Charak Samhita - Recent changes [en]

Guggulu

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Identification Characters

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:19, 28 July 2026
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	==Identification Characters==		==Identification Characters==
	1. Nava Guggulu		1. '''Nava Guggulu (newly collected)'''
	* '''Snigdha''' – Unctuous, oily		* '''Snigdha''' – Unctuous, oily
	* '''Kanchana Sankasha''' – has golden yellow shine		* '''Kanchana Sankasha''' – has golden yellow shine
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	* '''Sugandhi''' – has a good aroma		* '''Sugandhi''' – has a good aroma
	* '''Picchila''' – Sticky, Slimy		* '''Picchila''' – Sticky, Slimy
	2. Purana Guggulu		2. '''Purana Guggulu (old/stored)'''
	'		* '''Shushka – Dry'''
	* ''Shushka''' ~~– Dry~~
	* '''Durgandha''' – foul smelling		* '''Durgandha''' – foul smelling
	* '''Tyaktaprakruti varna''' – will not have its original colour and nature.		* '''Tyaktaprakruti varna''' – will not have its original colour and nature.
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	[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical-detailedpage/IMPHY008908 IMPPAT database]		[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical-detailedpage/IMPHY008908 IMPPAT database]

	[[~~index~~.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\| Herbs]]		[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\| Herbs]]

Herbs details

Agnivesha — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 07:19:10 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:19, 28 July 2026
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	# [[Haridra]]		# [[Haridra]]
	# [[Arjuna]]		# [[Arjuna]]
			# [[Guggulu]]
	{\| class="wikitable sortable"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"
	\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita		\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
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	\| 70 \|\| Khadira \|\| \|\| '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''		\| 70 \|\| Khadira \|\| \|\| '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 71 \|\| Guggulu \|\| \|\| '''Balsamodendron mukul Hook.'''		\| 71 \|\| [[Guggulu]]\|\| \|\| '''[[Guggulu\|Commiphora/Balsamodendron mukul Hook.]]'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 72 \|\| Gunja \|\| \|\| '''Abrus precatorius L.'''		\| 72 \|\| Gunja \|\| \|\| '''Abrus precatorius L.'''

Guggulu

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Herbs details

Agnivesha — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 06:14:14 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:14, 28 July 2026
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	# [[Shatavari]]		# [[Shatavari]]
	# [[Haridra]]		# [[Haridra]]
			# [[Arjuna]]
	{\| class="wikitable sortable"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"
	\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita		\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
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	\| 15 \|\| Arjaka \|\| Barbari,Sheta tulasi \|\| '''Ocimum gratissimum L.'''		\| 15 \|\| Arjaka \|\| Barbari,Sheta tulasi \|\| '''Ocimum gratissimum L.'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 16 \|\| Arjuna \|\| Indradru,Nadisarja,Dhavala,Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, \|\| '''Terminalia Arjuna'''		\| 16 \|\| [[Arjuna]]\|\| Indradru, Nadisarja, Dhavala, Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, \|\| '''[[Arjuna\|Terminalia Arjuna]]'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 17 \|\| Avakpushpi \|\| \|\| '''Trichodesma indicum'''		\| 17 \|\| Avakpushpi \|\| \|\| '''Trichodesma indicum'''

Arjuna

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Herbs details

Agnivesha — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 05:30:15 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:30, 28 July 2026
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	# [[Shankhapushpi]]		# [[Shankhapushpi]]
	# [[Shatavari]]		# [[Shatavari]]
			# [[Haridra]]
	{\| class="wikitable sortable"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"
	\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita		\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
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	\| 198 \|\| Hastidanti \|\| \|\| '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''		\| 198 \|\| Hastidanti \|\| \|\| '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 199 \|\| ~~Haridraka~~ \|\| \|\| '''~~Adina cordifolia Hook~~.'''		\| 199 \|\| [[Haridra]]\|\| \|\| '''[[Haridra\|Curcuma longa L.]]'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 200 \|\| Hemadugdha \|\| \|\| '''Argimone mexicana L.'''		\| 200 \|\| Hemadugdha \|\| \|\| '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
	\|}		\|}

Haridra

Agnivesha — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 05:19:58 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:19, 28 July 2026
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	}}		}}

	'''Haridra''' (''Curcuma longa'' L.), widely known as turmeric, is a perennial rhizomatous herb of the family Zingiberaceae<ref name="Fuloria2022">{{cite journal \|last1=Fuloria \|first1=Shivkanya \|last2=Mehta \|first2=Jyoti \|last3=Chandel \|first3=Aditi \|last4=Sekar \|first4=Mahendran \|last5=Rani \|first5=Nur Najihah Izzati Mat \|year=2022 \|title=A Comprehensive Review on the Therapeutic Potential of Curcuma longa Linn. in Relation to its Major Active Constituent Curcumin \|journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology \|volume=13 \|pages=820806 \|doi=10.3389/fphar.2022.820806 \|pmc=8990857}}</ref>. Celebrated in [[Ayurveda\|Ayurvedic medicine]] for millennia as a potent ''Vishaghna'' (antitoxic), ''Kushthaghna'' (alleviator of skin diseases), and ''Pramehahara'' (antidiabetic) agent, modern pharmacological research has extensively validated its molecular mechanisms<ref name="Razavi2021">{{cite journal \|last1=Razavi \|first1=Bibi Marjan \|last2=Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar \|first2=Mahboobeh \|last3=Hosseinzadeh \|first3=Hossein \|year=2021 \|title=A review of therapeutic potentials of turmeric (Curcuma longa) and its active constituent, curcumin, on inflammatory disorders, pain, and their related patents \|journal=Phytotherapy Research \|volume=35 \|issue=12 \|pages=6489–6513 \|doi=10.1002/ptr.7224 \|pmid=34312922}}</ref>. Its therapeutic actions are primarily driven by polyphenolic curcuminoids and volatile sesquiterpenes<ref name="Hewlings2017">{{cite journal \|last1=Hewlings \|first1=Susan J. \|last2=Kalman \|first2=Douglas S. \|year=2017 \|title=Curcumin: A Review of Its Effects on Human Health \|journal=Foods \|volume=6 \|issue=10 \|pages=92 \|doi=10.3390/foods6100092 \|pmid=29065496 \|pmc=5664031}}</ref>.		'''Haridra''' (''Curcuma longa'' L.), widely known as turmeric, is a perennial rhizomatous herb of the family Zingiberaceae<ref name="Fuloria2022">{{cite journal \|last1=Fuloria \|first1=Shivkanya \|last2=Mehta \|first2=Jyoti \|last3=Chandel \|first3=Aditi \|last4=Sekar \|first4=Mahendran \|last5=Rani \|first5=Nur Najihah Izzati Mat \|year=2022 \|title=A Comprehensive Review on the Therapeutic Potential of Curcuma longa Linn. in Relation to its Major Active Constituent Curcumin \|journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology \|volume=13 \|pages=820806 \|doi=10.3389/fphar.2022.820806 \|pmc=8990857}}</ref>. Celebrated in [[Ayurveda\|Ayurvedic medicine]] for millennia as a potent ''Vishaghna'' (antitoxic), ''Kushthaghna'' (alleviator of skin diseases), and ''Pramehahara'' (antidiabetic) agent, modern pharmacological research has extensively validated its molecular mechanisms<ref name="Razavi2021">{{cite journal \|last1=Razavi \|first1=Bibi Marjan \|last2=Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar \|first2=Mahboobeh \|last3=Hosseinzadeh \|first3=Hossein \|year=2021 \|title=A review of therapeutic potentials of turmeric (Curcuma longa) and its active constituent, curcumin, on inflammatory disorders, pain, and their related patents \|journal=Phytotherapy Research \|volume=35 \|issue=12 \|pages=6489–6513 \|doi=10.1002/ptr.7224 \|pmid=34312922}}</ref>. Its therapeutic actions are primarily driven by polyphenolic curcuminoids and volatile sesquiterpenes.<ref name="Hewlings2017">{{cite journal \|last1=Hewlings \|first1=Susan J. \|last2=Kalman \|first2=Douglas S. \|year=2017 \|title=Curcumin: A Review of Its Effects on Human Health \|journal=Foods \|volume=6 \|issue=10 \|pages=92 \|doi=10.3390/foods6100092 \|pmid=29065496 \|pmc=5664031}}</ref>

