Charak Samhita - Recent changes [en]

Guggulu

Agnivesha — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 10:19:19 GMT

Identification Characters

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:19, 28 July 2026
Line 220:		Line 220:

	==Identification Characters==		==Identification Characters==
	1. Nava Guggulu		1. '''Nava Guggulu (newly collected)'''
	* '''Snigdha''' – Unctuous, oily		* '''Snigdha''' – Unctuous, oily
	* '''Kanchana Sankasha''' – has golden yellow shine		* '''Kanchana Sankasha''' – has golden yellow shine
Line 226:		Line 226:
	* '''Sugandhi''' – has a good aroma		* '''Sugandhi''' – has a good aroma
	* '''Picchila''' – Sticky, Slimy		* '''Picchila''' – Sticky, Slimy
	2. Purana Guggulu		2. '''Purana Guggulu (old/stored)'''
	'		* '''Shushka – Dry'''
	* ''Shushka''' ~~– Dry~~
	* '''Durgandha''' – foul smelling		* '''Durgandha''' – foul smelling
	* '''Tyaktaprakruti varna''' – will not have its original colour and nature.		* '''Tyaktaprakruti varna''' – will not have its original colour and nature.
Line 492:		Line 491:
	[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical-detailedpage/IMPHY008908 IMPPAT database]		[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical-detailedpage/IMPHY008908 IMPPAT database]

	[[~~index~~.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\| Herbs]]		[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\| Herbs]]

Herbs details

Agnivesha — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 07:19:10 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:19, 28 July 2026
Line 17:		Line 17:
	# [[Haridra]]		# [[Haridra]]
	# [[Arjuna]]		# [[Arjuna]]
			# [[Guggulu]]
	{\| class="wikitable sortable"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"
	\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita		\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
Line 161:		Line 162:
	\| 70 \|\| Khadira \|\| \|\| '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''		\| 70 \|\| Khadira \|\| \|\| '''Acacia catechu Willd.'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 71 \|\| Guggulu \|\| \|\| '''Balsamodendron mukul Hook.'''		\| 71 \|\| [[Guggulu]]\|\| \|\| '''[[Guggulu\|Commiphora/Balsamodendron mukul Hook.]]'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 72 \|\| Gunja \|\| \|\| '''Abrus precatorius L.'''		\| 72 \|\| Gunja \|\| \|\| '''Abrus precatorius L.'''

Guggulu

Agnivesha — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 07:17:01 GMT

Show changes

File:Guggulu.jpg

Agnivesha — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 07:15:12 GMT

Agnivesha uploaded File:Guggulu.jpg

New page

Guggulu

Agnivesha — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 07:00:25 GMT

Show changes

Talk:Guggulu

Agnivesha — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 06:59:57 GMT

Show changes

Herbs details

Agnivesha — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 06:14:14 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:14, 28 July 2026
Line 16:		Line 16:
	# [[Shatavari]]		# [[Shatavari]]
	# [[Haridra]]		# [[Haridra]]
			# [[Arjuna]]
	{\| class="wikitable sortable"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"
	\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita		\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
Line 50:		Line 51:
	\| 15 \|\| Arjaka \|\| Barbari,Sheta tulasi \|\| '''Ocimum gratissimum L.'''		\| 15 \|\| Arjaka \|\| Barbari,Sheta tulasi \|\| '''Ocimum gratissimum L.'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 16 \|\| Arjuna \|\| Indradru,Nadisarja,Dhavala,Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, \|\| '''Terminalia Arjuna'''		\| 16 \|\| [[Arjuna]]\|\| Indradru, Nadisarja, Dhavala, Kakubha, Partha, Shweta vaha, \|\| '''[[Arjuna\|Terminalia Arjuna]]'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 17 \|\| Avakpushpi \|\| \|\| '''Trichodesma indicum'''		\| 17 \|\| Avakpushpi \|\| \|\| '''Trichodesma indicum'''

Arjuna

Agnivesha — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 06:11:42 GMT

File:Arjuna.jpg

Agnivesha — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 06:10:55 GMT

Agnivesha uploaded File:Arjuna.jpg

New page

Arjuna

Agnivesha — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 06:06:26 GMT

Show changes

Talk:Arjuna

Agnivesha — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 06:05:31 GMT

Show changes

Herbs details

Agnivesha — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 05:30:15 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:30, 28 July 2026
Line 15:		Line 15:
	# [[Shankhapushpi]]		# [[Shankhapushpi]]
	# [[Shatavari]]		# [[Shatavari]]
			# [[Haridra]]
	{\| class="wikitable sortable"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"
	\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita		\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
Line 415:		Line 416:
	\| 198 \|\| Hastidanti \|\| \|\| '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''		\| 198 \|\| Hastidanti \|\| \|\| '''Croton oblongifolius Roxb.'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 199 \|\| ~~Haridraka~~ \|\| \|\| '''~~Adina cordifolia Hook~~.'''		\| 199 \|\| [[Haridra]]\|\| \|\| '''[[Haridra\|Curcuma longa L.]]'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 200 \|\| Hemadugdha \|\| \|\| '''Argimone mexicana L.'''		\| 200 \|\| Hemadugdha \|\| \|\| '''Argimone mexicana L.'''
	\|}		\|}

