title=A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and positive-controlled clinical pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in secondary hyperuricemia |journal=Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications |volume=8 |pages=51–59 |doi=10.2147/CPAA.S100521 |pmid=27354832 |pmc=4912116}}</ref>
}}

[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Bibhitaki

2026-07-07T05:31:31Z

Agnivesha:

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
{{Infobox
|title = Bibhitaki
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Bibhitaki(Aksha)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Beleric myrobalan

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica] (Gaertn.) Roxb., known traditionally as '''Bibhitaka''' (or Baheda), is a large deciduous tree native to the forests of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. Belonging to the family [[Combretaceae]], it is one of the three foundational fruits constituting the classic [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] formulation [[Triphala]] (alongside [[Terminalia chebula]] and [[Phyllanthus emblica]]).

In traditional medicine systems ([[Ayurveda]], [[Unani medicine|Unani]], and [[Siddha medicine|Siddha]]), Bibhitaka is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, [[asthma]]), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.

==Therapeutic Uses in Ayurveda==

Vomiting (chhardi), Cough (Kasa), Worms (krimiroga), Constipation (vibandha), Hoarseness of voice (svarabheda), Eye diseases (netraroga)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Bibhitaki, Aksha (very useful for sense organs), Karshaphala (fruits weight about 1 karsha – 12 gms), Akshaphala, Kalidruma, Tailaphala (kernel of bibhitak yield oil)

==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==

Strilinga, bhutavasa, kaliyugalaya<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 35 p.9.</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Rough (ruksha), Light (laghu)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Tridoshahara (subside all three dosha) but pacify Kapha especially
|-
|}

== References in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24)
|Virechanopaga(helping purgation) mahakashaya
|-
|2
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/21
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|3
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|4
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144
|Kashaya-skandha(group of astringent drugs)
|-
|5
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29
|Garbha vyapad chikitsa
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14
|Vamanartha(for emesis)
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15
|Awaleha Yoga
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/75
|In formulation of amalaka rasayana
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201
|Used as Triphala kwatha in Anyedhyushka jwara(fever)
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Madhookadi kashaya
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/208
|Pitta- Kapha nashaka Vatanulomana
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/231
|Used for Virechana with madhu and ghrita
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299
|As Triphala in Vishamajwara
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/106
|Ingredient of Nilinyadya Ghrita
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/115
|Ingredient of Rohinyadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/123
|Ingredient in Drakshadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/22
|Prameh nashak Santarpan yoga
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/26
|Sarva Prameh(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameh(diabetes)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/35
|As Kapha-Pittaja prameha(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/40
|Ingredient in Phalatrikadi Kvatha
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/46
|For drinking water Boiled with it
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/44
|As Virechana dravya(purgation)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwatha
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/81
|Ingredient in Triphalasava
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/82
|Pathya diet in Kushtha(skin disease)
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91
|Ingredient in Sidhdharthak snan and Lepa, Abhyantara and
Bahya-shodhanarth
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/97
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushtha
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128
|Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth(external), Pana(drink), Snana(bath), Lepa
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/136
|Ingredient in Vata-Pitta nashak Ghrita
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/140
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala Ghrita
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|Ingredient in Mahakhadir Ghrita
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35
|Ingredient in Kalyanaka Ghrita
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/72
|Ingredient in Pancham Sarpimodak
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarisht
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/49
|Ingredient in Shilajatu prayoga
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/71
|As a Lepa dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]
13/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi ghrita

|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/119
|As an ingredient of patoladi churna
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
|As an ingredient of Narayan churna
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/133
|As an ingredient of Hapushdya churna
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/135
|As anupana of Hapushdya churna
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/149
|Kwath mixed with trikatu and yavakshara used in udararoga
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
|In formulation of pippalyadi lavan
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|In formulation of kshara vatika
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45

|Used in swedana kriya

|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/66
|Use triphala kwath with trivrut churna
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
|As an ingredient of dantyarishta
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87

|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita

|-
|72
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/160
|As an ingredient of Pindasava
|-
|73
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|74
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/188
|Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/92
|As an ingredient of twakadi leha
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/56

|For kashaya pana
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/124
|For pradeha prayoga in granthi visarpa(herpes)
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/125
|As an ingredient of Baladi lepa
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/84
|Used as vranashodhaka kashaya
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/110
|Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya & prasadana
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/115
|Used for Krushnikarana
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/65
|As an ingredient of Trutyadi churna
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushnadi Ghrita
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/163
|As an ingredient of Mayura Ghrita
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/167
|As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/195
|As an ingredient of Kalaka churna
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/205
|Used for mukhadhavna
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used for aaschotana in Kaphaja netraroga
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/241
|As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/254
|As an ingredient of Drustiprada varti
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270, 273
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/281
|Used in palitya(greying of hair)
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/86
|Used as Kwatha with Madhu for Kaphaja Vatarakta
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Churna – 3 – 6 gm<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>
* Triphala Churna
* Triphaladi Taila
* Lavangadi Vati

== Current availability==

Available
* India –
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Rajastha, Gujarat, Maharashtra

* Out of India –
Nepal, Sri lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, China,Malaysia

== Current researches ==

=== Phytochemical Composition ===

The therapeutic efficacy of ''Terminalia bellirica'' is attributed to its rich profile of bioactive secondary metabolites, predominantly concentrated in its fruit rind.
* '''Phenolic Acids & Tannins:''' High concentrations of gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid. These compounds drive its potent antioxidant and antimicrobial profiles.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Luteolin, rutin, and quercetin.
* '''Saponins & Sterols:''' Beta-Sitosterol, belleric acid, and bellericoside.
* '''Fixed Oils:''' The seed kernels contain essential fatty acids, primarily linoleic acid|linoleic and oleic acids.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Metabolic Regulation & Anti-Diabetic Activity ===
Bibhitaka exhibits significant efficacy in managing metabolic syndrome, specifically type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia.
* '''Mechanism:''' Phytochemicals like gallic and ellagic acids inhibit key carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase), reducing postprandial blood glucose spikes. Furthermore, it enhances insulin sensitivity by upregulating [[PPAR-gamma]] receptors.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous extracts of ''T. bellirica'' have been shown to significantly decrease plasma glucose levels and improve lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animal models, showing comparable efficacy to standard oral hypoglycemic agents.<ref name="Sabu2009"/>

=== Respiratory and Anti-Asthmatic Effects ===

Traditionally used to alleviate chronic cough and bronchitis, modern pharmacology validates its role as a bronchodilator and antitussive.
* '''Mechanism:''' The extract exerts an anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) effect, blocking calcium channels to relax smooth airway muscles.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research highlights that the crude extract of ''T. bellirica'' mediates bronchodilatory activity via dual inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) and calcium influx, validating its traditional use in asthma.<ref name="Khan2008"/>

=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity ===
The fruit rind provides potent defense against oxidative stress and chemical-induced hepatotoxicity(liver injury).
* '''Mechanism:''' It scavenges free radicals (O<sub>2</sub><sup>•−</sup>, OH<sup>•</sup>) and restores endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), while reducing lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and ''in vivo'' models have shown that ''T. bellirica'' extract significantly reduces elevated serum liver enzymes (Alanine transaminase(ALT), Aspartate transaminase(AST)) induced by hepatotoxins like carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>) or paracetamol(acetaminophen).<ref name="Shinde2012"/>

=== Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Efficacy ===
Bibhitaka possesses a broad-spectrum antimicrobial profile against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt bacterial cell walls and precipitate microbial proteins, inhibiting the formation of dental plaques and biofilm matrices.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Evaluation against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates confirmed that ''T. bellirica'' extracts exhibit strong inhibitory activity against pathogens including ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.<ref name="Aqil2007"/>

=== Hyperuricemia and Gout Management ===
Clinical research has focused on Bibhitaka's ability to lower uric acid levels.
* '''Mechanism:''' It acts as a natural inhibitor of '''xanthine oxidase''', the enzyme responsible for converting purines into uric acid.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial demonstrated that a standardized extract of ''T. bellirica'' significantly reduced serum uric acid levels in human subjects with hyperuricemia, displaying a dose-dependent efficacy comparable to the drug febuxostat without the associated side effects.<ref name="Usharani2016"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Animal models indicate that ''Terminalia bellirica'' possesses a high safety profile, with the Median Lethal Dose ([[LD50]]) of the aqueous extract exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight.
* '''Contraindications:''' Due to its mild laxative and astringent properties, excessive doses may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been fully established; use should be supervised by a medical professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Crude Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia bellirica''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Hyperuricemia (Gout)'''
| Gallic acid, Ellagic acid
| Xanthine oxidase inhibition
|-
| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
| Chebulagic acid, Flavonoids
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, PPAR-gamma activation
|-
| '''Asthma & Bronchitis'''
| Saponins, Tannins
| Calcium channel blocker, Bronchodilator
|-
| '''Hepatic Damage'''
| Phenolic compounds
| Free radical scavenging, SOD/CAT restoration
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Sabu2009">{{cite journal |last1=Sabu |first1=M. C. |last2=Kuttan |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=155–160 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00054-9}}</ref>

<ref name="Khan2008">{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=A. U. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |year=2008 |title=Pharmacological justification for the medicinal use of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=393–397 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2007.12.006 |pmid=18242042}}</ref>

<ref name="Shinde2012">{{cite journal |last1=Shinde |first1=A. |last2=et al. |year=2012 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of ''Terminalia bellirica'' Roxb. fruit against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=271–277 |pmid=22540166}}</ref>

<ref name="Aqil2007">{{cite journal |last1=Aqil |first1=F. |last2=Ahmad |first2=I. |year=2007 |title=Antibacterial properties of certain Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1017–1024 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2199 |pmid=17600863}}</ref>

<ref name="Usharani2016">{{cite journal |last1=Usharani |first1=P. |last2=et al. |year=2016 |title=A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and positive-controlled clinical pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in secondary hyperuricemia |journal=Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications |volume=8 |pages=51–59 |doi=10.2147/CPAA.S100521 |pmid=27354832 |pmc=4912116}}</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Bibhitaki

2026-07-07T05:30:54Z

Agnivesha:

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
{{Infobox
|title = Bibhitaki
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Bibhitaki(Aksha)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica]
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Beleric myrobalan

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia%20bellirica Terminalia bellirica] (Gaertn.) Roxb., known traditionally as '''Bibhitaka''' (or Baheda), is a large deciduous tree native to the forests of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. Belonging to the family [[Combretaceae]], it is one of the three foundational fruits constituting the classic [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] formulation [[Triphala]] (alongside [[Terminalia chebula]] and [[Phyllanthus emblica]]).

In traditional medicine systems ([[Ayurveda]], [[Unani medicine|Unani]], and [[Siddha medicine|Siddha]]), Bibhitaka is classified as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, [[asthma]]), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.

==Therapeutic Uses in Ayurveda==

Vomiting (chhardi), Cough (Kasa), Worms (krimiroga), Constipation (vibandha), Hoarseness of voice (svarabheda), Eye diseases (netraroga)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Bibhitaki, Aksha (very useful for sense organs), Karshaphala (fruits weight about 1 karsha – 12 gms), Akshaphala, Kalidruma, Tailaphala (kernel of bibhitak yield oil)

==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==

Strilinga, bhutavasa, kaliyugalaya<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 35 p.9.</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Rough (ruksha), Light (laghu)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Tridoshahara (subside all three dosha) but pacify Kapha especially
|-
|}

== References in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24)
|Virechanopaga(helping purgation) mahakashaya
|-
|2
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/21
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|3
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|4
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144
|Kashaya-skandha(group of astringent drugs)
|-
|5
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29
|Garbha vyapad chikitsa
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14
|Vamanartha(for emesis)
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15
|Awaleha Yoga
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/75
|In formulation of amalaka rasayana
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201
|Used as Triphala kwatha in Anyedhyushka jwara(fever)
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Madhookadi kashaya
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/208
|Pitta- Kapha nashaka Vatanulomana
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/231
|Used for Virechana with madhu and ghrita
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299
|As Triphala in Vishamajwara
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/106
|Ingredient of Nilinyadya Ghrita
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/115
|Ingredient of Rohinyadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/123
|Ingredient in Drakshadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/22
|Prameh nashak Santarpan yoga
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/26
|Sarva Prameh(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameh(diabetes)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/35
|As Kapha-Pittaja prameha(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/40
|Ingredient in Phalatrikadi Kvatha
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/46
|For drinking water Boiled with it
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/44
|As Virechana dravya(purgation)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwatha
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/81
|Ingredient in Triphalasava
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/82
|Pathya diet in Kushtha(skin disease)
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91
|Ingredient in Sidhdharthak snan and Lepa, Abhyantara and
Bahya-shodhanarth
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/97
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushtha
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128
|Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth(external), Pana(drink), Snana(bath), Lepa
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/136
|Ingredient in Vata-Pitta nashak Ghrita
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/140
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala Ghrita
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|Ingredient in Mahakhadir Ghrita
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35
|Ingredient in Kalyanaka Ghrita
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/72
|Ingredient in Pancham Sarpimodak
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarisht
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/49
|Ingredient in Shilajatu prayoga
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/71
|As a Lepa dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]
13/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi ghrita

|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/119
|As an ingredient of patoladi churna
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
|As an ingredient of Narayan churna
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/133
|As an ingredient of Hapushdya churna
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/135
|As anupana of Hapushdya churna
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/149
|Kwath mixed with trikatu and yavakshara used in udararoga
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
|In formulation of pippalyadi lavan
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|In formulation of kshara vatika
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45

|Used in swedana kriya

|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/66
|Use triphala kwath with trivrut churna
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
|As an ingredient of dantyarishta
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87

|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita

|-
|72
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/160
|As an ingredient of Pindasava
|-
|73
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|74
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/188
|Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/92
|As an ingredient of twakadi leha
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/56

|For kashaya pana
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/124
|For pradeha prayoga in granthi visarpa(herpes)
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/125
|As an ingredient of Baladi lepa
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/84
|Used as vranashodhaka kashaya
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/110
|Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya & prasadana
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/115
|Used for Krushnikarana
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/65
|As an ingredient of Trutyadi churna
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushnadi Ghrita
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/163
|As an ingredient of Mayura Ghrita
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/167
|As an ingredient of Mahamayura Ghrita
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/195
|As an ingredient of Kalaka churna
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/205
|Used for mukhadhavna
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used for aaschotana in Kaphaja netraroga
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/241
|As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/254
|As an ingredient of Drustiprada varti
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270, 273
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/281
|Used in palitya(greying of hair)
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/86
|Used as Kwatha with Madhu for Kaphaja Vatarakta
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Churna – 3 – 6 gm<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>
* Triphala Churna
* Triphaladi Taila
* Lavangadi Vati

== Current availability==

Available
* India –
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Rajastha, Gujarat, Maharashtra

* Out of India –
Nepal, Sri lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, China,Malaysia

== Current researches ==

=== Phytochemical Composition ===

The therapeutic efficacy of ''Terminalia bellirica'' is attributed to its rich profile of bioactive secondary metabolites, predominantly concentrated in its fruit rind.
* '''Phenolic Acids & Tannins:''' High concentrations of gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid. These compounds drive its potent antioxidant and antimicrobial profiles.
* '''Flavonoids:''' Luteolin, rutin, and quercetin.
* '''Saponins & Sterols:''' Beta-Sitosterol, belleric acid, and bellericoside.
* '''Fixed Oils:''' The seed kernels contain essential fatty acids, primarily linoleic acid|linoleic and oleic acids.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Metabolic Regulation & Anti-Diabetic Activity ===
Bibhitaka exhibits significant efficacy in managing metabolic syndrome, specifically type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia.
* '''Mechanism:''' Phytochemicals like gallic and ellagic acids inhibit key carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase), reducing postprandial blood glucose spikes. Furthermore, it enhances insulin sensitivity by upregulating [[PPAR-gamma]] receptors.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous extracts of ''T. bellirica'' have been shown to significantly decrease plasma glucose levels and improve lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animal models, showing comparable efficacy to standard oral hypoglycemic agents.<ref name="Sabu2009"/>

=== Respiratory and Anti-Asthmatic Effects ===

Traditionally used to alleviate chronic cough and bronchitis, modern pharmacology validates its role as a bronchodilator and antitussive.
* '''Mechanism:''' The extract exerts an anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) effect, blocking calcium channels to relax smooth airway muscles.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research highlights that the crude extract of ''T. bellirica'' mediates bronchodilatory activity via dual inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) and calcium influx, validating its traditional use in asthma.<ref name="Khan2008"/>

=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity ===
The fruit rind provides potent defense against oxidative stress and chemical-induced hepatotoxicity(liver injury).
* '''Mechanism:''' It scavenges free radicals (O<sub>2</sub><sup>•−</sup>, OH<sup>•</sup>) and restores endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), while reducing lipid peroxidation.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and ''in vivo'' models have shown that ''T. bellirica'' extract significantly reduces elevated serum liver enzymes (Alanine transaminase(ALT), Aspartate transaminase(AST)) induced by hepatotoxins like carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>) or paracetamol(acetaminophen).<ref name="Shinde2012"/>

=== Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Efficacy ===
Bibhitaka possesses a broad-spectrum antimicrobial profile against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
* '''Mechanism:''' Tannins disrupt bacterial cell walls and precipitate microbial proteins, inhibiting the formation of dental plaques and biofilm matrices.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Evaluation against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates confirmed that ''T. bellirica'' extracts exhibit strong inhibitory activity against pathogens including ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''.<ref name="Aqil2007"/>

=== Hyperuricemia and Gout Management ===
Clinical research has focused on Bibhitaka's ability to lower uric acid levels.
* '''Mechanism:''' It acts as a natural inhibitor of '''xanthine oxidase''', the enzyme responsible for converting purines into uric acid.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial demonstrated that a standardized extract of ''T. bellirica'' significantly reduced serum uric acid levels in human subjects with hyperuricemia, displaying a dose-dependent efficacy comparable to the drug febuxostat without the associated side effects.<ref name="Usharani2016"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Animal models indicate that ''Terminalia bellirica'' possesses a high safety profile, with the Median Lethal Dose ([[LD50]]) of the aqueous extract exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight.
* '''Contraindications:''' Due to its mild laxative and astringent properties, excessive doses may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been fully established; use should be supervised by a medical professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Crude Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia bellirica''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Hyperuricemia (Gout)'''
| Gallic acid, Ellagic acid
| Xanthine oxidase inhibition
|-
| '''Type 2 Diabetes'''
| Chebulagic acid, Flavonoids
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, PPAR-gamma activation
|-
| '''Asthma & Bronchitis'''
| Saponins, Tannins
| Calcium channel blocker, Bronchodilator
|-
| '''Hepatic Damage'''
| Phenolic compounds
| Free radical scavenging, SOD/CAT restoration
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Sabu2009">{{cite journal |last1=Sabu |first1=M. C. |last2=Kuttan |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=155–160 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00054-9}}</ref>

<ref name="Khan2008">{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=A. U. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |year=2008 |title=Pharmacological justification for the medicinal use of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=393–397 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2007.12.006 |pmid=18242042}}</ref>

<ref name="Shinde2012">{{cite journal |last1=Shinde |first1=A. |last2=et al. |year=2012 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of ''Terminalia bellirica'' Roxb. fruit against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=271–277 |pmid=22540166}}</ref>

<ref name="Aqil2007">{{cite journal |last1=Aqil |first1=F. |last2=Ahmad |first2=I. |year=2007 |title=Antibacterial properties of certain Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1017–1024 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2199 |pmid=17600863}}</ref>

<ref name="Usharani2016">{{cite journal |last1=Usharani |first1=P. |last2=et al. |year=2016 |title=A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and positive-controlled clinical pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in secondary hyperuricemia |journal=Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications |volume=8 |pages=51–59 |doi=10.2147/CPAA.S100521 |pmid=27354832 |pmc=4912116}}</ref>
}}

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Talk:Bibhitaki

2026-07-07T05:09:54Z

Agnivesha:

Terminalia bellirica
{{Infobox
|title = Bibhitaki
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Bibhitaki(Aksha)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Terminalia bellirica
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Combretaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Dravyaguna Team
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Beleric myrobalan

{{Short description|Species of tree in the family Combretaceae}}
{{Infobox organism
| name = ''Terminalia bellirica''
| image = Terminalia bellirica - Baheda - Bastar, Chhattisgarh W IMG 4066.jpg
| image_caption = Fruit and foliage of ''Terminalia bellirica''
| kingdom = [[Plant]]ae
| clade1 = [[Angiosperms]]
| clade2 = [[Eudicots]]
| clade3 = [[Rosids]]
| order = [[Myrtales]]
| family = [[Combretaceae]]
| genus = [[Terminalia (plant)|''Terminalia'']]
| species = '''''T. bellirica'''''
| binomial = ''Terminalia bellirica''
| binomial_authority = ([[Joseph Gaertner|Gaertner]]) [[William Roxburgh|Roxb.]]
}}

'''Therapeutic Monograph: ''Terminalia bellirica'' (Bibhitaka)''' is a summary of the botanical profile, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical composition, and contemporary pharmacological evaluation of the medicinal plant ''[[Terminalia bellirica]]''.

== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
''Terminalia bellirica'' (Gaertn.) Roxb., known traditionally as '''Bibhitaka''' (or Baheda), is a large deciduous tree native to the forests of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. Belonging to the family [[Combretaceae]], it is one of the three foundational fruits constituting the classic [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] formulation '''[[Triphala]]''' (alongside ''[[Terminalia chebula]]'' and ''[[Phyllanthus emblica]]'').

In traditional medicine systems ([[Ayurveda]], [[Unani medicine|Unani]], and [[Siddha medicine|Siddha]]), Bibhitaka is classified as a ''Rasayana'' (rejuvenator). It is traditionally indicated for respiratory disorders (cough, [[asthma]]), digestive ailments, ocular diseases, and hair care.

==Therapeutic Uses in Ayurveda==
Vomiting (chardi), Cough (Kasa), Worms (krimiroga), Constipation (vibandha), Hoarseness of voice (svarabheda), Eye diseases (netraroga)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Bibhitaki, Aksha (very useful foe sense organs), Karshaphala (fruits weight about 1 karsha – 12 gms), Akshaphala, Kalidruma, Tailaphala (kernel of bibhitak yield oil)

==Synonyms in bhavprakasa nighantu==
Strilinga, bhutavasa, kaliyugalaya<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Haritakyadi Varga, verse no. 35 p.9.</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Rough (ruksha), Light (laghu)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Tridoshahara (subside all three dosha) but pacify Kapha especially
|-
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24)
|Virechanopaga(helping purgation) mahakashaya
|-
|2
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 6/21
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|3
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136
|Abhyantar Krimi (worms) Chikitsa
|-
|4
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/144
|Kashaya-skandha(group of astringent drugs)
|-
|5
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 8/29
|Garbha vyapad chikitsa
|-
|6
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/14
|Vamanartha(for emesis)
|-
|7
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/15
|Awaleha Yoga
|-
|8
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/75
|In formulation of amalaka rasayana
|-
|9
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201
|Used as Triphala kwatha in Anyedhyushka jwara(fever)
|-
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Madhookadi kashaya
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/208
|Pitta- Kapha nashaka Vatanulomana
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/231
|Used for Virechana with madhu and ghrita
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|As an ingredient of Chandanadhya taila
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299
|As Triphala in Vishamajwara
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/106
|Ingredient of Nilinyadya Ghrita
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/115
|Ingredient of Rohinyadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/123
|Ingredient in Drakshadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma(abdominal lumps)
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/22
|Prameh nashak Santarpan yoga
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/26
|Sarva Prameh(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameh(diabetes)
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/35
|As Kapha-Pittaj prameh(diabetes) nashak yoga
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/40
|Ingredient in Phalatrikadi Kvatha
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/46
|For drinking water Boiled with it
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/44
|As Virechan dravya(purgation)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwath
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/81
|Ingredient in Triphalasava
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/82
|Pathya diet in Kushtha(skin disease)
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91
|Ingredient in Sidhdharthak snan and Lepa, Abhyantara and
Bahya-shodhanarth
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/97
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaj Kushtha
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128
|Abhyantar and Bahyaprayogarth(external), Pana(drink), Snana(bath), Lepa
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/136
|Ingredient in Vata-Pitta nashak Ghrita
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/140
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala Ghrita
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|Ingredient in Mahakhadir Ghrita
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35
|Ingredient in Kalyanaka Ghrita
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lasunadya Ghrita
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/72
|Ingredient in Pancham Sarpimodak
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaj Svayathu
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorisht
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarisht
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/49
|Ingredient in Shilajatu prayoga
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/71
|As a Lepa dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaj Shvayathu
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]
13/115
|As an ingredient of nagaradi ghrita

|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/119
|As an ingredient of patoladi churna
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/133
|As an ingredient of hapushdya churna
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/135
|As anupan of hapushdya churna
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/149
|Kwath mixed with trikatu and yavakshara used in udararoga
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
|In formulation of pippalyadi lavan
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|In formulation of kshara vatika
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45

|Used in swedana kriya

|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/66
|Use triphala kwath with trivrut churna
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/144
|As an ingredient of dantyarista
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87

|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita

|-
|72
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/160
|As an ingredient of Pindasava
|-
|73
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|74
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/188
|Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/92
|As an ingredient of twakadi leha
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/56

|For kashaya pana
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/124
|For pradeha prayoga in granthi visarpa(herpes)
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/125
|As an ingredient of Baladi lepa
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/84
|Used as vranashodhaka kashaya
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90
|As an ingredient of Kampillakadi taila
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/110
|Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya & prasadana
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/115
|Used for Krushnikarana
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/65
|As an ingredient of Trutyadi churna
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushnadi Ghrita
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/163
|As an ingredient of Mayur Ghrita
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/167
|As an ingredient of Mahamayur Ghrita
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/195
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/205
|Used for mukhadhavna
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used for aaschotana in Kaphaja netraroga
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/241
|As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/254
|As an ingredient of Drustiprada varti
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270, 273
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/281
|Used in palitya(greying of hair)
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/86
|Used as Kwatha with Madhu for Kaphaja Vatarakta
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|}

==Dose==
* Churna – 3 – 6 gm<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>

==Important formulations==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:17</ref>
* Triphala Churna
* Triphaladi Taila
* Lavangadi Vati

== Current availability==

Available
* India –
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Rajastha, Gujarat, Maharashtra

* Out of India –
Nepal, Sri lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, China,Malaysia

== Current researches ==

=== Phytochemical Composition ===

The therapeutic efficacy of ''Terminalia bellirica'' is attributed to its rich profile of bioactive [[secondary metabolites]], predominantly concentrated in its fruit rind.
* '''Phenolic Acids & Tannins:''' High concentrations of [[gallic acid]], [[ellagic acid]], chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid. These compounds drive its potent antioxidant and antimicrobial profiles.
* '''Flavonoids:''' [[Luteolin]], [[rutin]], and [[quercetin]].
* '''Saponins & Sterols:''' [[Beta-Sitosterol|β-sitosterol]], belleric acid, and bellericoside.
* '''Fixed Oils:''' The seed kernels contain essential fatty acids, primarily [[linoleic acid|linoleic]] and [[oleic acid]]s.

== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==

=== Metabolic Regulation & Anti-Diabetic Activity ===
Bibhitaka exhibits significant efficacy in managing [[metabolic syndrome]], specifically [[type 2 diabetes mellitus]] and [[hyperlipidemia]].
* '''Mechanism:''' Phytochemicals like gallic and ellagic acids inhibit key carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase), reducing postprandial blood glucose spikes. Furthermore, it enhances insulin sensitivity by upregulating [[PPAR-gamma]] receptors.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Aqueous extracts of ''T. bellirica'' have been shown to significantly decrease plasma glucose levels and improve lipid profiles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animal models, showing comparable efficacy to standard oral hypoglycemic agents.<ref name="Sabu2009"/>

=== Respiratory and Anti-Asthmatic Effects ===

Traditionally used to alleviate chronic cough and [[bronchitis]], modern pharmacology validates its role as a [[bronchodilator]] and [[antitussive]].
* '''Mechanism:''' The extract exerts an [[anticholinergic]] (antimuscarinic) effect, blocking [[calcium channels]] to relax smooth airway muscles.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Research highlights that the crude extract of ''T. bellirica'' mediates bronchodilatory activity via dual inhibition of [[phosphodiesterase]] (PDE) and calcium influx, validating its traditional use in asthma.<ref name="Khan2008"/>

=== Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity ===
The fruit rind provides potent defense against [[oxidative stress]] and chemical-induced [[hepatotoxicity|liver injury]].
* '''Mechanism:''' It scavenges free radicals (O<sub>2</sub><sup>•−</sup>, OH<sup>•</sup>) and restores endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as [[superoxide dismutase]] (SOD), [[catalase]] (CAT), and [[glutathione]] (GSH), while reducing [[lipid peroxidation]].
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Clinical and ''in vivo'' models have shown that ''T. bellirica'' extract significantly reduces elevated serum liver enzymes ([[Alanine transaminase|ALT]], [[Aspartate transaminase|AST]]) induced by hepatotoxins like [[carbon tetrachloride]] (CCl<sub>4</sub>) or [[paracetamol|acetaminophen]].<ref name="Shinde2012"/>

=== Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Efficacy ===
Bibhitaka possesses a broad-spectrum antimicrobial profile against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
* '''Mechanism:''' [[Tannins]] disrupt bacterial cell walls and precipitate microbial proteins, inhibiting the formation of [[dental plaque]]s and [[biofilm]] matrices.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Evaluation against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates confirmed that ''T. bellirica'' extracts exhibit strong inhibitory activity against pathogens including ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' and ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]''.<ref name="Aqil2007"/>

=== Hyperuricemia and Gout Management ===
Clinical research has focused on Bibhitaka's ability to lower [[uric acid]] levels.
* '''Mechanism:''' It acts as a natural inhibitor of '''[[xanthine oxidase]]''', the enzyme responsible for converting purines into uric acid.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial demonstrated that a standardized extract of ''T. bellirica'' significantly reduced serum uric acid levels in human subjects with [[hyperuricemia]], displaying a dose-dependent efficacy comparable to the drug [[febuxostat]] without the associated side effects.<ref name="Usharani2016"/>

== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Animal models indicate that ''Terminalia bellirica'' possesses a high safety profile, with the Median Lethal Dose ([[LD50]]) of the aqueous extract exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight.
* '''Contraindications:''' Due to its mild laxative and astringent properties, excessive doses may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been fully established; use should be supervised by a medical professional.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Crude Powder (Churna):'' 3–6 g daily.
** ''Standardized Extract:'' 250–500 mg twice daily.

== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Terminalia bellirica''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''[[Hyperuricemia]] ([[Gout]])'''
| Gallic acid, Ellagic acid
| [[Xanthine oxidase]] inhibition
|-
| '''[[Type 2 Diabetes]]'''
| Chebulagic acid, Flavonoids
| [[Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor|α-glucosidase inhibition]], [[PPAR-gamma]] activation
|-
| '''[[Asthma]] & [[Bronchitis]]'''
| Saponins, Tannins
| [[Calcium channel blocker|Calcium channel blockade]], [[Bronchodilator|Bronchodilation]]
|-
| '''Hepatic Damage'''
| Phenolic compounds
| Free radical scavenging, SOD/CAT restoration
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Sabu2009">{{cite journal |last1=Sabu |first1=M. C. |last2=Kuttan |first2=R. |year=2009 |title=Antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants and its relationship with their antioxidant property |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=155–160 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00054-9}}</ref>

<ref name="Khan2008">{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=A. U. |last2=Gilani |first2=A. H. |year=2008 |title=Pharmacological justification for the medicinal use of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=393–397 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2007.12.006 |pmid=18242042}}</ref>

<ref name="Shinde2012">{{cite journal |last1=Shinde |first1=A. |last2=et al. |year=2012 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of ''Terminalia bellirica'' Roxb. fruit against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=271–277 |pmid=22540166}}</ref>

<ref name="Aqil2007">{{cite journal |last1=Aqil |first1=F. |last2=Ahmad |first2=I. |year=2007 |title=Antibacterial properties of certain Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates |journal=Phytotherapy Research |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=1017–1024 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2199 |pmid=17600863}}</ref>

<ref name="Usharani2016">{{cite journal |last1=Usharani |first1=P. |last2=et al. |year=2016 |title=A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and positive-controlled clinical pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of ''Terminalia bellirica'' in secondary hyperuricemia |journal=Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications |volume=8 |pages=51–59 |doi=10.2147/CPAA.S100521 |pmid=27354832 |pmc=4912116}}</ref>
}}

[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Flora of South Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Ayurveda]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

Amalaki

2026-06-30T06:26:07Z

Agnivesha: /* External links */

<p style='text-align:justify;'>Emblica officinalis Gaertn or Phyllanthus emblica L. is an extensively used herb in [[Ayurveda]] for dietary and therapeutic purpose as well. </p>

{{Infobox
|title = Amalaki
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Amalaki
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Emblica officinalis Gaertn, Phyllanthus emblica L.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Euphorbiaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Team Charak Samhita
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2025
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Emblic myrobalan, Indian gooseberry

==Therapeutic Uses==

Bleeding disorders ([[Raktapitta]]), Acid-peptic diseases ([[Amlapitta]]), Diabetes mellitus ([[Prameha]]), Burning sensation ([[Daha]])<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:3,4</ref>

==Other varieties / Other botanical names==

* Cicca emblica (L.) Kurz
* Diasperus emblica (L.) Kuntze
* Dichelactina nodicaulis Hance
* Emblica arborea Raf.
* Emblica officinalis Gaertn.
* Phyllanthus glomeratus Roxb. ex Wall. nom. inval.
* Phyllanthus mairei H.Lév.
* Phyllanthus mimosifolius Salisb.
* Phyllanthus taxifolius D.Don

==Identification Characters==

'''Vrittaphala''' – Fruit is globose
'''Kolam''' – Fruit weighs 6 gm.
'''Tishyaphala''' – Fruiting season in Pushya masa (November – December) or the fruits are auspicious.

==Types==

=== Raja Nighantu ===

There are two varieties.<ref>Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Amradi Varga, Verse no. 160-161 Chaukhambha Krishnadas academy, Varanasi;</ref>

# Amalaka
# Kshudramalaka

* Vanya (wild variety)– Small, Hard
* Gramya (highbred) – Big, Soft, Fleshy

== Synonyms ==

=== Synonyms in Charaka Samhita ===

*Dhatri (that nourishes like mother)
*Dhatriphala (fruits from Dhatri)
*Sriphala (auspicious fruit)
*Vayastha (that which enhance longevity and delays ageing)
*Vayasya (that which enhance longevity and delays ageing)
*Amritphala (fruit with elixir)

=== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ===

Vayasya, Amalaki, Vrishya, Jatiphalarasa, Shiva, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Amritaphala, Dhatri, Tishyaphala, Amruta <ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 38, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) ||Sour (amla), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura), Pungent (katu), Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Heavy (guru), Rough (ruksha), Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]])|| Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/26 ||Virukshani yavagu (dietary gruel for drying therapy)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/31 ||Kanthya yavagu (dietary gruel for improving voice and throat disorders)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13) ||Kushthaghna mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of skin diseases)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24) ||Virechanopaga mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for helping therapeutic purgation)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36) ||Kasahara mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of cough)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of fever)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(49) ||Prajasthapana mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for promoting conception & foetus growth)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) ||Vayasthapana mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for anti ageing)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/12 || Daily consumed substance (nitya prayunjita dravya)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 7/61 || To be taken with curd (dadhi saha sevanajanya ahara)
|-
|11 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/93|| Sneha Vicharna
|-
|12 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 15/07||Dravya required for Aturalaya
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]21/22 || Management of obesity(sthaulya)
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/23
| Management of obesity(sthaulya)
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]21/26
| Management of obesity(sthaulya)
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/38
|Madyavikatnut Mantha(management of disorders caused due to excess consumption of alcohol.)
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha(collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4
| Natural qualities
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/147
| Phala Varga(Class of fruits)
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/282
| Krutanna Varga(Class of cooked food preparations)
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/49
| Veerya varnan(potency)
|-
|22 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/50
| Veerya varnan(potency)
|-
|23 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 7/17
| Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa(Various therapeutic modalities for treatment of parasite)
|-
|24 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 7/21
| Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136
|[[Virechana]] Dravyani (list of medicines used in therapeutic purgation)
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139
|Madhura skandha(group of sweet drugs)
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/140
|Amla skandha(group of sour drugs)
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/8
|Desha vichara
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/16
|Vamanartha (for emesis)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30
|Preparations of Trivrit Avaleha
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40
|Kalyanaka Guda
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/46
|Vyoshadi Modaka
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/50
|Pathyadi Modaka
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/65
|Virechana Tarpana(Preparation of Trivrita in the form of Tarpana)
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/67
|Dugdha Yoga(Preparations of Trivrita in the form of medicated ghee and milk)
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 8/10
|Aragvadha Yoga
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 8/13
|Ghrita Yoga
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/6
|Tilvaka yoga
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 10/11
|Use in Purification of snuhi latex(sudha)
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ghrita Yoga
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/13
|Avaleha Yoga
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25
|Body purification before rasayana treatment
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/28
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/184
|Used as peya with Ghrita where jwara is associated with Constipation(Doshanulomaka)
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/186
|Used as peya where jwara is associated with Constipation & Kostha shoola
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/188
|Used as peya with Ghrita and Sarkara where jwara is associated with Anindra, Trushna & asweda
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201
|Used as Triphala kwatha in Anyedhyushka jwara
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/202
|Used as kwatha in Chaturthaka jwara
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Madhookadi kashaya
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/207
|Used as kwatha with guda in Dosha vibadhdhata
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/208
|Pitta- Kapha nashaka, Vatanulomana
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/220
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/225
|As an ingredient of Baladi Ghrita
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/230
|Used as svarasa for [[Virechana]]
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/231
|Used for [[Virechana]] With madhu and ghrita
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299
|As Triphala in Vishamajwara
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/57
|As a [[Virechana]] dravya
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/79
|Used in Raktapitta-shamaka yoga in ugra raktapitta.
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/106
|Ingredient of Nilinyadya Ghrita
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/115
|Ingredient of Rohinyadya Ghrita for Pittaja Gulma
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/120
|Ingredient in Trayamanadya Ghrita for Pittaja Gulma
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/122
|Ingredient in Amalakadya Ghrita for Pittaja Gulma
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/124
|Ingredient in Drakshadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/133
|As a diet in Pittaj Gulma
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/22
|Prameha nashak Santarpana yoga
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/26
|Sarva Prameha nashak yoga
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaja prameha
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30
|Used for making decoction in Pittaja prameha
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/36
|As Kapha-Pittaj prameha nashaka yoga
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/40
|Ingredient in Phalatrikadi Kvatha
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41
|Ingredient in Madhvasava
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/46
|For drinking water Boiled with it
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/48
|As a diet
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/44
|As [[Virechana]] dravya
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwatha
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/70
|Kushthanashak Yoga
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/81
|Ingredient in Triphalasava
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]7/82
|Pathya diet in Kushtha
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91
|Ingredient in Sidhdharthak snan and Lepa, Abhyantar and Bahya-shodhanarth
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/97
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaja Kushtha
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128
|Abhyantara and Bahyaprayogartha Pana, Snana, Lepa
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/136
|Ingredient in Vata-Pitta nashak Ghrita
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/140
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala Ghrita
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/147
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|Ingredient in Mahakhadira Ghrita
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/155
|Ingredient in Mahakhadira Ghrita
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/67
|Pathya diet for Pinas in treatment of Rajayakshma
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/101
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/137
|As a Kaval dravya for Mukhashodhanarth
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35
|Ingredient in Kalyanak Ghrita
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lashunadya Ghrita
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/31
|Ingredient in Amalakadi Ghrita
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorishta
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/49
|Ingredient in Shilajatu prayoga
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/100
|Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in treatment of Jalagardabh
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/115
|As an ingredient of Nagaradi ghrita
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/119
|As an ingredient of Patoladi churna
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
|As an ingredient of Narayan churna
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/133
|As an ingredient of Hapushadya churna
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/135
|As anupana of Hapushadya churna
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/149
|Kwath mixed with trikatu and yavakshara used in udararoga
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
|In formulation of pippalyadi lavan
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|In formulation of ksharvatika
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45
|Used in swedana kriya
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/66
|Use triphala kwath with trivrut churna
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/138
|As an ingredient of abhayarista
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/145
|As an ingredient of dantyarista
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/148
|As an ingredient of phalarista
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/153
|As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/202
|Dadhisara yoga is used in rakta arsha
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/120
|As an ingredient of takrarista
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/152
|As an ingredient of Duralabhasava(Kaphaja grahani )
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/188
|Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
|135
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/58
|Used in Kaphaja Pandu Roga
|-
|136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/135
|Used in Chikita of Halimak
|-
|137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/89
|As an ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/101
|As an ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|139
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/111
|As an ingredient of Dhatryarishta
|-
|140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/114
|As an ingredient of Peya Dravya
|-
|141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/129
|As an ingredient of satyadi yoga
|-
|142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/135
|Swarasa mixed with pippali and madhu is used in hikka svasa
|-
|143
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
|As an ingredient of dashamuladhya ghrita
|-
|144
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/184
|As an ingredient of mudga yusha
|-
|145
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/90
|As an ingredient of sarkaradi leha
|-
|146
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/92
|As an ingredient of twakadi leha
|-
|147
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/94
|As an ingredient of vidaryadi leha
|-
|148
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/107
|Use it in a preparation of ghrita
|-
|149
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|150
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|151
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/122
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|152
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/136
|As an ingredient of pippalyadi leha
|-
|153
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/165
|As an ingredient of ghrita yoga
|-
|154
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/88
|As an ingredient of leha yoga pittaja kasa
|-
|155
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/32
|Trusha & Chhardi-shamaka yoga
|-
|156
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/54
|For kashaya pana
|-
|157
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/61
|For kashaya pana
|-
|158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/67
|For virechana, give along with ghrita
|-
|159
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/111
|As a pathya ahara
|-
|160
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/36
|For lepa prayoga
|-
|161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/226
|As a pathya ahara
|-
|162
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/139
|Used as yusha in pittaja madatyaya
|-
|163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/140
|Used as yusha, Tarpana & rasa in Pittaja madatyaya
|-
|164
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/183
|Used in pachana
|-
|165
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/84
|Used as vranashodhaka kashaya
|-
|166
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90
|As an ingredient of Kamppilakadi taila
|-
|167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/110
|Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya & prasadana
|-
|168
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/116
|Used for savarnikarana
|-
|169
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/53
|Used in pittaja mutrakruchhra
|-
|170
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/65
|As an ingredient of Trutyadi churna
|-
|171
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/83
|As an ingredient of Haritakyadi Ghrita in vataja hrudroga
|-
|172
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushnadi Ghrita
|-
|173
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/163
|As an ingredient of Mayur Ghrita
|-
|174
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/167
|As an ingredient of Mahamayur Ghrita
|-
|175
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/195
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna
|-
|176
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|177
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/205
|Used for mukhadhavna
|-
|178
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
|179
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/216
|Used for kavala in arochaka
|-
|180
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used for aaschotana in Kaphaja netraroga
|-
|181
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/241
|As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti
|-
|182
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti
|-
|183
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/254
|As an ingredient of Drustiprada varti
|-
|184
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/259
|As an ingredient of Krushnasarpavasadi rasakriya
|-
|185
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/260
|Used in timir roga
|-
|186
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/261
|As an ingredient of Dhatryadi Rasakriya
|-
|187
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270, 273
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita
|-
|188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/277
|As an ingredient of Prapoundrakadi taila
|-
|189
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/279
|As an ingredient of Tiladi yoga
|-
|190
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/281
|Used in palitya
|-
|191
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/63
|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
|192
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma
|-
|193
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/86
|Used as Kwatha with madhu for Kaphaja vatarakta
|-
|194
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/86
|Used for Kaphaja vatarakta
|-
|195
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/98, 99
|As an ingredient of Sukumaraka taila
|-
|196
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|197
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/78
|As an ingredient of Dhatakyadi taila
|-
|198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/117
|Used in the treatment of Sveta pradara
|-
|199
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/117
|Used in the treatment of Sveta pradara along with honey
|-
|200
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/149
|Abhaya – Amalaki rasayana used in the treatment of Pitta dushta sukra dosha
|-
|201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/259
|As a pathya ahara in stanya dosha
|-
|202
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/150
|Amruta rasayana, used in the treatment of Kapha dushta sukra dosha
|-
|203
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/261
|As a paniya yoga, in the treatment of Stanya dosha
|-
|204
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/267
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Kiratatiktadi kwatha
|-
|205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/279
|Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha
|-
|}

==Dose==

* 10 – 20 gm of the drug.
* 5 – 10 ml of fresh juice.
* 3-6 gm of the drug in powder form.

==Important formulations==

===Fresh Fruit pulp===

* Chyavanaprasha

=== Dried Fruit===

* Triphala Churna
* Dhatri loha
* Dhatryadi Ghrita

== Current availability==

Available

* In India – Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Manipur, Tripura, Meghalaya, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.
* Out of India – Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Malaysia, China, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, West Indies, Cuba, varieties are available across globe.

== Current researches ==
'''Phyllanthus emblica''' L., commonly known as '''amalaki''', '''amla''', or '''Indian gooseberry''', is widely used in Ayurveda and has been studied for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and metabolic effects.<ref name="JAIMS2023a">{{cite journal |title=Amalaki (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.): A review on its therapeutic properties |journal=Journal of Ayurveda Integrative Medicine and Science |year=2023}}</ref><ref name="JAIMS2023b">{{cite web |title=View of Amalaki (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.): A review on its therapeutic properties |website=JAIMS |year=2023 |url=https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/2592}}</ref>

=== Scientific research ===
Amalaki contains bioactive compounds including gallic acid, ellagic acid, emblicanin A and B, quercetin, tannins, and vitamin C, which are thought to contribute to its biological activity.<ref name="JAIMS2023b" />
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study reported that standardized ''Phyllanthus emblica'' extract improved endothelial function, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory parameters, and lipid profile in patients with metabolic syndrome.<ref name="PubMed2019">{{cite journal |title=Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled clinical study of standardized Phyllanthus emblica extract in metabolic syndrome |journal=PubMed |year=2019 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31060549/}}</ref>

In older adults, Amalaki Rasayana was reported to maintain or enhance DNA strand break repair without toxic effects.<ref name="SciDir2016">{{cite journal |title=Effect of Amalaki rasayana on DNA damage and repair in randomized aged human individuals |journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology |year=2016 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874116304226}}</ref>
Experimental studies in hypertrophied rat hearts found improved cardiac mitochondrial and contractile function following Amalaki Rasayana administration.<ref name="PMC2017">{{cite journal |title=Amalaki rasayana, a traditional Indian drug enhances cardiac mitochondrial and contractile functions and improves cardiac function in rats with hypertrophy |journal=PMC |year=2017 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5561106/}}</ref>

== External links ==

[http://envis.frlht.org/plantdetails/893/8a21370d3a8af238657446d840711684 ENVIS database - Amalaki]

[[wikipedia:Phyllanthus_emblica|Phyllanthus emblica]]

== References ==
<references />

[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Amalaki

2026-06-30T06:11:53Z

Agnivesha: /* Current researches */

<p style='text-align:justify;'>Emblica officinalis Gaertn or Phyllanthus emblica L. is an extensively used herb in [[Ayurveda]] for dietary and therapeutic purpose as well. </p>

{{Infobox
|title = Amalaki
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Amalaki
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Emblica officinalis Gaertn, Phyllanthus emblica L.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Euphorbiaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Team Charak Samhita
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2025
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Emblic myrobalan, Indian gooseberry

==Therapeutic Uses==

Bleeding disorders ([[Raktapitta]]), Acid-peptic diseases ([[Amlapitta]]), Diabetes mellitus ([[Prameha]]), Burning sensation ([[Daha]])<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume I:3,4</ref>

==Other varieties / Other botanical names==

* Cicca emblica (L.) Kurz
* Diasperus emblica (L.) Kuntze
* Dichelactina nodicaulis Hance
* Emblica arborea Raf.
* Emblica officinalis Gaertn.
* Phyllanthus glomeratus Roxb. ex Wall. nom. inval.
* Phyllanthus mairei H.Lév.
* Phyllanthus mimosifolius Salisb.
* Phyllanthus taxifolius D.Don

==Identification Characters==

'''Vrittaphala''' – Fruit is globose
'''Kolam''' – Fruit weighs 6 gm.
'''Tishyaphala''' – Fruiting season in Pushya masa (November – December) or the fruits are auspicious.

==Types==

=== Raja Nighantu ===

There are two varieties.<ref>Indradev Tripathi, Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari, Amradi Varga, Verse no. 160-161 Chaukhambha Krishnadas academy, Varanasi;</ref>

# Amalaka
# Kshudramalaka

* Vanya (wild variety)– Small, Hard
* Gramya (highbred) – Big, Soft, Fleshy

== Synonyms ==

=== Synonyms in Charaka Samhita ===

*Dhatri (that nourishes like mother)
*Dhatriphala (fruits from Dhatri)
*Sriphala (auspicious fruit)
*Vayastha (that which enhance longevity and delays ageing)
*Vayasya (that which enhance longevity and delays ageing)
*Amritphala (fruit with elixir)

=== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ===

Vayasya, Amalaki, Vrishya, Jatiphalarasa, Shiva, Dhatriphala, Sriphala, Amritaphala, Dhatri, Tishyaphala, Amruta <ref>Shri Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Haritakyadi Varga, Verse no. 38, Edited by Padmashree Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, 2015;</ref>

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Properties
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) ||Sour (amla), Bitter (tikta), Sweet (madhura), Pungent (katu), Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Heavy (guru), Rough (ruksha), Cold (sheeta)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]])|| Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|}

== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/26 ||Virukshani yavagu (dietary gruel for drying therapy)
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/31 ||Kanthya yavagu (dietary gruel for improving voice and throat disorders)
|-
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(13) ||Kushthaghna mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of skin diseases)
|-
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(24) ||Virechanopaga mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for helping therapeutic purgation)
|-
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(36) ||Kasahara mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of cough)
|-
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(39) || Jwarahara mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for treatment of fever)
|-
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(49) ||Prajasthapana mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for promoting conception & foetus growth)
|-
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) ||Vayasthapana mahakashaya (ingredient of group of herbs for anti ageing)
|-
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 5/12 || Daily consumed substance (nitya prayunjita dravya)
|-
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 7/61 || To be taken with curd (dadhi saha sevanajanya ahara)
|-
|11 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 13/93|| Sneha Vicharna
|-
|12 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 15/07||Dravya required for Aturalaya
|-
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]21/22 || Management of obesity(sthaulya)
|-
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/23
| Management of obesity(sthaulya)
|-
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]21/26
| Management of obesity(sthaulya)
|-
| 16 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/38
|Madyavikatnut Mantha(management of disorders caused due to excess consumption of alcohol.)
|-
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha(collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions)
|-
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4
| Natural qualities
|-
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/147
| Phala Varga(Class of fruits)
|-
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/282
| Krutanna Varga(Class of cooked food preparations)
|-
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/49
| Veerya varnan(potency)
|-
|22 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/50
| Veerya varnan(potency)
|-
|23 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 7/17
| Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa(Various therapeutic modalities for treatment of parasite)
|-
|24 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 7/21
| Abhyantar Krimi Chikitsa
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/136
|[[Virechana]] Dravyani (list of medicines used in therapeutic purgation)
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139
|Madhura skandha(group of sweet drugs)
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/140
|Amla skandha(group of sour drugs)
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/8
|Desha vichara
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/16
|Vamanartha (for emesis)
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/30
|Preparations of Trivrit Avaleha
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40
|Kalyanaka Guda
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/46
|Vyoshadi Modaka
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/50
|Pathyadi Modaka
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/65
|Virechana Tarpana(Preparation of Trivrita in the form of Tarpana)
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/67
|Dugdha Yoga(Preparations of Trivrita in the form of medicated ghee and milk)
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 8/10
|Aragvadha Yoga
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 8/13
|Ghrita Yoga
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 9/6
|Tilvaka yoga
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 10/11
|Use in Purification of snuhi latex(sudha)
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 10/20
|Ghrita Yoga
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 12/13
|Avaleha Yoga
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/25
|Body purification before rasayana treatment
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 2/1/28
|Ingredient in Bruhaniya Gutika
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/184
|Used as peya with Ghrita where jwara is associated with Constipation(Doshanulomaka)
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/186
|Used as peya where jwara is associated with Constipation & Kostha shoola
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/188
|Used as peya with Ghrita and Sarkara where jwara is associated with Anindra, Trushna & asweda
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201
|Used as Triphala kwatha in Anyedhyushka jwara
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/202
|Used as kwatha in Chaturthaka jwara
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/205
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Vatsakadi kashaya
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/206
|As an ingredient of Triphala in Madhookadi kashaya
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/207
|Used as kwatha with guda in Dosha vibadhdhata
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/208
|Pitta- Kapha nashaka, Vatanulomana
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/220
|As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/225
|As an ingredient of Baladi Ghrita
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/230
|Used as svarasa for [[Virechana]]
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/231
|Used for [[Virechana]] With madhu and ghrita
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299
|As Triphala in Vishamajwara
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/57
|As a [[Virechana]] dravya
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/79
|Used in Raktapitta-shamaka yoga in ugra raktapitta.
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/106
|Ingredient of Nilinyadya Ghrita
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/115
|Ingredient of Rohinyadya Ghrita for Pittaja Gulma
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/120
|Ingredient in Trayamanadya Ghrita for Pittaja Gulma
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/122
|Ingredient in Amalakadya Ghrita for Pittaja Gulma
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/124
|Ingredient in Drakshadya Ghrita for Pittaj Gulma
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/133
|As a diet in Pittaj Gulma
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/149
|Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/22
|Prameha nashak Santarpana yoga
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/26
|Sarva Prameha nashak yoga
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/28
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaja prameha
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30
|Used for making decoction in Pittaja prameha
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/36
|As Kapha-Pittaj prameha nashaka yoga
|-
|74
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/40
|Ingredient in Phalatrikadi Kvatha
|-
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/41
|Ingredient in Madhvasava
|-
|76
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/46
|For drinking water Boiled with it
|-
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/48
|As a diet
|-
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/44
|As [[Virechana]] dravya
|-
|79
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/62
|Ingredient in Patoladi Kwatha
|-
|80
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/65
|Ingredient in Mustadi Churna
|-
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/68
|Ingredient in Triphaladi Churna
|-
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/70
|Kushthanashak Yoga
|-
|83
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/74
|Ingredient in Madhvasav
|-
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/81
|Ingredient in Triphalasava
|-
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]7/82
|Pathya diet in Kushtha
|-
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91
|Ingredient in Sidhdharthak snan and Lepa, Abhyantar and Bahya-shodhanarth
|-
|88
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/97
|Ingredient in Kushthaghna Yoga
|-
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/100
|Kwath prayog in Kapha-Pittaja Kushtha
|-
|90
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/128
|Abhyantara and Bahyaprayogartha Pana, Snana, Lepa
|-
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/136
|Ingredient in Vata-Pitta nashak Ghrita
|-
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/140
|Ingredient in Tiktashatpala Ghrita
|-
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/147
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|Ingredient in Mahakhadira Ghrita
|-
|96
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/155
|Ingredient in Mahakhadira Ghrita
|-
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/67
|Pathya diet for Pinas in treatment of Rajayakshma
|-
|98
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/100
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/101
|Ingredient in Avaleha
|-
|100
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/137
|As a Kaval dravya for Mukhashodhanarth
|-
|101
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/35
|Ingredient in Kalyanak Ghrita
|-
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/54
|Ingredient in Apara lashunadya Ghrita
|-
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 9/70
|Ingredient in Siddharthakadi Agada
|-
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/18
|Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita
|-
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/31
|Ingredient in Amalakadi Ghrita
|-
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/43
|As a Nasya dravya
|-
|107
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/48
|Ingredient in Mustadi varti
|-
|108
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/21
|In treatment of Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|109
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/32
|Ingredient in Ashtashatorishta
|-
|110
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/39
|Ingredient in Triphaladhyarishta
|-
|111
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|-
|112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/49
|Ingredient in Shilajatu prayoga
|-
|113
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/72
|As an Unmardan dravya in Kaphaja Shvayathu
|-
|114
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/100
|Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in treatment of Jalagardabh
|-
|115
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/115
|As an ingredient of Nagaradi ghrita
|-
|116
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/119
|As an ingredient of Patoladi churna
|-
|117
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
|As an ingredient of Narayan churna
|-
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/133
|As an ingredient of Hapushadya churna
|-
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/135
|As anupana of Hapushadya churna
|-
|120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/149
|Kwath mixed with trikatu and yavakshara used in udararoga
|-
|121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/158
|In formulation of pippalyadi lavan
|-
|122
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/163
|In formulation of ksharvatika
|-
|123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/45
|Used in swedana kriya
|-
|124
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/66
|Use triphala kwath with trivrut churna
|-
|125
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/138
|As an ingredient of abhayarista
|-
|126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/145
|As an ingredient of dantyarista
|-
|127
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/148
|As an ingredient of phalarista
|-
|128
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/153
|As an ingredient of dvitiya phalarista
|-
|129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/202
|Dadhisara yoga is used in rakta arsha
|-
|130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/87
|As an ingredient of traushnaadi ghrita
|-
|131
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/120
|As an ingredient of takrarista
|-
|132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/152
|As an ingredient of Duralabhasava(Kaphaja grahani )
|-
|133
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/177
|As an ingredient of Bhallataka Kshara
|-
|134
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/188
|Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara
|-
|135
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/58
|Used in Kaphaja Pandu Roga
|-
|136
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/135
|Used in Chikita of Halimak
|-
|137
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/89
|As an ingredient of Shilajatu Vataka
|-
|138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/101
|As an ingredient of Dhatryavleha
|-
|139
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/111
|As an ingredient of Dhatryarishta
|-
|140
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/114
|As an ingredient of Peya Dravya
|-
|141
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/129
|As an ingredient of satyadi yoga
|-
|142
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/135
|Swarasa mixed with pippali and madhu is used in hikka svasa
|-
|143
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/140
|As an ingredient of dashamuladhya ghrita
|-
|144
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/184
|As an ingredient of mudga yusha
|-
|145
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/90
|As an ingredient of sarkaradi leha
|-
|146
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/92
|As an ingredient of twakadi leha
|-
|147
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/94
|As an ingredient of vidaryadi leha
|-
|148
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/107
|Use it in a preparation of ghrita
|-
|149
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|150
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|151
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/122
|As a yoga dravya
|-
|152
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/136
|As an ingredient of pippalyadi leha
|-
|153
|
Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/165
|As an ingredient of ghrita yoga
|-
|154
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/88
|As an ingredient of leha yoga pittaja kasa
|-
|155
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/32
|Trusha & Chhardi-shamaka yoga
|-
|156
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/54
|For kashaya pana
|-
|157
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/61
|For kashaya pana
|-
|158
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/67
|For virechana, give along with ghrita
|-
|159
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/111
|As a pathya ahara
|-
|160
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/36
|For lepa prayoga
|-
|161
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/226
|As a pathya ahara
|-
|162
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/139
|Used as yusha in pittaja madatyaya
|-
|163
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/140
|Used as yusha, Tarpana & rasa in Pittaja madatyaya
|-
|164
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/183
|Used in pachana
|-
|165
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/84
|Used as vranashodhaka kashaya
|-
|166
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/90
|As an ingredient of Kamppilakadi taila
|-
|167
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/110
|Used for vrana shaithilya, saukumarya & prasadana
|-
|168
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/116
|Used for savarnikarana
|-
|169
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/53
|Used in pittaja mutrakruchhra
|-
|170
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/65
|As an ingredient of Trutyadi churna
|-
|171
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/83
|As an ingredient of Haritakyadi Ghrita in vataja hrudroga
|-
|172
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/87
|As an ingredient of Trushnadi Ghrita
|-
|173
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/163
|As an ingredient of Mayur Ghrita
|-
|174
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/167
|As an ingredient of Mahamayur Ghrita
|-
|175
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/195
|As an ingredient of Kalak churna
|-
|176
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/198
|As an ingredient of Mrudvikadi churna
|-
|177
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/205
|Used for mukhadhavna
|-
|178
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/209
|As an ingredient of Khadiradi gutika
|-
|179
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/216
|Used for kavala in arochaka
|-
|180
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used for aaschotana in Kaphaja netraroga
|-
|181
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/241
|As an ingredient of Sumanakorkadi varti
|-
|182
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/242
|As an ingredient of Saindhavadi varti
|-
|183
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/254
|As an ingredient of Drustiprada varti
|-
|184
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/259
|As an ingredient of Krushnasarpavasadi rasakriya
|-
|185
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/260
|Used in timir roga
|-
|186
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/261
|As an ingredient of Dhatryadi Rasakriya
|-
|187
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/270, 273
|As an ingredient of Mahaneela Ghrita
|-
|188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/277
|As an ingredient of Prapoundrakadi taila
|-
|189
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/279
|As an ingredient of Tiladi yoga
|-
|190
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/281
|Used in palitya
|-
|191
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/63
|As an ingredient of Jeevaniya Ghrita
|-
|192
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/85
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi kwath for Virechana karma
|-
|193
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/86
|Used as Kwatha with madhu for Kaphaja vatarakta
|-
|194
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/86
|Used for Kaphaja vatarakta
|-
|195
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/98, 99
|As an ingredient of Sukumaraka taila
|-
|196
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/152
|As an ingredient of Triphaladi kalka in tridoshaja shola
|-
|197
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/78
|As an ingredient of Dhatakyadi taila
|-
|198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/117
|Used in the treatment of Sveta pradara
|-
|199
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/117
|Used in the treatment of Sveta pradara along with honey
|-
|200
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/149
|Abhaya – Amalaki rasayana used in the treatment of Pitta dushta sukra dosha
|-
|201
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/259
|As a pathya ahara in stanya dosha
|-
|202
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/150
|Amruta rasayana, used in the treatment of Kapha dushta sukra dosha
|-
|203
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/261
|As a paniya yoga, in the treatment of Stanya dosha
|-
|204
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/267
|Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Kiratatiktadi kwatha
|-
|205
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/279
|Used in the treatment of Gaurava stanya dosha
|-
|}

==Dose==

* 10 – 20 gm of the drug.
* 5 – 10 ml of fresh juice.
* 3-6 gm of the drug in powder form.