			[[File:Haridra.jpg\|thumb\|'''Haridra (''Curcuma longa'')''']]

	==Therapeutic Uses==		==Therapeutic Uses==
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	[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical-detailedpage/IMPHY007574 IMPPAT database]		[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical-detailedpage/IMPHY007574 IMPPAT database]

	[[~~index~~.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\|Herbs]]		[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\|Herbs]]

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Curcuma longa

Haridra

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Herbs details

Agnivesha — Mon, 27 Jul 2026 06:31:13 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:31, 27 July 2026
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	# [[Brahmi]]		# [[Brahmi]]
	# [[Shankhapushpi]]		# [[Shankhapushpi]]
			# [[Shatavari]]
	{\| class="wikitable sortable"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"
	\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita		\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
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	\| 178 \|\| Shatapushpa \|\| \|\| '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''		\| 178 \|\| Shatapushpa \|\| \|\| '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 179 \|\| Shatavari \|\| \|\| '''Asparagus racemosus Willd.'''		\| 179 \|\| [[Shatavari]]\|\| \|\| '''[[Shatavari\|Asparagus racemosus Willd.]]'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 180 \|\| Shami \|\| \|\| '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''		\| 180 \|\| Shami \|\| \|\| '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''

Shatavari

Agnivesha — Mon, 27 Jul 2026 06:15:42 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:15, 27 July 2026
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	\|data2 = Asparagus racemosus Willd.		\|data2 = Asparagus racemosus Willd.
	\|label3 = Family		\|label3 = Family
	\|data3 = Liliaceae		\|data3 = Asparagaceae (Formerly Liliaceae)
	\|label4 = Availability		\|label4 = Availability
	\|data4 = Available		\|data4 = Available
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	}}		}}

	'''''Asparagus racemosus''''' (commonly known as '''Shatavari''') is a species of plant in the family [[Asparagaceae]].		'''''Asparagus racemosus''''' (commonly known as '''Shatavari''') is a species of plant in the family Asparagaceae.

	==English name==		== Botanical profile and nomenclature ==
	~~Wild~~ Asparagus		* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Asparagus racemosus'' Willd.
			* '''English Name:''' Wild Asparagus
			* '''Family:''' Asparagaceae (formerly classified under Liliaceae)
			* '''Vernacular Names:''' Shatavari (Sanskrit/Hindi), Satamuli (Bengali), Kurilo (Nepali)
			* '''Plant Part Used:''' Dried tuberous roots
			* [[File:Shatavari.jpg\|thumb\|'''Shatavari (''Asparagus racemosus'')''']]'''Habitat & Distribution:''' Spiny climbing under-shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions of India, Asia, Australia, and parts of Africa.<ref name="Bopana2007">{{cite journal\|vauthors=Bopana N, Saxena S\|title=Asparagus racemosus—Ethnopharmacological evaluation and conservation needs\|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology\|volume=110\|issue=1\|pages=1–15\|year=2007\|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2007.01.001}}</ref><ref name="Alok2013">{{cite journal\|vauthors=Alok S, Jain SK, Verma A, Kumar M, Mahor A, Sabharwal M\|title=Plant profile, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari): A review\|journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease\|volume=3\|issue=3\|pages=242–251\|year=2013\|doi=10.1016/s2222-1808(13)60049-3}}</ref>

	==Therapeutic Uses==		==Therapeutic Uses==
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	==Other varieties / other botanical names==		==Other varieties / other botanical names==
	* Asparagus rigidulus Nakai		* Asparagus rigidulus Nakai
	* Protasparagus racemosus (Willd.) Oberm.		* Protasparagus racemosus (Willd.) Oberm.

	==Types==		==Types==
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	* Mahanarayana Taila		* Mahanarayana Taila
	* Shatavari Guda		* Shatavari Guda
	* Saubhagya Shunthi		* Saubhagya Shunthi
	* Bruhat Chhagaladi Ghrita		* Bruhat Chhagaladi Ghrita
	* Shatavari Ghrita		* Shatavari Ghrita
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	Available		Available

	* In India –		* In India –
	Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Jharkhand, Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh		Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Jharkhand, Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh
	* Out of India –		* Out of India –
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	==Current researches ==		==Current researches ==

	~~== Botanical profile and nomenclature ==~~
	* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Asparagus racemosus'' Willd.
	* '''Family:''' [[Asparagaceae]] (formerly classified under [[Liliaceae]])
	* '''Vernacular Names:''' Shatavari ([[Sanskrit]]/[[Hindi]]), Satamuli ([[Bengali language\|Bengali]]), Kurilo ([[Nepali language\|Nepali]])
	* '''Plant Part Used:''' Dried tuberous roots
	* '''Habitat & Distribution:''' Spiny climbing under-shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions of India, Asia, Australia, and parts of Africa.<ref name="Bopana2007">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Bopana N, Saxena S \|title=Asparagus racemosus—Ethnopharmacological evaluation and conservation needs \|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology \|volume=110 \|issue=1 \|pages=1–15 \|year=2007 \|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2007.01.001}}</ref><ref name="Alok2013">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Alok S, Jain SK, Verma A, Kumar M, Mahor A, Sabharwal M \|title=Plant profile, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari): A review \|journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease \|volume=3 \|issue=3 \|pages=242–251 \|year=2013 \|doi=10.1016/s2222-1808(13)60049-3}}</ref>

	== Phytochemical profile ==		== Phytochemical profile ==
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	=== Female reproductive health and endocrine modulation ===		=== Female reproductive health and endocrine modulation ===
	The root extract exhibits ~~[[phytoestrogen]]ic~~ properties due to structural similarities between Shatavarins/isoflavones and 17β-[[estradiol]], allowing selective binding to [[estrogen ~~receptor]]s~~ (~~<math>\text{ER}\~~alpha~~</math>~~ and ~~<math>\text{ER}\~~beta~~</math>~~).<ref name="Alok2013" />		The root extract exhibits phytoestrogenic properties due to structural similarities between Shatavarins/isoflavones and 17β-[[estradiol]], allowing selective binding to estrogen receptors (alpha and beta).<ref name="Alok2013" />

	* '''Dysmenorrhea & Infertility:''' Helps regulate [[gonadotropin]] release, supports [[folliculogenesis]], and mitigates uterine hyper-reactivity.<ref name="Bopana2007" />		* '''Dysmenorrhea & Infertility:''' Helps regulate gonadotropin release, supports folliculogenesis, and mitigates uterine hyper-reactivity.<ref name="Bopana2007" />
	* '''Menopausal Symptom Relief:''' Studies demonstrate that ''A. racemosus'' root extracts alleviate vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes, night sweats) and mood fluctuations during pre-, peri-, and post-menopausal phases through partial estrogenic receptor modulation without inducing unwanted endometrial proliferation.<ref name="Alok2013" />		* '''Menopausal Symptom Relief:''' Studies demonstrate that ''A. racemosus'' root extracts alleviate vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes, night sweats) and mood fluctuations during pre-, peri-, and post-menopausal phases through partial estrogenic receptor modulation without inducing unwanted endometrial proliferation.<ref name="Alok2013" />