Haridra

Agnivesha — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 05:19:58 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:19, 28 July 2026
Line 31:		Line 31:
	}}		}}

	'''Haridra''' (''Curcuma longa'' L.), widely known as turmeric, is a perennial rhizomatous herb of the family Zingiberaceae<ref name="Fuloria2022">{{cite journal \|last1=Fuloria \|first1=Shivkanya \|last2=Mehta \|first2=Jyoti \|last3=Chandel \|first3=Aditi \|last4=Sekar \|first4=Mahendran \|last5=Rani \|first5=Nur Najihah Izzati Mat \|year=2022 \|title=A Comprehensive Review on the Therapeutic Potential of Curcuma longa Linn. in Relation to its Major Active Constituent Curcumin \|journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology \|volume=13 \|pages=820806 \|doi=10.3389/fphar.2022.820806 \|pmc=8990857}}</ref>. Celebrated in [[Ayurveda\|Ayurvedic medicine]] for millennia as a potent ''Vishaghna'' (antitoxic), ''Kushthaghna'' (alleviator of skin diseases), and ''Pramehahara'' (antidiabetic) agent, modern pharmacological research has extensively validated its molecular mechanisms<ref name="Razavi2021">{{cite journal \|last1=Razavi \|first1=Bibi Marjan \|last2=Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar \|first2=Mahboobeh \|last3=Hosseinzadeh \|first3=Hossein \|year=2021 \|title=A review of therapeutic potentials of turmeric (Curcuma longa) and its active constituent, curcumin, on inflammatory disorders, pain, and their related patents \|journal=Phytotherapy Research \|volume=35 \|issue=12 \|pages=6489–6513 \|doi=10.1002/ptr.7224 \|pmid=34312922}}</ref>. Its therapeutic actions are primarily driven by polyphenolic curcuminoids and volatile sesquiterpenes<ref name="Hewlings2017">{{cite journal \|last1=Hewlings \|first1=Susan J. \|last2=Kalman \|first2=Douglas S. \|year=2017 \|title=Curcumin: A Review of Its Effects on Human Health \|journal=Foods \|volume=6 \|issue=10 \|pages=92 \|doi=10.3390/foods6100092 \|pmid=29065496 \|pmc=5664031}}</ref>.		'''Haridra''' (''Curcuma longa'' L.), widely known as turmeric, is a perennial rhizomatous herb of the family Zingiberaceae<ref name="Fuloria2022">{{cite journal \|last1=Fuloria \|first1=Shivkanya \|last2=Mehta \|first2=Jyoti \|last3=Chandel \|first3=Aditi \|last4=Sekar \|first4=Mahendran \|last5=Rani \|first5=Nur Najihah Izzati Mat \|year=2022 \|title=A Comprehensive Review on the Therapeutic Potential of Curcuma longa Linn. in Relation to its Major Active Constituent Curcumin \|journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology \|volume=13 \|pages=820806 \|doi=10.3389/fphar.2022.820806 \|pmc=8990857}}</ref>. Celebrated in [[Ayurveda\|Ayurvedic medicine]] for millennia as a potent ''Vishaghna'' (antitoxic), ''Kushthaghna'' (alleviator of skin diseases), and ''Pramehahara'' (antidiabetic) agent, modern pharmacological research has extensively validated its molecular mechanisms<ref name="Razavi2021">{{cite journal \|last1=Razavi \|first1=Bibi Marjan \|last2=Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar \|first2=Mahboobeh \|last3=Hosseinzadeh \|first3=Hossein \|year=2021 \|title=A review of therapeutic potentials of turmeric (Curcuma longa) and its active constituent, curcumin, on inflammatory disorders, pain, and their related patents \|journal=Phytotherapy Research \|volume=35 \|issue=12 \|pages=6489–6513 \|doi=10.1002/ptr.7224 \|pmid=34312922}}</ref>. Its therapeutic actions are primarily driven by polyphenolic curcuminoids and volatile sesquiterpenes.<ref name="Hewlings2017">{{cite journal \|last1=Hewlings \|first1=Susan J. \|last2=Kalman \|first2=Douglas S. \|year=2017 \|title=Curcumin: A Review of Its Effects on Human Health \|journal=Foods \|volume=6 \|issue=10 \|pages=92 \|doi=10.3390/foods6100092 \|pmid=29065496 \|pmc=5664031}}</ref>

			[[File:Haridra.jpg\|thumb\|'''Haridra (''Curcuma longa'')''']]

	==Therapeutic Uses==		==Therapeutic Uses==
Line 202:		Line 204:
	[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical-detailedpage/IMPHY007574 IMPPAT database]		[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical-detailedpage/IMPHY007574 IMPPAT database]

	[[~~index~~.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\|Herbs]]		[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\|Herbs]]