==Important formulations==

===Fresh Fruit pulp===

* Chyavanaprasha

=== Dried Fruit===

* Triphala Churna
* Dhatri loha
* Dhatryadi Ghrita

== Current availability==

Available

* In India – Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Manipur, Tripura, Meghalaya, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.
* Out of India – Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Malaysia, China, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, West Indies, Cuba, varieties are available across globe.

== Current researches ==
'''Phyllanthus emblica''' L., commonly known as '''amalaki''', '''amla''', or '''Indian gooseberry''', is widely used in Ayurveda and has been studied for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and metabolic effects.<ref name="JAIMS2023a">{{cite journal |title=Amalaki (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.): A review on its therapeutic properties |journal=Journal of Ayurveda Integrative Medicine and Science |year=2023}}</ref><ref name="JAIMS2023b">{{cite web |title=View of Amalaki (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.): A review on its therapeutic properties |website=JAIMS |year=2023 |url=https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/2592}}</ref>

=== Scientific research ===
Amalaki contains bioactive compounds including gallic acid, ellagic acid, emblicanin A and B, quercetin, tannins, and vitamin C, which are thought to contribute to its biological activity.<ref name="JAIMS2023b" />
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study reported that standardized ''Phyllanthus emblica'' extract improved endothelial function, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory parameters, and lipid profile in patients with metabolic syndrome.<ref name="PubMed2019">{{cite journal |title=Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled clinical study of standardized Phyllanthus emblica extract in metabolic syndrome |journal=PubMed |year=2019 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31060549/}}</ref>

In older adults, Amalaki Rasayana was reported to maintain or enhance DNA strand break repair without toxic effects.<ref name="SciDir2016">{{cite journal |title=Effect of Amalaki rasayana on DNA damage and repair in randomized aged human individuals |journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology |year=2016 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874116304226}}</ref>
Experimental studies in hypertrophied rat hearts found improved cardiac mitochondrial and contractile function following Amalaki Rasayana administration.<ref name="PMC2017">{{cite journal |title=Amalaki rasayana, a traditional Indian drug enhances cardiac mitochondrial and contractile functions and improves cardiac function in rats with hypertrophy |journal=PMC |year=2017 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5561106/}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

[http://envis.frlht.org/plantdetails/893/8a21370d3a8af238657446d840711684 ENVIS database - Amalaki]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_emblica Phyllanthus emblica]

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

==References==

Katidhapurusha Sharira

2026-04-21T06:07:21Z

Agnivesha: /* Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) */

{{CiteButton}}
{{#seo:
|title=Katidhapurusha Sharira
|titlemode=append
|keywords=purusha, holistic human being, Mana, mind, Atma, Self, consciousness, soul, salvation, pradnyaparadha, intellectual errors, causes of miseries and comfort, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.
|description=Sharira Sthana Chapter 1. Knowledge of holistic human being
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
<big>'''Sharira Sthana Chapter 1. Knowledge of holistic human being '''</big>
{{Infobox
|title = Katidhapurusha Sharira
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = [[Sharira Sthana]] Chapter 1
|label2 = Preceding Chapter
|data2 = None

|label3= Succeeding Chapter
|data3 = [[Atulyagotriya Sharira]]
|label5 = Other Sections
|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|label6 = Translator and commentator
|data6 = Dwivedi R.B., Gujarathi R.
|label7 = Reviewer
|data7 = Rajagopala S., Chandola H.M., Tanna I.
|label8 = Editors
|data8 = Bhalerao S., [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]], [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]
|label9 = Year of publication
|data9 = 2020
|label10 = Publisher
|data10 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label11 = DOI
|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s04.002 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s04.002]
}}
<big>'''Abstract'''</big>
<p style="text-align:justify;">A healthcare provider cannot treat an individual without comprehensive knowledge of his constitution. A study of human being can be initiated only after understanding concept of [[purusha]], that means holistic human being, the self ([[Aatma]]), consciousness, the cosmic man, etc., depending upon the context. This first chapter describes [[purusha]] in the context of samyoga purusha that means a logical body of six constituents (shad-dhatuja), of twenty-four constituents (chaturvimshati- tattvatmak), or that which is ideal for treatment (chikitsya purusha). The third meaning of [[purusha]] is in the context of ativahika purusha, a subtle body that passes on from one body to the next along with the soul. Besides these, there are several other forms or connotations described here in this text. This chapter answers all queries about the [[soul]], its origin, proof of existence, mind, its description, intellectual error and its adverse effect, types of miseries and their causes, etc. Thus this chapter describes aspects of human evolution, spirituality and psychology as well. </p>

'''Keywords:''' [[purusha]], holistic human being, [[mana]], [[mind]], [[Aatma]], self, consciousness, [[soul]], salvation, [[prajnaparadha]], intellectual errors, causes of miseries and comfort.

== Introduction ==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
An aspiring [[Ayurveda]] practitioner who has obtained thorough knowledge about diseases, and their signs and symptoms from [[Nidana Sthana]] and studied ''rasa prabhava'' and ''[[dosha]] prabhava'' in the context of [[dravya]] and [[vyadhi]] from [[Vimana Sthana]] may have built a foundation in disease management, but cannot initiate treatment until he has a thorough knowledge of the human body. Therefore, a logical continuation from the preceding sections is this section on the human physiology and anatomy especially body’s connection to the universe. As mentioned earlier, the concept of [[purusha]] is integral to understanding [[sharira]], and therefore understanding [[Sharira Sthana]]. This chapter therefore deals with various topics related to [[purusha]] such as its types, origin, constituents, details about mind and soul, the process of knowledge, the theory of evolution and destruction, types of diseases and their causative factors, treatment of the diseases of past, present and future, desire as the ultimate cause of sorrow, the method by which an individual can get the permanent relief from pain, role of ''yoga'' in achieving salvation, and the means of salvation.

This chapter also deals with a philosophical approach to human body and mind (apparent, since the chapter deals with a complex concept like the [[purusha]]). All eastern philosophies consider the [[aatma]] (soul) as the entity that is responsible for all actions and therefore the recipient of the consequences of those actions. The ultimate reason for all kinds of pain and sufferings is that human beings do not realize or consider the body and the soul to be two distinct entities. The relationship between the soul and the mind is complex and subtle. One has to “rein in” the mind and also strive to stay detached from all the actions performed by him to liberate himself from this material world. A person who is detached from worldly possessions and actions is free from the karmic cycle of actions and consequences, and birth and death. Thus the chapter describes some of the basic physical and meta-physical aspects of the human entity.
</div>
==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

अथातः कतिधापुरुषीयं शारीरं व्याख्यास्यामः||१|| इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

athātaḥ katidhāpuruṣīyaṁ śārīraṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1|| iti ha smāha bhagavānātrēyaḥ||2||

athAtaH katidhApuruShIyaM shArIraM vyAkhyAsyAmaH||1|| iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||
</div></div>

Now we shall expound the chapter "Katidhapurusheeyam Shariram" (Knowledge of holistic human being). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

===Questions by Agnivesha===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

कतिधा पुरुषो धीमन्! धातुभेदेन भिद्यते|
पुरुषः कारणं कस्मात्, प्रभवः पुरुषस्य कः||३||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

katidhā puruṣō dhīman! dhātubhēdēna bhidyatē|
puruṣaḥ kāraṇaṁ kasmāt, prabhavaḥ puruṣasya kaḥ||3||

katidhA puruSho dhIman! dhAtubhedena bhidyate|
puruShaH kAraNaM kasmAt, prabhavaH puruShasya kaH||3||
</div></div>
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

किमज्ञो ज्ञः, स नित्यः किं किमनित्यो निदर्शितः|
प्रकृतिः का, विकाराः के, किं लिङ्गं पुरुषस्य च||४||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

kimajñō jñaḥ, sa nityaḥ kiṁ kimanityō nidarśitaḥ|
prakr̥tiḥ kā, vikārāḥ kē, kiṁ liṅgaṁ puruṣasya ca||4||

kimaj~jo j~jaH, sa nityaH kiM kimanityo nidarshitaH|
prakRutiH kA, vikArAH ke, kiM li~ggaM puruShasya ca||4||
</div></div>
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

निष्क्रियं च स्वतन्त्रं च वशिनं सर्वगं विभुम्|
वदन्त्यात्मानमात्मज्ञाः क्षेत्रज्ञं साक्षिणं तथा||५||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

niṣkriyaṁ ca svatantraṁ ca vaśinaṁ sarvagaṁ vibhum|
vadantyātmānamātmajñāḥ kṣētrajñaṁ sākṣiṇaṁ tathā||5||

niShkriyaM ca svatantraM ca vashinaM sarvagaM vibhum|
vadantyAtmAnamAtmaj~jAH kShetraj~jaM sAkShiNaM tathA||5||
</div></div>
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

निष्क्रियस्य क्रिया तस्य भगवन्! विद्यते कथम्|
स्वतन्त्रश्चेदनिष्टासु कथं योनिषु जायते||६||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

niṣkriyasya kriyā tasya bhagavan! vidyatē katham|
svatantraścēdaniṣṭāsu kathaṁ yōniṣu jāyatē||6||

niShkriyasya kriyA tasya bhagavan! vidyate katham|
svatantrashcedaniShTAsu kathaM yoniShu jAyate||6||
</div></div>
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

वशी यद्यसुखैः कस्माद्भावैराक्रम्यते बलात्|
सर्वाः सर्वगतत्वाच्च वेदनाः किं न वेत्ति सः||७||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">

vaśī yadyasukhaiḥ kasmādbhāvairākramyatē balāt|
sarvāḥ sarvagatatvācca vēdanāḥ kiṁ na vētti saḥ||7||

vashI yadyasukhaiH kasmAdbhAvairAkramyate balAt|
sarvAH sarvagatatvAcca vedanAH kiM na vetti saH||7||
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<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

न पश्यति विभुः कस्माच्छैलकुड्यतिरस्कृतम्|
क्षेत्रज्ञः क्षेत्रमथवा किं पूर्वमिति संशयः||८||
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na paśyati vibhuḥ kasmācchailakuḍyatiraskr̥tam|
kṣētrajñaḥ kṣētramathavā kiṁ pūrvamiti saṁśayaḥ||8||

na pashyati vibhuH kasmAcchailakuDyatiraskRutam|
kShetraj~jaH kShetramathavA kiM pUrvamiti saMshayaH||8||
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<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

ज्ञेयं क्षेत्रं विना पूर्वं क्षेत्रज्ञो हि न युज्यते|
क्षेत्रं च यदि पूर्वं स्यात् क्षेत्रज्ञः स्यादशाश्वतः||९||
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jñēyaṁ kṣētraṁ vinā pūrvaṁ kṣētrajñō hi na yujyatē|
kṣētraṁ ca yadi pūrvaṁ syāt kṣētrajñaḥ syādaśāśvataḥ||9||

j~jeyaM kShetraM vinA pUrvaM kShetraj~jo hi na yujyate|
kShetraM ca yadi pUrvaM syAt kShetraj~jaH syAdashAshvataH||9||
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साक्षिभूतश्च कस्यायं कर्ता ह्यन्यो न विद्यते|
स्यात् कथं चाविकारस्य विशेषो वेदनाकृतः||१०||
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sākṣibhūtaśca kasyāyaṁ kartā hyanyō na vidyatē|
syāt kathaṁ cāvikārasya viśēṣō vēdanākr̥taḥ||10||

sAkShibhUtashca kasyAyaM kartA hyanyo na vidyate|
syAt kathaM cAvikArasya visheSho vedanAkRutaH||10||
</div></div>
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

अथ चार्तस्य भगवंस्तिसृणां कां चिकित्सति|
अतीतां वेदनां वैद्यो वर्तमानां भविष्यतीम्||११||
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atha cārtasya bhagavaṁstisr̥ṇāṁ kāṁ cikitsati|
atītāṁ vēdanāṁ vaidyō vartamānāṁ bhaviṣyatīm||11||

atha cArtasya bhagavaMstisRuNAM kAM cikitsati|
atItAM vedanAM vaidyo vartamAnAM bhaviShyatIm||11||
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भविष्यन्त्या असम्प्राप्तिरतीताया अनागमः|
साम्प्रतिक्या अपि स्थानं नास्त्यर्तेः संशयो ह्यतः||१२||
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bhaviṣyantyā asamprāptiratītāyā anāgamaḥ|
sāmpratikyā api sthānaṁ nāstyartēḥ saṁśayō hyataḥ||12||

bhaviShyantyA asamprAptiratItAyA anAgamaH|
sAmpratikyA api sthAnaM nAstyarteH saMshayo hyataH||12||
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कारणं वेदनानां किं, किमधिष्ठानमुच्यते|
क्व चैता वेदनाः सर्वा निवृत्तिं यान्त्यशेषतः||१३||
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kāraṇaṁ vēdanānāṁ kiṁ, kimadhiṣṭhānamucyatē|
kva caitā vēdanāḥ sarvā nivr̥ttiṁ yāntyaśēṣataḥ||13||

kAraNaM vedanAnAM kiM, kimadhiShThAnamucyate|
kva caitA vedanAH sarvA nivRuttiM yAntyasheShataH||13||
</div></div>
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सर्ववित् सर्वसन्न्यासी सर्वसंयोगनिःसृतः|
एकः प्रशान्तो भूतात्मा कैर्लिङ्गैरुपलभ्यते||१४||
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sarvavit sarvasannyāsī sarvasaṁyōganiḥsr̥taḥ|
ēkaḥ praśāntō bhūtātmā kairliṅgairupalabhyatē||14||

sarvavit sarvasannyAsI sarvasaMyoganiHsRutaH|
ekaH prashAnto bhUtAtmA kairli~ggairupalabhyate||14||
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<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

इत्यग्निवेशस्य [१] वचः श्रुत्वा मतिमतां वरः|
सर्वं यथावत् प्रोवाच प्रशान्तात्मा पुनर्वसुः||१५||
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ityagnivēśasya [1] vacaḥ śrutvā matimatāṁ varaḥ|
sarvaṁ yathāvat prōvāca praśāntātmā punarvasuḥ||15||

ityagniveshasya [1] vacaH shrutvA matimatAM varaH|
sarvaM yathAvat provAca prashAntAtmA punarvasuH||15||
</div></div>

Agnivesha requested Punarvasu to explain the following:

# What are the divisions of the [[purusha]] according to the division of the [[dhatu]] (elements)?
# Why is this [[purusha]] considered as the ''karana'' (''karta''/doer)? Is the [[Purusha]] considered to be the cause of the body?
# What is the origin of [[Purusha]]?
# Is the [[Purusha]] a sentient or an insentient entity?
# Is the [[Purusha]] eternal or ephemeral?
# What is the primordial source of creation and what are its byproducts?
# what are the characteristic features of the [[purusha]]?
# Those proficient in spiritual science describe the [[Purusha]] to be devoid of action, independent, absolutely free, all pervasive, knower of the body and a witness. When is the [[Purusha]] devoid of action? How does action emanate from it?
# If the [[Purusha]] is independent, how does it take birth among the undesirable species?
# If the [[Purusha]] is absolutely free, how does it get overpowered by miserable ideas?
# Being omnipresent, why is it not aware of all miseries in its surroundings?
# If it is ubiquitous, how does it not visualize things interrupted by hills and walls?
# Which comes first – the body or the knower of the body (soul)? In the absence of the body, the object that perceives, emergence of the [[Purusha]] does not appear to be appropriate. But then if the body comes first, the [[Purusha]] would not be deemed eternal.
# What is it of which the [[Purusha]] is considered to be a witness?
# Can the same [[Purusha]] be a creator as well as a witness at the same time?
# If the [[Purusha]] is derived from any modification, how does it subject itself to specific situations arising out of miseries (diseases)?
# Out of the three types of miseries of a patient, which one is treatable by the physician – the past one, the present one or the future one?
## The future one is in fact not in existence;
## the past one has already ceased to exist; and
## even the present one is, in a sense, momentary and so in the absence of continuity, it is non manageable to any treatment. Hence the dilemma.
# What are the common causative factors of all miseries (diseases)?
# What are the sites of their manifestation?
# Where do all these miseries completely get merged after their cure?
# What are the signs that help in recognizing the [[Purusha]] which is omnipresent, all renouncing, devoid of all contacts, only one and tranquil?
After listening questions by the most intelligent (disciple) Agnivesh, Punarvasu replied all of them one by one in a tranquilized state.
[3-15]

=== Details about [[purusha]] ===
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खादयश्चेतनाषष्ठा धातवः पुरुषः स्मृतः|
चेतनाधातुरप्येकः स्मृतः पुरुषसञ्ज्ञकः||१६||
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khādayaścētanāṣaṣṭhā [1] dhātavaḥ puruṣaḥ smr̥taḥ|
cētanādhāturapyēkaḥ smr̥taḥ puruṣasañjñakaḥ||16||

khAdayashcetanAShaShThA [1] dhAtavaH puruShaH smRutaH|
cetanAdhAturapyekaH smRutaH puruShasa~jj~jakaH||16||
</div></div>

[[Purusha]] comprises of six [[dhatu]] (elements), viz. five [[mahabhuta]] (in their subtle form) and consciousness. The element of consciousness alone could also be considered [[purusha]]. [16]
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पुनश्च धातुभेदेन चतुर्विंशतिकः स्मृतः|
मनो दशेन्द्रियाण्यर्थाः प्रकृतिश्चाष्टधातुकी||१७||
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punaśca dhātubhēdēna caturviṁśatikaḥ smr̥taḥ|
manō daśēndriyāṇyarthāḥ prakr̥tiścāṣṭadhātukī||17||

punashca dhAtubhedena caturviMshatikaH smRutaH|
mano dashendriyANyarthAH prakRutishcAShTadhAtukI||17||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
According to another classification, [[Purusha]] comprises of twenty four [[dhatu]], i.e. [[mana]] (mind), ten [[indriya]] (sensory and motor organs), five objects of sense organs and [[prakriti]] (consisting of eight [[dhatu]], viz. five [[mahabhuta]] (in their subtle form), [[ahamkara]] (ego), [[mahat]] (intellect) and ''[[Avyakta|avyakta]]'' (primordial element) [17]
</div>

=== Description of [[Manas]] (mind) ===
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लक्षणं मनसो ज्ञानस्याभावो भाव एव च|
सति ह्यात्मेन्द्रियार्थानां सन्निकर्षे न वर्तते||१८||
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lakṣaṇaṁ manasō jñānasyābhāvō bhāva ēva ca|
sati hyātmēndriyārthānāṁ sannikarṣē na vartatē||18||

lakShaNaM manaso j~jAnasyAbhAvo bhAva eva ca|
sati hyAtmendriyArthAnAM sannikarShe na vartate||18||
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वैवृत्त्यान्मनसो ज्ञानं सान्निध्यात्तच्च वर्तते|
अणुत्वमथ चैकत्वं द्वौ गुणौ मनसः स्मृतौ||१९||
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vaivr̥ttyānmanasō jñānaṁ sānnidhyāttacca vartatē|
aṇutvamatha caikatvaṁ dvau guṇau manasaḥ smr̥tau||19||

vaivRuttyAnmanaso j~jAnaM sAnnidhyAttacca vartate|
aNutvamatha caikatvaM dvau guNau manasaH smRutau||19||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
Sometimes one understands a thing and sometimes one does not. This proves the existence of the mind as a separate sense organ. That is why, when there is no contact of the mind with sense organs and their objects, no understanding of things can occur. It is only when the required mental contact is there that one can understand things. Atomicity and oneness are considered to be the two characteristic qualities of the mind. [18-19]
</div>
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चिन्त्यं विचार्यमूह्यं च ध्येयं सङ्कल्प्यमेव च|
यत्किञ्चिन्मनसो ज्ञेयं तत् सर्वं ह्यर्थसञ्ज्ञकम्||२०||
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cintyaṁ vicāryamūhyaṁ ca dhyēyaṁ saṅkalpyamēva ca|
yatkiñcinmanasō jñēyaṁ tat sarvaṁ hyarthasañjñakam||20||

cintyaM vicAryamUhyaM ca dhyeyaM sa~gkalpyameva ca|
yatki~jcinmanaso j~jeyaM tat sarvaM hyarthasa~jj~jakam||20||
</div></div>
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इन्द्रियाभिग्रहः कर्म मनसः स्वस्य निग्रहः|
ऊहो विचारश्च, ततः परं बुद्धिः प्रवर्तते||२१||
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indriyābhigrahaḥ karma manasaḥ svasya nigrahaḥ|
ūhō vicāraśca, tataḥ paraṁ buddhiḥ pravartatē||21||

indriyAbhigrahaH karma manasaH svasya nigrahaH|
Uho vicArashca, tataH paraM buddhiH pravartate||21||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
Things requiring thought, consideration, hypothesis, attention, determination or whatever can be perceived by the mind, are regarded as its objects. Control of sense organs, self restraint, hypothesis and consideration represent the action of the mind. Beyond that flourishes the domain and intellect [20-21]
</div>

===Role of [[buddhi]] (intellect)===
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इन्द्रियेणेन्द्रियार्थो हि समनस्केन गृह्यते|
कल्प्यते मनसा तूर्ध्वं गुणतो दोषतोऽथवा||२२||

जायते विषये तत्र या बुद्धिर्निश्चयात्मिका|
व्यवस्यति तया वक्तुं कर्तुं वा बुद्धिपूर्वकम्||२३||
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indriyēṇēndriyārthō hi samanaskēna gr̥hyatē|
kalpyatē manasā tūrdhvaṁ guṇatō dōṣatō'thavā||22||

jāyatē viṣayē tatra yā buddhirniścayātmikā|
vyavasyati tayā vaktuṁ kartuṁ vā buddhipūrvakam||23||

indriyeNendriyArtho hi samanaskena gRuhyate|
kalpyate manasA tUrdhvaM guNato doShato~athavA||22||

jAyate viShaye tatra yA buddhirnishcayAtmikA|
vyavasyati tayA vaktuM kartuM vA buddhipUrvakam||23||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
Objects are perceived with the help of sense organs and the mind. This perception is purely mental in the beginning, while the practical advantages or disadvantages are ascertained thereafter. The intellect which determines the specific properties of the object impels the (same) individual to speak or act intelligently. [22-23]
</div>

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एकैकाधिकयुक्तानि खादीनामिन्द्रियाणि तु|
पञ्च कर्मानुमेयानि येभ्यो बुद्धिः प्रवर्तते||२४||
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ēkaikādhikayuktāni khādīnāmindriyāṇi tu|
pañca karmānumēyāni yēbhyō buddhiḥ pravartatē||24||

ekaikAdhikayuktAni khAdInAmindriyANi tu|
pa~jca karmAnumeyAni yebhyo buddhiH pravartate||24||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
The five sense faculties, made of the five ''[[mahabhuta]]s'' (each sense faculty has one dominant ''[[mahabhuta]]''), are inferred from their five respective actions which serve as agents for the manifestation of the intellect [24]
</div>

=== Functions of ''karmendriya'' (motor organs) ===
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हस्तौ पादौ [२] गुदोपस्थं वागिन्द्रियमथापि च|
कर्मेन्द्रियाणि पञ्चैव पादौ गमनकर्मणि||२५||
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hastau pādau [2] gudōpasthaṁ vāgindriyamathāpi ca|
karmēndriyāṇi pañcaiva pādau gamanakarmaṇi||25||

hastau pAdau [2] gudopasthaM vAgindriyamathApi ca|
karmendriyANi pa~jcaiva pAdau gamanakarmaNi||25||
</div></div>
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पायूपस्थं विसर्गार्थं हस्तौ ग्रहणधारणे|
जिह्वा वागिन्द्रियं वाक् च सत्या ज्योतिस्तमोऽनृता||२६||
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pāyūpasthaṁ visargārthaṁ hastau grahaṇadhāraṇē|
jihvā vāgindriyaṁ vāk ca satyā jyōtistamō'nr̥tā||26||

pAyUpasthaM visargArthaM hastau grahaNadhAraNe|
jihvA vAgindriyaM vAk ca satyA jyotistamo~anRutA||26||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
Motor organs are of five categories, viz. hands, feet, anus, phallus and the organ of speech (tongue). Feet are useful in locomotion, anus and phallus for passing body waste while the hands are for collecting and holding. The tongue represents the organ of speech which speaks in two ways, viz. truth and false. The truth can be compared with light, that illuminates (the knowledge of worldly life and life after death). The false creates darkness (that creates confusion). [25-26]
</div>

=== [[Mahabhuta]] (five fundamental elements) ===
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महाभूतानि खं वायुरग्निरापः क्षितिस्तथा|
शब्दः स्पर्शश्च रूपं च रसो गन्धश्च तद्गुणाः||२७||
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mahābhūtāni khaṁ vāyuragnirāpaḥ kṣitistathā|
śabdaḥ sparśaśca rūpaṁ ca rasō gandhaśca tadguṇāḥ||27||

mahAbhUtAni khaM vAyuragnirApaH kShitistathA|
shabdaH sparshashca rUpaM ca raso gandhashca tadguNAH||27||
</div></div>