	=== Adaptogenic, neuroprotective and anxiolytic properties ===		=== Adaptogenic, neuroprotective and anxiolytic properties ===
	Classified as a ''[[Rasayana]]'' (rejuvenative tonic), Shatavari functions as a systemic [[adaptogen]] by buffering the central nervous system against physical and emotional stressors.<ref name="Bopana2007" /><ref name="Singh2023">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Singh N, Garg M, Prajapati P, et al. \|title=Adaptogenic property of Asparagus racemosus: Future trends and prospects \|journal=Heliyon \|volume=9 \|issue=4 \|pages=e14932 \|year=2023 \|doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14932}}</ref>		Classified as a ''[[Rasayana]]'' (rejuvenative tonic), Shatavari functions as a systemic adaptogen by buffering the central nervous system against physical and emotional stressors.<ref name="Bopana2007" /><ref name="Singh2023">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Singh N, Garg M, Prajapati P, et al. \|title=Adaptogenic property of Asparagus racemosus: Future trends and prospects \|journal=Heliyon \|volume=9 \|issue=4 \|pages=e14932 \|year=2023 \|doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14932}}</ref>

	<pre>		<pre>
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	</pre>		</pre>

	* '''Neuroprotection:''' ''In vivo'' models show that root extracts protect hippocampal sub-regions (<math>\text{CA1}</math>, <math>\text{CA3}</math>, and dentate gyrus) from stress-induced cell degeneration by reducing lipid peroxidation and restoring endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as [[superoxide dismutase]] (~~<math>\text{~~SOD~~}</math>~~) and [[glutathione]] (~~<math>\text{~~GSH~~}</math>~~).<ref name="Saxena2007">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Saxena G, Singh M, Meena P, et al. \|title=Neuroprotective Effects of Asparagus Racemosus Linn Root Extract: An Experimental and Clinical Evidence \|journal=Annals of Neurosciences \|volume=14 \|issue=3 \|pages=57–63 \|year=2007 \|doi=10.5214/ans.0972.7531.2007.140302}}</ref><ref name="Singh2023" />		* '''Neuroprotection:''' ''In vivo'' models show that root extracts protect hippocampal sub-regions (<math>\text{CA1}</math>, <math>\text{CA3}</math>, and dentate gyrus) from stress-induced cell degeneration by reducing lipid peroxidation and restoring endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH).<ref name="Saxena2007">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Saxena G, Singh M, Meena P, et al. \|title=Neuroprotective Effects of Asparagus Racemosus Linn Root Extract: An Experimental and Clinical Evidence \|journal=Annals of Neurosciences \|volume=14 \|issue=3 \|pages=57–63 \|year=2007 \|doi=10.5214/ans.0972.7531.2007.140302}}</ref><ref name="Singh2023" />
	* '''Cognitive & Anticonvulsant Support:''' Network pharmacology studies demonstrate that key phytoconstituents target neuro-inflammatory cascade proteins (such as ~~<math>\text{~~TNF}-\alpha~~</math>~~, ~~<math>\text{~~CASP3~~}</math>~~, and ~~<math>\text{~~PTGS2~~}</math>~~), providing protective effects in neurodegenerative and seizure models.<ref name="Kaur2023">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Kaur B, Kumar S, Kaur A, Goel RK \|title=A network pharmacology approach to explore pharmacological mechanisms of Asparagus racemosus for ameliorative effect in epilepsy and comorbid progressive memory dysfunction \|journal=In Silico Pharmacology \|volume=11 \|issue=1 \|pages=28 \|year=2023 \|doi=10.1007/s40203-023-00169-x}}</ref>		* '''Cognitive & Anticonvulsant Support:''' Network pharmacology studies demonstrate that key phytoconstituents target neuro-inflammatory cascade proteins (such as TNF-alpha, CASP3, and PTGS2), providing protective effects in neurodegenerative and seizure models.<ref name="Kaur2023">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Kaur B, Kumar S, Kaur A, Goel RK \|title=A network pharmacology approach to explore pharmacological mechanisms of Asparagus racemosus for ameliorative effect in epilepsy and comorbid progressive memory dysfunction \|journal=In Silico Pharmacology \|volume=11 \|issue=1 \|pages=28 \|year=2023 \|doi=10.1007/s40203-023-00169-x}}</ref>

	=== Gastroprotective and anti-ulcer activity ===		=== Gastroprotective and anti-ulcer activity ===
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	* '''Mechanism:''' Rather than purely suppressing gastric acid secretion, it enhances mucosal resistance by increasing mucosal secretion, extending the lifespan of mucosal cells, and reducing gastric hypermotility.		* '''Mechanism:''' Rather than purely suppressing gastric acid secretion, it enhances mucosal resistance by increasing mucosal secretion, extending the lifespan of mucosal cells, and reducing gastric hypermotility.
	* '''Therapeutic Application:''' Effective in managing [[duodenal ~~ulcer]]s~~, hyperacidity, and stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions.<ref name="Bopana2007" /><ref name="Alok2013" />		* '''Therapeutic Application:''' Effective in managing duodenal ulcers, hyperacidity, and stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions.<ref name="Bopana2007" /><ref name="Alok2013" />

	=== Immunomodulatory activity ===		=== Immunomodulatory activity ===
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	== See also ==		== See also ==
	* [[Ayurveda]]		* [[Ayurveda]]
	https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Asparagus%20racemosus		* [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Asparagus%20racemosus IMPPAT database]

	== References ==		== References ==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}


	~~[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals\|Herbs]]~~

File:Shatavari.jpg

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Asparagus recemosus

Shatavari

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Chitraka

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	\|titlemode=append		\|titlemode=append
	\|keywords= Plumbago zeylanica L., Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,		\|keywords= Plumbago zeylanica L., Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
	\|description= ~~'''~~Chitraka~~'''~~ (''Plumbago zeylanica'' Linn.), commonly known as ~~'''~~Ceylon leadwort~~'''~~ or ~~'''~~white leadwort~~'''~~, is a distinguished perennial, sub-scandent [[shrub]] belonging to the family [[Plumbaginaceae]]		\|description= Chitraka (Plumbago zeylanica Linn.), commonly known as Ceylon leadwort or white leadwort, is a distinguished perennial, sub-scandent [[shrub]] belonging to the family [[Plumbaginaceae]]
	\|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg		\|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
	\|image_alt=charak samhita		\|image_alt=charak samhita
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	}}		}}

	~~'''~~Chitraka~~'''~~ (''Plumbago zeylanica'' Linn.), commonly known as '''Ceylon leadwort''' or '''white leadwort''', is a distinguished perennial, sub-scandent shrub belonging to the family Plumbaginaceae, which spans approximately 10 genera and 280 species.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Mandavkar\|first=Y. D.\|date=2011\|title=A comprehensive review on Plumbago zeylanica Linn\|journal=African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology\|volume=5\|issue=5\|pages=1–10\|doi=10.5897/ajpp11.739}}</ref> Revered for over 3,000 years within traditional Indian ([[Ayurveda]]) and Chinese medicine systems, Chitraka historically translates from Sanskrit to "the one which causes discoloration to the skin" due to the intense blistering properties of its fresh root juice.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Chetty\|first=K. M.\|title=Pharmaceutical Studies and Therapeutic Uses of Plumbago Zeylanica L. Roots (Chitraka, Chitramulamu)\|journal=OpenSIUC\|pages=1–10}}</ref>		Chitraka (Plumbago zeylanica Linn.), commonly known as '''Ceylon leadwort''' or '''white leadwort''', is a distinguished perennial, sub-scandent shrub belonging to the family Plumbaginaceae, which spans approximately 10 genera and 280 species.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Mandavkar\|first=Y. D.\|date=2011\|title=A comprehensive review on Plumbago zeylanica Linn\|journal=African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology\|volume=5\|issue=5\|pages=1–10\|doi=10.5897/ajpp11.739}}</ref> Revered for over 3,000 years within traditional Indian ([[Ayurveda]]) and Chinese medicine systems, Chitraka historically translates from Sanskrit to "the one which causes discoloration to the skin" due to the intense blistering properties of its fresh root juice.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Chetty\|first=K. M.\|title=Pharmaceutical Studies and Therapeutic Uses of Plumbago Zeylanica L. Roots (Chitraka, Chitramulamu)\|journal=OpenSIUC\|pages=1–10}}</ref>
	[[File:Chitraka.jpg\|thumb\|'''Chitraka ''(Plumbago zeylanica)''''']]		[[File:Chitraka.jpg\|thumb\|'''Chitraka ''(Plumbago zeylanica)''''']]
	The plant is widely distributed across tropical and subtropical zones globally. Its roots and root barks serve as a priceless repository for unique bioactive molecules, demonstrating extensive pharmacological applications ranging from anti-inflammatory to anticancer therapeutic actions.		The plant is widely distributed across tropical and subtropical zones globally. Its roots and root barks serve as a priceless repository for unique bioactive molecules, demonstrating extensive pharmacological applications ranging from anti-inflammatory to anticancer therapeutic actions.
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	! Language / Medical System !! Vernacular Name		! Language / Medical System !! Vernacular Name
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''[[Sanskrit]]''' \|\| Chitraka, Chitramoolam, Agni, Dahana		\| '''Sanskrit''' \|\| Chitraka, Chitramoolam, Agni, Dahana
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''[[English ~~language\|English]]~~''' \|\| Ceylon Leadwort, White Leadwort, Wild Leadwort		\| '''English''' \|\| Ceylon Leadwort, White Leadwort, Wild Leadwort
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''[[Hindi]]''' \|\| Chita, Chitrak, Chitarak		\| '''Hindi''' \|\| Chita, Chitrak, Chitarak
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''[[Bengali ~~language\|Bengali]]~~''' \|\| Chita, Chitarak		\| '''Bengali''' \|\| Chita, Chitarak
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''[[Tamil ~~language\|Tamil]]~~''' \|\| Chitramoolam, Kodiveli		\| '''Tamil''' \|\| Chitramoolam, Kodiveli
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''[[Telugu ~~language\|Telugu]]~~''' \|\| Chitramulam		\| '''Telugu''' \|\| Chitramulam
	\|}		\|}