File:Haridra.jpg

Agnivesha — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 05:19:03 GMT

Agnivesha uploaded File:Haridra.jpg

New page

Curcuma longa

Haridra

YogeshDeole — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 05:10:04 GMT

Show changes

Talk:Haridra

Agnivesha — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 04:54:34 GMT

Show changes

Herbs details

Agnivesha — Mon, 27 Jul 2026 06:31:13 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:31, 27 July 2026
Line 14:		Line 14:
	# [[Brahmi]]		# [[Brahmi]]
	# [[Shankhapushpi]]		# [[Shankhapushpi]]
			# [[Shatavari]]
	{\| class="wikitable sortable"		{\| class="wikitable sortable"
	\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita		\|+ List of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants and Botanical Names in Charak Samhita
Line 374:		Line 375:
	\| 178 \|\| Shatapushpa \|\| \|\| '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''		\| 178 \|\| Shatapushpa \|\| \|\| '''Peucedanum graveolens Benth.'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 179 \|\| Shatavari \|\| \|\| '''Asparagus racemosus Willd.'''		\| 179 \|\| [[Shatavari]]\|\| \|\| '''[[Shatavari\|Asparagus racemosus Willd.]]'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| 180 \|\| Shami \|\| \|\| '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''		\| 180 \|\| Shami \|\| \|\| '''Prosopis spicigera L.'''

Shatavari

Agnivesha — Mon, 27 Jul 2026 06:15:42 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:15, 27 July 2026
Line 18:		Line 18:
	\|data2 = Asparagus racemosus Willd.		\|data2 = Asparagus racemosus Willd.
	\|label3 = Family		\|label3 = Family
	\|data3 = Liliaceae		\|data3 = Asparagaceae (Formerly Liliaceae)
	\|label4 = Availability		\|label4 = Availability
	\|data4 = Available		\|data4 = Available
Line 31:		Line 31:
	}}		}}

	'''''Asparagus racemosus''''' (commonly known as '''Shatavari''') is a species of plant in the family [[Asparagaceae]].		'''''Asparagus racemosus''''' (commonly known as '''Shatavari''') is a species of plant in the family Asparagaceae.

	==English name==		== Botanical profile and nomenclature ==
	~~Wild~~ Asparagus		* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Asparagus racemosus'' Willd.
			* '''English Name:''' Wild Asparagus
			* '''Family:''' Asparagaceae (formerly classified under Liliaceae)
			* '''Vernacular Names:''' Shatavari (Sanskrit/Hindi), Satamuli (Bengali), Kurilo (Nepali)
			* '''Plant Part Used:''' Dried tuberous roots
			* [[File:Shatavari.jpg\|thumb\|'''Shatavari (''Asparagus racemosus'')''']]'''Habitat & Distribution:''' Spiny climbing under-shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions of India, Asia, Australia, and parts of Africa.<ref name="Bopana2007">{{cite journal\|vauthors=Bopana N, Saxena S\|title=Asparagus racemosus—Ethnopharmacological evaluation and conservation needs\|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology\|volume=110\|issue=1\|pages=1–15\|year=2007\|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2007.01.001}}</ref><ref name="Alok2013">{{cite journal\|vauthors=Alok S, Jain SK, Verma A, Kumar M, Mahor A, Sabharwal M\|title=Plant profile, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari): A review\|journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease\|volume=3\|issue=3\|pages=242–251\|year=2013\|doi=10.1016/s2222-1808(13)60049-3}}</ref>

	==Therapeutic Uses==		==Therapeutic Uses==
Line 40:		Line 45:

	==Other varieties / other botanical names==		==Other varieties / other botanical names==
	* Asparagus rigidulus Nakai		* Asparagus rigidulus Nakai
	* Protasparagus racemosus (Willd.) Oberm.		* Protasparagus racemosus (Willd.) Oberm.

	==Types==		==Types==
Line 306:		Line 311:
	* Mahanarayana Taila		* Mahanarayana Taila
	* Shatavari Guda		* Shatavari Guda
	* Saubhagya Shunthi		* Saubhagya Shunthi
	* Bruhat Chhagaladi Ghrita		* Bruhat Chhagaladi Ghrita
	* Shatavari Ghrita		* Shatavari Ghrita
Line 315:		Line 320:
	Available		Available

	* In India –		* In India –
	Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Jharkhand, Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh		Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Jharkhand, Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh
	* Out of India –		* Out of India –
Line 321:		Line 326:

	==Current researches ==		==Current researches ==

	~~== Botanical profile and nomenclature ==~~
	* '''Botanical Name:''' ''Asparagus racemosus'' Willd.
	* '''Family:''' [[Asparagaceae]] (formerly classified under [[Liliaceae]])
	* '''Vernacular Names:''' Shatavari ([[Sanskrit]]/[[Hindi]]), Satamuli ([[Bengali language\|Bengali]]), Kurilo ([[Nepali language\|Nepali]])
	* '''Plant Part Used:''' Dried tuberous roots
	* '''Habitat & Distribution:''' Spiny climbing under-shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions of India, Asia, Australia, and parts of Africa.<ref name="Bopana2007">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Bopana N, Saxena S \|title=Asparagus racemosus—Ethnopharmacological evaluation and conservation needs \|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology \|volume=110 \|issue=1 \|pages=1–15 \|year=2007 \|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2007.01.001}}</ref><ref name="Alok2013">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Alok S, Jain SK, Verma A, Kumar M, Mahor A, Sabharwal M \|title=Plant profile, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari): A review \|journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease \|volume=3 \|issue=3 \|pages=242–251 \|year=2013 \|doi=10.1016/s2222-1808(13)60049-3}}</ref>