The five [[mahabhuta]] are [[akasha]], [[vayu]], [[agni]], [[jala]] and [[prithvi]] (in this order). Their attributes are sound, touch, vision, taste and smell respectively. [27]
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तेषामेकगुणः पूर्वो [२] गुणवृद्धिः परे परे|
पूर्वः पूर्वगुणश्चैव [३] क्रमशो गुणिषु स्मृतः||२८||
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tēṣāmēkaguṇaḥ pūrvō [2] guṇavr̥ddhiḥ parē parē|
pūrvaḥ pūrvaguṇaścaiva [3] kramaśō guṇiṣu smr̥taḥ||28||

teShAmekaguNaH pUrvo [2] guNavRuddhiH pare pare|
pUrvaH pUrvaguNashcaiva [3] kramasho guNiShu smRutaH||28||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
The order of ''[[mahabhuta]]s'' mentioned above is important because, starting with ''[[akasha]]'', the number of attributes per ''[[mahabhuta]]'' increases in the above order. This increase in number of attributes is cumulative, i.e., the attribute of the preceding ''[[mahabhuta]]s'' is added to the succeeding one. This process of ''gunantara vriddhi'' in ''[[mahabhuta]]s'' is also known as ''bhutanipravesha'' [28]
</div>
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खरद्रवचलोष्णत्वं भूजलानिलतेजसाम्|
आकाशस्याप्रतीघातो दृष्टं लिङ्गं यथाक्रमम्||२९||
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kharadravacalōṣṇatvaṁ bhūjalānilatējasām|
ākāśasyāpratīghātō dr̥ṣṭaṁ liṅgaṁ yathākramam||29||

kharadravacaloShNatvaM bhUjalAnilatejasAm|
AkAshasyApratIghAto dRuShTaM li~ggaM yathAkramam||29||
</div></div>
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

लक्षणं सर्वमेवैतत् स्पर्शनेन्द्रियगोचरम्|
स्पर्शनेन्द्रियविज्ञेयः स्पर्शो हि सविपर्ययः||३०||
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lakṣaṇaṁ sarvamēvaitat sparśanēndriyagōcaram|
sparśanēndriyavijñēyaḥ sparśō hi saviparyayaḥ||30||

lakShaNaM sarvamevaitat sparshanendriyagocaram|
sparshanendriyavij~jeyaH sparsho hi saviparyayaH||30||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
''[[Prithvi]], [[jala]], [[agni]]/tejas, [[vayu]]'' and ''[[akasha]]'' are characterized by ''kharatva'' (roughness), ''dravatva'' (liquidity), ''ushnatva'' (heat), ''chalatva'' (mobility) and ''apratighatatva'' (unobstructibility) respectively. All these attributes are perceptible by the tactile sense organ. Touch, together with its absence, is perceived by the tactile sense organ. [29-30]
</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

गुणाः शरीरे गुणिनां निर्दिष्टाश्चिह्नमेव च| ३१|

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guṇāḥ śarīrē guṇināṁ nirdiṣṭāścihnamēva ca|

guNAH sharIre guNinAM nirdiShTAshcihnameva ca|

</div></div>

Thus the attributes and characteristics of the five physical elements are described. [31-1]
</div>
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

अर्थाः शब्दादयो ज्ञेया गोचरा विषया गुणाः||३१||

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arthāḥ śabdādayō jñēyā gōcarā viṣayā guṇāḥ||31||

arthAH shabdAdayo j~jeyA gocarA viShayA guNAH||31||

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The objects of sense organs are sound, touch, vision, taste and smell, which constitute the attributes of gross [[mahabhuta]]. [31]
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===Process of perception===
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या यदिन्द्रियमाश्रित्य जन्तोर्बुद्धिः प्रवर्तते|
याति सा तेन निर्देशं मनसा च मनोभवा||३२||
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yā yadindriyamāśritya jantōrbuddhiḥ pravartatē|
yāti sā tēna nirdēśaṁ manasā ca manōbhavā||32||

yA yadindriyamAshritya jantorbuddhiH pravartate|
yAti sA tena nirdeshaM manasA ca manobhavA||32||
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भेदात् कार्येन्द्रियार्थानां बह्व्यो वै बुद्धयः स्मृताः|
आत्मेन्द्रियमनोर्थानामेकैका [१] सन्निकर्षजा||३३||
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bhēdāt kāryēndriyārthānāṁ bahvyō vai buddhayaḥ smr̥tāḥ|
ātmēndriyamanōrthānāmēkaikā [1] sannikarṣajā||33||

bhedAt kAryendriyArthAnAM bahvyo vai buddhayaH smRutAH|
AtmendriyamanorthAnAmekaikA [1] sannikarShajA||33||
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अङ्गुल्यङ्गुष्ठतलजस्तन्त्रीवीणानखोद्भवः|
दृष्टः शब्दो यथा बुद्धिर्दृष्टा संयोगजा तथा||३४||
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aṅgulyaṅguṣṭhatalajastantrīvīṇānakhōdbhavaḥ|
dr̥ṣṭaḥ śabdō yathā buddhirdr̥ṣṭā saṁyōgajā tathā||34||

a~ggulya~gguShThatalajastantrIvINAnakhodbhavaH|
dRuShTaH shabdo yathA buddhirdRuShTA saMyogajA tathA||34||
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
The perceptual faculty of living beings shapes itself depending upon the contact it has with the various sense faculties. Mental perception like anxiety or sorrow is also based on the contact of perceptual faculty with the mental faculty.

Perceptual faculties are of several types, depending upon the variations in action and objects of sense organs.

Just as the same sound differs according to how it is produced out of friction in the finger and the thumb, and the veena (musical instrument with strings) and nail, so does the perceptual faculty differ according to its production from out of the mutual contacts with the soul, sense organs, mind and objects of sense organs. [32-34]
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=== Rashi [[purusha]] (Holistic human being)===
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बुद्धीन्द्रियमनोर्थानां विद्याद्योगधरं परम्|
चतुर्विंशतिको ह्येष राशिः पुरुषसञ्ज्ञकः||३५||
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buddhīndriyamanōrthānāṁ vidyādyōgadharaṁ param|
caturviṁśatikō hyēṣa rāśiḥ puruṣasañjñakaḥ||35||

buddhIndriyamanorthAnAM vidyAdyogadharaM param|
caturviMshatiko hyeSha rAshiH puruShasa~jj~jakaH||35||
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
Among the various types of [[Purusha]] described in the first few verses of this chapter, rashi[[purusha]] is one form that consists of 24 ''tattvas'' i.e. ''avyakata, mahat, ahankara,'' five ''tanmatras'' five [[mahabhuta]] and ten [indriya]] and [[manas]]. Since this specific combination is considered superior, a [[purusha]] of this type is called ''rashi[[purusha]]'' in Ayurvedic science. Of these ''tattvas, avyakta'' serves as an excellent coordinator of perceptual faculties, sense organs, mind and the objects of the senses.
Thus a combination of the above mentioned (verses 17-35) twenty four elements is known as [[Purusha]]. [35]
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रजस्तमोभ्यां युक्तस्य संयोगोऽयमनन्तवान्|
ताभ्यां निराकृताभ्यां तु सत्त्ववृद्ध्या निवर्तते||३६||
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rajastamōbhyāṁ yuktasya saṁyōgō'yamanantavān|
tābhyāṁ nirākr̥tābhyāṁ tu sattvavr̥ddhyā nivartatē||36||

rajastamobhyAM yuktasya saMyogo~ayamanantavAn|
tAbhyAM nirAkRutAbhyAM tu sattvavRuddhyA nivartate||36||
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The association of [[purusha]] with the 24 tattvas continues so long as it is influenced by [[rajas]] and [[tamas]]. If it is freed from this influence (of [[rajas]] and [[tamas]]) by dominance of [[sattva]], the [[purusha]] is said to be liberated (and free from its association with the ''tattvas''). [36]
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अत्र कर्म फलं चात्र ज्ञानं चात्र प्रतिष्ठितम्|
अत्र मोहः सुखं दुःखं जीवितं मरणं स्वता||३७||
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atra karma phalaṁ cātra jñānaṁ cātra pratiṣṭhitam|
atra mōhaḥ sukhaṁ duḥkhaṁ jīvitaṁ maraṇaṁ svatā||37||

atra karma phalaM cAtra j~jAnaM cAtra pratiShThitam|
atra mohaH sukhaM duHkhaM jIvitaM maraNaM svatA||37||
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एवं [३] यो वेद तत्त्वेन स वेद प्रलयोदयौ|
पारम्पर्यं चिकित्सां च ज्ञातव्यं [४] यच्च किञ्चन||३८||
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ēvaṁ [3] yō vēda tattvēna sa vēda pralayōdayau|
pāramparyaṁ cikitsāṁ ca jñātavyaṁ [4] yacca kiñcana||38||

evaM [3] yo veda tattvena sa veda pralayodayau|
pAramparyaM cikitsAM ca j~jAtavyaM [4] yacca ki~jcana||38||
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
It is within this combination of 24 elements (known as the [[Purusha]]), that action, fruit or consequence of the action, knowledge, ignorance, happiness, misery, life, death and ownership are established. One who duely knows this, knows life, death, continuity of the body, treatment (physical and spiritual) and all other knowable objects. [37-38]

[[Ayurveda]] believes that this ''rashipurusha'' is responsible for all deeds in life and has to face the consequences of these deeds. It is also responsible for the (creation/gaining of) knowledge, pleasure, sorrow, and joy. A term for the ''rashipurusha'' is ''karma purusha'' and physicians call it ''chikitsa adhikrita purusha''. The person who knows this ''rashipurusha'' in its true sense also understands the whole process of the genesis and destruction of life. Such an intellectual person becomes well aware of ''chikitsa'' and nothing else remains for him to be learnt.
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भास्तमः सत्यमनृतं वेदाः कर्म शुभाशुभम्|
न स्युः कर्ता [१] च बोद्धा च पुरुषो न भवेद्यदि||३९||
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bhāstamaḥ satyamanr̥taṁ vēdāḥ karma śubhāśubham|
na syuḥ kartā [1] ca bōddhā ca puruṣō na bhavēdyadi||39||

bhAstamaH satyamanRutaM vedAH karma shubhAshubham|
na syuH kartA [1] ca boddhA ca puruSho na bhavedyadi||39||
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नाश्रयो न सुखं नार्तिर्न गतिर्नागतिर्न वाक्|
न विज्ञानं न शास्त्राणि न जन्म मरणं न च||४०||
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nāśrayō na sukhaṁ nārtirna gatirnāgatirna vāk|
na vijñānaṁ na śāstrāṇi na janma maraṇaṁ na ca||40||

nAshrayo na sukhaM nArtirna gatirnAgatirna vAk|
na vij~jAnaM na shAstrANi na janma maraNaM na ca||40||
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न बन्धो न च मोक्षः स्यात् पुरुषो न भवेद्यदि|
कारणं पुरुषस्तस्मात् कारणज्ञैरुदाहृतः||४१||
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na bandhō na ca mōkṣaḥ syāt puruṣō na bhavēdyadi|
kāraṇaṁ puruṣastasmāt kāraṇajñairudāhr̥taḥ||41||

na bandho na ca mokShaH syAt puruSho na bhavedyadi|
kAraNaM puruShastasmAt kAraNaj~jairudAhRutaH||41||
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न चेत् कारणमात्मा स्याद्भादयः [२] स्युरहेतुकाः|
न चैषु सम्भवेज् ज्ञानं न च तैः स्यात् प्रयोजनम्||४२||
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na cēt kāraṇamātmā syādbhādayaḥ [2] syurahētukāḥ|
na caiṣu sambhavēj jñānaṁ na ca taiḥ syāt prayōjanam||42||

na cet kAraNamAtmA syAdbhAdayaH [2] syurahetukAH|
na caiShu sambhavej j~jAnaM na ca taiH syAt prayojanam||42||
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
While describing the reason for existence, (Charak says that) for anyone not accepting [[purusha]] as the cause or reason for existence (of life), there will be no existence of knowledge, ignorance, truth or falsehood, the ''vedas'', auspicious and non-auspicious deeds, and the agents of action and knowledge. There would be no support, happiness, misery, movement, immobility, speech, knowledge, scriptures, birth, death, bondage or salvation. Thus, the [[Purusha]] is recognized as a cause (of creation) by those well versed in the theory of causation. If [[Purusha]] is not recognized as a chief cause, then everything mentioned above will be considered as causeless. Then the theory of cause and effect which is a fundamental tenet of [[Ayurveda]] will fail and no one will put any effort in understanding the cause of any effect. [39-42]
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कृतं मृद्दण्डचक्रैश्च कुम्भकारादृते घटम्|
कृतं मृत्तृणकाष्ठैश्च गृहकाराद्विना गृहम्||४३||
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kr̥taṁ mr̥ddaṇḍacakraiśca kumbhakārādr̥tē ghaṭam|
kr̥taṁ mr̥ttr̥ṇakāṣṭhaiśca gr̥hakārādvinā gr̥ham||43||

kRutaM mRuddaNDacakraishca kumbhakArAdRute ghaTam|
kRutaM mRuttRuNakAShThaishca gRuhakArAdvinA gRuham||43||
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यो वदेत् स वदेद्देहं सम्भूय करणैः कृतम्|
विना कर्तारमज्ञानाद्युक्त्यागमबहिष्कृतः||४४||
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yō vadēt sa vadēddēhaṁ sambhūya karaṇaiḥ kr̥tam|
vinā kartāramajñānādyuktyāgamabahiṣkr̥taḥ||44||

yo vadet sa vadeddehaM sambhUya karaNaiH kRutam|
vinA kartAramaj~jAnAdyuktyAgamabahiShkRutaH||44||
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
In support of the causativity of [[Purusha]], author has given few practical examples of world where existence of ''karta'' (doer) becomes mandatory.

Without a potter, can a pitcher be constructed with materials like mud, rod, and wheel alone? Can a house be constructed with mud, straw, and beams, if there is no mason? If the answer is “no” in both these cases, how can we expect the body to be created just by virtue of the combination of different sense organs, without a conscious agent? It is only an ignorant person devoid of rational outlook and scriptural knowledge who can assume otherwise. [43-44]
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कारणं पुरुषः सर्वैः प्रमाणैरुपलभ्यते|
येभ्यः प्रमेयं सर्वेभ्य आगमेभ्यः प्रमीयते||४५||
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kāraṇaṁ puruṣaḥ sarvaiḥ pramāṇairupalabhyatē|
yēbhyaḥ pramēyaṁ sarvēbhya āgamēbhyaḥ pramīyatē||45||

kAraNaM puruShaH sarvaiH pramANairupalabhyate|
yebhyaH prameyaM sarvebhya AgamebhyaH pramIyate||45||
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All the sources of knowledge, including scriptures that serve as an instrument for acquiring knowledge of various kinds, establish the causality of [[Purusha]]. [45]
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न ते तत्सदृशास्त्वन्ये पारम्पर्यसमुत्थिताः|
सारूप्याद्ये त एवेति निर्दिश्यन्ते नवा नवाः||४६||
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na tē tatsadr̥śāstvanyē pāramparyasamutthitāḥ|
sārūpyādyē ta ēvēti nirdiśyantē navā navāḥ||46||

na te tatsadRushAstvanye pAramparyasamutthitAH|
sArUpyAdye ta eveti nirdishyante navA navAH||46||
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भावास्तेषां समुदयो निरीशः सत्त्वसञ्ज्ञकः|
कर्ता भोक्ता न स पुमानिति केचिद्व्यवस्थिताः||४७||
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bhāvāstēṣāṁ samudayō nirīśaḥ sattvasañjñakaḥ|
kartā bhōktā na sa pumāniti kēcidvyavasthitāḥ||47||

bhAvAsteShAM samudayo nirIshaH sattvasa~jj~jakaH|
kartA bhoktA na sa pumAniti kecidvyavasthitAH||47||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
Here, the author has given his opinion on other philosophies that do not accept the causality of [[Purusha]] but rather believe that there is always a new doer with every birth. They opine that there is no permanent [[Purusha]] as such. They believe that the [[Purusha]] is merely a combination of ephemeral elements devoid of any permanent controlling agent or consciousness. Certain schools of thought, including schools within Buddhism share this view. In their opinion, it is ''sattva'' and not the ''[[Aatma]]'' ([[Purusha]]) that becomes the doer and sufferer of its previous deeds. (This is also known as ''kshanabhangavada'') [46-47]
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तेषामन्यैः कृतस्यान्ये भावा [१] भावैर्नवाः फलम्|
भुञ्जते सदृशाः प्राप्तं यैरात्मा नोपदिश्यते||४८||
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tēṣāmanyaiḥ kr̥tasyānyē bhāvā [1] bhāvairnavāḥ phalam|
bhuñjatē sadr̥śāḥ prāptaṁ yairātmā nōpadiśyatē||48||

teShAmanyaiH kRutasyAnye bhAvA [1] bhAvairnavAH phalam|
bhu~jjate sadRushAH prAptaM yairAtmA nopadishyate||48||
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Those who subscribe to the above theory do not accept the soul as the cause or reason for existence. To them, the results of actions performed by one would be enjoyed by some other similar (momentary) entities. [48]
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करणान्यान्यता दृष्टा कर्तुः कर्ता स एव तु|
कर्ता हि करणैर्युक्तः कारणं सर्वकर्मणाम्||४९||
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karaṇānyānyatā dr̥ṣṭā kartuḥ kartā sa ēva tu|
kartā hi karaṇairyuktaḥ kāraṇaṁ sarvakarmaṇām||49||

karaNAnyAnyatA dRuShTA kartuH kartA sa eva tu|
kartA hi karaNairyuktaH kAraNaM sarvakarmaNAm||49||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
The bodily organs of a living being might be different but the soul i.e. the agent of action (deeds) is one and the same. The agent (doer) of action (deed) like a sculptor is an efficient cause of all actions (viz. sculpture etc.) by virtue of his possession of the various ''karana'' (equipment). [49]
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निमेषकालाद्भावानां कालः शीघ्रतरोऽत्यये|
भग्नानां न [१] पुनर्भावः कृतं नान्यमुपैति च||५०||
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nimēṣakālādbhāvānāṁ kālaḥ śīghratarō'tyayē|
bhagnānāṁ na [1] punarbhāvaḥ kr̥taṁ nānyamupaiti ca||50||

nimeShakAlAdbhAvAnAM kAlaH shIghrataro~atyaye|
bhagnAnAM na [1] punarbhAvaH kRutaM nAnyamupaiti ca||50||
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मतं तत्त्वविदामेतद्यस्मात्तस्मात् स कारणम्|
क्रियोपभोगे भूतानां नित्यः पुरुषसञ्ज्ञकः||५१||
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mataṁ tattvavidāmētadyasmāttasmāt sa kāraṇam|
kriyōpabhōgē bhūtānāṁ nityaḥ puruṣasañjñakaḥ||51||

mataM tattvavidAmetadyasmAttasmAt sa kAraNam|
kriyopabhoge bhUtAnAM nityaH puruShasa~jj~jakaH||51||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
Physical elements can get destroyed at a rate faster than the twinkling of an eye. Those destroyed do not come back to their original form again and the results of the deeds (like ''yagna'') of one individual may not be enjoyable to another individual. The learned are, therefore, of the view that there is a permanent entity known as [[Purusha]] (soul) who is the causative factor for the action as well as for the enjoyment of the result of deeds. [50-51]
</div>
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अहङ्कारः फलं कर्म देहान्तरगतिः स्मृतिः|
विद्यते सति भूतानां कारणे देहमन्तरा||५२||
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ahaṅkāraḥ phalaṁ karma dēhāntaragatiḥ smr̥tiḥ|
vidyatē sati bhūtānāṁ kāraṇē dēhamantarā||52||

aha~gkAraH phalaM karma dehAntaragatiH smRutiH|
vidyate sati bhUtAnAM kAraNe dehamantarA||52||
</div></div>

In living beings, a factor other than the body (i.e. the soul) is responsible for ego, enjoyment of the result of deeds, engagement in deeds, transmigration from one body to another body, and keeping the memory of the individual alive. [52]
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प्रभवो न ह्यनादित्वाद्विद्यते परमात्मनः|
पुरुषो राशिसञ्ज्ञस्तु मोहेच्छाद्वेषकर्मजः||५३||
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prabhavō na hyanāditvādvidyatē paramātmanaḥ|
puruṣō rāśisañjñastu mōhēcchādvēṣakarmajaḥ||53||

prabhavo na hyanAditvAdvidyate paramAtmanaH|
puruSho rAshisa~jj~jastu mohecchAdveShakarmajaH||53||
</div></div>

answering the question of Agnivesha about the origin of soul, teacher said:
<div style="text-align:justify;">
As the supreme soul is without a beginning (i.e., is eternal), no birth can be ascribed to it. Of course, the [[Purusha]] who represents the combination of 24 elements (''rashipurusha'') certainly has its origin born out of its deeds in the previous life due to its delusion, desire and aversion. [53]
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आत्मा ज्ञः करणैर्योगाज् ज्ञानं त्वस्य प्रवर्तते|
करणानामवैमल्यादयोगाद्वा न वर्तते||५४||
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ātmā jñaḥ karaṇairyōgāj jñānaṁ tvasya pravartatē|
karaṇānāmavaimalyādayōgādvā na vartatē||54||

AtmA j~jaH karaNairyogAj j~jAnaM tvasya pravartate|
karaNAnAmavaimalyAdayogAdvA na vartate||54||
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पश्यतोऽपि यथाऽऽदर्शे सङ्क्लिष्टे नास्ति दर्शनम्|
तत्त्वं [१] जले वा कलुषे चेतस्युपहते तथा||५५||
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paśyatō'pi yathā''darśē saṅkliṣṭē nāsti darśanam|
tattvaṁ [1] jalē vā kaluṣē cētasyupahatē tathā||55||

pashyato~api yathA~a~adarshe sa~gkliShTe nAsti darshanam|
tattvaM [1] jale vA kaluShe cetasyupahate tathA||55||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
The [[Purusha]] is endowed with the power of perception. It perceives things when it is associated with the mind, intellect and sense faculties. If these instruments of perception are either absent (i.e., detached from the [[Purusha]] or not associated with it) or impeded, then there will be no perception. One cannot get the true reflection of an image from a mirror that is covered with dirt or from dirty water. Similar is the case when the mind gets afflicted. [54-55]
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करणानि मनो बुद्धिर्बुद्धिकर्मेन्द्रियाणि च|
कर्तुः संयोगजं कर्म वेदना बुद्धिरेव च||५६||
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karaṇāni manō buddhirbuddhikarmēndriyāṇi ca|
kartuḥ saṁyōgajaṁ karma vēdanā buddhirēva ca||56||

karaNAni mano buddhirbuddhikarmendriyANi ca|
kartuH saMyogajaM karma vedanA buddhireva ca||56||
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नैकः प्रवर्तते कर्तुं भूतात्मा नाश्नुते फलम्|
संयोगाद्वर्तते सर्वं तमृते नास्ति किञ्चन||५७||
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naikaḥ pravartatē kartuṁ bhūtātmā nāśnutē phalam|
saṁyōgādvartatē sarvaṁ tamr̥tē nāsti kiñcana||57||

naikaH pravartate kartuM bhUtAtmA nAshnute phalam|
saMyogAdvartate sarvaM tamRute nAsti ki~jcana||57||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
The instruments of knowledge are mind, intellect and cognitive and conative organs. Their association with the doer ([[Purusha]]) results in action, sensation and understanding. The [[Purusha]] alone (soul in the absence of ''[[manas]]'' and ''[[indriya]]s'') does neither initiate deeds nor enjoy the result of deeds. Combination of all these factors is responsible for the manifestation of every effect and without that nothing exists nor happens. [56-57]
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न ह्येको वर्तते भावो वर्तते नाप्यहेतुकः|
शीघ्रगत्वात्स्वभावात्त्वभावो [४] न व्यतिवर्तते||५८||
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na hyēkō vartatē bhāvō vartatē nāpyahētukaḥ|
śīghragatvātsvabhāvāttvabhāvō [4] na vyativartatē||58||

na hyeko vartate bhAvo vartate nApyahetukaH|
shIghragatvAtsvabhAvAttvabhAvo [4] na vyativartate||58||
</div></div>

The [[Purusha]], not alone but accompanied with ''[[manass]]'' and ''[[indriya]]s'', is responsible for the manifestation of things. The process of decay on the other hand being too quick in succession does not need any cause as such. [58]
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अनादिः पुरुषो नित्यो विपरीतस्तु हेतुजः|
सदकारणवन्नित्यं दृष्टं हेतुजमन्यथा||५९||
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anādiḥ puruṣō nityō viparītastu hētujaḥ|
sadakāraṇavannityaṁ dr̥ṣṭaṁ hētujamanyathā||59||

anAdiH puruSho nityo viparItastu hetujaH|
sadakAraNavannityaM dRuShTaM hetujamanyathA||59||
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Thus, the absolute soul is without a beginning or an end, but the [[Purusha]] (i.e. the combination of 24 elements) being caused by something is not so i.e. it has a beginning and is ephemeral.

All that exists without cause is eternal. Anything produced from a cause is ephemeral. [59]
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तदेव भावादग्राह्यं नित्यत्व [१] न कुतश्चन|
भावाज्ज्ञेयं तदव्यक्तमचिन्त्यं व्यक्तमन्यथा||६०||
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tadēva bhāvādagrāhyaṁ nityatva [1] na kutaścana|
bhāvājjñēyaṁ tadavyaktamacintyaṁ vyaktamanyathā||60||

tadeva bhAvAdagrAhyaM nityatva [1] na kutashcana|
bhAvAjj~jeyaM tadavyaktamacintyaM vyaktamanyathA||60||
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अव्यक्तमात्मा क्षेत्रज्ञः शाश्वतो विभुरव्ययः|
तस्माद्यदन्यत्तद्व्यक्तं, वक्ष्यते चापरं द्वयम्||६१||
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avyaktamātmā kṣētrajñaḥ śāśvatō vibhuravyayaḥ|
tasmādyadanyattadvyaktaṁ, vakṣyatē cāparaṁ dvayam||61||

avyaktamAtmA kShetraj~jaH shAshvato vibhuravyayaH|
tasmAdyadanyattadvyaktaM, vakShyate cAparaM dvayam||61||
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व्यक्तमैन्द्रियकं चैव गृह्यते तद्यदिन्द्रियैः|
अतोऽन्यत् पुनरव्यक्तं लिङ्गग्राह्यमतीन्द्रियम्||६२||
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vyaktamaindriyakaṁ caiva gr̥hyatē tadyadindriyaiḥ|
atō'nyat punaravyaktaṁ liṅgagrāhyamatīndriyam||62||

vyaktamaindriyakaM caiva gRuhyate tadyadindriyaiH|
ato~anyat punaravyaktaM li~ggagrAhyamatIndriyam||62||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
The absolute soul cannot be perceived by anything, for eternity is not caused by anything. So, the absolute soul is unmanifested and imperceptible. The manifested creation is, of course, otherwise.