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	* [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Plumbago%20zeylanica IMPPAT Database]		* [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Plumbago%20zeylanica IMPPAT Database]

	[[~~index~~.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\| Herbs]]		[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\| Herbs]]

Herbs details

Agnivesha — Fri, 17 Jul 2026 05:54:37 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:54, 17 July 2026
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	# [[Musta]]		# [[Musta]]
	# [[Brahmi]]		# [[Brahmi]]
			# [[Shankhapushpi]]
	{\| class="wikitable sortable"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"
	\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita		\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
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	\| 174 \|\| Vidari \|\| \|\| '''Ipomea digitata L.'''		\| 174 \|\| Vidari \|\| \|\| '''Ipomea digitata L.'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 175 \|\| Shankhapushpi \|\| \|\| '''Evolvulus alsinoides L.'''		\| 175 \|\| [[Shankhapushpi]]\|\| Shankhahva, Mangalyakusuma, Keshi, Vishnukranta\|\| '''[[Shankhapushpi\|Evolvulus alsinoides L.]]'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 176 \|\| Shana \|\| \|\| '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''		\| 176 \|\| Shana \|\| \|\| '''Crotalaria juncea L.'''

Shankhapushpi

Agnivesha — Fri, 17 Jul 2026 05:52:23 GMT

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	}}		}}

	Evolvulus alsinoides L. or Convolvulus pluricaulis		[[wikipedia:Evolvulus_alsinoides\|Evolvulus alsinoides L.]] or [[wikipedia:Convolvulus_prostratus\|Convolvulus pluricaulis]]

	{{Infobox		{{Infobox
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	* '''Family:''' Convolvulaceae		* '''Family:''' Convolvulaceae
	* '''Genus:''' ''Evolvulus''		* '''Genus:''' ''Evolvulus''
	* '''Species:''' ''E. alsinoides'' (L.) L.		* '''Species:''' ''E. alsinoides'' (L.)
			[[File:Shankhapushpi labels.jpg\|thumb\|Two varieties of Shankhapushpi]]
			[[File:Shankhapushpi.jpg\|thumb\|Shankhapushpi (''Convolvulus pluricaulis)'']]

	=== Morphological Synopsis ===		=== Morphological Synopsis ===
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	==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==		==Synonyms in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu==

	Shankhpushpi, Shankhahva, Mangalyakusuma<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 269, p.439.</ref>, Vishnukranta		Shankhpushpi, Shankhahva, Mangalyakusuma<ref>Prof. K.C.Chunekar, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Reprint.2015, Chaukhambha vishvabharti, Guduchyadi Varga, verse no. 269, p.439.</ref>, Vishnukranta

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==		== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==
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	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}

	[[~~index.php?title=~~Category:Database of herbs and minerals Herbs]]		==External links==

			[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/basicsearch/phytochemical IMPPAT database]
			[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals Herbs]]

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	# [[Pippali]]		# [[Pippali]]
	# [[Chitraka]]		# [[Chitraka]]
	# [[Vidanga]]		# [[Vidanga]]
			# [[Musta]]
			# [[Brahmi]]
	{\| class="wikitable sortable"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"
	\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita		\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
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	\| 72 \|\| Gunja \|\| \|\| '''Abrus precatorius L.'''		\| 72 \|\| Gunja \|\| \|\| '''Abrus precatorius L.'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 73 \|\| Guduchi \|\| \|\| '''Tinospora cordifolia Miers.'''		\| 73 \|\| [[Guduchi]]\|\| \|\| '''[[Guduchi\|Tinospora cordifolia Miers.]]'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 74 \|\| Gokshuraka \|\| \|\| '''Tribulus terrestris L.'''		\| 74 \|\| Gokshuraka \|\| \|\| '''Tribulus terrestris L.'''
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	\| 140 \|\| Bruhati \|\| \|\| '''Solanum indicum L.'''		\| 140 \|\| Bruhati \|\| \|\| '''Solanum indicum L.'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 141 \|\| Brahmi \|\| \|\| '''~~Herpestis monniera Benth.~~'''		\| 141 \|\| [[Brahmi]]\|\| \|\| '''[[Brahmi\|Bacopa monnieri]]'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 142 \|\| Bhavya \|\| \|\| '''Dillenia indica L.'''		\| 142 \|\| Bhavya \|\| \|\| '''Dillenia indica L.'''
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	\| 149 \|\| Mudga \|\| \|\| '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''		\| 149 \|\| Mudga \|\| \|\| '''Phaseolus mungo L.'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 150 \|\| Musta \|\| \|\| '''Cyperus rotundus L.'''		\| 150 \|\| [[Musta]]\|\| \|\| '''[[Musta\|Cyperus rotundus L.]]'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 151 \|\| Murva \|\| \|\| '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''		\| 151 \|\| Murva \|\| \|\| '''Clematis triloba Heyne.'''

Brahmi

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← Older revision		Revision as of 04:47, 17 July 2026
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	\|data1 = Herb database/Brahmi		\|data1 = Herb database/Brahmi
	\|label2 = Botanical name(s)		\|label2 = Botanical name(s)
	\|data2 = ~~Herpestis monniera Benth.~~		\|data2 = Bacopa monnieri
	\|label3 = Family		\|label3 = Family
	\|data3 = Scrophulariaceae		\|data3 = Scrophulariaceae
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	* '''Synonyms:''' ''Lysimachia monnieri'' L., ''Gratiola monnieri'' L.		* '''Synonyms:''' ''Lysimachia monnieri'' L., ''Gratiola monnieri'' L.
	* '''Common Names:''' Brahmi, Water Hyssop, Herb of Grace, Indian Pennywort, Jalabrahmi.		* '''Common Names:''' Brahmi, Water Hyssop, Herb of Grace, Indian Pennywort, Jalabrahmi.
	* '''Botanical Description:''' ''Bacopa monnieri'' is a perennial, creeping, succulent herb native to the wetlands, marshes, and warm damp regions of India, Asia, Australia, and the Americas. It is characterized by small, oblong, sessile leaves and white-to-pale blue flowers with five petals.		* [[File:Brahmi.jpg\|thumb\|'''Brahmi (''Bacopa monnieri'')''']]'''Botanical Description:''' ''Bacopa monnieri'' is a perennial, creeping, succulent herb native to the wetlands, marshes, and warm damp regions of India, Asia, Australia, and the Americas. It is characterized by small, oblong, sessile leaves and white-to-pale blue flowers with five petals.