	== Phytochemical profile ==		== Phytochemical profile ==
Line 359:		Line 357:

	=== Female reproductive health and endocrine modulation ===		=== Female reproductive health and endocrine modulation ===
	The root extract exhibits ~~[[phytoestrogen]]ic~~ properties due to structural similarities between Shatavarins/isoflavones and 17β-[[estradiol]], allowing selective binding to [[estrogen ~~receptor]]s~~ (~~<math>\text{ER}\~~alpha~~</math>~~ and ~~<math>\text{ER}\~~beta~~</math>~~).<ref name="Alok2013" />		The root extract exhibits phytoestrogenic properties due to structural similarities between Shatavarins/isoflavones and 17β-[[estradiol]], allowing selective binding to estrogen receptors (alpha and beta).<ref name="Alok2013" />

	* '''Dysmenorrhea & Infertility:''' Helps regulate [[gonadotropin]] release, supports [[folliculogenesis]], and mitigates uterine hyper-reactivity.<ref name="Bopana2007" />		* '''Dysmenorrhea & Infertility:''' Helps regulate gonadotropin release, supports folliculogenesis, and mitigates uterine hyper-reactivity.<ref name="Bopana2007" />
	* '''Menopausal Symptom Relief:''' Studies demonstrate that ''A. racemosus'' root extracts alleviate vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes, night sweats) and mood fluctuations during pre-, peri-, and post-menopausal phases through partial estrogenic receptor modulation without inducing unwanted endometrial proliferation.<ref name="Alok2013" />		* '''Menopausal Symptom Relief:''' Studies demonstrate that ''A. racemosus'' root extracts alleviate vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes, night sweats) and mood fluctuations during pre-, peri-, and post-menopausal phases through partial estrogenic receptor modulation without inducing unwanted endometrial proliferation.<ref name="Alok2013" />

	=== Adaptogenic, neuroprotective and anxiolytic properties ===		=== Adaptogenic, neuroprotective and anxiolytic properties ===
	Classified as a ''[[Rasayana]]'' (rejuvenative tonic), Shatavari functions as a systemic [[adaptogen]] by buffering the central nervous system against physical and emotional stressors.<ref name="Bopana2007" /><ref name="Singh2023">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Singh N, Garg M, Prajapati P, et al. \|title=Adaptogenic property of Asparagus racemosus: Future trends and prospects \|journal=Heliyon \|volume=9 \|issue=4 \|pages=e14932 \|year=2023 \|doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14932}}</ref>		Classified as a ''[[Rasayana]]'' (rejuvenative tonic), Shatavari functions as a systemic adaptogen by buffering the central nervous system against physical and emotional stressors.<ref name="Bopana2007" /><ref name="Singh2023">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Singh N, Garg M, Prajapati P, et al. \|title=Adaptogenic property of Asparagus racemosus: Future trends and prospects \|journal=Heliyon \|volume=9 \|issue=4 \|pages=e14932 \|year=2023 \|doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14932}}</ref>

	<pre>		<pre>
Line 382:		Line 380:
	</pre>		</pre>

	* '''Neuroprotection:''' ''In vivo'' models show that root extracts protect hippocampal sub-regions (<math>\text{CA1}</math>, <math>\text{CA3}</math>, and dentate gyrus) from stress-induced cell degeneration by reducing lipid peroxidation and restoring endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as [[superoxide dismutase]] (~~<math>\text{~~SOD~~}</math>~~) and [[glutathione]] (~~<math>\text{~~GSH~~}</math>~~).<ref name="Saxena2007">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Saxena G, Singh M, Meena P, et al. \|title=Neuroprotective Effects of Asparagus Racemosus Linn Root Extract: An Experimental and Clinical Evidence \|journal=Annals of Neurosciences \|volume=14 \|issue=3 \|pages=57–63 \|year=2007 \|doi=10.5214/ans.0972.7531.2007.140302}}</ref><ref name="Singh2023" />		* '''Neuroprotection:''' ''In vivo'' models show that root extracts protect hippocampal sub-regions (<math>\text{CA1}</math>, <math>\text{CA3}</math>, and dentate gyrus) from stress-induced cell degeneration by reducing lipid peroxidation and restoring endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH).<ref name="Saxena2007">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Saxena G, Singh M, Meena P, et al. \|title=Neuroprotective Effects of Asparagus Racemosus Linn Root Extract: An Experimental and Clinical Evidence \|journal=Annals of Neurosciences \|volume=14 \|issue=3 \|pages=57–63 \|year=2007 \|doi=10.5214/ans.0972.7531.2007.140302}}</ref><ref name="Singh2023" />
	* '''Cognitive & Anticonvulsant Support:''' Network pharmacology studies demonstrate that key phytoconstituents target neuro-inflammatory cascade proteins (such as ~~<math>\text{~~TNF}-\alpha~~</math>~~, ~~<math>\text{~~CASP3~~}</math>~~, and ~~<math>\text{~~PTGS2~~}</math>~~), providing protective effects in neurodegenerative and seizure models.<ref name="Kaur2023">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Kaur B, Kumar S, Kaur A, Goel RK \|title=A network pharmacology approach to explore pharmacological mechanisms of Asparagus racemosus for ameliorative effect in epilepsy and comorbid progressive memory dysfunction \|journal=In Silico Pharmacology \|volume=11 \|issue=1 \|pages=28 \|year=2023 \|doi=10.1007/s40203-023-00169-x}}</ref>		* '''Cognitive & Anticonvulsant Support:''' Network pharmacology studies demonstrate that key phytoconstituents target neuro-inflammatory cascade proteins (such as TNF-alpha, CASP3, and PTGS2), providing protective effects in neurodegenerative and seizure models.<ref name="Kaur2023">{{cite journal \|vauthors=Kaur B, Kumar S, Kaur A, Goel RK \|title=A network pharmacology approach to explore pharmacological mechanisms of Asparagus racemosus for ameliorative effect in epilepsy and comorbid progressive memory dysfunction \|journal=In Silico Pharmacology \|volume=11 \|issue=1 \|pages=28 \|year=2023 \|doi=10.1007/s40203-023-00169-x}}</ref>