The absolute soul is unmanifested, knower of creation, eternal, universal and indestructible. The manifested creation ([[Purusha]]) is, of course, otherwise. Another way of distinguishing manifested things from the unmanifested ones is that the former can be perceived by sense faculties. The latter is transcendental in nature and is not perceptible with the senses. It can only be inferred (rather than perceived). [60-62]
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===Ashta bhuta [[prakriti]] (eight sources of creation) and ''Shodash'' vikara (sixteen elements)===
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खादीनि बुद्धिरव्यक्तमहङ्कारस्तथाऽष्टमः|
भूतप्रकृतिरुद्दिष्टा विकाराश्चैव षोडश||६३||
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khādīni buddhiravyaktamahaṅkārastathā'ṣṭamaḥ|
bhūtaprakr̥tiruddiṣṭā vikārāścaiva ṣōḍaśa||63||

khAdIni buddhiravyaktamaha~gkArastathA~aShTamaH|
bhUtaprakRutiruddiShTA vikArAshcaiva ShoDasha||63||
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बुद्धीन्द्रियाणि पञ्चैव पञ्च कर्मेन्द्रियाणि च|
समनस्काश्च पञ्चार्था विकारा इति सञ्ज्ञिताः||६४||
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buddhīndriyāṇi pañcaiva pañca karmēndriyāṇi ca|
samanaskāśca pañcārthā vikārā iti sañjñitāḥ||64||

buddhIndriyANi pa~jcaiva pa~jca karmendriyANi ca|
samanaskAshca pa~jcArthA vikArA iti sa~jj~jitAH||64||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
The five subtle elements (viz. ''shabdatanmantra, sparshatanmantra, rupatanmantra, rasatanmatra'' and ''gandhatanmatra''), ''[[buddhi]]'' (intellect), ''avyakta'' (''[[prakriti]]'' or nature) and ''ahamkara'' (ego) are the eight sources of creation. Transformed and bio-transformed elements (''vikara'') are sixteen in number, viz. five sense faculties, five motor faculties, mind and five ''[[mahabhuta]]s''. [63-64]
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इति क्षेत्रं समुद्दिष्टं सर्वमव्यक्तवर्जितम्|
अव्यक्तमस्य क्षेत्रस्य क्षेत्रज्ञमृषयो विदुः||६५||
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iti kṣētraṁ samuddiṣṭaṁ sarvamavyaktavarjitam|
avyaktamasya kṣētrasya kṣētrajñamr̥ṣayō viduḥ||65||

iti kShetraM samuddiShTaM sarvamavyaktavarjitam|
avyaktamasya kShetrasya kShetraj~jamRuShayo viduH||65||
</div></div>

As explained by wise ones, all this taken together, except the unmanifested one (''avyakta''), is known as ''kshetra'' i.e. corpus (body). The unmanifested (soul) one is known as ''kshetragna'' (knower of the corpus) which adjoins the body. [65]
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जायते बुद्धिरव्यक्ताद्बुद्ध्याऽहमिति मन्यते|
परं खादीन्यहङ्कारादुत्पद्यन्ते [१] यथाक्रमम्||६६||
ततः सम्पूर्णसर्वाङ्गो जातोऽभ्युदित उच्यते|
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jāyatē buddhiravyaktādbuddhyā'hamiti manyatē|
paraṁ khādīnyahaṅkārādutpadyantē [1] yathākramam||66||
tataḥ sampūrṇasarvāṅgō jātō'bhyudita ucyatē|
jAyate buddhiravyaktAdbuddhyA~ahamiti manyate|
paraM khAdInyaha~gkArAdutpadyante [1] yathAkramam||66||
tataH sampUrNasarvA~ggo jAto~abhyudita ucyate|
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
''[[Buddhi]]'' originates from ''avyakta'', ''ahamkara'' from ''[[buddhi]]'', and the five subtle ''[[mahabhuta]]s'' (''Tanmatras''), viz. ''akashatanmatra'' etc. from ''ahamkara''. These, along with the five gross ''[[mahabhuta]]s'' (in the right sequence) and the bio-transformed five ''[[indriya]]s'', constitute the [[Purusha]]. Thus, with this [[Purusha]] manifested in its entirety, the body (life) with its all constituents is said to be born (living life). [66-67]
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पुरुषः प्रलये चेष्टैः पुनर्भावैर्वियुज्यते||६७||
अव्यक्ताद्व्यक्ततां याति व्यक्तादव्यक्ततां पुनः|
रजस्तमोभ्यामाविष्टश्चक्रवत् परिवर्तते||६८||
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puruṣaḥ pralayē cēṣṭaiḥ punarbhāvairviyujyatē||67||
avyaktādvyaktatāṁ yāti vyaktādavyaktatāṁ punaḥ|
rajastamōbhyāmāviṣṭaścakravat parivartatē||68||

puruShaH pralaye ceShTaiH punarbhAvairviyujyate||67||
avyaktAdvyaktatAM yAti vyaktAdavyaktatAM punaH|
rajastamobhyAmAviShTashcakravat parivartate||68||
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येषां द्वन्द्वे परा सक्तिरहङ्कारपराश्च ये|
उदयप्रलयौ तेषां न तेषां ये त्वतोऽन्यथा||६९||
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yēṣāṁ dvandvē parā saktirahaṅkāraparāśca yē|
udayapralayau tēṣāṁ na tēṣāṁ yē tvatō'nyathā||69||

yeShAM dvandve parA saktiraha~gkAraparAshca ye|
udayapralayau teShAM na teShAM ye tvato~anyathA||69||
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
At the time of destruction of life, the [[Purusha]] (soul) again dissociates itself from all the manifestations meant for its enjoyment, viz. ''[[buddhi]]'' etc. The universe accompanied with ''[[rajas]]'' and ''[[tamas]]'' cycles between the unmanifested and the manifested stages.
Those who are attached to ''[[rajas]]'' and ''[[tamas]]'' and those who are egoistic undergo the process of birth and rebirth. Others that are not, get liberation. [67-69]
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प्राणापानौ निमेषाद्या जीवनं मनसो गतिः|
इन्द्रियान्तरसञ्चारः प्रेरणं धारणं च यत्||७०||
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prāṇāpānau nimēṣādyā jīvanaṁ manasō gatiḥ|
indriyāntarasañcāraḥ prēraṇaṁ dhāraṇaṁ ca yat||70||

prANApAnau nimeShAdyA jIvanaM manaso gatiH|
indriyAntarasa~jcAraH preraNaM dhAraNaM ca yat||70||
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देशान्तरगतिः स्वप्ने पञ्चत्वग्रहणं तथा|
दृष्टस्य दक्षिणेनाक्ष्णा सव्येनावगमस्तथा||७१||
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dēśāntaragatiḥ svapnē pañcatvagrahaṇaṁ tathā|
dr̥ṣṭasya dakṣiṇēnākṣṇā savyēnāvagamastathā||71||

deshAntaragatiH svapne pa~jcatvagrahaNaM tathA|
dRuShTasya dakShiNenAkShNA savyenAvagamastathA||71||
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इच्छा द्वेषः सुखं दुःखं प्रयत्नश्चेतना धृतिः|
बुद्धिः स्मृतिरहङ्कारो लिङ्गानि परमात्मनः||७२||
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icchā dvēṣaḥ sukhaṁ duḥkhaṁ prayatnaścētanā dhr̥tiḥ|
buddhiḥ smr̥tirahaṅkārō liṅgāni paramātmanaḥ||72||

cchA dveShaH sukhaM duHkhaM prayatnashcetanA dhRutiH|
buddhiH smRutiraha~gkAro li~ggAni paramAtmanaH||72||
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यस्मात् समुपलभ्यन्ते लिङ्गान्येतानि जीवतः|
न मृतस्यात्मलिङ्गानि तस्मादाहुर्महर्षयः||७३||
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yasmāt samupalabhyantē liṅgānyētāni jīvataḥ|
na mr̥tasyātmaliṅgāni tasmādāhurmaharṣayaḥ||73||

yasmAt samupalabhyante li~ggAnyetAni jIvataH|
na mRutasyAtmali~ggAni tasmAdAhurmaharShayaH||73||
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शरीरं हि गते तस्मिञ् शून्यागारमचेतनम्|
पञ्चभूतावशेषत्वात् पञ्चत्वं गतमुच्यते||७४||
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śarīraṁ hi gatē tasmiñ śūnyāgāramacētanam|
pañcabhūtāvaśēṣatvāt pañcatvaṁ gatamucyatē||74||

sharIraM hi gate tasmi~j shUnyAgAramacetanam|
pa~jcabhUtAvasheShatvAt pa~jcatvaM gatamucyate||74||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
In response to the question on the signs and symptoms of a soul in the living body, as well as the proofs of existence of the soul in living animates, Lord Atreya mentions the following as proof:

# Inspiration and expiration;
# Twinkling of the eye;
# Sign and symptoms of living life;
# Ability to mentally teleport oneself (e.g. arriving at a distant place like Pataliputra in imagination or dream);
# Shift from one object of sense organ to another (e.g. shift from visual perception to tactile perception);
# Inspiration and controlling mind and ''[[indriya]]s''
# Journey to another country in dreams;
# Anticipation of death;
# Knowledge of something visualized in right eye by the left eye;
# Desire, envy, happiness, misery, effort, consciousness, stability, intellect, memory and ego.

All these are signs of a living person. These signs are not available in a dead body. So, they are considered to be proof of existence of the soul till the living life. When that soul, with all its associates (''[[indriya]]s'', ''[[manas]]'' and four subtle ''[[mahabhuta]]s'') departs, the body becomes vacant and is deprived of consciousness. Only the five ''[[mahabhuta]]s'' remain. So, a dead body is said to have attained the state of five ''[[mahabhuta]]s'' (''panchtatva'') [70-74]
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अचेतनं क्रियावच्च मनश्चेतयिता परः|
युक्तस्य मनसा तस्य निर्दिश्यन्ते विभोः क्रियाः||७५||
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acētanaṁ kriyāvacca manaścētayitā paraḥ|
yuktasya manasā tasya nirdiśyantē vibhōḥ kriyāḥ||75||

acetanaM kriyAvacca manashcetayitA paraH|
yuktasya manasA tasya nirdishyante vibhoH kriyAH||75||
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चेतनावान् यतश्चात्मा ततः कर्ता निरुच्यते|
अचेतनत्वाच्च मनः क्रियावदपि नोच्यते||७६||
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cētanāvān yataścātmā tataḥ kartā nirucyatē|
acētanatvācca manaḥ kriyāvadapi nōcyatē||76||

cetanAvAn yatashcAtmA tataH kartA nirucyate|
acetanatvAcca manaH kriyAvadapi nocyate||76||
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Mind is active, but devoid of consciousness. The omnipresent soul becomes active only when it coordinates with mind. Though the soul is not active, it is conscious and is considered a doer, or an actor, or an agent of deeds. The mind is not considered as actor, because it is devoid of Consciousness, though it is responsible for activity. [75-76]

Thus, the ability to “cause” or “act” resides in the conscious and not in unconscious.
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यथास्वेनात्मनाऽऽत्मानं सर्वः सर्वासु योनिषु|
प्राणैस्तन्त्रयते प्राणी नह्यन्योऽस्त्यस्य तन्त्रकः||७७||
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yathāsvēnātmanā''tmānaṁ sarvaḥ sarvāsu yōniṣu|
prāṇaistantrayatē prāṇī nahyanyō'styasya tantrakaḥ||77||

yathAsvenAtmanA~a~atmAnaM sarvaH sarvAsu yoniShu|
prANaistantrayate prANI nahyanyo~astyasya tantrakaH||77||
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वशी तत् कुरुते कर्म यत् कृत्वा फलमश्नुते|
वशी चेतः समाधत्ते वशी सर्वं निरस्यति||७८||
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vaśī tat kurutē karma yat kr̥tvā phalamaśnutē|
vaśī cētaḥ samādhattē vaśī sarvaṁ nirasyati||78||

vashI tat kurute karma yat kRutvA phalamashnute|
vashI cetaH samAdhatte vashI sarvaM nirasyati||78||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
The soul can independently enter any animate body. There is no other controller of soul, hence, it is considered a self controller. It is to said that the soul is free and independent to do its deeds but it is not free to get result of its deeds as per its own wish. Here it can be understood that the control of its activities and its entry into the body is governed by the result of its deeds.
The soul is absolutely free to act as it pleases. It is however obliged to enjoy the results of its own deeds. It is also free to control the mind associated with it. And the free soul, when meditates, get rid of the results of good or bad acts of its own. [78]
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देही सर्वगतोऽप्यात्मा [१] स्वे स्वे संस्पर्शनेन्द्रिये|
सर्वाः सर्वाश्रयस्थास्तु नात्माऽतो वेत्ति वेदनाः||७९||
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dēhī sarvagatō'pyātmā [1] svē svē saṁsparśanēndriyē|
sarvāḥ sarvāśrayasthāstu nātmā'tō vētti vēdanāḥ||79||

dehI sarvagato~apyAtmA [1] sve sve saMsparshanendriye|
sarvAH sarvAshrayasthAstu nAtmA~ato vetti vedanAH||79||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
Even though the soul is all pervasive, it can perceive sensations in its associated physical body through the contact of sense organs with their respective objects. (Being limited by the contacts of the bodily sense organs with their objects), the soul cannot have all sensations [79]
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विभुत्वमत एवास्य यस्मात् सर्वगतो महान्|
मनसश्च समाधानात् पश्यत्यात्मा तिरस्कृतम्||८०||
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vibhutvamata ēvāsya yasmāt sarvagatō mahān|
manasaśca samādhānāt paśyatyātmā tiraskr̥tam||80||

vibhutvamata evAsya yasmAt sarvagato mahAn|
manasashca samAdhAnAt pashyatyAtmA tiraskRutam||80||
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नित्यानुबन्धं मनसा देहकर्मानुपातिना|
सर्वयोनिगतं विद्यादेकयोनावपि स्थितम्||८१||
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nityānubandhaṁ manasā dēhakarmānupātinā|
sarvayōnigataṁ vidyādēkayōnāvapi sthitam||81||

nityAnubandhaM manasA dehakarmAnupAtinA|
sarvayonigataM vidyAdekayonAvapi sthitam||81||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
When the omnipresent, supreme soul gets combined with ''[[manas]]'' and other senses, it becomes ''kshetragya'' i.e., one that has the power to go anywhere in the universe and become a knower of that body. It can perceive objects inspite of (spatial, temporal or material) obstructions. Even though it is located in one body when associated with the mind through physical actions, it is still present in all other bodies. Conversely, in spite of it being present in all bodies, its field of action is limited to one body alone because of its contact with the mind. [80-81]
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आदिर्नास्त्यात्मनः [१] क्षेत्रपारम्पर्यमनादिकम्|
अतस्तयोरनादित्वात् किं पूर्वमिति नोच्यते||८२||
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ādirnāstyātmanaḥ [1] kṣētrapāramparyamanādikam|
atastayōranāditvāt kiṁ pūrvamiti nōcyatē||82||

AdirnAstyAtmanaH [1] kShetrapAramparyamanAdikam|
atastayoranAditvAt kiM pUrvamiti nocyate||82||
</div></div>
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ज्ञः साक्षीत्युच्यते नाज्ञः साक्षी त्वात्मा यतः स्मृतः|
सर्वे भावा हि सर्वेषां भूतानामात्मसाक्षिकाः||८३||
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jñaḥ sākṣītyucyatē nājñaḥ sākṣī tvātmā yataḥ smr̥taḥ|
sarvē bhāvā hi sarvēṣāṁ bhūtānāmātmasākṣikāḥ||83||

j~jaH sAkShItyucyate nAj~jaH sAkShI tvAtmA yataH smRutaH|
sarve bhAvA hi sarveShAM bhUtAnAmAtmasAkShikAH||83||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
''[[Aatma]]'' (soul) does not have a beginning, and similarly, the corpus (combination of [[ayu]] elements) also does not have a beginning. The continuity of ''kshetra'' and ''kshetragya'' is so long that it is not possible to say which came earlier (''kshetra'' or ''kshetragya'')
[82]

It is only he who knows things that can stand as a witness. So, all attributes, actions etc., of [[bhuta]]s are witnessed by the [[soul]] (who alone is the knower of things). Things cannot be witnessed by unconscious objects (like stone). [83]
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नैकः कदाचिद्भूतात्मा लक्षणैरुपलभ्यते|
विशेषोऽनुपलभ्यस्य तस्य नैकस्य विद्यते||८४||
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naikaḥ kadācidbhūtātmā lakṣaṇairupalabhyatē|
viśēṣō'nupalabhyasya tasya naikasya vidyatē||84||

naikaH kadAcidbhUtAtmA lakShaNairupalabhyate|
visheSho~anupalabhyasya tasya naikasya vidyate||84||
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संयोगपुरुषस्येष्टो विशेषो वेदनाकृतः|
वेदना यत्र नियता विशेषस्तत्र तत्कृतः||८५||
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saṁyōgapuruṣasyēṣṭō viśēṣō vēdanākr̥taḥ|
vēdanā yatra niyatā viśēṣastatra tatkr̥taḥ||85||

saMyogapuruShasyeShTo visheSho vedanAkRutaH|
vedanA yatra niyatA visheShastatra tatkRutaH||85||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
The absolute soul is unity and singular. It does not have signs or symptoms. Since it is inaccessible, it has no sensation. It is only the samyoga [[purusha]] (24 tattvatmaka purusha) that has sensations. These sensations do not constitute the attributes of the soul as such, but arise out of contact (of the sense organs with their objects). [84-85]
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चिकित्सति भिषक् सर्वास्त्रिकाला वेदना इति|
यया युक्त्या वदन्त्येके सा युक्तिरुपधार्यताम्||८६||
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cikitsati bhiṣak sarvāstrikālā vēdanā iti|
yayā yuktyā vadantyēkē sā yuktirupadhāryatām||86||

cikitsati bhiShak sarvAstrikAlA vedanA iti|
yayA yuktyA vadantyeke sA yuktirupadhAryatAm||86||
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पुनस्तच्छिरसः शूलं ज्वरः स पुनरागतः|
पुनः स कासो बलवांश्छर्दिः सा पुनरागता||८७||
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punastacchirasaḥ śūlaṁ jvaraḥ sa punarāgataḥ|
punaḥ sa kāsō balavāṁśchardiḥ sā punarāgatā||87||

punastacchirasaH shUlaM jvaraH sa punarAgataH|
punaH sa kAso balavAMshchardiH sA punarAgatA||87||
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एभिः प्रसिद्धवचनैरतीतागमनं मतम्|
कालश्चायमतीतानामर्तीनां पुनरागतः||८८||
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ēbhiḥ prasiddhavacanairatītāgamanaṁ matam|
kālaścāyamatītānāmartīnāṁ punarāgataḥ||88||

ebhiH prasiddhavacanairatItAgamanaM matam|
kAlashcAyamatItAnAmartInAM punarAgataH||88||
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तमर्तिकालमुद्दिश्य भेषजं यत् प्रयुज्यते|
अतीतानां प्रशमनं वेदनानां तदुच्यते||८९||
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tamartikālamuddiśya bhēṣajaṁ yat prayujyatē|
atītānāṁ praśamanaṁ vēdanānāṁ taducyatē||89||

tamartikAlamuddishya bheShajaM yat prayujyate|
atItAnAM prashamanaM vedanAnAM taducyate||89||
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आपस्ताः पुनरागुर्मा याभिः शस्यं पुरा हतम्|
यथा प्रक्रियते सेतुः प्रतिकर्म तथाऽऽश्रये||९०||
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āpastāḥ punarāgurmā yābhiḥ śasyaṁ purā hatam|
yathā prakriyatē sētuḥ pratikarma tathā''śrayē||90||

ApastAH punarAgurmA yAbhiH shasyaM purA hatam|
yathA prakriyate setuH pratikarma tathA~a~ashraye||90||
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पूर्वरूपं विकाराणां दृष्ट्वा प्रादुर्भविष्यताम्|
या क्रिया क्रियते सा च वेदनां हन्त्यनागताम्||९१||
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pūrvarūpaṁ vikārāṇāṁ dr̥ṣṭvā prādurbhaviṣyatām|
yā kriyā kriyatē sā ca vēdanāṁ hantyanāgatām||91||

pUrvarUpaM vikArANAM dRuShTvA prAdurbhaviShyatAm|
yA kriyA kriyate sA ca vedanAM hantyanAgatAm||91||
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पारम्पर्यानबन्धस्तु दुःखानां विनिवर्तते|
सुखहेतूपचारेण सुखं चापि प्रवर्तते||९२||
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pāramparyānabandhastu duḥkhānāṁ vinivartatē|
sukhahētūpacārēṇa sukhaṁ cāpi pravartatē||92||

pAramparyAnabandhastu duHkhAnAM vinivartate|
sukhahetUpacAreNa sukhaM cApi pravartate||92||
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न समा यान्ति वैषम्यं विषमाः समतां न च|
हेतुभिः सदृशा नित्यं जायन्ते देहधातवः||९३||
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na samā yānti vaiṣamyaṁ viṣamāḥ samatāṁ na ca|
hētubhiḥ sadr̥śā nityaṁ jāyantē dēhadhātavaḥ||93||

na samA yAnti vaiShamyaM viShamAH samatAM na ca|
hetubhiH sadRushA nityaM jAyante dehadhAtavaH||93||
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युक्तिमेतां पुरस्कृत्य त्रिकालां वेदनां भिषक्|
हन्तीत्युक्तं चिकित्सा तु नैष्ठिकी या विनोपधाम्||९४||
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yuktimētāṁ puraskr̥tya trikālāṁ vēdanāṁ bhiṣak|
hantītyuktaṁ cikitsā tu naiṣṭhikī yā vinōpadhām||94||

yuktimetAM puraskRutya trikAlAM vedanAM bhiShak|
hantItyuktaM cikitsA tu naiShThikI yA vinopadhAm||94||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
The following logic is given here while responding to the question on the management of illnesses of the past, the present and the future.
Recurrence of headache, fever, cough and vomiting establishes the fact that diseases of the past do relapse. That is to say, the time of occurrence of the various diseases in the past repeats itself. The therapeutic devices meant for alleviating such recurring diseases verily take the past history (of such diseases) into consideration.

In order that flood waters may not damage crops as they did in the past, a dam is constructed as a preventive measure. By observing premonitory symptoms, some therapies are prescribed to prevent certain diseases which are likely to attack living beings in future. This treatment relates to prevention of future diseases.

A continuity of ailments is checked by treatments that are conducive to the continuity of happiness.
The state of equilibrium of [[dhatu]] is not disturbed nor is the imbalanced state brought to normalcy without some causative factors. It is the causative factors which determine the equilibrium or imbalance of the [[dhatu]].
So a physician treats the diseases pertaining to the past, present and future. The treatment that is devoid of desires (upadha) is called as complete treatment or supreme treatment (naishthiki chikitsa). [86-94]
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उपधा हि परो हेतुर्दुःखदुःखाश्रयप्रदः|
त्यागः सर्वोपधानां च सर्वदुःखव्यपोहकः||९५||
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upadhā hi parō hēturduḥkhaduḥkhāśrayapradaḥ|
tyāgaḥ sarvōpadhānāṁ ca sarvaduḥkhavyapōhakaḥ||95||

upadhA hi paro heturduHkhaduHkhAshrayapradaH|
tyAgaH sarvopadhAnAM ca sarvaduHkhavyapohakaH||95||
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कोषकारो यथा ह्यंशूनुपादत्ते वधप्रदान् [३] |
उपादत्ते तथाऽर्थेभ्यस्तृष्णामज्ञः सदाऽऽतुरः||९६||
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kōṣakārō yathā hyaṁśūnupādattē vadhapradān [3] |
upādattē tathā'rthēbhyastr̥ṣṇāmajñaḥ sadā''turaḥ||96||

koShakAro yathA hyaMshUnupAdatte vadhapradAn [3] |
upAdatte tathA~arthebhyastRuShNAmaj~jaH sadA~a~aturaH||96||
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यस्त्वग्निकल्पानर्थाञ् ज्ञो ज्ञात्वा तेभ्यो निवर्तते|
अनारम्भादसंयोगात्तं दुःखं नोपतिष्ठते||९७||
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yastvagnikalpānarthāñ jñō jñātvā tēbhyō nivartatē|
anārambhādasaṁyōgāttaṁ duḥkhaṁ nōpatiṣṭhatē||97||

yastvagnikalpAnarthA~j j~jo j~jAtvA tebhyo nivartate|
anArambhAdasaMyogAttaM duHkhaM nopatiShThate||97||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
Absolute eradication of miseries is obtained by the elimination of desires. Desire is the root cause of all miseries. Elimination of desires leads to the eradication of all miseries. A silk worm provides for itself suicidal threads. So, does an ignorant person. Bound by worldly miseries, he provides for himself desires arising out of the various objects. A wise person who abstains from the objects of senses, considering them as dangerous as burning fire, does not subject himself to any wishful acts and attachments with the result that miseries never overcome him. [94-97]
</div>

=== Basic causes of miseries in life===
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धीधृतिस्मृतिविभ्रंशः सम्प्राप्तिः कालकर्मणाम्|
असात्म्यार्थागमश्चेति ज्ञातव्या दुःखहेतवः||९८||
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dhīdhr̥tismr̥tivibhraṁśaḥ samprāptiḥ kālakarmaṇām|
asātmyārthāgamaścēti jñātavyā duḥkhahētavaḥ||98||

dhIdhRutismRutivibhraMshaH samprAptiH kAlakarmaNAm|
asAtmyArthAgamashceti j~jAtavyA duHkhahetavaH||98||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
Impairment of intellect (grasping and keeping power), ''dhriti'' (controlling power) and memory (recalling power), ageing/advent of maturity, deeds and unwholesome contact with objects of senses could be counted as factors responsible for causing miseries. [98]
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विषमाभिनिवेशो यो नित्यानित्ये हिताहिते|
ज्ञेयः स बुद्धिविभ्रंशः समं बुद्धिर्हि पश्यति||९९||
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viṣamābhinivēśō yō nityānityē hitāhitē|
jñēyaḥ sa buddhivibhraṁśaḥ samaṁ buddhirhi paśyati||99||

viShamAbhinivesho yo nityAnitye hitAhite|
j~jeyaH sa buddhivibhraMshaH samaM buddhirhi pashyati||99||
</div></div>

If something eternal is viewed as ephemeral and something harmful as useful, and vice versa, this is indicative of the impairment of intellect. For, the normal intellect views things as they are. [99]
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विषयप्रवणं सत्त्वं धृतिभ्रंशान्न शक्यते|
नियन्तुमहितादर्थाद्धृतिर्हि नियमात्मिका||१००||
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viṣayapravaṇaṁ sattvaṁ dhr̥tibhraṁśānna śakyatē|
niyantumahitādarthāddhr̥tirhi niyamātmikā||100||

viShayapravaNaM sattvaM dhRutibhraMshAnna shakyate|
niyantumahitAdarthAddhRutirhi niyamAtmikA||100||
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A mind indulging in worldly enjoyments cannot be restrained from harmful objects due to the impairment of ''dhriti'' (controlling power). It is ''dhriti'' that can restrain the mind (from its harmful objects). [100]
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तत्त्वज्ञाने स्मृतिर्यस्य रजोमोहावृतात्मनः|
भ्रश्यते स स्मृतिभ्रंशः स्मर्तव्यं हि स्मृतौ स्थितम्||१०१||
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tattvajñānē smr̥tiryasya rajōmōhāvr̥tātmanaḥ|
bhraśyatē sa smr̥tibhraṁśaḥ smartavyaṁ hi smr̥tau sthitam||101||

tattvaj~jAne smRutiryasya rajomohAvRutAtmanaH|
bhrashyate sa smRutibhraMshaH smartavyaM hi smRutau sthitam||101||
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If the memory is impaired due to a person being overcome by [[rajas]] and [[tamas]], the recollection of knowledge of reality or self is impaired. This is known as the impairment of [[smriti]]. Normally [[smriti]] contains everything memorable. [101]

=== [[Prajnaparadha]] (intellectual defect) and its consequences ===
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धीधृतिस्मृतिविभ्रष्टः कर्म यत् कुरुतेऽशुभम्|
प्रज्ञापराधं तं विद्यात् सर्वदोषप्रकोपणम्||१०२||
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dhīdhr̥tismr̥tivibhraṣṭaḥ karma yat kurutē'śubham|
prajñāparādhaṁ taṁ vidyāt sarvadōṣaprakōpaṇam||102||

dhIdhRutismRutivibhraShTaH karma yat kurute~ashubham|
praj~jAparAdhaM taM vidyAt sarvadoShaprakopaNam||102||
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उदीरणं गतिमतामुदीर्णानां च निग्रहः|
सेवनं साहसानां च नारीणां चातिसेवनम्||१०३||
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udīraṇaṁ gatimatāmudīrṇānāṁ ca nigrahaḥ|
sēvanaṁ sāhasānāṁ ca nārīṇāṁ cātisēvanam||103||

udIraNaM gatimatAmudIrNAnAM ca nigrahaH|
sevanaM sAhasAnAM ca nArINAM cAtisevanam||103||
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कर्मकालातिपातश्च मिथ्यारम्भश्च कर्मणाम्|
विनयाचारलोपश्च पूज्यानां चाभिधर्षणम्||१०४||
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karmakālātipātaśca mithyārambhaśca karmaṇām|
vinayācāralōpaśca pūjyānāṁ cābhidharṣaṇam||104||

karmakAlAtipAtashca mithyArambhashca karmaNAm|
vinayAcAralopashca pUjyAnAM cAbhidharShaNam||104||
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ज्ञातानां स्वयमर्थानामहितानां निषेवणम्|
परमौन्मादिकानां च प्रत्ययानां निषेवणम्||१०५||
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jñātānāṁ svayamarthānāmahitānāṁ niṣēvaṇam|
paramaunmādikānāṁ ca pratyayānāṁ niṣēvaṇam||105||

j~jAtAnAM svayamarthAnAmahitAnAM niShevaNam|
paramaunmAdikAnAM ca pratyayAnAM niShevaNam||105||
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अकालादेशसञ्चारौ मैत्री सङ्क्लिष्टकर्मभिः|
इन्द्रियोपक्रमोक्तस्य सद्वृत्तस्य च वर्जनम्||१०६||
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akālādēśasañcārau maitrī saṅkliṣṭakarmabhiḥ|
indriyōpakramōktasya sadvr̥ttasya ca varjanam||106||

akAlAdeshasa~jcArau maitrI sa~gkliShTakarmabhiH|
indriyopakramoktasya sadvRuttasya ca varjanam||106||
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ईर्ष्यामानभयक्रोधलोभमोहमदभ्रमाः|
तज्जं वा कर्म यत् क्लिष्टं क्लिष्टं यद्देहकर्म च||१०७||
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īrṣyāmānabhayakrōdhalōbhamōhamadabhramāḥ|
tajjaṁ vā karma yat kliṣṭaṁ kliṣṭaṁ yaddēhakarma ca||107||

IrShyAmAnabhayakrodhalobhamohamadabhramAH|
tajjaM vA karma yat kliShTaM kliShTaM yaddehakarma ca||107||
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यच्चान्यदीदृशं कर्म रजोमोहसमुत्थितम्|
प्रज्ञापराधं तं शिष्टा ब्रुवते व्याधिकारणम् [१] ||१०८||
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yaccānyadīdr̥śaṁ karma rajōmōhasamutthitam|
prajñāparādhaṁ taṁ śiṣṭā bruvatē vyādhikāraṇam [1] ||108||

yaccAnyadIdRushaM karma rajomohasamutthitam|
praj~jAparAdhaM taM shiShTA bruvate vyAdhikAraNam [1] ||108||
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
When a person’s ''dhi'' (ability to comprehend), ''dhriti'' (controlling power), and [[smriti]] (power to recall memories, or reminisce) get impaired, he performs inauspicious deeds that lead to aggravation of all [[dosha]]. This is called [[prajnaparadha]] (mistake of the intellect, knowingly committing crime or unwholesome/sinful acts).