	==English name==		==English name==
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	[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Bacopa%20monnieri IMPPAT Database]		[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Bacopa%20monnieri IMPPAT Database]

	[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals\|Herbs]]		[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\|Herbs]]

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Musta

Agnivesha — Wed, 15 Jul 2026 07:23:33 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:23, 15 July 2026
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	}}		}}

	'''''Cyperus rotundus''''', commonly known as '''musta''' (मुस्ता), '''mustaka''', or '''nut grass''', is a perennial [[sedge]] native to Africa, southern and central Europe, and southern Asia. While widely categorized as an invasive agricultural weed, the ~~[[rhizome]]s~~ and ~~[[tuber]]s~~ of ''C. rotundus'' have been utilized for centuries in traditional medicine systems, including [[Ayurveda]] and [[traditional Chinese medicine]] (TCM).<ref name="Peerzada2015" /><ref name="Xue2023" />		'''''Cyperus rotundus''''', commonly known as '''musta''' (मुस्ता), '''mustaka''', or '''nut grass''', is a perennial sedge native to Africa, southern and central Europe, and southern Asia. While widely categorized as an invasive agricultural weed, the rhizomes and tubers of ''C. rotundus'' have been utilized for centuries in traditional medicine systems, including [[Ayurveda]] and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).<ref name="Peerzada2015" /><ref name="Xue2023" />

	In traditional medicine, it is primarily indicated for ~~[[gastrointestinal disease\|~~gastrointestinal disorders]], fevers, ~~[[inflammation\|~~inflammatory conditions]], and ~~[[gynecology\|~~gynecological irregularities]].<ref name="Peerzada2015" /> Modern ~~[[pharmacology\|~~pharmacological]] research has investigated these traditional claims, identifying a wide array of bioactive compounds and validating its efficacy in gastrointestinal stability, inflammation management, gastroprotection, and specific ~~[[dermatology\|~~dermatological]] applications.<ref name="Xue2023" /><ref name="Kamala2018" />		In traditional medicine, it is primarily indicated for gastrointestinal disorders, fevers, inflammatory conditions, and gynecological irregularities.<ref name="Peerzada2015" /> Modern pharmacological research has investigated these traditional claims, identifying a wide array of bioactive compounds and validating its efficacy in gastrointestinal stability, inflammation management, gastroprotection, and specific dermatological applications.<ref name="Xue2023" /><ref name="Kamala2018" />

	==Therapeutic uses==		==Therapeutic uses==
			[[File:Musta.jpg\|thumb\|'''Musta (''Cyperus rotundus'')''']]
	Agnimandya,Ajeerna(indigestion), trushna(thirst), [[Jwara]](fever), sangrahani , shwasa(dyspnea), kasa(cough), mutrakruccha(dysuria), stanyavikara(breast milk disease), sutikaroga, atisara(diarrhea), amavata(rhematoid arthitis), krumiroga(worms).<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986;		Agnimandya,Ajeerna(indigestion), trushna(thirst), [[Jwara]](fever), sangrahani , shwasa(dyspnea), kasa(cough), mutrakruccha(dysuria), stanyavikara(breast milk disease), sutikaroga, atisara(diarrhea), amavata(rhematoid arthitis), krumiroga(worms).<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986;
	Volume 5:55</ref>		Volume 5:55</ref>
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	== Phytochemistry ==		== Phytochemistry ==

	Phytochemical evaluations have isolated more than 550 distinct [[secondary ~~metabolite]]s~~ from the rhizomes of ''C. rotundus''.<ref name="Xue2023" /> The primary bioactive fractions driving its therapeutic efficacy include:		Phytochemical evaluations have isolated more than 550 distinct secondary metabolites from the rhizomes of ''C. rotundus''.<ref name="Xue2023" /> The primary bioactive fractions driving its therapeutic efficacy include:
	* '''~~[[Sesquiterpene]]s~~ and [[essential ~~oil]]s~~:''' The characteristic woody aroma and primary anti-inflammatory activities are attributed to volatile compounds, including [[cyperene]], cyperotundone, [[rotundone]], alpha-cyperone, and patchoulenone.<ref name="Peerzada2015" /><ref name="Xue2023" />		* '''Sesquiterpenes and essential oils:''' The characteristic woody aroma and primary anti-inflammatory activities are attributed to volatile compounds, including cyperene, cyperotundone, rotundone, alpha-cyperone, and patchoulenone.<ref name="Peerzada2015" /><ref name="Xue2023" />
	* '''~~[[Phenols\|~~Phenolics]] and ~~[[flavonoid]]s~~:''' The plant contains significant reserves of polyphenols, flavonol glycosides, and specific ~~[[stilbene]]s~~, such as scirpusin A and B, which contribute to its [[antioxidant]] profile.<ref name="Kamala2018" />		* '''Phenolics and flavonoids:''' The plant contains significant reserves of polyphenols, flavonol glycosides, and specific stilbenes, such as scirpusin A and B, which contribute to its antioxidant profile.<ref name="Kamala2018" />
	* '''Other constituents:''' The tubers also yield ~~[[monoterpene\|~~monoterpenoids]], ~~[[alkaloid]]s~~, ~~[[saponin]]s~~, and ~~[[phytosterol]]s~~, such as [[beta-sitosterol]].<ref name="Xue2023" /><ref name="Kamala2018" />		* '''Other constituents:''' The tubers also yield monoterpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, and phytosterols, such as beta-sitosterol.<ref name="Xue2023" /><ref name="Kamala2018" />

	== Medical research and efficacy ==		== Medical research and efficacy ==
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	=== Gastrointestinal effects ===		=== Gastrointestinal effects ===

	In Ayurvedic pharmacology, ''C. rotundus'' is classified as a digestive stimulant (''Deepana'') and [[carminative]] (''Pachana''). Modern ''[[in vitro]]'' and ''[[in vivo]]'' studies indicate that the plant exhibits antidiarrheal and antimicrobial properties through non-bactericidal mechanisms.<ref name="Birdi2011" /> Research demonstrates that a crude decoction of the tubers significantly inhibits the proliferation of the protozoan ''[[Giardia lamblia]]''.<ref name="Birdi2011" /> Furthermore, the extract reduces the adherence and invasive capabilities of pathogenic ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' and ''[[Shigella flexneri]]'' to intestinal epithelial cells, while concurrently neutralizing enterotoxin-induced cytotoxicity.<ref name="Birdi2011" />		In Ayurvedic pharmacology, ''C. rotundus'' is classified as a digestive stimulant (''Deepana'') and carminative (''Pachana''). Modern ''in vitro'' and ''in vivo'' studies indicate that the plant exhibits antidiarrheal and antimicrobial properties through non-bactericidal mechanisms.<ref name="Birdi2011" /> Research demonstrates that a crude decoction of the tubers significantly inhibits the proliferation of the protozoan ''Giardia lamblia''.<ref name="Birdi2011" /> Furthermore, the extract reduces the adherence and invasive capabilities of pathogenic ''Escherichia coli'' and ''Shigella flexneri'' to intestinal epithelial cells, while concurrently neutralizing enterotoxin-induced cytotoxicity.<ref name="Birdi2011" />

	=== Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activity ===		=== Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activity ===

	Preclinical models have validated the traditional use of ''C. rotundus'' in treating painful and febrile inflammatory states. In animal models of [[carrageenan]]-induced paw [[edema]], ethanolic extracts of the rhizomes demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity comparable to ~~[[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug\|~~non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)]] such as [[indomethacin]].<ref name="Kamala2018" /> Additionally, alcoholic extracts have shown significant antipyretic action in yeast-induced [[pyrexia]] models, achieving body temperature reductions statistically similar to [[aspirin]].<ref name="Kamala2018" /> These effects are primarily mediated by the essential oil and sesquiterpenoid fractions interacting with nociceptive and inflammatory pathways.<ref name="Xue2023" />		Preclinical models have validated the traditional use of ''C. rotundus'' in treating painful and febrile inflammatory states. In animal models of carrageenan-induced paw edema, ethanolic extracts of the rhizomes demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity comparable to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as indomethacin.<ref name="Kamala2018" /> Additionally, alcoholic extracts have shown significant antipyretic action in yeast-induced pyrexia models, achieving body temperature reductions statistically similar to aspirin.<ref name="Kamala2018" /> These effects are primarily mediated by the essential oil and sesquiterpenoid fractions interacting with nociceptive and inflammatory pathways.<ref name="Xue2023" />