	=== Gastroprotective and anti-ulcer activity ===		=== Gastroprotective and anti-ulcer activity ===
Line 389:		Line 387:

	* '''Mechanism:''' Rather than purely suppressing gastric acid secretion, it enhances mucosal resistance by increasing mucosal secretion, extending the lifespan of mucosal cells, and reducing gastric hypermotility.		* '''Mechanism:''' Rather than purely suppressing gastric acid secretion, it enhances mucosal resistance by increasing mucosal secretion, extending the lifespan of mucosal cells, and reducing gastric hypermotility.
	* '''Therapeutic Application:''' Effective in managing [[duodenal ~~ulcer]]s~~, hyperacidity, and stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions.<ref name="Bopana2007" /><ref name="Alok2013" />		* '''Therapeutic Application:''' Effective in managing duodenal ulcers, hyperacidity, and stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions.<ref name="Bopana2007" /><ref name="Alok2013" />

	=== Immunomodulatory activity ===		=== Immunomodulatory activity ===
Line 413:		Line 411:
	== See also ==		== See also ==
	* [[Ayurveda]]		* [[Ayurveda]]
	https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Asparagus%20racemosus		* [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Asparagus%20racemosus IMPPAT database]

	== References ==		== References ==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}


	~~[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals\|Herbs]]~~

File:Shatavari.jpg

Agnivesha — Mon, 27 Jul 2026 06:09:48 GMT

Agnivesha uploaded File:Shatavari.jpg

New page

Asparagus recemosus

Shatavari

Agnivesha — Mon, 27 Jul 2026 05:39:44 GMT

Show changes

Talk:Shatavari

Agnivesha — Mon, 27 Jul 2026 05:23:30 GMT

Show changes

Chitraka

Agnivesha — Mon, 27 Jul 2026 04:57:11 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:57, 27 July 2026
Line 41:		Line 41:
	! Language / Medical System !! Vernacular Name		! Language / Medical System !! Vernacular Name
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''[[Sanskrit]]''' \|\| Chitraka, Chitramoolam, Agni, Dahana		\| '''Sanskrit''' \|\| Chitraka, Chitramoolam, Agni, Dahana
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''[[English ~~language\|English]]~~''' \|\| Ceylon Leadwort, White Leadwort, Wild Leadwort		\| '''English''' \|\| Ceylon Leadwort, White Leadwort, Wild Leadwort
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''[[Hindi]]''' \|\| Chita, Chitrak, Chitarak		\| '''Hindi''' \|\| Chita, Chitrak, Chitarak
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''[[Bengali ~~language\|Bengali]]~~''' \|\| Chita, Chitarak		\| '''Bengali''' \|\| Chita, Chitarak
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''[[Tamil ~~language\|Tamil]]~~''' \|\| Chitramoolam, Kodiveli		\| '''Tamil''' \|\| Chitramoolam, Kodiveli
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''[[Telugu ~~language\|Telugu]]~~''' \|\| Chitramulam		\| '''Telugu''' \|\| Chitramulam
	\|}		\|}

Line 758:		Line 758:
	* [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Plumbago%20zeylanica IMPPAT Database]		* [https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Plumbago%20zeylanica IMPPAT Database]

	[[~~index~~.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\| Herbs]]		[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\| Herbs]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:11, 28 July 2026
Line 31:		Line 31:
	}}		}}