Forcible stimulation of natural urges and suppression of the manifested ones, exhibition of undue strength, over indulgence in sexual acts, negligence of the time and method of administering of treatment (i.e. non utilization, excessive utilization, and impaired utilization of therapies), initiation of action in improper time, loss of modesty and good conduct, disrespecting those that deserve respect, enjoyment of harmful objects, resorting to the factors that are responsible for the causation of madness, walking and travelling at improper time and places, friendship with persons of bad character, avoidance of ''sadvritta'' (noble code of conduct) described in [[Indriyopakramaniya Adhyaya]] ([[Sutra Sthana]] 8th chapter) or harboring malice, vanity, fear, anger, greed, ignorance, intoxication and bewilderment or bad actions arising out of any of them, and/or physical evil acts arising out of [[rajas]] and ''[[tamas]]'' constitute [[prajnaparadha]], the root cause of several diseases told by learned seers of [[Ayurveda]]. [102-108]
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बुद्ध्या विषमविज्ञानं विषमं च प्रवर्तनम्|
प्रज्ञापराधं जानीयान्मनसो गोचरं हि तत्||१०९||
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buddhyā viṣamavijñānaṁ viṣamaṁ ca pravartanam|
prajñāparādhaṁ jānīyānmanasō gōcaraṁ hi tat||109||

buddhyA viShamavij~jAnaM viShamaM ca pravartanam|
praj~jAparAdhaM jAnIyAnmanaso gocaraM hi tat||109||
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
Understanding the subjects in improper way due to the impairment of intellect and, at the same time, executing this improper knowledge in the wrong way is also termed as [[prajnaparadha]] which makes improper cognition of [[manasa]], [[indriya]] with their objects and subjects. [109]
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=== Importance of ''[[Kala]]'' (time factor)===
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निर्दिष्टा कालसम्प्राप्तिर्व्याधीनां व्याधिसङ्ग्रहे|
चयप्रकोपप्रशमाः पित्तादीनां यथा पुरा||११०||
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nirdiṣṭā kālasamprāptirvyādhīnāṁ vyādhisaṅgrahē|
cayaprakōpapraśamāḥ pittādīnāṁ yathā purā||110||

nirdiShTA kAlasamprAptirvyAdhInAM vyAdhisa~ggrahe|
cayaprakopaprashamAH pittAdInAM yathA purA||110||
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मिथ्यातिहीनलिङ्गाश्च वर्षान्ता रोगहेतवः|
जीर्णभुक्तप्रजीर्णान्नकालाकालस्थितिश्च [१] या||१११||
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mithyātihīnaliṅgāśca varṣāntā rōgahētavaḥ|
jīrṇabhuktaprajīrṇānnakālākālasthitiśca [1] yā||111||

mithyAtihInali~ggAshca varShAntA rogahetavaH|
jIrNabhuktaprajIrNAnnakAlAkAlasthitishca [1] yA||111||
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पूर्वमध्यापराह्णाश्च रात्र्या यामास्त्रयश्च ये|
एषु कालेषु नियता ये रोगास्ते च कालजाः||११२||
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pūrvamadhyāparāhṇāśca rātryā yāmāstrayaśca yē|
ēṣu kālēṣu niyatā yē rōgāstē ca kālajāḥ||112||

pUrvamadhyAparAhNAshca rAtryA yAmAstrayashca ye|
eShu kAleShu niyatA ye rogAste ca kAlajAH||112||
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
Ailments due to the advent of the season are already described in Sutra 17:114. It has been explained there, how ''[[pitta]]'' and other ''[[dosha]]s'' get accumulated, aggravated and alleviated (depending on seasonal variation).

This category includes causative factors of diseases marked by wrong manifestation, over manifestation and under manifestation of their symptoms during seasons ending with the rains; during various stages of digestion viz. time of final digestion, time of intake of food and time of initial digestion; during different times of the day, viz. forenoon, mid-day and afternoon and during different hours of the night, viz. pre-midnight, midnight and post mid night. Diseases which as a rule manifest themselves during these times are also known as ''kalaja'' diseases. [110-112]
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अन्येद्युष्को द्व्यहग्राही तृतीयकचतुर्थकौ|
स्वे स्वे काले प्रवर्तन्ते काले ह्येषां बलागमः||११३||
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anyēdyuṣkō dvyahagrāhī tr̥tīyakacaturthakau|
svē svē kālē pravartantē kālē hyēṣāṁ balāgamaḥ||113||

anyedyuShko dvyahagrAhI tRutIyakacaturthakau|
sve sve kAle pravartante kAle hyeShAM balAgamaH||113||
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
Diseases like ''anyedyushka'' (quotidian fever which occurs at a fixed time every day), ''dvyahagrahi'' (reverse quotidian fever), ''tritiyaka'' (tertian fever which occurs at an interval of one day) and ''chaturthaka'' (quartan fever which occurs at an interval of two days) manifest themselves at fixed hours in as much as they get strength only at such hours. [113]
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एते चान्ये [६] च ये केचित् कालजा विविधा गदाः|
अनागते चिकित्स्यास्ते बलकालौ विजानता||११४||
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ētē cānyē [6] ca yē kēcit kālajā vividhā gadāḥ|
anāgatē cikitsyāstē balakālau vijānatā||114||

ete cAnye [6] ca ye kecit kAlajA vividhA gadAH|
anAgate cikitsyAste balakAlau vijAnatA||114||
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A physician acquainted with the knowledge of ''[[dosha]] bala'' and ''[[kala]] bala'' should treat this and other similar diseases prior to their actual manifestations. [114]
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कालस्य परिणामेन जरामृत्युनिमित्तजाः|
रोगाः स्वाभाविका दृष्टाः स्वभावो निष्प्रतिक्रियः||११५||
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kālasya pariṇāmēna jarāmr̥tyunimittajāḥ|
rōgāḥ svābhāvikā dr̥ṣṭāḥ svabhāvō niṣpratikriyaḥ||115||

kAlasya pariNAmena jarAmRutyunimittajAH|
rogAH svAbhAvikA dRuShTAH svabhAvo niShpratikriyaH||115||
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The diseases arising out of temporal factors that bring about old age and death are to be considered as natural ones, which affect everyone, and these such natural manifestations are irremediable. [115]

=== ''Daiva'' (fate/destiny) ===
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निर्दिष्टं दैवशब्देन कर्म यत् पौर्वदेहिकम्|
हेतुस्तदपि कालेन रोगाणामुपलभ्यते||११६||
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nirdiṣṭaṁ daivaśabdēna karma yat paurvadēhikam|
hētustadapi kālēna rōgāṇāmupalabhyatē||116||

nirdiShTaM daivashabdena karma yat paurvadehikam|
hetustadapi kAlena rogANAmupalabhyate||116||
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
The deeds performed in the previous life or past time are known as ''daiva'' (fate) also constitutes in due course causative factors for the manifestation of diseases. [116] In other words it could be also said that some causes do not produce disease at the same time because they have less strength (''karmaja roga'').
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न हि कर्म महत् किञ्चित् फलं यस्य न भुज्यते|
क्रियाघ्नाः कर्मजा रोगाः प्रशमं यान्ति तत्क्षयात्||११७||
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na hi karma mahat kiñcit phalaṁ yasya na bhujyatē|
kriyāghnāḥ karmajā rōgāḥ praśamaṁ yānti tatkṣayāt||117||

na hi karma mahat ki~jcit phalaM yasya na bhujyate|
kriyAghnAH karmajA rogAH prashamaM yAnti tatkShayAt||117||
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
There is no such major action/deed (performed in the previous life/past time) which does not lead to the corresponding results. Diseases arising out of such actions/deeds are not amenable to any therapeutic measures. They are cured only after the effects of past actions/deeds are exhausted i.e. fully enjoyed. [117]
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=== ''Asatmya indriyartha samyoga'' (improper use of senses) ===
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अत्युग्रशब्दश्रवणाच्छ्रवणात् सर्वशो न च|
शब्दानां चातिहीनानां भवन्ति श्रवणाज्जडाः||११८||
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atyugraśabdaśravaṇācchravaṇāt sarvaśō na ca|
śabdānāṁ cātihīnānāṁ bhavanti śravaṇājjaḍāḥ||118||

atyugrashabdashravaNAcchravaNAt sarvasho na ca|
shabdAnAM cAtihInAnAM bhavanti shravaNAjjaDAH||118||
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परुषोद्भीषणाशस्ताप्रियव्यसनसूचकैः|
शब्दैः श्रवणसंयोगो मिथ्यासंयोग उच्यते||११९||
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paruṣōdbhīṣaṇāśastāpriyavyasanasūcakaiḥ|
śabdaiḥ śravaṇasaṁyōgō mithyāsaṁyōga ucyatē||119||

paruShodbhIShaNAshastApriyavyasanasUcakaiH|
shabdaiH shravaNasaMyogo mithyAsaMyoga ucyate||119||
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असंस्पर्शोऽतिसंस्पर्शो हीनसंस्पर्श एव च|
स्पृश्यानां सङ्ग्रहेणोक्तः स्पर्शनेन्द्रियबाधकः||१२०||
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asaṁsparśō'tisaṁsparśō hīnasaṁsparśa ēva ca|
spr̥śyānāṁ saṅgrahēṇōktaḥ sparśanēndriyabādhakaḥ||120||

asaMsparsho~atisaMsparsho hInasaMsparsha eva ca|
spRushyAnAM sa~ggraheNoktaH sparshanendriyabAdhakaH||120||
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यो भूतविषवातानामकालेनागतश्च यः|
स्नेहशीतोष्णसंस्पर्शो मिथ्यायोग स उच्यते||१२१||
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yō bhūtaviṣavātānāmakālēnāgataśca yaḥ|
snēhaśītōṣṇasaṁsparśō mithyāyōga sa ucyatē||121||

yo bhUtaviShavAtAnAmakAlenAgatashca yaH|
snehashItoShNasaMsparsho mithyAyoga sa ucyate||121||
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रूपाणां भास्वतां दृष्टिर्विनश्यत्यतिदर्शनात्|
दर्शनाच्चातिसूक्ष्माणां सर्वशश्चाप्यदर्शनात्||१२२||
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rūpāṇāṁ bhāsvatāṁ dr̥ṣṭirvinaśyatyatidarśanāt|
darśanāccātisūkṣmāṇāṁ sarvaśaścāpyadarśanāt||122||

rUpANAM bhAsvatAM dRuShTirvinashyatyatidarshanAt|
darshanAccAtisUkShmANAM sarvashashcApyadarshanAt||122||
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द्विष्टभैरवबीभत्सदूरातिश्लिष्टदर्शनात् [१] |
तामसानां च रूपाणां मिथ्यासंयोग उच्यते||१२३||
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dviṣṭabhairavabībhatsadūrātiśliṣṭadarśanāt [1] |
tāmasānāṁ ca rūpāṇāṁ mithyāsaṁyōga ucyatē||123||

dviShTabhairavabIbhatsadUrAtishliShTadarshanAt [1] |
tAmasAnAM ca rUpANAM mithyAsaMyoga ucyate||123||
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अत्यादानमनादानमोकसात्म्यादिभिश्च यत्|
रसानां विषमादानमल्पादानं च दूषणम्||१२४||
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atyādānamanādānamōkasātmyādibhiśca yat|
rasānāṁ viṣamādānamalpādānaṁ ca dūṣaṇam||124||

atyAdAnamanAdAnamokasAtmyAdibhishca yat|
rasAnAM viShamAdAnamalpAdAnaM ca dUShaNam||124||
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अतिमृद्वतितीक्ष्णानां गन्धानामुपसेवनम्|
असेवनं सर्वशश्च घ्राणेन्द्रियविनाशनम्||१२५||
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atimr̥dvatitīkṣṇānāṁ gandhānāmupasēvanam|
asēvanaṁ sarvaśaśca ghrāṇēndriyavināśanam||125||

atimRudvatitIkShNAnAM gandhAnAmupasevanam|
asevanaM sarvashashca ghrANendriyavinAshanam||125||
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पूतिभूतविषद्विष्टा गन्धा ये चाप्यनार्तवाः|
तैर्गन्धैर्घ्राणसंयोगो मिथ्यायोगः स उच्यते||१२६||
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pūtibhūtaviṣadviṣṭā gandhā yē cāpyanārtavāḥ|
tairgandhairghrāṇasaṁyōgō mithyāyōgaḥ sa ucyatē||126||

pUtibhUtaviShadviShTA gandhA ye cApyanArtavAH|
tairgandhairghrANasaMyogo mithyAyogaH sa ucyate||126||
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इत्यसात्म्यार्थसंयोगस्त्रिविधो दोषकोपनः|
असात्म्यमिति तद्विद्याद्यन्न याति सहात्मताम्||१२७||
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ityasātmyārthasaṁyōgastrividhō dōṣakōpanaḥ|
asātmyamiti tadvidyādyanna yāti sahātmatām||127||

ityasAtmyArthasaMyogastrividho doShakopanaH|
asAtmyamiti tadvidyAdyanna yAti sahAtmatAm||127||
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
The auditory sense faculty is impaired by the hearing of excessively loud or low sound (even by not hearing excessively loud sound) or by the absolute non – utilization of this sense faculty. Auditory contact with sounds indicating roughness, terror, inauspiciousness, distate and misery constitute the wrong utilization of the auditory sense organ.

The tactual sense is impaired, briefly speaking by the nonutilization, excessive utilization, and inadequate utilization of the touchable (including massage, unction etc).

Untimely contact with poisonous germs, poisonous wind; unctuous, cold and hot substances constitute wrong utilization of tactual sensation.
Vision gets impaired by the excessive contact with dazzling objects or by contact with extremely subtle elements or by absolute nonutilization of visual faculty.

Visual contact with undesirable, terrific, despicable objects and objects placed at a distance or in close proximity constitutes the wrong utilization of visual faculty. Vision is also impaired by the contact of the visual faculty with faint objects.
Excessive intake, absence of intake, intake in utter disregard to the wholesomeness of addiction and inadequate intake of ''rasas'' (tastes) vitiate the gustatory faculty.

Olfactory faculty also gets impaired by the enjoyment of smells too mild and too sharp or by absolute nonutilization of this faculty.
Inhalation of the smell of putrified objects, germs and poisonous as well as unseasonal smells constitutes wrong utilization of olfactory faculty.

These are the three types of unwholesome contact of sense with their respective objects which aggravate the ''[[dosha]]s''. A thing which is not conducive to the body is regarded as asatmya or unwholesome and which becomes responsible to provoke all the ''[[dosha]]s''. [118-127]
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मिथ्यातिहीनयोगेभ्यो यो व्याधिरुपजायते|
शब्दादीनां स विज्ञेयो व्याधिरैन्द्रियको बुधैः||१२८||
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mithyātihīnayōgēbhyō yō vyādhirupajāyatē|
śabdādīnāṁ sa vijñēyō vyādhiraindriyakō budhaiḥ||128||

mithyAtihInayogebhyo yo vyAdhirupajAyate|
shabdAdInAM sa vij~jeyo vyAdhiraindriyako budhaiH||128||
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When a disease is caused by wrong utilization, excessive, utilization and inadequate utilization (non – utilization) of sense faculties, viz. auditory etc, it is known as ''Aindriyaka''(sensorial diseases) i.e. a disease caused by the impairment of senses. [128]
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वेदनानामशान्तानामित्येते [३] हेतवः स्मृताः|
सुखहेतुः समस्त्वेकः समयोगः सुदुर्लभः||१२९||
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vēdanānāmaśāntānāmityētē [3] hētavaḥ smr̥tāḥ|
sukhahētuḥ samastvēkaḥ samayōgaḥ sudurlabhaḥ||129||

vedanAnAmashAntAnAmityete [3] hetavaH smRutAH|
sukhahetuH samastvekaH samayogaH sudurlabhaH||129||
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
These are the causative factors of the diseases which do not subside easily. But for a blissful life or a life without misery i.e. ''samayoga'' i.e. very much proper contact of the sensory organ with their objects is needed though it is very difficult to keep in practice. These are the factors responsible for miseries. Equitable utilization (of time, intellect and objects of sense faculties) brings about happiness. This equitable utilization is difficult to attain. [129]
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=== Causes of happiness and miseries ===
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नेन्द्रियाणि न चैवार्थाः सुखदुःखस्य हेतवः|
हेतुस्तु सुखदुःखस्य योगो दृष्टश्चतुर्विधः||१३०||
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nēndriyāṇi na caivārthāḥ sukhaduḥkhasya hētavaḥ|
hētustu sukhaduḥkhasya yōgō dr̥ṣṭaścaturvidhaḥ||130||

nendriyANi na caivArthAH sukhaduHkhasya hetavaH|
hetustu sukhaduHkhasya yogo dRuShTashcaturvidhaH||130||
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सन्तीन्द्रियाणि सन्त्यर्था योगो न [१] च न चास्ति रुक्|
न सुखं, कारणं तस्माद्योग एव चतुर्वधः||१३१||
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santīndriyāṇi santyarthā yōgō na [1] ca na cāsti ruk|
na sukhaṁ, kāraṇaṁ tasmādyōga ēva caturvadhaḥ||131||

santIndriyANi santyarthA yogo na [1] ca na cAsti ruk|
na sukhaM, kAraNaM tasmAdyoga eva caturvadhaH||131||
</div></div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">
Neither the sense organs nor their objects alone can bring about happiness or miseries. The latter are in fact caused by the fourfold contacts mentioned above (viz., proper utilization, wrong utilization, excessive utilization and non-utilization). Even if there are sense organs and their objects present, there would be no disease, nor any happiness unless the fourfold combination is involved. So, this contact itself constitutes a causative factor for happiness and miseries. [130-131]
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नात्मेन्द्रियं मनो बुद्धिं गोचरं [१] कर्म वा विना|
सुखदुःखं, यथा यच्च बोद्धव्यं तत्तथोच्यते||१३२||
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nātmēndriyaṁ manō buddhiṁ gōcaraṁ [1] karma vā vinā|
sukhaduḥkhaṁ, yathā yacca bōddhavyaṁ tattathōcyatē||132||

nAtmendriyaM mano buddhiM gocaraM [1] karma vA vinA|
sukhaduHkhaM, yathA yacca boddhavyaM tattathocyate||132||
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
As a matter of fact, no happiness or misery can be caused without the soul, the sense organs, mind, intellect, objects of sense organs and results of past action/deeds. But in the context of the science of medicine, it is only the fourfold contact which is relevant as a causative factor of happiness and miseries, that is to say the wholesome contact is required to be adhered to and the unwholesome one to be given up for the maintenance of good health. [132]
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स्पर्शनेन्द्रियसंस्पर्शः स्पर्शो मानस एव च|
द्विविधः सुखदुःखानां वेदनानां प्रवर्तकः||१३३||
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sparśanēndriyasaṁsparśaḥ sparśō mānasa ēva ca|
dvividhaḥ sukhaduḥkhānāṁ vēdanānāṁ pravartakaḥ||133||

sparshanendriyasaMsparshaH sparsho mAnasa eva ca|
dvividhaH sukhaduHkhAnAM vedanAnAM pravartakaH||133||
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Tactual contact and mental contact are two types of contacts which bring about happiness and miseries. [133]
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इच्छाद्वेषात्मिका तृष्णा सुखदुःखात् प्रवर्तते|
तृष्णा च सुखदुःखानां कारणं पुनरुच्यते||१३४||
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icchādvēṣātmikā tr̥ṣṇā sukhaduḥkhāt pravartatē|
tr̥ṣṇā ca sukhaduḥkhānāṁ kāraṇaṁ punarucyatē||134||

icchAdveShAtmikA tRuShNA sukhaduHkhAt pravartate|
tRuShNA ca sukhaduHkhAnAM kAraNaM punarucyate||134||
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उपादत्ते हि सा भावान् वेदनाश्रयसञ्ज्ञकान्|
स्पृश्यते नानुपादाने नास्पृष्टो वेत्ति वेदनाः||१३५||
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upādattē hi sā bhāvān vēdanāśrayasañjñakān|
spr̥śyatē nānupādānē nāspr̥ṣṭō vētti vēdanāḥ||135||

upAdatte hi sA bhAvAn vedanAshrayasa~jj~jakAn|
spRushyate nAnupAdAne nAspRuShTo vetti vedanAH||135||
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
Happiness and miseries bring about desire in the form of likes and dislikes respectively. Then again this desire is responsible cause for happiness and miseries. It is desire which gathers several factors, which serve as substrata for happiness and misery. Unless such factors are gathered, there will be no contact whatsoever and there can be no happiness or miseries without such contacts (Cause for such type of contact is again [[purusha]]).[134-135]
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वेदनानामधिष्ठानं मनो देहश्च सेन्द्रियः|
केशलोमनखाग्रान्नमलद्रवगुणैर्विना||१३६||
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vēdanānāmadhiṣṭhānaṁ manō dēhaśca sēndriyaḥ|
kēśalōmanakhāgrānnamaladravaguṇairvinā||136||

vedanAnAmadhiShThAnaM mano dehashca sendriyaH|
keshalomanakhAgrAnnamaladravaguNairvinA||136||
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The mind and the body together with the sense organs exclusive of ''kesha'' (hair), ''loma'' (body hair), tip of the nail, ingested food, excreta, excretory fluids and objects of senses are the sites of manifestation of happiness and miseries. [136]

=== Importance of ''Yoga'' (union with self) ===
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योगे मोक्षे च सर्वासां वेदनानामवर्तनम्|
मोक्षे निवृत्तिर्निःशेषा योगो मोक्षप्रवर्तकः||१३७||
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yōgē mōkṣē ca sarvāsāṁ vēdanānāmavartanam|
mōkṣē nivr̥ttirniḥśēṣā yōgō mōkṣapravartakaḥ||137||

yoge mokShe ca sarvAsAM vedanAnAmavartanam|
mokShe nivRuttirniHsheShA yogo mokShapravartakaH||137||
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Recurrence of all sensation is checked through ''yoga'' and ''moksha''. The absolute eradication of sensation is attained through ''moksha''. The ''yoga'' is a means to attain ''moksha''. [137]
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आत्मेन्द्रियमनोर्थानां सन्निकर्षात् प्रवर्तते|
सुखदुःखमनारम्भादात्मस्थे मनसि स्थिरे||१३८||
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ātmēndriyamanōrthānāṁ sannikarṣāt pravartatē|
sukhaduḥkhamanārambhādātmasthē manasi sthirē||138||

AtmendriyamanorthAnAM sannikarShAt pravartate|
sukhaduHkhamanArambhAdAtmasthe manasi sthire||138||
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निवर्तते तदुभयं वशित्वं चोपजायते|
सशरीरस्य योगज्ञास्तं योगमृषयो विदुः||१३९||
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nivartatē tadubhayaṁ vaśitvaṁ cōpajāyatē|
saśarīrasya yōgajñāstaṁ yōgamr̥ṣayō viduḥ||139||

nivartate tadubhayaM vashitvaM copajAyate|
sasharIrasya yogaj~jAstaM yogamRuShayo viduH||139||
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
Happiness and miseries are felt due to the contact of the soul with the sense organs, mind and the objects of senses. Both these types of sensations disappear when the mind is concentrated and contained in the soul and the super natural powers in the mind and body are attained. This state is known as ''yoga'' according to sages well versed in this science. [138-139]
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आवेशश्चेतसो ज्ञानमर्थानां छन्दतः क्रिया|
दृष्टिः श्रोत्रं स्मृतिः कान्तिरिष्टतश्चाप्यदर्शनम्||१४०||
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āvēśaścētasō jñānamarthānāṁ chandataḥ kriyā|
dr̥ṣṭiḥ śrōtraṁ smr̥tiḥ kāntiriṣṭataścāpyadarśanam||140||

Aveshashcetaso j~jAnamarthAnAM chandataH kriyA|
dRuShTiH shrotraM smRutiH kAntiriShTatashcApyadarshanam||140||
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इत्यष्टविधमाख्यातं योगिनां बलमैश्वरम्|
शुद्धसत्त्वसमाधानात्तत् सर्वमुपजायते||१४१||
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ityaṣṭavidhamākhyātaṁ yōgināṁ balamaiśvaram|
śuddhasattvasamādhānāttat sarvamupajāyatē||141||

ityaShTavidhamAkhyAtaM yoginAM balamaishvaram|
shuddhasattvasamAdhAnAttat sarvamupajAyate||141||
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
(1) Entering others body, (2) thought reading (3) doing things at will, (4) Super natural vision (5) super natural audition (6) miraculous memory (7) uncommon brilliance and (8) invisibility when so desired – these are the eight supernatural powers attained by those who practice ''yoga''. All this is achieved through the purity of the mind. (free from ''[[rajas]]'' and ''[[tamas]]'') [140-141]
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=== ''Moksha'' (salvation) and means for its attainment===
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मोक्षो रजस्तमोऽभावात् बलवत्कर्मसङ्क्षयात्|
वियोगः सर्वसंयोगैरपुनर्भव उच्यते||१४२||
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mōkṣō rajastamō'bhāvāt balavatkarmasaṅkṣayāt|
viyōgaḥ sarvasaṁyōgairapunarbhava ucyatē||142||

mokSho rajastamo~abhAvAt balavatkarmasa~gkShayAt|
viyogaH sarvasaMyogairapunarbhava ucyate||142||
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
This is the stage of salvation in which there is detachment of ''sharira, [[manas]], [[indriya]]'' and ''[[Aatma]]''.
''Moksha'' or salvation is nothing but an absolute detachment of all contacts by virtue of absence of ''[[rajas]]'' and ''[[tamas]]'' in the mind and annihilation of effects of potent past actions/deeds. This is a state after which there is no more physical or mental contacts. Further there is no process of rebirth.[142]
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सतामुपासनं सम्यगसतां परिवर्जनम्|
व्रतचर्योपवासौ च नियमाश्च पृथग्विधाः||१४३||
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satāmupāsanaṁ samyagasatāṁ parivarjanam|
vratacaryōpavāsau ca niyamāśca pr̥thagvidhāḥ||143||

satAmupAsanaM samyagasatAM parivarjanam|
vratacaryopavAsau ca niyamAshca pRuthagvidhAH||143||
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धारणं धर्मशास्त्राणां विज्ञानं विजने रतिः|
विषयेष्वरतिर्मोक्षे व्यवसायः परा धृतिः||१४४||
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dhāraṇaṁ dharmaśāstrāṇāṁ vijñānaṁ vijanē ratiḥ|
viṣayēṣvaratirmōkṣē vyavasāyaḥ parā dhr̥tiḥ||144||

dhAraNaM dharmashAstrANAM vij~jAnaM vijane ratiH|
viShayeShvaratirmokShe vyavasAyaH parA dhRutiH||144||
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कर्मणामसमारम्भः कृतानां च परिक्षयः|
नैष्क्रम्यमनहङ्कारः [१] संयोगे भयदर्शनम्||१४५||
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karmaṇāmasamārambhaḥ kr̥tānāṁ ca parikṣayaḥ|
naiṣkramyamanahaṅkāraḥ [1] saṁyōgē bhayadarśanam||145||

karmaNAmasamArambhaH kRutAnAM ca parikShayaH|
naiShkramyamanaha~gkAraH [1] saMyoge bhayadarshanam||145||
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मनोबुद्धिसमाधानमर्थतत्त्वपरीक्षणम्|
तत्त्वस्मृतेरुपस्थानात् सर्वमेतत् प्रवर्तते||१४६||
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manōbuddhisamādhānamarthatattvaparīkṣaṇam|
tattvasmr̥tērupasthānāt sarvamētat pravartatē||146||

manobuddhisamAdhAnamarthatattvaparIkShaNam|
tattvasmRuterupasthAnAt sarvametat pravartate||146||
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The following serve as means to the attainment of ''moksha''.

# Due devotion to noble person;
# Shunning of the company of the wicked;
# Observing sacred vows and fast;
# Pursuit of the rules of good conduct;
# Compliance with scriptural prescriptions;
# Scriptural knowledge;
# Liking for lonely living;
# Detachment from the objects of senses;
# Striving for ''moksha'' (salvation);
# Absolute mental control;
# Abstinence from performing the acts(leading to any effect);
# Annihilation of the effects of past actions/deeds;
# Desire to get away from the worldly trap;
# Absence of egoistic disposition;
# Being afraid of contacts of the soul, the mind and the body;
# Concentration of the mind and intellect in the soul; and
# Review of spiritual facts.