	=== Gastroprotective mechanisms ===		=== Gastroprotective mechanisms ===

	Unlike synthetic NSAIDs, which frequently compromise gastric mucosal integrity, ''C. rotundus'' has demonstrated gastroprotective qualities.<ref name="Thomas2015" /> ''In vivo'' evaluations using 70% methanolic extracts showed a dose-dependent prevention of aspirin-induced gastric ulceration.<ref name="Thomas2015" /> The mechanism is associated with a significant upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes—specifically [[superoxide dismutase]] (SOD), [[glutathione]] (GSH), and [[glutathione peroxidase]] (GPx)—alongside a marked reduction in tissue [[lipid peroxidation]].<ref name="Thomas2015" />		Unlike synthetic NSAIDs, which frequently compromise gastric mucosal integrity, ''C. rotundus'' has demonstrated gastroprotective qualities.<ref name="Thomas2015" /> ''In vivo'' evaluations using 70% methanolic extracts showed a dose-dependent prevention of aspirin-induced gastric ulceration.<ref name="Thomas2015" /> The mechanism is associated with a significant upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes—specifically superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)—alongside a marked reduction in tissue lipid peroxidation.<ref name="Thomas2015" />

	=== Dermatological applications ===		=== Dermatological applications ===

	Clinical trials have explored the anti-androgenic potential of ''C. rotundus'' essential oil for topical applications in dermatology.		Clinical trials have explored the anti-androgenic potential of ''C. rotundus'' essential oil for topical applications in dermatology.
	* '''~~[[Hair removal\|~~Hair reduction]]:''' Due to the anti-androgenic activity of its constituent flavonoids, topical application of the essential oil has been investigated as a method for reducing ~~[[hirsutism\|~~unwanted body hair]].<ref name="Mohammed2014" /> In a randomized controlled trial comparing the oil against [[Alexandrite laser]] epilation and placebos, the topical ''C. rotundus'' oil achieved hair reduction results statistically equivalent to laser treatment for dark hair, while significantly outperforming laser therapy on white hair without adverse effects.<ref name="Mohammed2014" />		* '''Hair reduction:''' Due to the anti-androgenic activity of its constituent flavonoids, topical application of the essential oil has been investigated as a method for reducing unwanted body hair.<ref name="Mohammed2014" /> In a randomized controlled trial comparing the oil against Alexandrite laser epilation and placebos, the topical ''C. rotundus'' oil achieved hair reduction results statistically equivalent to laser treatment for dark hair, while significantly outperforming laser therapy on white hair without adverse effects.<ref name="Mohammed2014" />
	* '''Post-laser recovery:''' Additional clinical evidence indicates that the topical application of ''C. rotundus'' essential oil effectively mitigates post-laser skin irritation and [[erythema]] (redness), demonstrating a healing profile comparable to 1% [[hydrocortisone]] cream.<ref name="Mohammed2021" />		* '''Post-laser recovery:''' Additional clinical evidence indicates that the topical application of ''C. rotundus'' essential oil effectively mitigates post-laser skin irritation and erythema (redness), demonstrating a healing profile comparable to 1% hydrocortisone cream.<ref name="Mohammed2021" />

	== Toxicology and safety ==		== Toxicology and safety ==

	Toxicological evaluations indicate that ''C. rotundus'' possesses a favorable safety profile when prepared in standard therapeutic dosages.<ref name="Peerzada2015" /> Acute and chronic [[toxicity]] studies in animal models have shown no evidence of [[genotoxicity]] or significant systemic organ toxicity, corroborating its long history of clinical use in traditional medicine.<ref name="Peerzada2015" /><ref name="Xue2023" />		Toxicological evaluations indicate that ''C. rotundus'' possesses a favorable safety profile when prepared in standard therapeutic dosages.<ref name="Peerzada2015" /> Acute and chronic toxicity studies in animal models have shown no evidence of genotoxicity or significant systemic organ toxicity, corroborating its long history of clinical use in traditional medicine.<ref name="Peerzada2015" /><ref name="Xue2023" />

	== References ==		== References ==
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	https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Cyperus%20rotundus		https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Cyperus%20rotundus

	[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals \| Herbs]]		[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\| Herbs]]

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|title=Charak Samhita
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<div style="border-bottom:1px solid #7cd0ea;background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;border:1px solid #000080; border-radius:8px;padding:0.2em 0.9em 0.2em 0.5em; font-size:160%; font-weight:bold;"><span style="color:#00008b">[[Preface- Charak Samhita New Edition|Charak Samhita New Edition]]</span>

<span style="color:#00008b">The Definitive Online Edition of [[Ayurveda]]'s Core Treatise on Healthcare with [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles</span>
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<div style="padding-top:0.50em;margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom:0.50em; padding-left:0.50em; padding-right:0.50em;width:100%; min-width:200px; border:1px solid #000080; border:1px solid #000080; border-radius:8px; padding:0; background-color:#FFFFFF; vertical-align:top; color:#000080;">
<h2 id="mp-dyk-h2_3" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#FFFFFF;font-family:inherit; font-size:160%; font-weight:bold; border-radius:8px; color:#000080; padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:center;"><span style="color:#00008b">[[Preface- Charak Samhita New Edition|<span style="color:#000080">Charak Samhita - Ayurveda's Core Text</span>]]</h2></div>

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<div style="padding:0.1em 0.6em 0.5em;">
<div style="-moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em; width:auto; font-style: normal;">
<ul>
<li>'''[[Sutra Sthana| I. Section on fundamental principles]] ''' '''([[Sutra Sthana]])''' </li>
</ul><ul>
<li>'''[[Nidana Sthana| II. Section on diagnostic principles]]''' '''([[Nidana Sthana]])''' </li>
</ul><ul>
<li>'''[[Vimana Sthana| III. Section on specific medical principles]]''' '''([[Vimana Sthana]])''' </li>
</ul><ul>
<li>'''[[Sharira Sthana| IV. Section on human being and genesis]]''' '''([[Sharira Sthana]])''' </li>
</ul><ul>
<li>'''[[ Indriya Sthana| V. Section on sensorial prognosis]] ''' '''([[Indriya Sthana]])''' </li>
</ul><ul>
<li>'''[[Chikitsa Sthana| VI. Section on therapeutic principles]] ''' '''([[Chikitsa Sthana]])''' </li>
<li>'''[[Kalpa Sthana| VII. Section on pharmaceutical preparations]] ''' '''([[Kalpa Sthana]]) '''
</li>
</ul><ul>
<li>'''[[Siddhi Sthana| VIII. Section on therapeutic procedures]]''' ''' ([[Siddhi Sthana]])''' </li>
</ul>
</div>
</div></div>

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<h2 id="mp-dyk-h2_2" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em; background:#FFFFFF;font-family:inherit; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold; border-radius:8px; color:#000080; padding:0.2em 0.4em;text-align:center;">[https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Charak_Samhita_Research,_Training_and_Skill_Development_Centre <span style="color:#00008b">Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre</span>]</h2></div>

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Herbs details

Agnivesha — Tue, 14 Jul 2026 06:57:31 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:57, 14 July 2026
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	# [[Maricha]]		# [[Maricha]]
	# [[Pippali]]		# [[Pippali]]
	# [[Chitraka]]		# [[Chitraka]]
			# [[Vidanga]]
	{\| class="wikitable sortable"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"
	\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita		\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
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	\| 172 \|\| Vikankata \|\| \|\| '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''		\| 172 \|\| Vikankata \|\| \|\| '''Gymnosporia Montana Benth.'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 173 \|\| Vidanga \|\| \|\| '''Embelia ribes Burn.'''		\| 173 \|\| [[Vidanga]]\|\| \|\| '''[[Vidanga\|Embelia ribes Burn.]]'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 174 \|\| Vidari \|\| \|\| '''Ipomea digitata L.'''		\| 174 \|\| Vidari \|\| \|\| '''Ipomea digitata L.'''