	'''Terminalia arjuna''' (family [[Combretaceae]]), commonly referred to as '''Arjuna''', is one of the most prominent cardiovascular tonics in traditional [[Ayurveda\|Ayurvedic]] pharmacology (''Hridya'')<ref name="Dwivedi2014">{{cite journal \|last1=Dwivedi \|first1=Shridhar \|last2=Chopra \|first2=Deepti \|year=2014 \|title=Revisiting Terminalia arjuna – An Ancient Cardiovascular Drug \|journal=Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine \|volume=4 \|issue=4 \|pages=224–231 \|doi=10.4103/2225-4110.139103 \|pmid=25379361 \|pmc=4220503}}</ref>. Used for over a millennium to treat chest pain, heart failure, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, modern clinical and pharmacological research has validated its multi-target mechanisms<ref name="Mould2023">{{cite journal \|last1=Mould \|first1=M. A. \|last2=Sridhar \|first2=M. \|year=2023 \|title=Terminalia arjuna, a Cardioprotective Herbal Medicine–Relevancy in the Modern Era of Pharmaceuticals and Green Nanomedicine—A Review \|journal=Pharmaceuticals \|volume=16 \|issue=1 \|pages=126 \|doi=10.3390/ph16010126 \|pmid=36678623 \|pmc=9865188}}</ref>. The therapeutic profile of ''T. arjuna'' stem bark stems from a complex matrix of oleanane [[triterpenoids]], triterpenoid [[glycosides]], [[flavonoids]], and hydrolyzable [[tannins]] that collectively confer anti-ischemic, anti-atherosclerotic, antihypertensive, and antioxidant cardioprotection<ref name="Pauzi2021">{{cite journal \|last1=Pauzi \|first1=Ahmad Naim \|last2=Lim \|first2=Soo Tein \|last3=Jantan \|first3=Ibrahim \|year=2021 \|title=Arjunolic acid: A promising triterpenoid against cardiovascular and metabolic disorders \|journal=Phytomedicine \|volume=85 \|pages=153540 \|doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153540 \|pmid=33789182}}</ref>.		'''Terminalia arjuna''' (family Combretaceae), commonly referred to as '''Arjuna''', is one of the most prominent cardiovascular tonics in traditional [[Ayurveda\|Ayurvedic]] pharmacology (''Hridya'').<ref name="Dwivedi2014">{{cite journal \|last1=Dwivedi \|first1=Shridhar \|last2=Chopra \|first2=Deepti \|year=2014 \|title=Revisiting Terminalia arjuna – An Ancient Cardiovascular Drug \|journal=Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine \|volume=4 \|issue=4 \|pages=224–231 \|doi=10.4103/2225-4110.139103 \|pmid=25379361 \|pmc=4220503}}</ref> Used for over a millennium to treat chest pain, heart failure, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, modern clinical and pharmacological research has validated its multi-target mechanisms<ref name="Mould2023">{{cite journal \|last1=Mould \|first1=M. A. \|last2=Sridhar \|first2=M. \|year=2023 \|title=Terminalia arjuna, a Cardioprotective Herbal Medicine–Relevancy in the Modern Era of Pharmaceuticals and Green Nanomedicine—A Review \|journal=Pharmaceuticals \|volume=16 \|issue=1 \|pages=126 \|doi=10.3390/ph16010126 \|pmid=36678623 \|pmc=9865188}}</ref>. The therapeutic profile of ''T. arjuna'' stem bark stems from a complex matrix of oleanane triterpenoids, triterpenoid glycosides, flavonoids, and hydrolyzable tannins that collectively confer anti-ischemic, anti-atherosclerotic, antihypertensive, and antioxidant cardioprotection.<ref name="Pauzi2021">{{cite journal \|last1=Pauzi \|first1=Ahmad Naim \|last2=Lim \|first2=Soo Tein \|last3=Jantan \|first3=Ibrahim \|year=2021 \|title=Arjunolic acid: A promising triterpenoid against cardiovascular and metabolic disorders \|journal=Phytomedicine \|volume=85 \|pages=153540 \|doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153540 \|pmid=33789182}}</ref>

	==Therapeutic Use==		==Therapeutic Use==
			[[File:Arjuna.jpg\|thumb\|'''Arjuna (''Terminalia arjuna'')''']]
	Obesity (medoroga), wound management (vrana), heart diseases (hridroga), loss fof strength due to injury (kshatakshaya), obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus (prameha), thirst (trishna), melasma (vyanga)<ref>The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:8</ref>		Obesity (medoroga), wound management (vrana), heart diseases (hridroga), loss fof strength due to injury (kshatakshaya), obstinate urinary disorders including diabetes mellitus (prameha), thirst (trishna), melasma (vyanga)<ref>The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume II:8</ref>