All this can be attained by virtue of the constant remembering of the fact that the soul is different from the body, mind and senses and the latter has nothing to do with the former. [143-146]

=== [[Smriti]] (memory) ===
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स्मृतिः सत्सेवनाद्यैश्च धृत्यन्तैरुपजायते|
स्मृत्वा स्वभावं भावानां स्मरन् दुःखात् प्रमुच्यते||१४७||
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smr̥tiḥ satsēvanādyaiśca dhr̥tyantairupajāyatē|
smr̥tvā svabhāvaṁ bhāvānāṁ smaran duḥkhāt pramucyatē||147||

smRutiH satsevanAdyaishca dhRutyantairupajAyate|
smRutvA svabhAvaM bhAvAnAM smaran duHkhAt pramucyate||147||
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वक्ष्यन्ते कारणान्यष्टौ स्मृतिर्यैरुपजायते|
निमित्तरूपग्रहणात् सादृश्यात् सविपर्ययात्||१४८||
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vakṣyantē kāraṇānyaṣṭau smr̥tiryairupajāyatē|
nimittarūpagrahaṇāt sādr̥śyāt saviparyayāt||148||

vakShyante kAraNAnyaShTau smRutiryairupajAyate|
nimittarUpagrahaNAt sAdRushyAt saviparyayAt||148||
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सत्त्वानुबन्धादभ्यासाज्ज्ञानयोगात् पुनः श्रुतात्|
दृष्टश्रुतानुभूतानां स्मारणात् स्मृतिरुच्यते||१४९||
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sattvānubandhādabhyāsājjñānayōgāt punaḥ śrutāt|
dr̥ṣṭaśrutānubhūtānāṁ smāraṇāt smr̥tirucyatē||149||

sattvAnubandhAdabhyAsAjj~jAnayogAt punaH shrutAt|
dRuShTashrutAnubhUtAnAM smAraNAt smRutirucyate||149||
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A memory is nothing but the remembrance of things directly perceived, heard (from scriptures) or experienced earlier. The regimen prescribed in verses above, beginning with devotion to the noble persons and ending with absolute mental control (items 1-10) serve as an aid to good memory. If one only remembers the real nature of thing he gets rid of miseries.

The following are the eight factors that bring about a good memory:

# Knowledge of cause (of a thing and event etc.);
# Knowledge of form (e.g. after seeing ''gavaya'' in the forest one remembers a cow having a similar form);
# Knowledge of similarity (e.g. on seeing a son one remembers his father having similar form);
# Knowledge of contrast (e.g. having seen an ugly form one remembers a beautiful form);
# Concentration of mind;
# Practice;
# Attainment of metaphysical knowledge; and
# Subsequent repeated visualization and hearing (of a thing or an event). [147-149]
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एतत्तदेकमयनं मुक्तैर्मोक्षस्य दर्शितम्|
तत्त्वस्मृतिबलं, येन गता न पुनरागताः||१५०||
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ētattadēkamayanaṁ muktairmōkṣasya darśitam|
tattvasmr̥tibalaṁ, yēna gatā na punarāgatāḥ||150||

etattadekamayanaM muktairmokShasya darshitam|
tattvasmRutibalaM, yena gatA na punarAgatAH||150||
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अयनं पुनराख्यातमेतद्योगस्य योगिभिः|
सङ्ख्यातधर्मैः साङ्ख्यैश्च मुक्तैर्मोक्षस्य चायनम्||१५१||
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ayanaṁ punarākhyātamētadyōgasya yōgibhiḥ|
saṅkhyātadharmaiḥ sāṅkhyaiśca muktairmōkṣasya cāyanam||151|

ayanaM punarAkhyAtametadyogasya yogibhiH|
sa~gkhyAtadharmaiH sA~gkhyaishca muktairmokShasya cAyanam||151||
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
The power of metaphysical memory constitutes the best way of liberation, as shown by the liberated ones. Persons following this way do not get rebirth after death. This is again the best way to the attainment of ''yoga'' (communion with God) as well as ''moksha'' (salvation). This is what the ''yogins'', the virtous ones, the followers of the ''Sankhya'' system, and the liberated ones say. [150-151]
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सर्वं कारणवद्दुःखमस्वं चानित्यमेव च|
न चात्मकृतकं तद्धि तत्र चोत्पद्यते स्वता||१५२||
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sarvaṁ kāraṇavadduḥkhamasvaṁ cānityamēva ca|
na cātmakr̥takaṁ taddhi tatra cōtpadyatē svatā||152||

sarvaM kAraNavadduHkhamasvaM cAnityameva ca|
na cAtmakRutakaM taddhi tatra cotpadyate svatA||152||
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यावन्नोत्पद्यते सत्या बुद्धिर्नैतदहं यया|
नैतन्ममेति विज्ञाय ज्ञः सर्वमतिवर्तते||१५३||
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yāvannōtpadyatē satyā buddhirnaitadahaṁ yayā|
naitanmamēti vijñāya jñaḥ sarvamativartatē||153||

yAvannotpadyate satyA buddhirnaitadahaM yayA|
naitanmameti vij~jAya j~jaH sarvamativartate||153||
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
Any thing that has a cause constitutes misery; it is not one's own and ephemeral. It is not produced by the soul (''[[Aatma]]''); but one has got a feeling of its ownership until one has got a real knowledge to the effect that this is something different from him; and is not his own. As soon as one knows it, he gets rid of all miseries. [152-153]
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तस्मिंश्चरमसन्न्यासे समूलाः सर्ववेदनाः|
ससञ्ज्ञाज्ञानविज्ञाना [४] निवृत्तिं यान्त्यशेषतः||१५४||
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tasmiṁścaramasannyāsē samūlāḥ sarvavēdanāḥ|
sasañjñājñānavijñānā [4] nivr̥ttiṁ yāntyaśēṣataḥ||154||

tasmiMshcaramasannyAse samUlAH sarvavedanAH|
sasa~jj~jAj~jAnavij~jAnA [4] nivRuttiM yAntyasheShataH||154||
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As soon as the final renunciation in respect of all subsequent actions is attained, the very consciousness together with its final causes in the form of indeterminate, determinate or scriptural knowledge is completely eradicated. [154]

=== Process of knowledge of self ===
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अतः परं ब्रह्मभूतो भूतात्मा नोपलभ्यते|
निःसृतः सर्वभावेभ्यश्चिह्नं यस्य न विद्यते|
गतिर्ब्रह्मविदां ब्रह्म तच्चाक्षरमलक्षणम्।
ज्ञानं ब्रह्मविदां चात्र नाज्ञस्तज्ज्ञातुमर्हति||१५५||
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ataḥ paraṁ brahmabhūtō bhūtātmā nōpalabhyatē|
niḥsr̥taḥ sarvabhāvēbhyaścihnaṁ yasya na vidyatē|
jñānaṁ brahmavidāṁ cātra nājñastajjñātumarhati||155||

ataH paraM brahmabhUto bhUtAtmA nopalabhyate|
niHsRutaH sarvabhAvebhyashcihnaM yasya na vidyate|
j~jAnaM brahmavidAM cAtra nAj~jastajj~jAtumarhati||155||
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
Thereafter, one identifies himself with supreme soul and the [[Purusha]] ceases to exist. He is easily distinguishable form all other manifestations. He does not even leave any indication (inspiration, expiration etc.) of his existence. This is what those well versed in the ''bramajnana'' say. It is impossible for an ignorant person to know this. Later on when the soul (''jivatma'') attains the state of ''Brahma'' (supreme soul), then state of ''bhutatma'' get lost and this supreme soul gets detached by all associated factors and also gets freed from all those signs and symptoms of ''jeevatma'' (verses 70-72) . This is a state of ''bragyana'' which could be achieved by few intellectual one (''brahmgyani'') not by ignorant one. [155]
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===Summary===
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तत्र श्लोकः-
प्रश्नाः पुरुषमाश्रित्य त्रयोविंशतिरुत्तमाः|
कतिधापुरुषीयेऽस्मिन्निर्णीतास्तत्त्वदर्शिना||१५६||
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tatra ślōkaḥ-
praśnāḥ puruṣamāśritya trayōviṁśatiruttamāḥ|
katidhāpuruṣīyē'sminnirṇītāstattvadarśinā||156||

tatra shlokaH-
prashnAH puruShamAshritya trayoviMshatiruttamAH|
katidhApuruShIye~asminnirNItAstattvadarshinA||156||
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To sum up :
<div style="text-align:justify;">
In this chapter, the various constituents of the [[Purusha]] etc., conducive to the understanding of the human physiology, 23 important questions regarding the [[Purusha]] and the supreme soul have been answered by the enlightened Seer. [156]

== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==

# ''[[Purusha]]'' represents the element of consciousness, i.e. the soul, different from the body. This ''[[purusha]]'' plays an important role in formulating treatments for the eradication of miseries and attainment of salvation.
# The mind analyses sense objects on the basis of merits and demerits, their acceptability or otherwise, while ''ahamkara'' causes self attachment and finally ''[[buddhi]]'' takes decision whether they are acceptable or not. Charak describes senses composed of ''bhutas'' whereas ''samkhya'' mentions them as evolved from ''ahamkara''. This is the different view of [[Ayurveda]] based on its application in management. (21-24)
# Mind is an important entity involved in the process of knowledge. Knowledge of objects cannot be perceived if the mind is absent in the process. Atomicity and oneness are the two properties of mind. Mind controls itself as well as the five senses. The different objects of the mind are thought, consideration, hypothesis, attention and determination. The knowledge of the objects is perceived through the five senses in connection with mind. The advantages and disadvantages of the perceived objects are ascertained thereafter. Then the intellect decides the specific properties of the objects and individual acts accordingly. The chain of perception starts from the desire that arises with the ''[[purusha]]''. The important components of this chain are [[Aatma]], mind, five senses and objects. Any abnormality in this chain leads to nonperception or false knowledge. (18-25)
# ''[[Purusha]]'' is considered as the main causative factor. Occurrence of intelligence, ignorance, support, movement etc. is not possible without existence of ''[[purusha]]''. ''[[Purusha]]'' is the supporting element for truth, falsehood, food and bad actions. ''[[Purusha]]'' i.e. conscious element provides the utility value to other things. The cause of ''purusha'' can be proved by all ''pramanas''. The organs of living beings are different but the entity responsible for their action is one and the same and that is the soul. Therefore, apart from the body which is in the constant process of decay, soul is eternal and responsible for all the actions and also experiences the results of such deeds. (49-62)
# The supreme soul is without a beginning, but the ''rashipurusha'', which is a combination of 24 elements, is born due to the ignorant actions/deeds originated because of auspicious and inauspicious, and is therefore ephemeral. The twenty four elements are the combination of ''ashta [[prakriti]]'' and ''shodasha vikara''. ''Ashta [[prakriti]]'' comprises of the five subtle ''[[mahabhuta]]s, [[buddhi]], avyakta,'' and ''ahamkara''. ''Shodasha vikaras'' are five sense faculties (''jnanendriya''), five motor faculties (''karmendriya''), mind and five ''[[mahabhuta]]s''. The ''[[purusha]]'' along with the instruments of knowledge i.e. '';[[manas]], [[buddhi]], jnanendriya'' and ''karmendriya'' is responsible for the manifestation of things. (63-64)
# The process of evolution incorporates the chain of events that originate from [[avyakta]], [[avyakta]] produces [[buddhi]], [[buddhi]] produces [[ahamkara]], [[ahamkara]] produces the five subtle and five gross [[mahabhuta]]s, and (in the right sequence) and the bio-transformed five [[indriya]]s, constitute the [[Purusha]]. Thus, with this [[Purusha]] manifested in its entirety, the body (life) with its all constituents is said to be born (living life). Whereas during the process of dissolution the reverse changes take place. As a result of theses reverse changes the manifested one gets converted into the unmanifested one. Those who are afflicted with ''[[rajas]], [[tamas]]'' and have ego undergo the process of birth and death and rebirth. Others who are free of ''[[rajas]]'' and ''[[tamas]]'' and does not have ego are free from the cycle of birth, death and rebirth. (65-69)
# The soul is the source of consciousness and along with mind is responsible for all actions. As the mind does not have consciousness in spite of its involvement in all actions it is not held responsible for the actions. All the living beings themselves are responsible for their transmigration from one species/body to another. Though the soul is free to act, it can control the mind and get rid of the results of the actions of his own. As this soul with controlled mind pervades the entire universe it is considered Omni-prescient. But its contact with the mind makes him restricted with one body only. This soul becomes the sole witness of all actions performed. (70-85)
# A physician treats the diseases of past, present and future by different methods. The causative factors are responsible for the equilibrium and imbalance of ''[[dhatu]]s''. (86)
# A person indulges in various activities due to his desires. He subjects himself to good and bad effects of his actions leading to miseries. The miseries can be checked if the desires are ignored. The impairment of ''dhi, dhriti, [[smriti]],'' maturity of time and actions and unwholesome contact of senses with their objects leads to miseries. The diseases originated from temporal factors (''kalaja'') leads to geriatrics and death. These diseases are called as ''swabhavika roga'' and these diseases are irremediable. The other variety of ''roga'' is ''karmaja roga'' which are results of acts of past life. These disease, do not respond to any therapeutic measures. They are cured only after the results of past action are exhausted. One more variety of the disease is a indriyaka i.e. the diseases which are originated due to improper utilization of senses. So, proper utilization of time, intellect and senses bring about happiness, but this proper utilization is difficult to attain. (95-131)
# The ultimate cause of happiness and miseries is lust. All kinds of pain can be checked with the help of ''yoga'' and ''moksha''. ''Yoga'' leads to temporary loss of pain where as moksha leads to absolute eradication of all kinds of pain. As soon as the stage of ''yoga'' is disturbed, there will be recurrence of pain. ''Yoga'' is one of the means to attain ''moksha''. Both the sensations i.e. happiness and miseries disappear when mind is concentrated and contained in the soul. This stage is known as ''yoga'' and it gives eight super natural powers to the individual who has attained this stage. Absence of ''[[rajas]]'' and ''[[tamas]]'' in mind and reduction of the potent effects of past actions leads to absolute detachment i.e ''moksha''. To achieve the salvation, one has to always remember that soul and body are two different entities. Until and unless one acquires the real knowledge, i.e., ''satya buddhi'' he can not get rid of all miseries. A Person who follows all the means to achieve salvation do not return to this world and is permantly set free from all kinds of miseries. (134-146)

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==

Unlike the description of human anatomy in modern medical texts given as independent isolated structure, this chapter explains the anatomy and functioning of human mind and body in relation to the universe. Such connected relationship of humans with universe is the basis of pursuing the lifestyle to have disease free, productive and long life. The chapter directs to a lifestyle with connection to the source (consciousness), control of senses and conduciveness to the seasons by practicing ''yoga''.

=== Test for existence of mind and its importance in process of knowledge ===
One and the most important proof of existence of mind is materialization or otherwise of direct perception. The contact of mind with soul, sense organs with their objects consequently leads to understanding and knowledge of that particular object. The presence of mind can be inferred from presence or absence of knowledge. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 1/18-19] This is also one of the sign of functioning mind. It is most applicable test because mind plays great role in the chain of perception to knowledge and memory. The things are memorized only after proper attention and perception. Otherwise all goes in vain in absent minded people.

=== Attributes of mind ===

The mind is ''anu'' (subtle) and ''eka'' (unitary). [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 1/19] It is subtler than the subtlest and hence cannot be perceived by ordinary senses. This subtleness is the reason for limitation of modern psychiatry to define and conclude the exact structure of mind. It appears multiple in same individual due to variation in pertaining to perception of its own objects (''svartha''), motivation and perception of objects of senses (''indriyartha'') and its deposition. Similarly it takes various forms due to its contact with qualities like intelligence (''sattva''), arrogance (''[[rajas]]'') and Ignorance (''[[tamas]]''). But it is only one because it can motivate only one sense organ resulting in activation of only one organ at a time. Mind is not multiple because it cannot motivate and establish contact with all sense organs simultaneously. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 8/5] This quality again denotes the application of power of mind concentration to perceive things.

The other attribute of mind is its ''Chanchalatva'' (fickleness). It is one of the major obstacles in concentration and meditation.

=== Functions of mind (''karmani'') ===

Four important functions of mind (Cha.Sha.1/21)are described as:

# Control of Sense faculties (''Indriyabhigraha'')
# Self restraint (''Svasya Nigraha'')
# Speculation (''Uha'')
# Consideration and Thinking (''Vichara'')
## Control of Sense faculties (''Indriyabhigraha''):Mind is considered as the master motivator and controller of all sense organs. The sensations can be perceived only in active presence of mind. Thus mind is the driving force for perception of external world through cognitive senses.
## Self restraint (''Svasya nigraha''): None other can control activities of mind except mind itself. Thus mind is regulator and coordinator of its own activities. This function of self restraint has been implied widely in psychiatric treatments also. The ''Satvavajaya'' (victory over mind) [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 11/54] i.e. restraining mind from harmful objects is traditional form of psychotherapy which includes training of mind to avoid dangerous things. In practicing meditation also one has to have better control over activities of mind.
## Speculation (''Uha''): Guessing on the logical interpretations is speculation This is peculiar function of mind on the basis of which science stands, grows, new discoveries are made, and innovations are materialized. Speculation is applied in logical way to make a conjuncture about the possible outcome in a given situation.
## Consideration and Thinking (''Vichara''):This is another important function of mind applied almost in every decision made. This is the thinking power of mind to differentiate the things between right and wrong, correct or incorrect, useful or harmful etc. This power makes the man different from other animals.

=== Objects of Mind ===

In addition to functions, the objects of mind are also described [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana 1/20] viz. ''Chintya'' (cogitation), ''Vicharya'' (consideration of discrimination), ''Uhya'' (speculation and logical reasoning), ''Dhyeya'' (aiming), ''Sankalpya'' (conviction and determination).

[[Charak Samhita]] has described three reasons for occurrence of disease:

# Mistake of the intellect (''[[prajnaparadha]]'') by losing connection to the source (consciousness).
# Losing control of special senses.
# Not acting conducive to seasons and place.

==== ''[[Prajnaparadha]]'' (intellectual errors) ====

The description of ''[[prajnaparadha]]'' seems to work for cause as well as effect in the patho-physiology of stress. ''[[Prajnaparadha]]'' has been defined as the composite consequence of ''dhi, dhriti'' and ''[[smriti]] vibramsha''. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 1/98-101] This means it can affect the conscience, self-control and memory functioning of intellect. It is the root cause of all mental disorders such as passion, anger, fear, confusion, grief [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 7/52] as well as the ''karmaja'' and ''atmaja vyadhi''. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 7/21]

The improper actions caused by this intellectual error leads to vitiation of physical and mental ''[[dosha]]'' as follows:

# Forceful stimulation of natural urges and suppression of the manifested ones. This is applicable for both the physical ''sharira adharaniya'' ''vega'' and ''manas dharaniya vega'' (natural urges).
# Excess adventure beyond one’s capacity
# Excess indulgence in sexual act
# Negligence to seek treatment in time
# Initiation of action at improper time and improper acts
# Decrease in modesty and good conduct
# Disrespect to respectable persons
# Indulgence in harmful sensory activities
# Intake of harmful substances and addicting to the factors which can cause elation or even ''unmada''(insanity)
# Traveling at improper place in improper time
# Association with evil actions and persons involved in it
# Not following the daily, seasonal diet and lifestyle regimen described in the classics
#Indulgence in negative activities originated by envy, ego, fear, anger, intoxication, confusion.

==== Disturbance of intellectual functioning by ''[[Prajnaparadha]]'' ====

''Dhi'' (intellect), ''dhriti'' (self control or patience) and ''[[smriti]]'' (memory) can be considered as the three important functioning faculties, impairment of which leads to psychiatric disorders. The ''dhi''(intellect) normally views things as they really are and its impairment leads to viewing eternal things as ephemeral and something harmful as useful and vice versa. The ''dhi vibhramsha'' leads to indecisiveness of the person to discriminate between right and wrong things.

Due to impairment of patience mind indulging in various worldly enjoyments cannot be restrained from harmful objects. ''Dhriti vibhramsha'' results into lack of self control over activities. Normally memory contains everything memorable and if it is impaired due to overcoming by ''[[rajas]]'' and ''[[tamas]]'', the worthy things are not memorized leading to misconduct of the person. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 1/98-101] and ''[[smriti]] vibhramsha'' leads to decrease or improper recall, retention of things in memory.

The other two causative factors like ''parinama'' and ''asatmendriyartha samyoga'' are also equally important causes.

The ''parinama'' or time factor means not adapting the seasonal, diurnal changes as per physiological changes of ''[[dosha]]''. The changes related to age and death are also included in ''kala''.

''Asatmendriyartha samyoga'' is self explanatory term denoting improper indulgence in the unsuitable sensory activities. The activities are enlisted in detail in the chapter. In today’s era of modernization and technological dependence, the excess indulgence in use of sense organs shall be avoided.

Practicing ''yogic'' lifestyle negates above three factors which cause disease and thus prevents disease and gives healthy long life.
There are many disciplines of ''yoga'' described since Vedic period dating back 4000 to 5000 years. In the second century B.C. Patanjali outlined ''ashtanga yoga'' (eight limbs of ''yoga'') or ''raja yoga'' which is being recognized as the most common and practical in the current society.

Origin of the word ''yoga'' is from Sanskrit word ''yuj'' meaning “union” and represents union of mind, body, soul and spirit. As mentioned in the chapter, all started from pure being or ''purusha'' which is divine and state of perfection without any suffering because there is nothing material. ''[[Purusha]]'' creates ''[[prakriti]]'' which is all around us and we start relating to it and forget that our essence is ''[[purusha]]''. This continued relationship to ''[[prakriti]]'' is the cause for desires and expectations resulting in suffering. The realization of this comes through ''chitta'' which is feeling, centered in the heart and is evolution of consciousness.

In order to transcend this dichotomy, Patanjali described the following eight limbs of ''ashtanga yoga''.

The first two aspects are ''yama'' and ''niyama'' to create social and personal discipline in the society. The next two, ''asana'' and ''pranayama'' are to achieve physical and mental strength and stability.

''Pratyahara, dharana, dhyana'' and ''samadhi'' are to achieve ''moksha'' by detachment, focus, meditation and bliss. Each one of us has unique qualities and has different levels of existing skills provided by each of the limbs of ''yoga''. Therefore, some individuals may require a teacher or ''guru'' to give guidance in the early stages.

# ''Yamas'' (social restraints for relating to society) These are:
## ''Ahimsa'': We should not cause pain to others by thoughts, words and actions. Show kindness and thoughtfulness to others.
## ''Satya'': Truthfulness and honesty.
## ''Asteya'' or non-stealing: Tangible and intangible.
## ''Bramhacharya'': Control over senses, appropriate sexual behavior.
## ''Aparigraha'' or non hoarding: Taking from nature what is needed.
# ''Niyama'': (Personal restraints or conduct)
## ''Shaucha'': Physical and mental cleanliness or purity.
## ''Santosha'': Contentment
## ''Tapas'': Self discipline.
## ''Swadhyaya'': Self study
## ''Ishwara pranidhana'': Acceptance. Do karma and leave results to higher powers.
# ''Asanas'': Means steady and comfortable posture. Improves health, strength, balance and flexibility. On a deeper level it is a tool to calm the mind and move into the inner essence of being.
# ''Pranayama'': Directing the life force produces heat (''tapa'') and cleans the channels, strengthens the respiratory system, calms the mind to be able to concentrate and meditate.
# ''Pratyahara'': This is a stage when withdrawal of senses occurs due to break in the link between senses and the mind. It facilitates the next three limbs of ''yoga''.
# ''Dharana'': This is a stage of deep concentration of mind on one particular object, sound or thought and there is cultivation of inner awareness.
# ''Dhyana'' or meditation: This is the seventh step of ''yoga'' and during this stage there is deep awareness but no focus. There may be very few thoughts or no thoughts.
# ''Samadhi'': This is a stage of bliss where the subject and object merge as one. Person feels connected to all living beings and is at peace. Illusionary separation of “I” and “mine” is lost as mind does not distinguish between self and non-self.

All these have positive benefits to improve body-mind strength and harmony. Integrated ''yoga'' can be taught to normal participants without any harmful effects and it may reduce the negative affect and increase the positive affect within a week.
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Guduchi

2026-04-13T10:31:19Z

Agnivesha:

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|description=''Guduchi'' (गुडूची), commonly known as ' Giloy', is the Sanskrit name for the medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. & Thomson of the family.It holds a prominent place in [[Ayurveda]] as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenative) herb and is widely used for conditions such as fever, jaundice, musculoskeletal disorders, skin diseases, and metabolic ailments.
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Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia (WILLD.) HOOK.F. & THOMS.)

''Guduchi'' (गुडूची), commonly known as ' Giloy', is the Sanskrit name for the medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. & Thomson of the family Menispermaceae.<ref name="AYUSHDossier">{{Cite web |url=https://ayush.gov.in/resources/pdf/quality_standards/guduchi_Book-Dossier.pdf |title=Technical Dossier on - Guduchi |format=PDF |publisher=Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India |year=2019 |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> It holds a prominent place in [[Ayurveda]] as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenative) herb and is widely used for conditions such as fever, jaundice, musculoskeletal disorders, skin diseases, and metabolic ailments.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

{{Infobox
|title = Guduchi
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Guduchi
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Tinospora cordifolia (WILLD.) HOOK.F. & THOMS.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Menispermaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Deole Y.S., Thakkar R., Tanna J.
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]], Symbiohealth Foundation, India
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Heart leaved moonseed

== Botanical identity ==

The principal medicinal source of Guduchi is the stem of ''Tinospora cordifolia''.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/> The plant is a deciduous, climbing shrub with simple, heart‑shaped leaves and small, greenish flowers.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/> The genus ''Tinospora'' includes several species, and correct identification is important because some related species (e.g., ''Tinospora crispa'') have been implicated in hepatotoxicity reports.<ref name="LiverTox">Nnamani I, Tolu-Akinnawo O, Dufera RR, Akintunde A, Maliakkal B. Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/Giloy)-Induced Liver Injury: A Case Review. Cureus. 2023 May 31;15(5):e39793. doi: 10.7759/cureus.39793. PMID: 37273324; PMCID: PMC10238282.</ref>

For Ayurvedic purposes, the AYUSH technical dossier specifies that properly identified ''T. cordifolia'' stem should be used, warning against confusion with other ''Tinospora'' species that may occur in commercial supply.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

== Other botanical names/varieties ==

The following botanical names are accepted by Plants of the World Online as of January 2024.

* Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook.f. & Thomson
* Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr
* Tinospora arfakiana Becc.
* Tinospora baenzigeri Forman
* Tinopora bakis (A.Rich.)Miers
* Tinospora celebica Diels
* Tinopora dissitiflora (K.Schum. & Lauterb.) Diels
* Tinopora esiangkara (F.M..Bailey) Forman
* Tinospora formanii Udayan & Pradeep
* Tinospora fragosa (I.Verd.) I.Verd. & Troupin
* Tinospora glabra (Burm.f.)Merr.
* Tinospora glandulosa Merr.
* Tinospora guangxiensis H.S.Lo
* Tinospora hainanensis H.S.Lo &Z.X.Li
* Tinospora hirsuta (Becc.) Forman
* Tinospora homosepala Diels
* Tinospora macrocarpa Diels
* Tinospora merriliana Diels
* Tinospora neocaledonica Forman
* Tinospora nudiflora (Griff.) Kurz
* Tinospora orophila Troupin
* Tinospora palminervis Miers
* Tinospora siamensis Forman
* Tinospora smilacina Benth.
* Tinospora sumatrana Becc.
* Tinospora teijsmannii Boerl.
* Tinospora tenera Miers.
* Tinospora tinosporoides (F.Muell.) Forman
* Tinospora trilobata Diels.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Amruta, Madhuparni, Vayastha, Chhinnaruha, Vatsadini

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
Guduchi, Madhuparni, Amrita, Amritavallari, Chhinna, Chhinnaruha, Chhinnodbhava, Vatsadani, Jivanti, Tantrika, Soma, Somavalli, Kundali, Chakralakshanika, Dhira, Vishalya, Rasayani, Chandrahasa, Vayastha, Mandali, Devanirmita

==Anupana according to Dosha==
* '''Vata''' – Ghrita
* '''Pitta''' – Sharkara (Sugar)
* '''Kapha''' – Madhu (Honey)
* '''Vibandha''' (Constipation)– Guda (Jaggery)
* '''Vatarakta''' (Gout) – Eranda taila (Castor oil)
* '''Amavaata'''(Rhumatoid arthritis) – Shunthi (Ginger)

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Table 1: Properties of Guduchi
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Heavy (guru), Unctuous (snigdha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|}
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/12 || Asthapana
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/3 || Siddhatamachurnapradeha
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11) || Truptighnamahakashay
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18) || Stanyashodhanamahakashay
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(21) || Snehopagmahakashay
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(29) || Trishnanigrahanamahakashay
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41) || Dahaprashamanamahakashaya
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(49) || Prajasthapanamahakashaya
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) || Vayasthapanmahakashaya
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31
| Dravya for Nadi Sweda
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/22
| Management of obesity
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]27/4
|Natural qualities.
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/106
|Shaka Varga
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/49
|Veerya varnan
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139
|Madhur skanda
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143
|Tikta skandha
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]].8/56
|Kshira vishodhana dravya
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanartha
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/19
|Preparations of Trivritta
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/198
|Used as kwath or sheeta kashaya for trushna, deepana, doshapachana, jwar, aruchi and mukhavairasya.
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/202
|Used in trutiyaka jwara.
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/202
|Used in chaturthaka jwara.
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/211
|As an ingredient of shatyadi varga used in kasa, svasa, tandra,parshvashoola, hrdgraha and sannipata jwara.
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita.
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/247
|Used in niruha basti.
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/251
|Used in Patoladi niruha basti.
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|In formulation of Agurvadi taila.
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299
|Used as swarasa in Vishama jwara.
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/343
|Used in punaravrtaka jwara(Kirat tiktadi kwath)
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/29
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameh
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30
|Used for making decoction in Pittaja Prameha
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/124
|Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Vata-Kaphaja Kushtha
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/146
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|Ingredient in Mahakhadira Ghrita
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/72
|For Parisheka purpose
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/34
|Ingredient in Punarnavadyarishta
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/190
|Used in preparation of Panchama Kshara
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/63
|In Kamala Guduchi Swarasa should be given in early in the morning
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/134
|Used in Halimak Chikitsa
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/94
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
|Used as yavagu in hikka svasa
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/35
|As a ghrita dravya
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita.
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/31
|As a pana yoga in Pittaja chhardi.
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/35
|As a pathya ahara in kaphaja chhardi.
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/58
|For kashaya pana.
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/130
|Used in granthi visarpa.
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/45
|As a pana yoga.
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/70
|As an ingredient of Gandha hasti agada.
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/145
|Used as swarasa where pittaja madatyaya is associated with sarakta kasa, Parshvashoola, Stanashoola, Daaha & Hradayotkleda.
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/75
|Used in shoola with sneha & sarkara.
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/57
|Used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra.
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/70
|As an ingredient of Karpasmooladi yoga.
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/83
|As an ingredient of Haritakyadi Ghrita.
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/243
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti.
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/283
|Used in Vataja swarbheda.
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/148
|As an ingredient of Bala taila.
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/157
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila.
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/170
|As an ingredient of Vrushamuladi taila.
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/172
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/71
|Anupana of Drakshadi Ghrita.
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/73
|As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha.
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/92
|As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila.
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/103
|As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila.
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/117
|As an ingredient of Shatapaka Madhuparni taila.
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/53
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi ghrita, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni.
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/58
|For parishechana in yoni shula.
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/99
|Used in the treatment of Kaphaja pradara.
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/59
|As an ingredient of Guduchyadi taila, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni roga.
|-
|}

== Classical therapeutic uses ==

Guduchi is one of the most frequently cited herbs in Ayurvedic literature and is reported in formulations for a wide range of conditions, including:<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

Classical actions attributed to Guduchi include:<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

* Rasayana (rejuvenative)
* Dipana and Sangrahi (appetizing and absorbent)
* Vataraktahara and Amavataghni (useful in gout and rheumatoid‑like arthritis)
* Kamalahara (beneficial in jaundice and liver disorders)
* Kushtaghna (beneficial in skin diseases)
* Pramehaghna (beneficial in urinary and metabolic disorders)
* Jvara (fever), including irregular and chronic fevers
* Kamala (jaundice) and other hepatic and viral fevers
* Vatarakta and amavata (gout and rheumatoid‑like arthritis)
* Kasa (chronic cough)
* Prameha (Diabetes mellitus and metabolic disorders)
* Chardighna (anti‑emetic indications)

The AYUSH technical dossier notes that Guduchi appears in more than 2,400 Ayurvedic formulations across over 24 dosage forms, indicating its broad and enduring therapeutic role.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

== Parts used and dosage forms ==

In Ayurvedic practice, the mature stem is the primary part used for preparing Guduchi‑based medicines.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/> Common traditional dosage forms include:<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

* Churna (powder)
* Kwatha (decoction)
* Hima (cold infusion)
* Svarasa (fresh juice)
* Satva (starch preparation)
* Ghrita (medicated ghee)
* Taila (medicated oil)
* Gutika (tablets)

== Important Formulations ==

* Amritarishta
* Amritottara kvatha churna
* Guduchi Taila
* Guduchyadi churna
* Guduchi Sattva
* Chhinnodbhavadi kvatha churna
* Kaishora Guggulu
* Samshamani Vati

==Dose==

The AYUSH technical dossier cites typical dose ranges as:<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>
* 3–6 g of powder
* 20–30 g of coarse powder for decoction
* 125 mg–1000 mg of Guduchi sattva, taken with appropriate anupana (vehicle)

== Current availability==

Available

Through all over India extending from Himalayas to the Southern part of India.

Other countries: Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Burma, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand

== Current researches ==

== Chemical constituents ==

Modern phytochemical studies have identified more than 200 compounds in ''Tinospora cordifolia'' and related species, including diterpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoids, and phenolics.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview">Yates CR, Bruno EJ, Yates MED. Tinospora Cordifolia: A review of its immunomodulatory properties. J Diet Suppl. 2022;19(2):271-285. doi: 10.1080/19390211.2021.1873214. Epub 2021 Jan 22. PMID: 33480818.</ref> Key constituents reported in the literature include:<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>,<ref name="OnePlantManyRoles">Saha S, Ghosh S. Tinospora cordifolia: One plant, many roles. Anc Sci Life. 2012 Apr;31(4):151-9. doi: 10.4103/0257-7941.107344. PMID: 23661861; PMCID: PMC3644751</ref>

* Clerodane‑type diterpenoids
* Cordifolioside A and tinosporaside (used as assay markers)
* Alkaloids such as magnoflorine and berberine‑like compounds
* Diterpenoid lactones and glycosides

These constituents are thought to contribute to the herb’s bitter taste, immunomodulatory, anti‑inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/>

== Pharmacological actions ==

Experimental studies, including in vitro and animal models, support several pharmacological activities of Guduchi extracts.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/><ref name="OnePlantManyRoles"/>

* Immunomodulatory effects: Modulation of immune cell function and cytokine pathways.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/>
* Anti‑inflammatory effects: Reduction of pro‑inflammatory cytokines such as TNF‑α and IL‑1β.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/><ref name="ScientificReports2019">{{Cite Ghatpande NS, Misar AV, Waghole RJ, Jadhav SH, Kulkarni PP. Tinospora cordifolia protects against inflammation associated anemia by modulating inflammatory cytokines and hepcidin expression in male Wistar rats. Sci Rep. 2019 Jul 29;9(1):10969. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47458-0. PMID: 31358831; PMCID: PMC6662690}}</ref>
* Antioxidant activity: Scavenging of free radicals and reduction of oxidative stress.<ref name="OnePlantManyRoles"/>
* Antipyretic and analgesic activity in fever‑like models.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/>

Some studies also report hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, and anti‑arthritic‑like effects, although the exact mechanisms and clinical relevance remain under investigation.<ref name="OnePlantManyRoles"/><ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/>

== Metabolic and endocrine research ==

Recent reviews suggest that Guduchi may have beneficial effects on diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and related features of metabolic syndrome.<ref name="MetabolicReview2025">{{Mansouri M, Imenshahidi M, Rameshrad M, Hosseinzadeh H. Effects of Tinospora cordifolia (giloy) on metabolic syndrome components: a mechanistic review. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025 May;398(5):4979-5009. doi: 10.1007/s00210-024-03642-2. Epub 2024 Dec 28. PMID: 39731594.}}</ref> Anti‑diabetic and antihyperglycemic actions have been reported in animal models and some small human studies, including a randomized trial in diabetic dyslipidemia showing improvement in lipid profile, inflammatory markers, and metabolic‑syndrome prevalence with Guduchi‑stem supplementation.<ref name="DiabeticDyslipidemiaRCT">{{Cite journal |year=2024 |title=Tinospora cordifolia stem supplementation in diabetic dyslipidemia: an open‑labelled randomized controlled trial |journal=International Journal of Research and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=15 |issue=12 |pages=100–107 |url=https://ffhdj.com/index.php/ffhd/article/view/208}}</ref>

However, the overall evidence base still relies heavily on preclinical data and heterogeneous herbal preparations rather than standardized, large‑scale randomized trials.<ref name="MetabolicReview2025"/>

== Musculoskeletal and inflammatory conditions ==

Guduchi is traditionally used for vatarakta and amavata, conditions resembling gout and rheumatoid arthritis.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/> Preclinical studies in arthritis models show that ''T. cordifolia'' extracts can reduce inflammatory mediators and markers of joint destruction, supporting its traditional anti‑arthritic use.<ref name="Arthritis2015">{{Cite journal |last=Sannegowda |first=K. M. |year=2015 |title=Tinospora cordifolia inhibits autoimmune arthritis by regulating key immune mediators of inflammation and bone damage |journal=International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=521–531 |doi=10.1177/0394632015608248 |pmid=26467057}}</ref>

However, the evidence is still preliminary, and current data justify Guduchi mainly as a potential adjunct to conventional therapy rather than as a standalone monotherapy for chronic inflammatory joint disease.<ref name="Arthritis2015"/>

== Safety and hepatotoxicity ==

In recent years, several case reports and reviews have described herb‑induced liver injury associated with Guduchi or ''Tinospora''‑containing products.<ref name="LiverTox"/>,<ref name="PMC2021LiverInjury">Björnsson ES, Navarro VJ, Chalasani N. Liver Injury Following Tinospora Cordifolia Consumption: Drug-Induced AIH, or de novo AIH? J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2022 Jan-Feb;12(1):6-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.11.014. Epub 2021 Nov 29. PMID: 35068778; PMCID: PMC8766689.</ref>

The NIH LiverTox resource notes that Guduchi‑associated liver injury can range from mild elevation of liver enzymes to clinically significant hepatitis and, rarely, acute liver failure, with some cases showing autoimmune‑like features.<ref name="LiverTox"/> Many cases occur in patients with pre‑existing liver disease or autoimmune predisposition and may be idiosyncratic or immune‑mediated.<ref name="LiverTox"/>

The AYUSH technical dossier highlights that many published liver injury reports lack detailed baseline documentation and may mix different species and preparations, underscoring the need for careful botanical identification, product quality control, and medical supervision, especially in patients with pre‑existing liver conditions.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

== Current research trends ==

PubMed‑based trend analyses indicate a substantial increase in publications on Guduchi, rising from several hundred articles in the early 2010s to over 900 indexed studies by 2024, reflecting growing scientific interest.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/> This growth reflects heightened scientific and public interest but does not, by itself, equate to high‑quality clinical evidence.<ref name="MetabolicReview2025"/>

Most of the current evidence is from preclinical studies, mechanistic investigations, small trials, and narrative reviews; large, well‑designed randomized controlled trials are still limited.<ref name="MetabolicReview2025"/>

== Clinical position ==

From an Ayurvedic perspective, Guduchi is regarded as a classical Rasayana with broad therapeutic indications, supported by long‑standing clinical experience.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/><ref name="OnePlantManyRoles"/> From a modern evidence‑based medicine standpoint, it is best viewed as a promising but not yet fully established botanical agent for conditions such as metabolic syndrome, certain inflammatory disorders, and liver and immune‑mediated conditions.<ref name="MetabolicReview2025"/>

Use in clinical practice should emphasize:<ref name="LiverTox"/><ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

* Accurate botanical identification and use of standardized preparations
* Caution in patients with liver disease or autoimmunity
* Integration with, rather than substitution for, established medical therapies

=== Indian Medicinal Plant Database, Phytochemistry And Therapeutics (IMPPAT) ===

Link: https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Tinospora%20crispa

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

This article is under development ..

==References==

Talk:Guduchi

2026-04-13T10:22:10Z

Agnivesha:

Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia (WILLD.) HOOK.F. & THOMS.)

''Guduchi'' (गुडूची), commonly known as ' Giloy', is the Sanskrit name for the medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. & Thomson of the family [[Menispermaceae]].<ref name="AYUSHDossier">{{Cite web |url=https://ayush.gov.in/resources/pdf/quality_standards/guduchi_Book-Dossier.pdf |title=Technical Dossier on - Guduchi |format=PDF |publisher=Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India |year=2019 |access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> It holds a prominent place in [[Ayurveda]] as a [[Rasayana]] (rejuvenative) herb and is widely used for conditions such as fever, jaundice, musculoskeletal disorders, skin diseases, and metabolic ailments.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

{{Infobox
|title = Guduchi
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = Herb database/Guduchi
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Tinospora cordifolia (WILLD.) HOOK.F. & THOMS.
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Menispermaceae
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = Deole Y.S.
|label6 = Year of publication
|data6 = 2026
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]], Symbiohealth Foundation, India
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = Awaited
}}

==English name ==

Heart leaved moonseed

== Botanical identity ==

The principal medicinal source of Guduchi is the stem of ''Tinospora cordifolia''.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/> The plant is a deciduous, climbing shrub with simple, heart‑shaped leaves and small, greenish flowers.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/> The genus ''Tinospora'' includes several species, and correct identification is important because some related species (e.g., ''Tinospora crispa'') have been implicated in hepatotoxicity reports.<ref name="LiverTox">Nnamani I, Tolu-Akinnawo O, Dufera RR, Akintunde A, Maliakkal B. Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/Giloy)-Induced Liver Injury: A Case Review. Cureus. 2023 May 31;15(5):e39793. doi: 10.7759/cureus.39793. PMID: 37273324; PMCID: PMC10238282.</ref>

For Ayurvedic purposes, the AYUSH technical dossier specifies that properly identified ''T. cordifolia'' stem should be used, warning against confusion with other ''Tinospora'' species that may occur in commercial supply.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

== Other botanical names/varieties ==

The following botanical names are accepted by Plants of the World Online as of January 2024.

* Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook.f. & Thomson
* Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr
* Tinospora arfakiana Becc.
* Tinospora baenzigeri Forman
* Tinopora bakis (A.Rich.)Miers
* Tinospora celebica Diels
* Tinopora dissitiflora (K.Schum. & Lauterb.) Diels
* Tinopora esiangkara (F.M..Bailey) Forman
* Tinospora formanii Udayan & Pradeep
* Tinospora fragosa (I.Verd.) I.Verd. & Troupin
* Tinospora glabra (Burm.f.)Merr.
* Tinospora glandulosa Merr.
* Tinospora guangxiensis H.S.Lo
* Tinospora hainanensis H.S.Lo &Z.X.Li
* Tinospora hirsuta (Becc.) Forman
* Tinospora homosepala Diels
* Tinospora macrocarpa Diels
* Tinospora merriliana Diels
* Tinospora neocaledonica Forman
* Tinospora nudiflora (Griff.) Kurz
* Tinospora orophila Troupin
* Tinospora palminervis Miers
* Tinospora siamensis Forman
* Tinospora smilacina Benth.
* Tinospora sumatrana Becc.
* Tinospora teijsmannii Boerl.
* Tinospora tenera Miers.
* Tinospora tinosporoides (F.Muell.) Forman
* Tinospora trilobata Diels.

== Synonyms in Charak Samhita==

Amruta, Madhuparni, Vayastha, Chhinnaruha, Vatsadini

== Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu ==
Guduchi, Madhuparni, Amrita, Amritavallari, Chhinna, Chhinnaruha, Chhinnodbhava, Vatsadani, Jivanti, Tantrika, Soma, Somavalli, Kundali, Chakralakshanika, Dhira, Vishalya, Rasayani, Chandrahasa, Vayastha, Mandali, Devanirmita

==Anupana according to Dosha==
* '''Vata''' – Ghrita
* '''Pitta''' – Sharkara (Sugar)
* '''Kapha''' – Madhu (Honey)
* '''Vibandha''' (Constipation)– Guda (Jaggery)
* '''Vatarakta''' (Gout) – Eranda taila (Castor oil)
* '''Amavaata'''(Rhumatoid arthritis) – Shunthi (Ginger)

== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Table 1: Properties of Guduchi
|-
! Sr.no. !! Pharmacological criteria !! Properties
|-
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]]) || Bitter (tikta), Astringent (kashaya)
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
|-
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Heavy (guru), Unctuous (snigdha)
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]
|}
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Herbs and their activities
|-
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity
|-
| 1 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/12 || Asthapana
|-
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 3/3 || Siddhatamachurnapradeha
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11) || Truptighnamahakashay
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18) || Stanyashodhanamahakashay
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(21) || Snehopagmahakashay
|-
| 6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(29) || Trishnanigrahanamahakashay
|-
| 7 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(41) || Dahaprashamanamahakashaya
|-
| 8 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(49) || Prajasthapanamahakashaya
|-
| 9 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(50) || Vayasthapanmahakashaya
|-
| 10 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 14/31
| Dravya for Nadi Sweda
|-
| 11 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 21/22
| Management of obesity
|-
|12
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40
|Agrya Sangraha
|-
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]]27/4
|Natural qualities.
|-
|14
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/106
|Shaka Varga
|-
|15
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/49
|Veerya varnan
|-
|16
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani
|-
|17
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/139
|Madhur skanda
|-
|18
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/143
|Tikta skandha
|-
|19
|Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]].8/56
|Kshira vishodhana dravya
|-
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 1/22
|Vamanartha
|-
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/19
|Preparations of Trivritta
|-
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/198
|Used as kwath or sheeta kashaya for trushna, deepana, doshapachana, jwar, aruchi and mukhavairasya.
|-
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/202
|Used in trutiyaka jwara.
|-
|24
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/202
|Used in chaturthaka jwara.
|-
|25
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/211
|As an ingredient of shatyadi varga used in kasa, svasa, tandra,parshvashoola, hrdgraha and sannipata jwara.
|-
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/222
|As an ingredient of Vasadi Ghrita.
|-
|27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/247
|Used in niruha basti.
|-
|28
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/251
|Used in Patoladi niruha basti.
|-
|29
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|In formulation of Agurvadi taila.
|-
|30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/299
|Used as swarasa in Vishama jwara.
|-
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/343
|Used in punaravrtaka jwara(Kirat tiktadi kwath)
|-
|32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/29
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameh
|-
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30
|Used for making decoction in Pittaja Prameha
|-
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/124
|Bahyaprayogarth Lepa in Vata-Kaphaja Kushtha
|-
|36
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/146
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/153
|Ingredient in Mahakhadira Ghrita
|-
|38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/72
|For Parisheka purpose
|-
|39
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/25
|In treatment of Vataja Shvayathu
|-
|40
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/34
|Ingredient in Punarnavadyarishta
|-
|41
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/190
|Used in preparation of Panchama Kshara
|-
|42
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/63
|In Kamala Guduchi Swarasa should be given in early in the morning
|-
|43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/134
|Used in Halimak Chikitsa
|-
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/94
|Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa
|-
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/102
|Used as yavagu in hikka svasa
|-
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/35
|As a ghrita dravya
|-
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/161
|As an ingredient of guduchyadi ghrita.
|-
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/31
|As a pana yoga in Pittaja chhardi.
|-
|49
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/35
|As a pathya ahara in kaphaja chhardi.
|-
|50
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/58
|For kashaya pana.
|-
|51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/130
|Used in granthi visarpa.
|-
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 22/45
|As a pana yoga.
|-
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/70
|As an ingredient of Gandha hasti agada.
|-
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/145
|Used as swarasa where pittaja madatyaya is associated with sarakta kasa, Parshvashoola, Stanashoola, Daaha & Hradayotkleda.
|-
|55
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/75
|Used in shoola with sneha & sarkara.
|-
|56
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/57
|Used in Kaphaja mutrakruchhra.
|-
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/70
|As an ingredient of Karpasmooladi yoga.
|-
|58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/83
|As an ingredient of Haritakyadi Ghrita.
|-
|59
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/243
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti.
|-
|60
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/283
|Used in Vataja swarbheda.
|-
|61
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/148
|As an ingredient of Bala taila.
|-
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/157
|As an ingredient of Amrutadi taila.
|-
|63
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/170
|As an ingredient of Vrushamuladi taila.
|-
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/172
|As an ingredient of Mulaka taila.
|-
|65
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/71
|Anupana of Drakshadi Ghrita.
|-
|66
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/73
|As an ingredient of Jeevakadi mahasneha.
|-
|67
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/92
|As an ingredient of Madhuparnyadi taila.
|-
|68
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/103
|As an ingredient of Amrutadhya taila.
|-
|69
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 29/117
|As an ingredient of Shatapaka Madhuparni taila.
|-
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/53
|As an ingredient of Kashmaryadi ghrita, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni.
|-
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/58
|For parishechana in yoni shula.
|-
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/99
|Used in the treatment of Kaphaja pradara.
|-
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/59
|As an ingredient of Guduchyadi taila, used in the treatment of Vataja yoni roga.
|-
|}

== Classical therapeutic uses ==

Guduchi is one of the most frequently cited herbs in Ayurvedic literature and is reported in formulations for a wide range of conditions, including:<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

Classical actions attributed to Guduchi include:<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

* Rasayana (rejuvenative)
* Dipana and Sangrahi (appetizing and absorbent)
* Vataraktahara and Amavataghni (useful in gout and rheumatoid‑like arthritis)
* Kamalahara (beneficial in jaundice and liver disorders)
* Kushtaghna (beneficial in skin diseases)
* Pramehaghna (beneficial in urinary and metabolic disorders)
* Jvara (fever), including irregular and chronic fevers
* Kamala (jaundice) and other hepatic and viral fevers
* Vatarakta and amavata (gout and rheumatoid‑like arthritis)
* Kasa (chronic cough)
* Prameha (Diabetes mellitus and metabolic disorders)
* Chardighna (anti‑emetic indications)

The AYUSH technical dossier notes that Guduchi appears in more than 2,400 Ayurvedic formulations across over 24 dosage forms, indicating its broad and enduring therapeutic role.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

== Parts used and dosage forms ==

In Ayurvedic practice, the mature stem is the primary part used for preparing Guduchi‑based medicines.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/> Common traditional dosage forms include:<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

* Churna (powder)
* Kwatha (decoction)
* Hima (cold infusion)
* Svarasa (fresh juice)
* Satva (starch preparation)
* Ghrita (medicated ghee)
* Taila (medicated oil)
* Gutika (tablets)

== Important Formulations ==

* Amritarishta
* Amritottara kvatha churna
* Guduchi Taila
* Guduchyadi churna
* Guduchi Sattva
* Chhinnodbhavadi kvatha churna
* Kaishora Guggulu
* Samshamani Vati

==Dose==

The AYUSH technical dossier cites typical dose ranges as:<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>
* 3–6 g of powder
* 20–30 g of coarse powder for decoction
* 125 mg–1000 mg of Guduchi sattva, taken with appropriate anupana (vehicle)

== Current availability==

Available

Through all over India extending from Himalayas to the Southern part of India.

Other countries: Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Burma, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand

== Current researches ==

== Chemical constituents ==

Modern phytochemical studies have identified more than 200 compounds in ''Tinospora cordifolia'' and related species, including diterpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoids, and phenolics.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview">Yates CR, Bruno EJ, Yates MED. Tinospora Cordifolia: A review of its immunomodulatory properties. J Diet Suppl. 2022;19(2):271-285. doi: 10.1080/19390211.2021.1873214. Epub 2021 Jan 22. PMID: 33480818.</ref> Key constituents reported in the literature include:<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>,<ref name="OnePlantManyRoles">Saha S, Ghosh S. Tinospora cordifolia: One plant, many roles. Anc Sci Life. 2012 Apr;31(4):151-9. doi: 10.4103/0257-7941.107344. PMID: 23661861; PMCID: PMC3644751</ref>

* Clerodane‑type diterpenoids
* Cordifolioside A and tinosporaside (used as assay markers)
* Alkaloids such as magnoflorine and berberine‑like compounds
* Diterpenoid lactones and glycosides

These constituents are thought to contribute to the herb’s bitter taste, immunomodulatory, anti‑inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/>

== Pharmacological actions ==

Experimental studies, including in vitro and animal models, support several pharmacological activities of Guduchi extracts.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/><ref name="OnePlantManyRoles"/>

* Immunomodulatory effects: Modulation of immune cell function and cytokine pathways.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/>
* Anti‑inflammatory effects: Reduction of pro‑inflammatory cytokines such as TNF‑α and IL‑1β.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/><ref name="ScientificReports2019">{{Cite Ghatpande NS, Misar AV, Waghole RJ, Jadhav SH, Kulkarni PP. Tinospora cordifolia protects against inflammation associated anemia by modulating inflammatory cytokines and hepcidin expression in male Wistar rats. Sci Rep. 2019 Jul 29;9(1):10969. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47458-0. PMID: 31358831; PMCID: PMC6662690}}</ref>
* Antioxidant activity: Scavenging of free radicals and reduction of oxidative stress.<ref name="OnePlantManyRoles"/>
* Antipyretic and analgesic activity in fever‑like models.<ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/>

Some studies also report hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, and anti‑arthritic‑like effects, although the exact mechanisms and clinical relevance remain under investigation.<ref name="OnePlantManyRoles"/><ref name="ImmunomodulatoryReview"/>

== Metabolic and endocrine research ==

Recent reviews suggest that Guduchi may have beneficial effects on diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and related features of metabolic syndrome.<ref name="MetabolicReview2025">{{Mansouri M, Imenshahidi M, Rameshrad M, Hosseinzadeh H. Effects of Tinospora cordifolia (giloy) on metabolic syndrome components: a mechanistic review. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025 May;398(5):4979-5009. doi: 10.1007/s00210-024-03642-2. Epub 2024 Dec 28. PMID: 39731594.}}</ref> Anti‑diabetic and antihyperglycemic actions have been reported in animal models and some small human studies, including a randomized trial in diabetic dyslipidemia showing improvement in lipid profile, inflammatory markers, and metabolic‑syndrome prevalence with Guduchi‑stem supplementation.<ref name="DiabeticDyslipidemiaRCT">{{Cite journal |year=2024 |title=Tinospora cordifolia stem supplementation in diabetic dyslipidemia: an open‑labelled randomized controlled trial |journal=International Journal of Research and Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=15 |issue=12 |pages=100–107 |url=https://ffhdj.com/index.php/ffhd/article/view/208}}</ref>

However, the overall evidence base still relies heavily on preclinical data and heterogeneous herbal preparations rather than standardized, large‑scale randomized trials.<ref name="MetabolicReview2025"/>

== Musculoskeletal and inflammatory conditions ==

Guduchi is traditionally used for vatarakta and amavata, conditions resembling gout and rheumatoid arthritis.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/> Preclinical studies in arthritis models show that ''T. cordifolia'' extracts can reduce inflammatory mediators and markers of joint destruction, supporting its traditional anti‑arthritic use.<ref name="Arthritis2015">{{Cite journal |last=Sannegowda |first=K. M. |year=2015 |title=Tinospora cordifolia inhibits autoimmune arthritis by regulating key immune mediators of inflammation and bone damage |journal=International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=521–531 |doi=10.1177/0394632015608248 |pmid=26467057}}</ref>

However, the evidence is still preliminary, and current data justify Guduchi mainly as a potential adjunct to conventional therapy rather than as a standalone monotherapy for chronic inflammatory joint disease.<ref name="Arthritis2015"/>

== Safety and hepatotoxicity ==

In recent years, several case reports and reviews have described herb‑induced liver injury associated with Guduchi or ''Tinospora''‑containing products.<ref name="LiverTox"/>,<ref name="PMC2021LiverInjury">Björnsson ES, Navarro VJ, Chalasani N. Liver Injury Following Tinospora Cordifolia Consumption: Drug-Induced AIH, or de novo AIH? J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2022 Jan-Feb;12(1):6-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.11.014. Epub 2021 Nov 29. PMID: 35068778; PMCID: PMC8766689.</ref>

The NIH LiverTox resource notes that Guduchi‑associated liver injury can range from mild elevation of liver enzymes to clinically significant hepatitis and, rarely, acute liver failure, with some cases showing autoimmune‑like features.<ref name="LiverTox"/> Many cases occur in patients with pre‑existing liver disease or autoimmune predisposition and may be idiosyncratic or immune‑mediated.<ref name="LiverTox"/>

The AYUSH technical dossier highlights that many published liver injury reports lack detailed baseline documentation and may mix different species and preparations, underscoring the need for careful botanical identification, product quality control, and medical supervision, especially in patients with pre‑existing liver conditions.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

== Current research trends ==

PubMed‑based trend analyses indicate a substantial increase in publications on Guduchi, rising from several hundred articles in the early 2010s to over 900 indexed studies by 2024, reflecting growing scientific interest.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/> This growth reflects heightened scientific and public interest but does not, by itself, equate to high‑quality clinical evidence.<ref name="MetabolicReview2025"/>

Most of the current evidence is from preclinical studies, mechanistic investigations, small trials, and narrative reviews; large, well‑designed randomized controlled trials are still limited.<ref name="MetabolicReview2025"/>

== Clinical position ==

From an Ayurvedic perspective, Guduchi is regarded as a classical Rasayana with broad therapeutic indications, supported by long‑standing clinical experience.<ref name="AYUSHDossier"/><ref name="OnePlantManyRoles"/> From a modern evidence‑based medicine standpoint, it is best viewed as a promising but not yet fully established botanical agent for conditions such as metabolic syndrome, certain inflammatory disorders, and liver and immune‑mediated conditions.<ref name="MetabolicReview2025"/>

Use in clinical practice should emphasize:<ref name="LiverTox"/><ref name="AYUSHDossier"/>

* Accurate botanical identification and use of standardized preparations
* Caution in patients with liver disease or autoimmunity
* Integration with, rather than substitution for, established medical therapies

=== Indian Medicinal Plant Database, Phytochemistry And Therapeutics (IMPPAT) ===

Link: https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Tinospora%20crispa

[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]

This article is under development ..

==References==