Vidanga

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	}}		}}

	'''Terminalia arjuna''' (family [[Combretaceae]]), commonly referred to as '''Arjuna''', is one of the most prominent cardiovascular tonics in traditional [[Ayurveda\|Ayurvedic]] pharmacology (''Hridya'')<ref name="Dwivedi2014">{{cite journal \|last1=Dwivedi \|first1=Shridhar \|last2=Chopra \|first2=Deepti \|year=2014 \|title=Revisiting Terminalia arjuna – An Ancient Cardiovascular Drug \|journal=Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine \|volume=4 \|issue=4 \|pages=224–231 \|doi=10.4103/2225-4110.139103 \|pmid=25379361 \|pmc=4220503}}</ref>. Used for over a millennium to treat chest pain, heart failure, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, modern clinical and pharmacological research has validated its multi-target mechanisms<ref name="Mould2023">{{cite journal \|last1=Mould \|first1=M. A. \|last2=Sridhar \|first2=M. \|year=2023 \|title=Terminalia arjuna, a Cardioprotective Herbal Medicine–Relevancy in the Modern Era of Pharmaceuticals and Green Nanomedicine—A Review \|journal=Pharmaceuticals \|volume=16 \|issue=1 \|pages=126 \|doi=10.3390/ph16010126 \|pmid=36678623 \|pmc=9865188}}</ref>. The therapeutic profile of ''T. arjuna'' stem bark stems from a complex matrix of oleanane [[triterpenoids]], triterpenoid [[glycosides]], [[flavonoids]], and hydrolyzable [[tannins]] that collectively confer anti-ischemic, anti-atherosclerotic, antihypertensive, and antioxidant cardioprotection<ref name="Pauzi2021">{{cite journal \|last1=Pauzi \|first1=Ahmad Naim \|last2=Lim \|first2=Soo Tein \|last3=Jantan \|first3=Ibrahim \|year=2021 \|title=Arjunolic acid: A promising triterpenoid against cardiovascular and metabolic disorders \|journal=Phytomedicine \|volume=85 \|pages=153540 \|doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153540 \|pmid=33789182}}</ref>.		'''Terminalia arjuna''' (family Combretaceae), commonly referred to as '''Arjuna''', is one of the most prominent cardiovascular tonics in traditional [[Ayurveda\|Ayurvedic]] pharmacology (''Hridya'').<ref name="Dwivedi2014">{{cite journal \|last1=Dwivedi \|first1=Shridhar \|last2=Chopra \|first2=Deepti \|year=2014 \|title=Revisiting Terminalia arjuna – An Ancient Cardiovascular Drug \|journal=Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine \|volume=4 \|issue=4 \|pages=224–231 \|doi=10.4103/2225-4110.139103 \|pmid=25379361 \|pmc=4220503}}</ref> Used for over a millennium to treat chest pain, heart failure, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, modern clinical and pharmacological research has validated its multi-target mechanisms<ref name="Mould2023">{{cite journal \|last1=Mould \|first1=M. A. \|last2=Sridhar \|first2=M. \|year=2023 \|title=Terminalia arjuna, a Cardioprotective Herbal Medicine–Relevancy in the Modern Era of Pharmaceuticals and Green Nanomedicine—A Review \|journal=Pharmaceuticals \|volume=16 \|issue=1 \|pages=126 \|doi=10.3390/ph16010126 \|pmid=36678623 \|pmc=9865188}}</ref>. The therapeutic profile of ''T. arjuna'' stem bark stems from a complex matrix of oleanane triterpenoids, triterpenoid glycosides, flavonoids, and hydrolyzable tannins that collectively confer anti-ischemic, anti-atherosclerotic, antihypertensive, and antioxidant cardioprotection.<ref name="Pauzi2021">{{cite journal \|last1=Pauzi \|first1=Ahmad Naim \|last2=Lim \|first2=Soo Tein \|last3=Jantan \|first3=Ibrahim \|year=2021 \|title=Arjunolic acid: A promising triterpenoid against cardiovascular and metabolic disorders \|journal=Phytomedicine \|volume=85 \|pages=153540 \|doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153540 \|pmid=33789182}}</ref>

	==Therapeutic Use==		==Therapeutic Use==
			[[File:Arjuna.jpg\|thumb\|'''Arjuna (''Terminalia arjuna'')''']]
	Obesity (medoroga), wound management (vrana), heart diseases (hridroga), loss fof strength due to injury (kshatakshaya), obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus (prameha), thirst (trishna), melasma (vyanga)<ref>The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:8</ref>		Obesity (medoroga), wound management (vrana), heart diseases (hridroga), loss fof strength due to injury (kshatakshaya), obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus (prameha), thirst (trishna), melasma (vyanga)<ref>The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:8</ref>

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	! Phytochemical Class !! Key Active Constituents !! Primary Pharmacological Roles		! Phytochemical Class !! Key Active Constituents !! Primary Pharmacological Roles
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''Oleanane Triterpenoids''' \|\| [[Arjunolic acid]], Arjunic acid, Arjungenin, Terminic acid \|\| Cardioprotective, anti-platelet, anti-apoptotic, and direct free-radical scavenging<ref name="Sinha2008">{{cite journal \|last1=Sinha \|first1=M. \|last2=Manna \|first2=P. \|last3=Sil \|first3=P. C. \|year=2008 \|title=Arjunolic acid, a novel phytomedicine with multifunctional therapeutic potential \|journal=Natural Product Reports \|volume=25 \|issue=3 \|pages=543–552 \|doi=10.1039/B713728P \|pmid=18497899}}</ref>.		\| '''Oleanane Triterpenoids''' \|\| Arjunolic acid, Arjunic acid, Arjungenin, Terminic acid \|\| Cardioprotective, anti-platelet, anti-apoptotic, and direct free-radical scavenging<ref name="Sinha2008">{{cite journal \|last1=Sinha \|first1=M. \|last2=Manna \|first2=P. \|last3=Sil \|first3=P. C. \|year=2008 \|title=Arjunolic acid, a novel phytomedicine with multifunctional therapeutic potential \|journal=Natural Product Reports \|volume=25 \|issue=3 \|pages=543–552 \|doi=10.1039/B713728P \|pmid=18497899}}</ref>.
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''Triterpenoid Glycosides''' \|\| Arjunetin, Arjunosides I–IV, Arjunglucosides I & II \|\| Inotropic, chronotropic, and cardiac membrane-stabilizing activities.		\| '''Triterpenoid Glycosides''' \|\| Arjunetin, Arjunosides I–IV, Arjunglucosides I & II \|\| Inotropic, chronotropic, and cardiac membrane-stabilizing activities.
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''Flavonoids & Phenolics''' \|\| Arjunone, Arjunolone, [[Baicalein]], [[Luteolin]], [[Quercetin]] \|\| Endothelial nitric oxide stimulation, vasodilation, and inhibition of LDL oxidation.		\| '''Flavonoids & Phenolics''' \|\| Arjunone, Arjunolone, Baicalein, Luteolin, Quercetin \|\| Endothelial nitric oxide stimulation, vasodilation, and inhibition of LDL oxidation.
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''Hydrolyzable Tannins''' \|\| [[Punicalagin]], Punicallin, Casuarinin, Terflavin C \|\| Vascular astringency, anti-inflammatory, and extracellular matrix protection.		\| '''Hydrolyzable Tannins''' \|\| Punicalagin, Punicallin, Casuarinin, Terflavin C \|\| Vascular astringency, anti-inflammatory, and extracellular matrix protection.
	\|}		\|}