Line 182:		Line 182:
	! Phytochemical Class !! Key Active Constituents !! Primary Pharmacological Roles		! Phytochemical Class !! Key Active Constituents !! Primary Pharmacological Roles
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''Oleanane Triterpenoids''' \|\| [[Arjunolic acid]], Arjunic acid, Arjungenin, Terminic acid \|\| Cardioprotective, anti-platelet, anti-apoptotic, and direct free-radical scavenging<ref name="Sinha2008">{{cite journal \|last1=Sinha \|first1=M. \|last2=Manna \|first2=P. \|last3=Sil \|first3=P. C. \|year=2008 \|title=Arjunolic acid, a novel phytomedicine with multifunctional therapeutic potential \|journal=Natural Product Reports \|volume=25 \|issue=3 \|pages=543–552 \|doi=10.1039/B713728P \|pmid=18497899}}</ref>.		\| '''Oleanane Triterpenoids''' \|\| Arjunolic acid, Arjunic acid, Arjungenin, Terminic acid \|\| Cardioprotective, anti-platelet, anti-apoptotic, and direct free-radical scavenging<ref name="Sinha2008">{{cite journal \|last1=Sinha \|first1=M. \|last2=Manna \|first2=P. \|last3=Sil \|first3=P. C. \|year=2008 \|title=Arjunolic acid, a novel phytomedicine with multifunctional therapeutic potential \|journal=Natural Product Reports \|volume=25 \|issue=3 \|pages=543–552 \|doi=10.1039/B713728P \|pmid=18497899}}</ref>.
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''Triterpenoid Glycosides''' \|\| Arjunetin, Arjunosides I–IV, Arjunglucosides I & II \|\| Inotropic, chronotropic, and cardiac membrane-stabilizing activities.		\| '''Triterpenoid Glycosides''' \|\| Arjunetin, Arjunosides I–IV, Arjunglucosides I & II \|\| Inotropic, chronotropic, and cardiac membrane-stabilizing activities.
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''Flavonoids & Phenolics''' \|\| Arjunone, Arjunolone, [[Baicalein]], [[Luteolin]], [[Quercetin]] \|\| Endothelial nitric oxide stimulation, vasodilation, and inhibition of LDL oxidation.		\| '''Flavonoids & Phenolics''' \|\| Arjunone, Arjunolone, Baicalein, Luteolin, Quercetin \|\| Endothelial nitric oxide stimulation, vasodilation, and inhibition of LDL oxidation.
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''Hydrolyzable Tannins''' \|\| [[Punicalagin]], Punicallin, Casuarinin, Terflavin C \|\| Vascular astringency, anti-inflammatory, and extracellular matrix protection.		\| '''Hydrolyzable Tannins''' \|\| Punicalagin, Punicallin, Casuarinin, Terflavin C \|\| Vascular astringency, anti-inflammatory, and extracellular matrix protection.
	\|}		\|}

Line 195:		Line 195:
	=== Cardioprotective & Anti-Ischemic Actions ===		=== Cardioprotective & Anti-Ischemic Actions ===
	''T. arjuna'' extracts preserve myocardial structural integrity during ischemic events and reperfusion injury<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>:		''T. arjuna'' extracts preserve myocardial structural integrity during ischemic events and reperfusion injury<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>:
	* '''Endogenous Antioxidant Preservation:''' Prevents the depletion of key intracellular antioxidant enzymes, including [[superoxide dismutase]] (SOD), [[catalase]] (CAT), and [[glutathione peroxidase]] (GPx)<ref name="Pauzi2021"/>.		* '''Endogenous Antioxidant Preservation:''' Prevents the depletion of key intracellular antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)<ref name="Pauzi2021"/>.
	* '''Anti-Apoptotic Regulation:''' Downregulates pro-apoptotic markers (~~[[Bcl-2-associated X protein\|~~Bax]], ~~[[caspase 3\|~~caspase-3]]) while upregulating anti-apoptotic proteins ([[Bcl-2]]) and heat shock proteins (~~[[Hsp70\|~~HSP-70]]) in ischemic cardiomyocytes<ref name="Mould2023"/>.		* '''Anti-Apoptotic Regulation:''' Downregulates pro-apoptotic markers (Bax, caspase-3) while upregulating anti-apoptotic proteins ([[Bcl-2]]) and heat shock proteins (HSP-70) in ischemic cardiomyocytes<ref name="Mould2023"/>.

	A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study evaluated 58 patients with chronic stable angina (NYHA Class II–III). Administration of 500 mg of ''T. arjuna'' bark extract every 8 hours significantly reduced anginal frequency and nitrate consumption, accompanied by objective improvements in treadmill exercise duration and reduced peak ST-segment depression compared to placebo<ref name="Bharani2002">{{cite journal \|last1=Bharani \|first1=A. \|last2=Ganguly \|first2=A. \|last3=Bhargava \|first3=K. D. \|year=2002 \|title=Efficacy of Terminalia arjuna in chronic stable angina: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study comparing Terminalia arjuna with isosorbide mononitrate \|journal=Indian Heart Journal \|volume=54 \|issue=2 \|pages=170–175 \|pmid=12086380}}</ref>. Furthermore, clinical evaluations in congestive heart failure and ischemic heart disease demonstrate improved left ventricular ejection fraction<ref name="Vaidya2010">{{cite journal \|last1=Vaidya \|first1=A. B. \|last2=Rajagopalan \|first2=F. \|last3=Kale \|first3=A. Q. \|year=2010 \|title=Clinical evaluation of Terminalia arjuna in ischemic heart disease and congestive cardiac failure \|journal=Journal of Association of Physicians of India \|volume=58 \|pages=411–416}}</ref>.		A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study evaluated 58 patients with chronic stable angina (NYHA Class II–III). Administration of 500 mg of ''T. arjuna'' bark extract every 8 hours significantly reduced anginal frequency and nitrate consumption, accompanied by objective improvements in treadmill exercise duration and reduced peak ST-segment depression compared to placebo<ref name="Bharani2002">{{cite journal \|last1=Bharani \|first1=A. \|last2=Ganguly \|first2=A. \|last3=Bhargava \|first3=K. D. \|year=2002 \|title=Efficacy of Terminalia arjuna in chronic stable angina: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study comparing Terminalia arjuna with isosorbide mononitrate \|journal=Indian Heart Journal \|volume=54 \|issue=2 \|pages=170–175 \|pmid=12086380}}</ref>. Furthermore, clinical evaluations in congestive heart failure and ischemic heart disease demonstrate improved left ventricular ejection fraction<ref name="Vaidya2010">{{cite journal \|last1=Vaidya \|first1=A. B. \|last2=Rajagopalan \|first2=F. \|last3=Kale \|first3=A. Q. \|year=2010 \|title=Clinical evaluation of Terminalia arjuna in ischemic heart disease and congestive cardiac failure \|journal=Journal of Association of Physicians of India \|volume=58 \|pages=411–416}}</ref>.

	=== Vascular Tone & Anti-Hypertensive Efficacy ===		=== Vascular Tone & Anti-Hypertensive Efficacy ===
	* '''Endothelial Nitric Oxide Activation:''' Flavonoid and glycoside fractions stimulate [[endothelial nitric oxide synthase]] (eNOS), increasing vascular [[~~nitric~~ oxide\|NO]] availability and inducing endothelium-dependent vasodilation<ref name="Mould2023"/>.		* '''Endothelial Nitric Oxide Activation:''' Flavonoid and glycoside fractions stimulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), increasing vascular [[Nitric oxide\|NO]] availability and inducing endothelium-dependent vasodilation<ref name="Mould2023"/>.
	* '''Inotropic & Chronotropic Balance:''' Demonstrates positive inotropic (enhancing force of contraction) and mild negative chronotropic (regulating pulse rate) effects without increasing myocardial oxygen demand<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>.		* '''Inotropic & Chronotropic Balance:''' Demonstrates positive inotropic (enhancing force of contraction) and mild negative chronotropic (regulating pulse rate) effects without increasing myocardial oxygen demand<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>.

	=== Anti-Platelet & Anti-Atherosclerotic Effects ===		=== Anti-Platelet & Anti-Atherosclerotic Effects ===
	* '''Thrombin-Induced Inhibition:''' The isolated triterpenoid '''arjunolic acid''' inhibits thrombin-induced [[platelet]] aggregation with an <math>IC_{50}</math> of 0.048 mM—exhibiting greater potency than aspirin (<math>IC_{50} = 0.088\text{ mM}</math>)<ref name="Sinha2008"/><ref name="Pauzi2021"/>.		* '''Thrombin-Induced Inhibition:''' The isolated triterpenoid '''arjunolic acid''' inhibits thrombin-induced platelet aggregation with an <math>IC_{50}</math> of 0.048 mM—exhibiting greater potency than aspirin (<math>IC_{50} = 0.088\text{ mM}</math>)<ref name="Sinha2008"/><ref name="Pauzi2021"/>.
	* '''Lipid Modulation & Foam Cell Suppression:''' Reduces circulating total cholesterol, [[low-density lipoprotein]] (LDL), and triglycerides while raising [[high-density lipoprotein]] (HDL) via upregulation of [[PPAR-γ]] pathways and suppression of oxidative LDL modification<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>.		* '''Lipid Modulation & Foam Cell Suppression:''' Reduces circulating total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides while raising high-density lipoprotein (HDL) via upregulation of PPAR-γ pathways and suppression of oxidative LDL modification<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>.

	== Posology & Preparations ==		== Posology & Preparations ==
Line 228:		Line 228:
	* '''Adverse Reactions:''' Mild, transient gastrointestinal effects (such as mild constipation or dyspepsia) may occur due to the high tannin concentration.		* '''Adverse Reactions:''' Mild, transient gastrointestinal effects (such as mild constipation or dyspepsia) may occur due to the high tannin concentration.
	* '''Precautions & Interactions:'''		* '''Precautions & Interactions:'''
	** '''Anticoagulants & Antiplatelets:''' Given arjunolic acid's inhibitory effect on thrombin-induced aggregation, monitor coagulation metrics when co-prescribed with agents like [[Warfarin]], [[Aspirin]], or [[Clopidogrel]]<ref name="Sinha2008"/>.		** '''Anticoagulants & Antiplatelets:''' Given arjunolic acid's inhibitory effect on thrombin-induced aggregation, monitor coagulation metrics when co-prescribed with agents like Warfarin, Aspirin, or Clopidogrel<ref name="Sinha2008"/>.
	** '''Antihypertensives:''' Potential additive hypotensive effects; routine blood pressure monitoring is advised when integrated into existing antihypertensive regimens<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>.		** '''Antihypertensives:''' Potential additive hypotensive effects; routine blood pressure monitoring is advised when integrated into existing antihypertensive regimens<ref name="Dwivedi2014"/>.

Line 238:		Line 238:
	[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/therapeutics/Terminalia%20arjuna IMPPAT database]		[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/therapeutics/Terminalia%20arjuna IMPPAT database]

	[[Category:Database of herbs and minerals\|Herbs]]		[[index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals\|Herbs]]