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	=== Cardioprotective & Anti-Ischemic Actions ===		=== Cardioprotective & Anti-Ischemic Actions ===
	''T. arjuna'' extracts preserve myocardial structural integrity during ischemic events and reperfusion injury<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>:		''T. arjuna'' extracts preserve myocardial structural integrity during ischemic events and reperfusion injury<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>:
	* '''Endogenous Antioxidant Preservation:''' Prevents the depletion of key intracellular antioxidant enzymes, including [[superoxide dismutase]] (SOD), [[catalase]] (CAT), and [[glutathione peroxidase]] (GPx)<ref name="Pauzi2021"/>.		* '''Endogenous Antioxidant Preservation:''' Prevents the depletion of key intracellular antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)<ref name="Pauzi2021"/>.
	* '''Anti-Apoptotic Regulation:''' Downregulates pro-apoptotic markers (~~[[Bcl-2-associated X protein\|~~Bax]], ~~[[caspase 3\|~~caspase-3]]) while upregulating anti-apoptotic proteins ([[Bcl-2]]) and heat shock proteins (~~[[Hsp70\|~~HSP-70]]) in ischemic cardiomyocytes<ref name="Mould2023"/>.		* '''Anti-Apoptotic Regulation:''' Downregulates pro-apoptotic markers (Bax, caspase-3) while upregulating anti-apoptotic proteins ([[Bcl-2]]) and heat shock proteins (HSP-70) in ischemic cardiomyocytes<ref name="Mould2023"/>.

	A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study evaluated 58 patients with chronic stable angina (NYHA Class II–III). Administration of 500 mg of ''T. arjuna'' bark extract every 8 hours significantly reduced anginal frequency and nitrate consumption, accompanied by objective improvements in treadmill exercise duration and reduced peak ST-segment depression compared to placebo<ref name="Bharani2002">{{cite journal \|last1=Bharani \|first1=A. \|last2=Ganguly \|first2=A. \|last3=Bhargava \|first3=K. D. \|year=2002 \|title=Efficacy of Terminalia arjuna in chronic stable angina: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study comparing Terminalia arjuna with isosorbide mononitrate \|journal=Indian Heart Journal \|volume=54 \|issue=2 \|pages=170–175 \|pmid=12086380}}</ref>. Furthermore, clinical evaluations in congestive heart failure and ischemic heart disease demonstrate improved left ventricular ejection fraction<ref name="Vaidya2010">{{cite journal \|last1=Vaidya \|first1=A. B. \|last2=Rajagopalan \|first2=F. \|last3=Kale \|first3=A. Q. \|year=2010 \|title=Clinical evaluation of Terminalia arjuna in ischemic heart disease and congestive cardiac failure \|journal=Journal of Association of Physicians of India \|volume=58 \|pages=411–416}}</ref>.		A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study evaluated 58 patients with chronic stable angina (NYHA Class II–III). Administration of 500 mg of ''T. arjuna'' bark extract every 8 hours significantly reduced anginal frequency and nitrate consumption, accompanied by objective improvements in treadmill exercise duration and reduced peak ST-segment depression compared to placebo<ref name="Bharani2002">{{cite journal \|last1=Bharani \|first1=A. \|last2=Ganguly \|first2=A. \|last3=Bhargava \|first3=K. D. \|year=2002 \|title=Efficacy of Terminalia arjuna in chronic stable angina: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study comparing Terminalia arjuna with isosorbide mononitrate \|journal=Indian Heart Journal \|volume=54 \|issue=2 \|pages=170–175 \|pmid=12086380}}</ref>. Furthermore, clinical evaluations in congestive heart failure and ischemic heart disease demonstrate improved left ventricular ejection fraction<ref name="Vaidya2010">{{cite journal \|last1=Vaidya \|first1=A. B. \|last2=Rajagopalan \|first2=F. \|last3=Kale \|first3=A. Q. \|year=2010 \|title=Clinical evaluation of Terminalia arjuna in ischemic heart disease and congestive cardiac failure \|journal=Journal of Association of Physicians of India \|volume=58 \|pages=411–416}}</ref>.

	=== Vascular Tone & Anti-Hypertensive Efficacy ===		=== Vascular Tone & Anti-Hypertensive Efficacy ===
	* '''Endothelial Nitric Oxide Activation:''' Flavonoid and glycoside fractions stimulate [[endothelial nitric oxide synthase]] (eNOS), increasing vascular [[~~nitric~~ oxide\|NO]] availability and inducing endothelium-dependent vasodilation<ref name="Mould2023"/>.		* '''Endothelial Nitric Oxide Activation:''' Flavonoid and glycoside fractions stimulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), increasing vascular [[Nitric oxide\|NO]] availability and inducing endothelium-dependent vasodilation<ref name="Mould2023"/>.
	* '''Inotropic & Chronotropic Balance:''' Demonstrates positive inotropic (enhancing force of contraction) and mild negative chronotropic (regulating pulse rate) effects without increasing myocardial oxygen demand<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>.		* '''Inotropic & Chronotropic Balance:''' Demonstrates positive inotropic (enhancing force of contraction) and mild negative chronotropic (regulating pulse rate) effects without increasing myocardial oxygen demand<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>.

	=== Anti-Platelet & Anti-Atherosclerotic Effects ===		=== Anti-Platelet & Anti-Atherosclerotic Effects ===
	* '''Thrombin-Induced Inhibition:''' The isolated triterpenoid '''arjunolic acid''' inhibits thrombin-induced [[platelet]] aggregation with an <math>IC_{50}</math> of 0.048 mM—exhibiting greater potency than aspirin (<math>IC_{50} = 0.088\text{ mM}</math>)<ref name="Sinha2008"/><ref name="Pauzi2021"/>.		* '''Thrombin-Induced Inhibition:''' The isolated triterpenoid '''arjunolic acid''' inhibits thrombin-induced platelet aggregation with an <math>IC_{50}</math> of 0.048 mM—exhibiting greater potency than aspirin (<math>IC_{50} = 0.088\text{ mM}</math>)<ref name="Sinha2008"/><ref name="Pauzi2021"/>.
	* '''Lipid Modulation & Foam Cell Suppression:''' Reduces circulating total cholesterol, [[low-density lipoprotein]] (LDL), and triglycerides while raising [[high-density lipoprotein]] (HDL) via upregulation of [[PPAR-γ]] pathways and suppression of oxidative LDL modification<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>.		* '''Lipid Modulation & Foam Cell Suppression:''' Reduces circulating total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides while raising high-density lipoprotein (HDL) via upregulation of PPAR-γ pathways and suppression of oxidative LDL modification<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>.

	== Posology & Preparations ==		== Posology & Preparations ==
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	* '''Adverse Reactions:''' Mild, transient gastrointestinal effects (such as mild constipation or dyspepsia) may occur due to the high tannin concentration.		* '''Adverse Reactions:''' Mild, transient gastrointestinal effects (such as mild constipation or dyspepsia) may occur due to the high tannin concentration.
	* '''Precautions & Interactions:'''		* '''Precautions & Interactions:'''
	** '''Anticoagulants & Antiplatelets:''' Given arjunolic acid's inhibitory effect on thrombin-induced aggregation, monitor coagulation metrics when co-prescribed with agents like [[Warfarin]], [[Aspirin]], or [[Clopidogrel]]<ref name="Sinha2008"/>.		** '''Anticoagulants & Antiplatelets:''' Given arjunolic acid's inhibitory effect on thrombin-induced aggregation, monitor coagulation metrics when co-prescribed with agents like Warfarin, Aspirin, or Clopidogrel<ref name="Sinha2008"/>.
	** '''Antihypertensives:''' Potential additive hypotensive effects; routine blood pressure monitoring is advised when integrated into existing antihypertensive regimens<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>.		** '''Antihypertensives:''' Potential additive hypotensive effects; routine blood pressure monitoring is advised when integrated into existing antihypertensive regimens<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>.

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	[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/therapeutics/Terminalia%20arjuna IMPPAT database]		[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/therapeutics/Terminalia%20arjuna IMPPAT database]

	[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals\|Herbs]]		[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\|Herbs]]